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LOCALIZATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK:

DESIGN APPROACH AND IMPLEMENTATION

by

MUHAMMAD FAROUQ BIN SUHAIMI

Report submitted in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree

of Bachelor of Computer Network Engineering

DECEMBER 2015


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LIST OF CONTENTS

LIST OF CONTENTS……………………….………………………...…………………i-ii

LIST OF FIGURES…………..……………………………………………………..…….iii

LIST OF TABLES………..………………………………………………………….........iv

CHAPTER 1 .......................................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Project Objective ...................................................................................................... 2

1.4 Project Scope………………………………………………….…………………2-3

1.5 Thesis Outline..……………………………………………….……………………3

CHAPTER 2 .......................................................................................................................... 4

LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................... 4

2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 4

2.2 Wireless Sensor Background………………………………………………….....4-9

2.2.1 Application and Challenges of Wireless Sensor Network .......................... 9-10

2.2.2 Localization Overview .............................................................................. 11-16

2.3 Related Work .................................................................................................... 18-19


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CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................................ 20

METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 20

3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 20

3.2 Localization with Receive Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) ................................ 21

3.3 OMNeT++ with MiXiM ................................................................................... 22-25

3.3.1 Advantages and disadvantages of OMNeT++ with MiXiM ………..……..25

3.4 Introduced Model .............................................................................................. 26-27

3.5 Method and Model Scenario ............................................................................ 27-29

3.5.1 RSSI Localization technique Flowchart ......................................................... 30

3.5.2 Scenario and Parameter ................................................................................. 31

REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 32-34

APPENDIX


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: Basic design of WSN ........................................................................................... 6

Figure 2.2: Architecture of a sensor node……...……...…………………………………………..………….. 7

Figure 2.3: Sensor node .......................................................................................................... 8

Figure 2.4: WSN layer protocol ............................................................................................. 8

Figure 2.5: WSN Architecture ................................................................................................ 9

Figure 2.6: Localization Architecture................................................................................... 12

Figure 2.7: Localization Schemes ........................................................................................ 13

Figure 2.8: Categorizing Localization Technique ................................................................ 14

Figure 2.9: Classification of Range Based algorithm scheme…………….………………………....15

Figure 2.10: Concept in Localization ................................................................................... 15

Figure 3.1: Interface of the OMNeT++ IDE with MiXiM …..…………………………....22

Figure 3.2: Network Simulation …………………………………………………………..24

Figure 3.3: Node Structure ……………………………...………………………………...24

Figure 3.4: Model component of RSSI node Localization Data Flow………………..…...28

Figure 3.5: Trilateration Method …………………….….………………………….……..29

Figure 3.6: Model component in Trilateration Method …………………………………...29

Figure 3.7: Flowchart process of RSSI Localization …………..………………………….30

Figure 3.8: Model scenario for Trilateration…………………………………..…………...31


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iv

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Differences of Range Based algorithms …………….………….……………...16

Table 2.2: Comparison of Range Free Algorithms………………………………..…..……..17


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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Over the last few years, wireless sensor network technology has a fast expand

and have gained world-wide attention. WSNs have a better advantage of many

applications such as in the military such as target tracker and surveillance. An

environmental applications such as natural disaster relief, medical field, for example,

biomedical health monitoring, and unsafe environment exploration, seismic sensing and

some more. In military target tracker and observation, a WSN can assist and support in

distinguishing interruption and identification. With natural disasters, sensor nodes can

detect and sense the environment if there are any sign of disaster will occur before it

happens. This will help a lot on standby and alert if a disaster happens. In biomedical

application, surgical implants of sensors inside the human body can help and monitor

the human health. Lastly, for an earthquake-related sensing, a deploying sensor as an ad-

hoc network type can help to detect and monitor signs of the earthquake and other

eruption. Localization is one of the techniques in WSN, where to know the location of

data and to determine the location of node sensors. It is very extremely important to find

and determine using a specialized algorithm.


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1.2 Problem Statement

Localization in WSN is high importance in many social, industry and military

application. Exact localization it is demanded for crucial application. So, finding the

best technique of localization, based application, reflect the accuracy and look forwardto the best technique has to be used.

1.3 Project Objectives

The objective of this project can be summarized into:

1.

To design a high accuracy localization technique based Wireless Sensor

Network.

2.

To design a network model and simulate the localization technique and

validity purpose.

1.4 Project Scope

In order to achieve the objectives of the project, the scope of the project is

summarized as follows:

i.

