LocomotionLocomotion

Locomotion:

The act or power of moving from place to place

VocabularyVocabulary1.1. Motile = Motile =

2.2. Sessile = Sessile =

3.3. Muscle contraction =Muscle contraction =

4.4. Exoskeleton =Exoskeleton =

5.5. Endoskeleton = Endoskeleton =

6.6. Pseudopods =Pseudopods =

7.7. Cilia = Cilia =

8.8. Flagella = Flagella =

9.9. Setae = Setae =

The ability to move from place to placeLacking the ability to move on their

own or being stationaryHow muscles exert force, by shorteningSkeleton on the outside

of the bodySkeleton on the inside of the bodyTemporary projection of the

cell surfaceShort hair-like fibers on an organism the beat rhythmicallyLarger hair-like fibers, usually

only 1 or 2 per cellTiny bristles on the underside of the earthworm

Advantages for Advantages for LocomotionLocomotion

It is easier to get foodIt is easier to get food It its easier to find It its easier to find

sheltershelter An organism can move An organism can move

away from dangerous away from dangerous conditions or predatorsconditions or predators

It is easier to find It is easier to find mates and reproducemates and reproduce

Locomotion in the Deep SeaLocomotion in the Deep Sea

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtj_JSlKXgY

Adaptations in Adaptations in LocomotionLocomotion

Locomotion in Locomotion in ProtistsProtists

AmoebaAmoebaParameciumParameciumEuglenaEuglena

AmoebaAmoeba An organism moves An organism moves

when the when the cytoplasmcytoplasm moves into or out of the moves into or out of the pseudopodspseudopods

This movement is also This movement is also seen in white blood cellsseen in white blood cells

This movement is also This movement is also known as known as amoeboid amoeboid movementmovement

To see an amoeba move…To see an amoeba move…

http://www.biophysik.uni-bremen.de/radmacher/animations/amoeba.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Nb6MUF-B5Y

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6rnhiMxtKU&NR=1

ParameciuParameciumm

Paramecium move by Paramecium move by cilia cilia beating rhythmicallybeating rhythmically

They move They move quicker than amoebaquicker than amoeba

To see a paramecium To see a paramecium move…move…

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wdv9eYtXSpE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9ymaSzcsdY&NR=1&feature=fvwp

EuglenaEuglena Euglena moves by one Euglena moves by one

long, thin structure long, thin structure called a called a flagellaflagella

Whip-like movementsWhip-like movements pull it through the pull it through the waterwater

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAm6hMysTA&NR=1

Locomotion in the Locomotion in the EarthwormEarthworm

Outer and inner Outer and inner layers of muscles layers of muscles shorten and shorten and lengthen the bodylengthen the body

Setae hook the Setae hook the ground in order for ground in order for the body the body to push to push and pull forwardand pull forward

To see an earthworm move…

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oH8NMYi7qqw

http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=55812

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzSvNNRwGnc

Locomotion in the Locomotion in the GrasshopperGrasshopper

Exoskeleton divided into Exoskeleton divided into platesplates to allow movement to allow movement

3 pair of 3 pair of jointed legsjointed legs First 2 pair used for First 2 pair used for

walkingwalking Powerful third pair used for Powerful third pair used for

jumpingjumping 2 pair of wings for 2 pair of wings for flyingflying

To see a grasshopper move…

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cevL1RWcmqQ

The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

Bones and CartilageBones and CartilageBones Bones Are a type of Are a type of connective tissueconnective tissue Act as an attachment for Act as an attachment for musclesmuscles Give the body Give the body shape and supportshape and support Protect the Protect the body’s organsbody’s organs Serve as a storage area for Serve as a storage area for mineralsminerals

(calcium)(calcium) Produce Produce red and white blood cells red and white blood cells in the in the

marrow (soft inside)marrow (soft inside) True red marrow produces red blood cellsTrue red marrow produces red blood cells

The The periosteum periosteum is the tough layer of is the tough layer of connective tissue that surrounds and connective tissue that surrounds and protects the bone.protects the bone.

