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THIRD DIVISIONG.R. No. 86890 January 21, 1994LEANDRO CARILLO, !"#"#on!r, $%. &EO&LE O' THE &HILI&&INES, r!%on(!n".'ELICIANO, J.)

&!"#"#on!r Dr. L!an(ro Car#**o, an an!%"+!"#%", %!!% r!$#!- o "+! D!/#%#on o "+! Cour" oA!a*% (a"!( 28 No$!!r 1988, -+#/+ ar!( +#% /on$#/"#on y "+! R!3#ona* Tr#a*Cour" o "+! /r#! o %#*! n!3*#3!n/! r!%u*"#n3 #n +o#/#(!, or "+! (!a"+ o +#% "+#r"!!n15 y!ar o*( a"#!n"Ca"+!r#n! A/o%"a. T+! "r#a* /our" +a( %!n"!n/!( +# "o %u7!r "+! !na*"y o arr!%"o ayor#n #"% !(#u !r#o( our 4 on"+%: #r#%on!n", a% -!** a% "o ay "+! +!#r% o +#%a"#!n" an #n(!n#"y o &50,000.00 or +!r (!a"+, &10,000.00 a% r!#ur%!!n" or a/"ua*!;!n%!% #n/urr!(, &na!( a//u%!(,/on%#r#n3 an( /on!(!ra"#n3 "o3!"+!r an( u"ua**y +!*#n3 an( a#(#n3 -#"+ on! ano"+!r,-#"+ou" "a#n3 "+! n!/!%%ary /ar! an( r!/au"#on "o a$o#( #nBury "o !r%on, (#( "+!n an("+!r! -#**u**y, un*a-u**y an( !*on#ou%*y o!ra"!, #n a r!/*!%%, /ar!*!%% an( #ru(!n"ann!r an( n!3*!/"!( "o !;!r/#%! "+!#r r!%!/"#$! !(#/a* no-+o- an( "a%% an(or(!ar"!( ro "+! r!/o3n#!( %"an(ar( #n "+!#r "r!a"!n", (#a3no%#% o "+! /on(#"#on, an(o!ra"#on o "+! a"#!n", on! Ca"+!r#n! A/o%"a, 15 y!ar% o*(, -+#/+ n!3*#3!n/! /au%!( "+!(!a"+ o "+! %a#( Ca"+!r#n! A/o%"a. 2

&!"#"#on!r an( Dr. E#*#o ?a(r#( !n"!r!( *!a% o no" 3u#*"y a" arra#3n!n" an( "+! /a%!ro/!!(!( "o "ra#* -#"+ Ju(3! Jo . ?a(aya3 r!%#(#n3. 5

T+! ro%!/u"#on r!%!n"!( a% #"% r#n/#a* !$#(!n/! "+! "!%"#ony o our 4 -#"n!%%!%,na!*y) 1 Fo*an(a A/o%"a, Ca"+!r#n!:% o"+!r, -+o -a% a*! "o o%!r$! "+! /on(u/" o"+! a//u%!( ou"%#(! "+! o!ra"#n3 "+!a"!r !or!, (ur#n3 an( a"!r "+! a!n(!/"oyro/!(ur! /arr#!( ou" on +!r (au3+"!r 4 2 Do#n3o A/o%"a, Ca"+!r#n!:% a"+!r, -+o/orroora"!( %o! ar"% o +#% -#!:%"!%"#ony < 5 Dr. Hora/#o u!n(#a, an !;!r" -#"n!%% -+o (!%/r#!( !or! "+! "r#a*/our" "+! r!*a"#on%+# !"-!!n a %ur3!on an( an an!%"+!"#%" #n "+! /our%! o a %ur3#/a*o!ra"#on, a% -!** a% (!=n! "+! *#!*#+oo( o /ar(#a/ arr!%" a% a o%" o!ra"#$!/o*#/a"#on 6 an( 4 Dr. N#!"o Sa*$a(or, an !;!r" -#"n!%% -+o ana*y!( an( !;*a#n!("+! %#3n#=/an/! o "+! r!%u*"% o "+! a"+o*o3#/a* %"u(y an( au"o%y /on(u/"!( onCa"+!r#n!:% o(y y on! Dr. A*!r"o R!y!%.