Localization is one of technique in Wireless Sensor Network. It is important

to find and determine the sensor nodes location. In order to find the location

of sensor nodes, difference algorithm with an ad-hoc network are required.

ii.

OMNeT++ is an application for building network simulators. Design and

implement network simulation in Wireless Sensor Network to present the

localization technique.

iii.

Optimization is applied to increase the accuracy of localization in finding

and determining the location of sensor nodes.


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1.5 Thesis Outline

This research is divided into three chapters. The contents of each chapter are

summarized as below:

Chapter one is an introduction which explains about Wireless Sensor Network

use in nowadays. It consists some overview of WSN in real life, problem statement,

project objective of the research and project scope which summarize the research is all

about, software use and so on.

Chapter two is a literature review which discusses more in Wireless Sensor

Network background, such as the application, component use in the Wireless Sensor

Network, for example, the sensor. In addition, this chapter explains in details on the

protocol used in WSN. In the other part of this chapter discusses the localization

technique in WSN, how the technique works and the component that are involved in this

technique, schemes localization and concept used in localization. Last but not lease,

some review of other people works is discussed in related work parts.

Chapter three is a methodology which first explains general about the range-

based localization scheme and the focus on RSSI technique that will be used as a

method or technique in this project. Moreover, chapter three will discuss in details of

OMNeT++ and MiXiM framework.


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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter elaborates the research on the technology of Wireless Sensor Network

and emphasizes the use of it in various applications. Explanation will be focused on the

related field of localization technique in WSN and wireless sensor network background.

Research and surveys have been conducted in order to design and implement Localization in

WSN. To achieve the aims and objective of this project, all the related research papers and

journals will be discussed in this chapter.


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2.2 Wireless Sensor Network Background

The Wireless Sensor Network is a huge number sensor node (static or mobility) which

shape the network in wireless type. It is self-association, multi-hop technique and the reason

for existing is to detect, process and transmit the information in areas by monitoring the objectlocation [1]. WSN has an important application which is monitoring the environment and

track a target. This will give the advantage for the WSN because the sensors are small size,

low cost and smart. The sensor node also is integrated with wireless interface technology

where it can communicate each other to form a network [2].

Besides, it will collect data and process before direct send it to the nearest gateway or

sink node. A node in the sensor network consists of more than one sensor, a low powerconsumption, mobility power supply type, and localization device, such as a GPS (Global

Positioning System). These nodes incorporate wireless transceivers so that communication

and networking are enabled.

Furthermore, it consists some sensor nodes working together in order to monitor an

area to obtain data about the surrounding conditions. Last but not least to one or more sensors,

each node in a WSN is usually integrated with a radio transceiver or other wireless hardware

device, communication device, and battery as a power supply source.


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Figure 2.1: Basic design of WSN

A small device that consists of several essential components called sensor node. An

actuating unit, a processing unit, transceiver unit and power supply unit which is important for

Wireless Sensor Network. The sensor node furnished with the position detection unit such as

a position finding system such as GPS, a mobilizer and so on to determine the location inevery of each in purpose of communication.

The actuating unit, also called sensors are a component that is divided into two groups,

for example, analog sensor and digital sensor. The digital sensor produces data in a digital or

discrete form and for the analog signal, it produces data in continuous or in the waveform.

The data that produce will be sent to the processing unit to be converted into readable form. A

processing unit such as processors or embedded microprocessor, it is built inside with a

memory storage to store data. Random Access Memory (RAM) will store the data before sent

it, meanwhile ROM (Read Only Memory) only store OS (Operating System) used by the

sensor nodes [6].


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The radio transceiver is a tiny component that has the ability to receive data or

information before sending it to other sensor nodes by an using RF connection to

communicate each other. During the process of receiving data or transmission process, the

transceiver is the component used most of power inside the sensor nodes to function. Several

operation modes inside the transceiver that will save a lot of power in using it, such as

transmit, receive, idle and sleep. The power unit is the most important component inside the

sensor nodes. Without power, sensor nodes cannot work and operate with all the components.

The lifetime of a sensor node depends on the power unit [6].

There are different sorts of sensors, for example, seismic, thermal, visual, and infrared

are used to monitor a variety of surrounding conditions such as temperature, moisture,

pressure, movement of the object and living things and features of objects. Figure 2.2 shows

the overview and components of sensor nodes and Figure 2.3 show the actual image of sensor

nodes [4].