Two types of bone tissueTwo types of bone tissue Spongy - light weight but adds strength Spongy - light weight but adds strength

to boneto bone Compact – more dense and stores Compact – more dense and stores

minerals (calcium)minerals (calcium)

Bones and CartilageBones and Cartilage

CartilageCartilage Is a type of Is a type of connective connective

tissuetissue that bends easilythat bends easily Most of the skeleton of an Most of the skeleton of an

embryo is embryo is cartilagecartilage In adults, it only remains In adults, it only remains

in the joints, the ears, the in the joints, the ears, the nose and at the end of the nose and at the end of the ribsribs

Cushions the Cushions the jointsjoints

The Human The Human SkeletonSkeleton

206 bones206 bones Two main partsTwo main parts

The The axial skeletonaxial skeleton The The appendicular appendicular

skeletonskeleton

The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton

Made up ofMade up of Cranium (skull)Cranium (skull) Vertebral column Vertebral column

(backbone)(backbone) Sternum (breast Sternum (breast

bone)bone) Rib cageRib cage

The Appendicular The Appendicular SkeletonSkeleton

Pectoral girdle:Pectoral girdle: Arm bonesArm bones Wrist and hand bonesWrist and hand bones Scapula (shoulder Scapula (shoulder

blades) blades) Clavicles (collar bones)Clavicles (collar bones)

Pelvic girdle:Pelvic girdle: PelvisPelvis Leg bonesLeg bones Ankle and foot bonesAnkle and foot bones

JointsJoints

The place where The place where bones meet is called bones meet is called a a jointjoint

Some are Some are immovableimmovable (i.e.. the skull)(i.e.. the skull)

Most are Most are moveablemoveable

JointsJoints

Moveable joints:Moveable joints:1.1. HingeHinge = elbow = elbow

and kneeand knee2.2. Ball-and-SocketBall-and-Socket

= shoulder and = shoulder and hiphip

3.3. PivotPivot = base of = base of the skullthe skull

4.4. Gliding joint Gliding joint = = wristswrists

LigamentLigamentss

Attaches Attaches bone to bonebone to bone

Tendons Tendons

Attach Attach muscles to muscles to bonesbones

Remember…Remember…

Ligaments attachLigaments attach

Tendons attachTendons attach

bone to bone

muscles to bone

The Human Muscular The Human Muscular SystemSystem

Muscles can exert Muscles can exert force when they force when they contractcontract, or shorten. , or shorten.

When they contract, When they contract, they move the parts they move the parts of the skeleton of the skeleton (bones) they are (bones) they are attached toattached to..

The Human Muscular The Human Muscular SystemSystem

There are three types of muscles:There are three types of muscles:

1.1. Cardiac muscle Cardiac muscle (heart muscle)(heart muscle)

2.2. Smooth muscle Smooth muscle (muscles of the (muscles of the organs and blood vessels)organs and blood vessels)

3.3. Skeletal musclesSkeletal muscles (muscles that (muscles that move your skeleton bones)move your skeleton bones)

Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle Muscle that makes up the heartMuscle that makes up the heart These muscles are involuntaryThese muscles are involuntary

(you (you do not do not have conscious control over have conscious control over their contractions)their contractions)

Smooth musclesSmooth muscles

Found in the walls of Found in the walls of internal organs, in the internal organs, in the walls of arteries, and walls of arteries, and the diaphragmthe diaphragm

These muscles are These muscles are involuntaryinvoluntary (you (you do do not not have conscious have conscious control over their control over their contractions)contractions)

Skeletal musclesSkeletal muscles Voluntary musclesVoluntary muscles – you – you dodo have have

control of the movementcontrol of the movement They are fastened to They are fastened to the bones of the the bones of the

skeletonskeleton Muscle cells fuse together to form Muscle cells fuse together to form

muscle fibersmuscle fibers

Skeletal musclesSkeletal muscles

Muscles are Muscles are attached to attached to the bones by the bones by tendonstendons

Skeletal musclesSkeletal muscles

There is always a certain amount of tone in the skeletal muscles – even at rest.

Skeletal muscles are in a state of readiness known as muscle tone

Skeletal musclesSkeletal muscles

Muscles can Muscles can only pullonly pull, , they cannot pushthey cannot push

Muscles move a joint Muscles move a joint in in antagonistic pairsantagonistic pairs

On one side of the joint, the On one side of the joint, the muscle muscle flexesflexes (contacts) while (contacts) while the other side of the joint the other side of the joint extendsextends (relaxes) (relaxes)

The biceps contract

The triceps relax