A"!r "+! ro%!/u"#on +a( r!%"!( #"% /a%!, "+! (!!n%! -a% 3ran"!( *!a$! "o =*! a

(!urr!r "o "+! !$#(!n/!. 8 A"!r a#*#n3 "o =*! "+! (!urr!r -#"+#n "+! r!3*!!n"ary!r#o(, Ju(3! ?anu!* Fuon, -+o +a( #n "+! !an"#! "a!n o$!r a% r!%#(#n3 Bu(3! o"+! %a*a -+!r! "+#% /a%! -a% !n(#n3, (!n#!( "+! (!!n%! o"#on or !;"!n%#on o "#! "o=*! (!urr!r an( (!/*ar!( "+! /a%! %u#""!( or (!/#%#on. 9

On 19 S!"!!r 198


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T+! o!ra"#on -a% =n#%+!( a" )00 o:/*o/ #n "+! !$!n#n3 an( -+!n "+! /+#*( -a% rou3+"ou" ro "+! o!ra"#n3 roo, %+! -a% o%!r$!( "o ! %+#$!r#n3 nan3#n3#n#3 +!r +!ar"!a" -a% no" nora* %+! -a% a%*!! an( (#( no" -a! u %+! -a% a*! an( a% # %+! +a((#/u*"y #n r!a"+#n3 an( Dr. E#*#o ?a(r#( %u33!%"!( "+a" %+! *a/!( un(!r o;y3!n "an"+a" o;y3!n -a% a(#n#%"!r!( "o "+! /+#*( -+!n %+! -a% a*r!a(y #n "+! roo.

#"n!%% Fo*an(a A/o%"a ur"+!r "!%"#=!( "+a" %+or"*y !or! "+! /+#*( -a% "ran%!rr!( ro"+! o!ra"#n3 roo "o +!r roo, %+! -#"n!%% -a% r!u!%"!( y "+! an!%"+!%#o*o3#%" "o3o +o! an( 3!" a *an!".A or"#on o Fo*an(a A/o%"a:% "!%"#ony on -+a" +a!n!( -+!n %+! r!"urn!( "o "+!+o%#"a* ar! r!ro(u/!( +!r!un(!r a% o**o-%)

+a" +a!n!( a"!r-ar(MA +!n I arr#$!( #n "+! +o%#"a*, y /+#*( -a% !#n3 "ran%!rr!( "o +!r !(. +a" !*%! +a!n!(M I no"#/!( "+a" "+! +!ar"!a" o y (au3+"!r -a% no" nora*. An( I no"#/!( "+a" +!r+o%#"a* 3o-n #% r#%#n3 u an( (o-n. +a" "ran%#r!( a"!r "+a"MA I a%!( Dr. ?a(r#( -+y #" -a% *#! "+a", "+a" "+! +!ar"!a" o y (au3+"!r #% no"nora*. An( (#( "+! (o/"or a! any r!*yMA T+! (o/"or %a#( !/au%! o "+! *!%#on o "+! /+#*(. +a" !*%! +a!n!(MA A"!r "+!y +a$! r!$#$!( "+! +!ar"!a" o "+! /+#*(, Dr. Car#**o an( Dr. ?a(r#( *!". No- (o you r!!!r -+a" "#! -a% #" -+!n Dr. Car#**o %"!!( ou"MA On*y a #nu"! a"!r "+!y +a$! "ran%!rr!( "+! /+#*( "o "+! !(. +a" +a!n!( *a"!r on a"!r Dr. Car#**o an( Dr. ?a(r#( %"!!( ou" o "+!