Figure 2.2: Architecture of a sensor node.


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Figure 2.3: Sensor node

The major characteristics of WSN are self-organizing, dynamic network topology,

multi-hop route, node resource restricted, data driven and security issue. MAC network and

routing protocol are the important point in WSN protocol where, MAC protocol is a set of

rules and procedures of successful, well-organized and fairly. For routing protocol, it is in

charge for the data packets flow from source node sent to the destination node over a network

and transmit data according to the optimal path and complete the search for the best path [1].

Figure 2.4: WSN layer protocol


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Figure 2.4 above shown the WSN layer protocol used by the sensor nodes. This protocol

mixes up together routing protocol and networking protocol. Many different types of

application that can design and build on the application layer. Software and hardware are in

the lowest layer transparently to the end-user made by this layer. It also helps to maintain the

flow of data.

For network layer, it receives and store the data that route from the transport layer and

set up a multi-hop wireless routing protocol between nodes and sink nodes. Next, data link

layer where it is responsible for multiplexing of data streams, frame detection and error

detection. The physical layer is modulation and demodulation of digital data, frequency

selection, encryption and decryption of data, and transmission and reception of the data [3].

Network Architecture is shown below in Figure 2.5, it comprised of sensor node (end

notes), router, sink node and placed in a large area called sensor node. Data information is

transmitted from sensor nodes sink through a multi-hop communication paradigm [5].

Figure 2.5: WSN Architecture

2.2.1 Application and Challenges of Wireless Sensor Network

Monitoring and tracking are the classifications of application of WSN. For example,

an application WSN has been extensively used in the medical field. One of its usages is in

promoting remote monitoring health care for patients. The system combines the medical


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knowledge base wireless sensor network to upgrade the existing health care to stay in touch

with the medical officer, patient and authorized user.

Next, environmental and agriculture in wireless sensor network is one of its applications and

could be deployed and used in wildness areas, fire detection, nuclear reactor controlling,

traffic monitoring, etc. [1]. The significant advantage using WSN in environmental and

agriculture its will reduce cost and fast set up of the network due to self-organization

provided. Besides, no increase in power consumption and cost when collected data will be

carried through intermediate nodes. Next, the survivability and robustness of the network

meet specific applications.

Besides that, WSN application is used in the military as an important part in command

and control, communication, computing, battlefield surveillance and etc. In the military, it can

guide the area by monitoring the environment condition such as frequency vibrate, brightness

and area temperature. In addition, the sensor node can detect and trace the biological radiation

or any dangerous chemical exists in the area [1].

Moreover, ocean monitoring is one of application in a wireless sensor network that

bring advantage because it does not require base station in network connection and wireless

infrastructure, it makes the network use is very beneficial. The cost of the sensor node is

cheap so it can be applied in a large range of ocean and save the investment of the system if

undesirable thing happens to the sensor node. Through intensive deployment, a majority of

sensor nodes can communicate and cooperate each other to monitor the same waters, then by

analysis of excess information to make the result more accurate [1].

Traffic control and industrial environments are used in Wireless Sensor Network, such

as mine and nuclear power plant. By using a special sensor such as biological, a chemical

sensor, it will monitor the risk materials and hazardous substance information to reduce or

avoid the damage to the workers. Furthermore, it also can be used in many industries such as


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electronic industries by monitoring the plant operation condition, identify the future problem

that will be able to reduce dead time, enhance the efficiency and make the equipment use for

long-lasting [1].

Otherwise, there is a limitation in wireless sensor network compared to other wired

connection. Where the complexity of logistics involving replacement of sensors that have

problem and ran out of energy or battery in large scale of wireless sensor network,

deployment of sensor networking a hostile environment by random distributed that is difficult

to know the topology of the sensor network, low speed of data rate transfer compare to wired

network, affected by surrounding or environments such as wall (blocking), interference by

others noise or unwanted signal and far distance between sensor nodes will cause attenuation.

In terms of security, inappropriate key distribution algorithm design which is not flexible to

secure wireless sensor network to provide encryption keys in real time.

2.2.2 Localization Overview

The essential function of a sensor network is to gather and transmit data to the

destination. The imperative in collecting data and information is to know where is the location

located. By using a localization technique in wireless sensor network, it can identify and

determine the location of sensor nodes with the help of various particular algorithms. It is

highly desirable to design low-cost, versatile, and efficient structure of localization for

wireless sensor network. Different scheme and algorithms of localization are used for static

sensor nodes and mobile sensor nodes [6].


