Lost urban streams and springs captured in combined sewers

Adam Broadhead Catchment Science Centre, University of Sheffield Supervisors: Prof. David Lerner and Dr Rachel Horn

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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Financial impact to UK water industry £1M/day (Ellis 2001)

Sewer infiltration (http://www.surrey.ca/city-services/13141.aspx) Bob King / Duluth Tribune via Associated Press (http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/06/21/flash-floods-swamp-duluth-minn/photo/minnesota-flooding-5/)

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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Financial impact to UK water industry £1M/day (Ellis 2001)

Sewer infiltration (http://www.surrey.ca/city-services/13141.aspx) Bob King / Duluth Tribune via Associated Press (http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/06/21/flash-floods-swamp-duluth-minn/photo/minnesota-flooding-5/)

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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Fleet River near St Pancras, 1825, in ‘Old and New London’ 1883 (engraving) (http://greatwen.com/2011/01/27/inside-the-fleet-exploring-londons-lost-rivers/) Flickr user sub-urban.com (http://www.flickr.com/photos/jondoe_264/5388909072/)

Deepending the Fleet Sewer Getty Images (http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/09/16/article-2038281-0DEEAC4200000578-969_310x440_popup.jpg)

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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Fleet River near St Pancras, 1825, in ‘Old and New London’ 1883 (engraving) (http://greatwen.com/2011/01/27/inside-the-fleet-exploring-londons-lost-rivers/) Flickr user sub-urban.com (http://www.flickr.com/photos/jondoe_264/5388909072/)

Deepending the Fleet Sewer Getty Images (http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/09/16/article-2038281-0DEEAC4200000578-969_310x440_popup.jpg)

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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Fleet River near St Pancras, 1825, in ‘Old and New London’ 1883 (engraving) (http://greatwen.com/2011/01/27/inside-the-fleet-exploring-londons-lost-rivers/) Flickr user sub-urban.com (http://www.flickr.com/photos/jondoe_264/5388909072/)

Deepending the Fleet Sewer Getty Images (http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/09/16/article-2038281-0DEEAC4200000578-969_310x440_popup.jpg)

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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Sewer map London (http://www.turtleshellprod.com/media-uploads/sewers.gif) Paul Talling Fleet Outfall (http://www.londonslostrivers.com/uploads/5/6/0/3/5603187/8847386_orig.jpeg?303)

Steve Duncan Undercity Fleet Sewer (http://www.undercity.org/_Prints/aqueducts_undergroundrivers_sewers/RiverFleet_002_web.jpg) Jason Hawkes / Getty London WWTW (http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2008/08/28/Sewage-460x276.jpg)

Zurich stream daylighting, images courtesy of Markus Antener ERZ

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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Sewer map London (http://www.turtleshellprod.com/media-uploads/sewers.gif) Paul Talling Fleet Outfall (http://www.londonslostrivers.com/uploads/5/6/0/3/5603187/8847386_orig.jpeg?303)

Steve Duncan Undercity Fleet Sewer (http://www.undercity.org/_Prints/aqueducts_undergroundrivers_sewers/RiverFleet_002_web.jpg) Jason Hawkes / Getty London WWTW (http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2008/08/28/Sewage-460x276.jpg)

Zurich stream daylighting, images courtesy of Markus Antener ERZ

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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Sewer map London (http://www.turtleshellprod.com/media-uploads/sewers.gif) Paul Talling Fleet Outfall (http://www.londonslostrivers.com/uploads/5/6/0/3/5603187/8847386_orig.jpeg?303)

Steve Duncan Undercity Fleet Sewer (http://www.undercity.org/_Prints/aqueducts_undergroundrivers_sewers/RiverFleet_002_web.jpg) Jason Hawkes / Getty London WWTW (http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2008/08/28/Sewage-460x276.jpg)