+o%#"a*MA A"!r 1< or 50 #nu"!% +a% *a%!( a" aou" )1< or )50, "+! /+#*( +a( (!$!*o!(/on$u*%#on an( %"#7!n#n3 o "+! o(y. +!n you o%!r$!( /on$u*%#on an( %"#7!n#n3 o "+! o(y, (#( you (o any"+#n3MA ! r!u!%"!( "+! nur%! -+o -a% a""!n(#n3 "o +!r "o /a** or a (o/"or. An( "+! nur%! -+o -a% a""!n(#n3 "o "+! a"#!n" /a**!( or a (o/"orMA T+!y /a**!( or Dra. &!@a, "+!#r a#*y +y%#/#an. +a" "ran%#r!( a"!r-ar(%MA +a" Dra. &!@a (#( -a% /a** or Dr. ?a(r#( an( "+! /ar(#o*o3#%". D#( "+#% (o/"or arr#$!(MA F!%. +a" "ran%#r!( a"!r "+! (o/"or arr#$!(MA T+!y !;a#n!( "+! /+#*(. A"!r "+!y !;a#n!( "+! /+#*(, (#( "+!y #nor you o "+! r!%u*" o "+!!;a#na"#onMA T+! /ar(#o*o3#%" -a% "+! on! -+o #nor!( u% a"!r +! %"!!( ou" o "+! roo

-+!n -! o**o-!( +#. T+! (o/"or "o*( u% "+a" %+! %u7!r!( %!$!r! #n!/"#on -+#/+ -!n"u "o +!r +!a(. A"!r you -!r! #nor!( o "+! r!%u*" o +#% !;a#na"#on, -+a" "ran%#r!( n!;"MA A//or(#n3 "o "+!, "+!y -#** (o "+!#r !%" or "+! /+#*( an( "+a" "+!y -#** /a** orDr. Car#**o. D#( Dr. Car#**o arr#$!(MA A" aroun( 10)50 #n "+! !$!n#n3. D#( Dr. Car#**o (o any"+#n3 -+!n +! arr#$!( on 51 ?ay 1981M

A +!n +! arr#$!(, +! no"#/!( "+a" "+!r! -!r! "-o %a** o""*!% an( #3 o""*!%(!;"ro%! -+#/+ -!r! +an3#n3 ao$! "+! !( o "+! /+#*(. T+!n +! %a#(, K+a" #% "+#%MC+r#%"a% "r!! or -+a"MK H! "o*( u% "+a" on! o""*! o (!;"ro%! ! r!o$!(. An( "+! on! -#** r!a#n. +a" +a!n!( a"!r "+a"MA A"!r "+a" -! "a*!( "o Dr. Car#**o an( a%!( +# +o- (#( "+#% +a!n "o "+! /+ +a" (#( Dr. Car#**o r!*y %#/ "o youMA H! an%-!r!( K"+a" #% no"+#n3, "+! /+#*( -#** r!3a#n /on%/#ou%n!%% an( # "+! /+-#** no" r!3a#n /on%/#ou%n!%%, I -#** r!%#3n %#/ a% a (o/"or.K 12 E+a%#% %u*#!(

+!n Ca"+!r#n! r!a#n!( un/on%/#ou% un"#* noon"#! "+! n!;" (ay, a n!uro*o3#%"!;a#n!( +!r an( %+! -a% (#a3no%!( a% /oa"o%!. 15 T+r!! 5 (ay% *a"!r, Ca"+!r#n!(#!( -#"+ou" r!3a#n#n3 /on%/#ou%n!%%. 14