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Figure 2.6: LocalizationArchitecture

Localization technique to find the position of data and information, it is pointless if the

nodes have the unknown information about their location in the district area. Localized node

and un-localized node estimate their location by communicating each other to determine their

exact location and position. There are certain concept and method used in localization such as

Lateration, Trilateration, Multilateration, and Triangulation.

Figure 2.7 below shown many schemes and technique in localization, such as the

anchor-based and anchor-free localization schemes, Centralized and decentralized based

localization schemes, fine-grained based localization schemes, mobile sensor node

localization schemes and range based and range-free localization schemes.


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Figure 2.7: Localization Schemes

Anchor based localization schemes, is a technique where the position of nodes isknown and it is called anchor nodes. The un-localized node can be determined the location

with the help of anchor nodes. High accuracy of the location of nodes depends on the number

of nodes. For anchor-free localization schemes, it doesn’t require the anchor node to

determine the location, so by using algorithm calculation the location of nodes can be

identified. Centralized localization technique where all information is transmitted to a central

node. Taking care of position computation of all nodes and circulates the information to the

respective node are the function of the base station or sink nodes. This scheme is low-cost

computation and low power consumption. Next, decentralized schemes technique calculates

and estimate the position individually by each sensor because there are no clustering for each

node to communicate with anchor nodes. Fine grained is an algorithm that use received signal

strength features of nodes. For mobile sensor node schemes, the sensors based algorithm are

required and most applications are using mobile sensor nodes [17].

There are two different types which are range based and range free of localization

technique schemes. Figure 2.8 below shown localization technique range based method uses

the range information to calculate the distance estimation and determine the distance between

each node. While for range free methods do not need specialized equipment device for

localization in determining the location of the nodes. However, it identified their distance and

range based on DV-hop or DV distance through the connectivity of each node [8].


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Figure 2.8: Categorizing Localization Technique

These three main parameters help to compare the differences and similarities of all

technique which is accuracy, cost, and power or energy to be considered in implementing any

of localization technique schemes. Example for accuracy, medical and military application

are really concerned about the accuracy in monitoring health and intrusion detection. For the

cost, most of the technique and algorithm are mostly are high in cost. However, their

accuracy is very low in rate. For power, every sensor node is using the battery for power

supply which have limited in power. So power is also the major things to be considered [17].

In range-based localization, there are many algorithms to determine the range such as

RSSI (received signal strength indication), TOA (Time of arrival), TDOA (Time difference ofarrival) and AOA (Angle of arrival) by calculating the distance and with the support of

geometrical principle. The Figure 2.9 and Figure 2.10 below shown the classification of

range-based localization schemes with the concept use such as lateration, tri-lateration,

angulation, triangulation and multi-lateration [17].


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Table2.2: Comparison of Range Free Algorithm


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2.3 Related Work

Discuss and on the common attacks against localization, and survey research state of

secure localization. Example techniques are SeRLoc, HiRLoc and ROPE by Guanjie Han,

Jinfang, Chuan Zhu, Yuhui Dong and Na Zhang (2011), Secure Localization in Wireless

Sensor Networks. For example, techniques are SeRLoc, HiRLoc, and ROPE. The positive

side of this research is proposed secure localization schemes by improving security schemes

to enhance detection rate.

Ziguo Zhong and Tian He (2012), they propose in the Wireless Sensor Node

Localization by Multisequence processing (MSP), there are four optimizations to increase

localization accuracy. By listing several fascinating issues, for example, incomplete (partial)

node sequences and arrangement flip, found at the Mirage proving ground. They have

assessed the MSP system through hypothetical examination, extensive simulation as well as

two physical frameworks. Assessment established that MSP can accomplish an accurate

result, requiring neither extra excessive equipment on sensor nodes nor exact event

distribution.

Focuses on the localization techniques used by the sensor nodes to identify their

location. It also covered the different localization techniques used and their problems such as

security and energy and compare two techniques which are a range-based and range-free by

Jeril Kuriakose, Sandeep Joshi, and V.I. George (2013) in Localization in Wireless Sensor

Network: A Survey. As a result of their research, scalability of range-free localization

approach is more compared to range-based localization technique.


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Babar. S and Ki-IL Kim (2014), Three-Dimensional Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor

Networks, their research on identifying the unique properties of communication environments

in three-dimensional space, discuss a background and application of AANETs and UWSNs

and survey on the airborne ad hoc network (AANETs) and underwater wireless sensor

networks (UWSNs). They also explain more about an advance in network design principle for

3D wireless ad hoc and sensor network.