Zurich stream daylighting, images courtesy of Markus Antener ERZ

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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Sewer map London (http://www.turtleshellprod.com/media-uploads/sewers.gif) Paul Talling Fleet Outfall (http://www.londonslostrivers.com/uploads/5/6/0/3/5603187/8847386_orig.jpeg?303)

Steve Duncan Undercity Fleet Sewer (http://www.undercity.org/_Prints/aqueducts_undergroundrivers_sewers/RiverFleet_002_web.jpg) Jason Hawkes / Getty London WWTW (http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2008/08/28/Sewage-460x276.jpg)

Zurich stream daylighting, images courtesy of Markus Antener ERZ

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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Sewer map London (http://www.turtleshellprod.com/media-uploads/sewers.gif) Paul Talling Fleet Outfall (http://www.londonslostrivers.com/uploads/5/6/0/3/5603187/8847386_orig.jpeg?303)

Steve Duncan Undercity Fleet Sewer (http://www.undercity.org/_Prints/aqueducts_undergroundrivers_sewers/RiverFleet_002_web.jpg) Jason Hawkes / Getty London WWTW (http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2008/08/28/Sewage-460x276.jpg)

Zurich stream daylighting, images courtesy of Markus Antener ERZ

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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Sewer map London (http://www.turtleshellprod.com/media-uploads/sewers.gif) Paul Talling Fleet Outfall (http://www.londonslostrivers.com/uploads/5/6/0/3/5603187/8847386_orig.jpeg?303)

Steve Duncan Undercity Fleet Sewer (http://www.undercity.org/_Prints/aqueducts_undergroundrivers_sewers/RiverFleet_002_web.jpg) Jason Hawkes / Getty London WWTW (http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2008/08/28/Sewage-460x276.jpg)

Zurich stream daylighting, images courtesy of Markus Antener ERZ

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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Sewer map London (http://www.turtleshellprod.com/media-uploads/sewers.gif) Paul Talling Fleet Outfall (http://www.londonslostrivers.com/uploads/5/6/0/3/5603187/8847386_orig.jpeg?303)

Steve Duncan Undercity Fleet Sewer (http://www.undercity.org/_Prints/aqueducts_undergroundrivers_sewers/RiverFleet_002_web.jpg) Jason Hawkes / Getty London WWTW (http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2008/08/28/Sewage-460x276.jpg)

Zurich stream daylighting, images courtesy of Markus Antener ERZ

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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Sewer map London (http://www.turtleshellprod.com/media-uploads/sewers.gif) Paul Talling Fleet Outfall (http://www.londonslostrivers.com/uploads/5/6/0/3/5603187/8847386_orig.jpeg?303)

Steve Duncan Undercity Fleet Sewer (http://www.undercity.org/_Prints/aqueducts_undergroundrivers_sewers/RiverFleet_002_web.jpg) Jason Hawkes / Getty London WWTW (http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2008/08/28/Sewage-460x276.jpg)

Zurich stream daylighting, images courtesy of Markus Antener ERZ

Broadhead, A.T., R. Horn & D.N. Lerner (2013) ‘Captured streams and springs in combined sewers: a review’,

Water Research, 47, 13, 4752-4766.

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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Sewer map London (http://www.turtleshellprod.com/media-uploads/sewers.gif) Paul Talling Fleet Outfall (http://www.londonslostrivers.com/uploads/5/6/0/3/5603187/8847386_orig.jpeg?303)

Steve Duncan Undercity Fleet Sewer (http://www.undercity.org/_Prints/aqueducts_undergroundrivers_sewers/RiverFleet_002_web.jpg) Jason Hawkes / Getty London WWTW (http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2008/08/28/Sewage-460x276.jpg)

Zurich stream daylighting, images courtesy of Markus Antener ERZ

Broadhead, A.T., R. Horn & D.N. Lerner (2013) ‘Captured streams and springs in combined sewers: a review’,

Water Research, 47, 13, 4752-4766.