Harsimran. K & Rohit. B (2015). Localization Techniques in Wireless Sensor

Networks. Works on techniques in localization in WSN which are a novel three-dimensional

localization DV-Hop algorithm (NTLDV-HOP), distance vector hop (DV-HOP), Received

Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and the correction value based DV-HOP (RCDV) and

correction value based DV-HOP (CDV). By assessing all of these localization techniques for

their effectiveness in various situations on the basis of theoretical analysis.Toward the end of

their research, they proposed an algorithm that has been evaluated on the basis of the

connectivity and coverage issues required to be resolved in determining WSN localization.


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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

In range-based localization scheme of Wireless Sensor Network, estimating the

distance between nodes using measurement technique is adopted. In the steps of finding

and determining the distance of nodes and thus the position, signal propagation time and

power signal strength are used to calculate their anchors. These are also known as

Distance Estimation technique and it needs extra hardware to implement the

localization. Methods or techniques used in a range-based localization scheme are Angle

of Arrival (AOA), Receive Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Time Difference of Arrival

(TDOA), and Time of Arrival (TOA) [8].


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3.2 Localization with Receive Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)

RSSI (Receive Signal Strength Indicator) is an algorithm used to determine and

estimate the distance of nodes via measurement techniques. The distance between the

transmitter and receiver is measured based on the signal strength indicator at the

receiver [6]. The propagation loss is very important in RSSI to determine or estimate the

distance by calculating and converting into distance estimation.

The signal strength depends on the distance between transmitter and receiver if

the distance is increased the power of signal strength is decreased. In addition,

propagation between transmitter and receiver can be affected by refraction, reflection

and scattering. The used of RSSI in an indoor environment may be affecting the

measured accuracy in order to detect and estimate the location of nodes. The main

advantage of RSSI is it doesn’t require extra hardware in order to do a job, because in

almost all wireless equipment are compatible with RSSI technology features [18].

There are certain factors that affect the RSSI in estimating and determine the

distance between nodes that cause an error in localization and lower in accuracy. There

are two common types of error in RSSI, for example, device error and environmental

error. Examples of environmental error occur when it has interference with other RF

device, weather condition and so on. However, for device error because of calibration

errors and the device cannot operate normally [18].


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3.3 OMNeT++ with MiXiM

In this section, explain the software or application use in designing the

simulation of RSSI technique in the localization of WSN. OMNet++ is an open source

component-based discrete event network simulator also a component-based architecture.

Simulation models are described in a programming language, for example, C++ and

then assembled into bigger components using Network Description (NED) language to

represent greater systems.

Other than that, OMNeT++ has graphical instruments for simulation things and

evaluating results in real time. OMNeT++ scales suitable for large scale of network

topologies, but without the proper simulation model or framework extensions, the

simulator lacks suitable protocols and proper energy modeling for sensor networks.

Several extensions, frameworks and simulators for WSN based on OMNeT++ such as

MiXiM, Castalia, Mobility Framework, EYES and many more. Additionally,

OMNeT++ provides specific editors for the simulations. The graphical NED editor and

INI file editor helps to edit the file with contains the configuration of simulation runs.

Figure 3.1: Interface of the OMNeT++ IDE with MiXiM


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MiXiM provides detailed wireless channel models (fading, so on) and MAC

protocols, wireless connectivity, mobility, and obstacles. MiXiM simulates using the

OMNeT++ simulation engine for wireless and mobile network type. Moreover, it also

provides models for obstacles and many communication protocols, especially at the

Medium Access Control (MAC) level.

Supporting infrastructure can be divided into 5 categories, which are

environment model where it reflects the relevant parts of the real world, such as

obstacles or other elements which hinder wireless communication, connectivity and

mobility where there the movement of nodes and the variations on the influence

between nodes can be displayed in a graphical representation, reception and collision

where the reception handling is responsible for modeling how a transmitted signal

changes on its way to the receivers considering the movement of objects and nodes and

transmissions making by other senders, experiment support where it help in comparing

the result and support various evaluation methods and for protocol library, it enabled to

compare and share ideas.