A multiple lines of evidence approach

Capture indication methodology

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28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

A multiple lines of evidence approach 1. Locating lost urban streams and springs 2. Indicating where capture occurs

Capture indication methodology

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28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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Stage 1: locating lost streams & springs

Multiple lines of evidence

DRN © Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2013. OS Basemap © Crown Copyright/database right 2013. An Ordnance Survey/Edina supplied Service. All rights reserved. Streams

Culverts

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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DRN © Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2013. OS Basemap © Crown Copyright/database right 2013. An Ordnance Survey/Edina supplied Service. All rights reserved. Streams

Culverts Streams on historic maps

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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DRN © Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2013. OS Basemap © Crown Copyright/database right 2013. An Ordnance Survey/Edina supplied Service. All rights reserved.

Sheffield City Hall, Peter Tarleton Creative Commons (http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2846119) Spring pond, author;s own photo

Streams Place names etc. Culverts Streams on historic maps

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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DRN © Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2013. OS Basemap © Crown Copyright/database right 2013. An Ordnance Survey/Edina supplied Service. All rights reserved.

Sheffield City Hall, Peter Tarleton Creative Commons (http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2846119) Spring pond, author;s own photo

Streams Place names etc. Culverts Streams on historic maps

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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DRN © Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2013. OS Basemap © Crown Copyright/database right 2013. An Ordnance Survey/Edina supplied Service. All rights reserved.

Sheffield City Hall, Peter Tarleton Creative Commons (http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2846119) Spring pond, author;s own photo

Streams Place names etc. Culverts Streams on historic maps

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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DRN © Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2013. OS Basemap © Crown Copyright/database right 2013. An Ordnance Survey/Edina supplied Service. All rights reserved. Streams

Culverts Modelled stream flowpaths

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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DRN © Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2013. OS Basemap © Crown Copyright/database right 2013. An Ordnance Survey/Edina supplied Service. All rights reserved.

Sheffield Megatron Culvert, Sub-urban.com, used with permission

Streams Culverts Lost streams (predicted)

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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DRN © Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2013. OS Basemap © Crown Copyright/database right 2013. An Ordnance Survey/Edina supplied Service. All rights reserved.

Sheffield Megatron Culvert, Sub-urban.com, used with permission

Streams Culverts Lost streams (predicted)

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Stage 2: Indicating capture

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

Multiple lines of evidence

DRN © Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2013. OS Basemap © Crown Copyright/database right 2013. An Ordnance Survey/Edina supplied Service. All rights reserved.

Yorkshire Water sewer network map, used with permission.

Hydrograph from Broadhead et al. (2013), Water Research, 47, 4752.

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Stage 2: Indicating capture

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

Multiple lines of evidence

DRN © Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2013. OS Basemap © Crown Copyright/database right 2013. An Ordnance Survey/Edina supplied Service. All rights reserved.

Yorkshire Water sewer network map, used with permission.

Hydrograph from Broadhead et al. (2013), Water Research, 47, 4752.

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Stage 2: Indicating capture

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

Multiple lines of evidence

DRN © Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2013. OS Basemap © Crown Copyright/database right 2013. An Ordnance Survey/Edina supplied Service. All rights reserved.

Yorkshire Water sewer network map, used with permission.

Hydrograph from Broadhead et al. (2013), Water Research, 47, 4752.

© The University of Sheffield

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God’s Spring, author’s own photo

© The University of Sheffield

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God’s Spring, author’s own photo

© The University of Sheffield

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God’s Spring, author’s own photo

© The University of Sheffield

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God’s Spring, author’s own photo

© The University of Sheffield

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God’s Spring, author’s own photo

28/08/2013 © The University of Sheffield

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a.broadhead@sheffield.ac.uk

@losturbanrivers

DRN © Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2013. OS Basemap © Crown Copyright/database right 2013. An Ordnance Survey/Edina supplied Service. All rights reserved. Streams

Culverts Lost streams (predicted)