The general structure of MiXiM shows two different parts: First is the simulation

modules where a MiXiM network contains an actual utility model which defines the

environment properties like the size of the terrain, the kind of terrain simulation (2D or

3D) and different “objects” to model the environment of a simulation. The

“ConnectionManager” module manages dynamically the connections between

interfering nodes, where the signal quality is based on the interferences and the

mobility. Finally, the “nodes” make up the network. MiXiM supports different kind of

nodes (like Access Points and terminals) with different properties. An example of a

MiXiM network is shown below in Figure 3.2.


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The layers of an IP model can be composed by the application layer, the network

layer, the MAC layer and the physical layer. The physical and MAC layer is grouped

into a Network Interface Card (NIC) module. The mobility module is responsible for the

movements of a node or an object. The battery module is used to simulate the power

consumption and properties. The arp module handles the Address Resolution Protocol

(ARP), and the utility module provides a general interface for collecting statistical data

of a simulation and maintains parameters that need to be accessed by more than one

module within a node.

3.3.1 Advantages and disadvantages of OMNeT++ with MiXiM

There are many advantages in OMNeT++ compared to other WSN simulation

when combining with MiXiM framework the design and implementation can be detailed

in simulating. Moreover, in OMNeT++, it provides a set of important models such as

power, battery, a propagation model and so on. It also provides many functionalities and

flexibility than other simulators. Furthermore, OMNeT++ and MiXiM are open source

software which is free and no need to buy. It is also has a very useful graphical support

debugging and support parallel simulation.

However, in many advantages of OMNeT++ and MiXiM, there still have a

several drawbacks to be considered, which lack of MAC protocols and not provide a

huge variety of routing protocols. Some routing protocol is not inside OMNeT++ and it

only supports a limited emulation or Realtime OS/SW execution time modeling.


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3.4 Introduced Model

In order to determine the distance by measuring the nodes in Range Based

localization scheme, receiver node is the based node and the sender node as a reference

node. By using a formula below, the value of RSSI can be determined [18].

= −(10. . log( +

η is the coefficient that depends on environmental conditions (between 1.6 to 6).

d is a distance between sending node to receiver node. And for A, the value is

depending on the communication chip used, for example, CC2420 by the TI. Usually

the value of almost chips is = −51 . Other than that, in order to determine thevalue of coefficient η when there are a difference happen with the environmental

condition, derive the equation above [18].

= + −(10log(

Coefficient η is computed with the RSSI value obtained from the reference

anchor by the base node. As the distance to the reference anchor is already known, this

distance is used in the equation to compute the η coefficient. Then, the computed η is

used to estimate more accurate distance values with the RSSI values transmitted by

another three anchor node. In order to compute the distances of the anchor nodes to the

node to be localized, the following equation is used [18].

= 10(

(18)

(18)

(18)


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Figure 3.4: Model component of RSSI node localization data flow

Trilateration method is applied in this localization technique. This method

requires an intersection area of three circles with known radiuses on a coordinate plane

to compute the localization. Below is an equation used to compute the coordinate and

Figure 3.5 below shows the trilateration method is depicted and Figure 3.6 shows the

model component using trilateration. [18].

= ! − !! + !

"

# = $%&$'&&(&)&!)

* = , ! − ! − #!

(18)


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Figure 3.5: Trilateration Method

Figure 3.6: Model component in Trilateration Method


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Yes

No

3.5.1 RSSI Localization technique Flowchart

‘’’’’’

Figure 3.7: Flowchart process of RSSI Localization

Start

Moving node:

Re ular broadcast

Set all route signal

for calculation

Anchors: Route the

broadcast

Get last anchor-base

rssi as reference rssi

Calculate distance

coefficient

Find real location

with trilateration

Display and save

location data

with time

End

Base: Number

of signals = 3?

No

localization


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3.5.2 Scenario and Parameter

According to the flowchart which show the steps or process how the RSSI

localization works, the network scenario is model with the following network

environments as shown in Figure 3.8 below such as, the simulation scenario is based on

OMNeT++ with MiXiM framework, the anchor nodes are located in three different

positions, one moving node located at the center of the area which have equal distance

to all anchor nodes and one base node to compute the location of moving node. The

square area with dimensions of 100m * 100m and the distance between each anchor

node is 100m. The position of the nodes is according to the coordinate of x-axis and y-

axis.

Figure 3.8: Model scenario for Trilateration


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REFERENCES

[1] Zhang, S. (2012). A Review of Wireless Sensor Networks and Its Applications.

Proceeding of IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics,

(August), 386–389. [Accessed: October 11, 2015]

[2] Yick, J., Mukherjee, B., & Ghosal, D. (2008). Wireless sensor network survey.

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