T+! Cour" o A!a*% +!*( "+a" Ca"+!r#n! +a( %u7!r!( ro an o$!r(o%! o, or an a($r!a/"#on "o, an!%"+!%#a, ar"#/u*ar*y "+! ar#"rary a(#n#%"ra"#on o Nua#n, a a#n #**!-#"+ou" !n!=" o r#or -!#3+#n3 o "+! a"#!n":% o(y a%%, -+#/+ -!#3+" (!"!r#n!%(o%a3! o Nua#n -+#/+ /an %a!*y ! 3#$!n "o a a"#!n". 1< T+! Cour" o A!a*% +!*("+a" "+#% /on(#"#on "r#33!r!( o7 a +!ar" a""a/ a% a o%">o!ra"#$! /o*#/a"#on, (!r#Ca"+!r#n!:% ra#n o o;y3!n, *!a(#n3 "o "+! ra#n:% +!orr+a3!. 16 T+! Cour" o A!a#(!n"#=!( %u/+ /ar(#a/ arr!%" a% "+! #!(#a"! /au%! o Ca"+!r#n!:% (!a"+. 1

T+! Cour" o A!a*% oun( /r##na* n!3*#3!n/! on "+! ar" o !"#"#on!r Dr. Car#**o an/o>a//u%!( Dr. ?a(r#(, +o*(#n3 "+a" o"+ +a( a#*!( "o o%!r$! "+! r!u#r!( %"an(ar( (#*#3!n/! #n "+! !;a#na"#on o Ca"+!r#n! r#or "o "+! a/"ua* a(#n#%"ra"#on o an!%"+!18 "+a" #" -a% Ka #" ra%+K on "+! ar" o "+! a//u%!( Dr. Car#**o K"o +a$! a(#n#%"!r!(Nua#n -#"+ou" =r%" -!#3+#n3 Ca"+!r#n!K 19 an( "+a" #" -a% an a/" o n!3*#3!n/! on "

ar" o o"+ (o/"or% -+!n, a "+!y a#*!( "o on#"or Ca"+!r#n!:% +!ar"!a" a"!r "+!o!ra"#on an( "+!y *!" "+! +o%#"a* #!(#a"!*y a"!r r!$#$#n3 Ca"+!r#n!:% +!ar"!a", (!r#$#n3 "*a""!r o #!(#a"! an( !;!r" !(#/a* a%%#%"an/! -+!n %+! %u7!r!( a +!ar" a""a/aro;#a"!*y ="!!n 1a//u%!( r!%!n"!( !$#(!n/! #n "+!#r o-n !+a*, "+r!%!n" &!"#"#on %!!% "o u!%"#on "+! %oun(n!%% o "+! a/"ua* /on/*u%#on% (ra-n y Cour" o A!a*%, uon -+#/+ "+! aran/! o !"#"#on!r:% /on$#/"#on -a% a%!(.

C*o%! !;a#na"#on o "+! #n%"an" &!"#"#on or R!$#!- %+o-% "+a" !"#"#on!r:% a#nar3u!n"% ar! "-o>o*() 1 "+! Cour" o A!a*% K/o*!"!*y ru%+!( a%#(!K an(K#%ar!+!n(!(K Ca"+!r#n!:% (!a"+ /!r"#=/a"! an( #o%y r!or" -+#/+ a**!3!(*y %+o"+a" "+! /au%! o (!a"+ -a% a ru"ur!( a!n(#;, -+#/+ *!( "o *oo( o#%on#n3, 21 ra""+an au*"y an!%"+!"#/ "r!a"!n"an( 2 "+!r! -a% no (#r!/" !$#(!n/! o r!/or( %+o-#n3 "+a" Nua#n -a% a(#n#%"!r!(

Ca"+!r#n! !#"+!r (ur#n3 "+! a!n(!/"oy ro/!(ur! or a"!r %u/+ o!ra"#on. 22

T-o 2 r!*a"!( #%%u!% ar! "+u% o%!( or "+! Cour":% /on%#(!ra"#on. T+! =r%" #% -+!"+!Cour" o A!a*% %o (ra%"#/a**y K#%ar!+!n(!(K "+! r!*!$an", o!ra"#$! a/"% #n "+#% a% "o /o!* "+#% Cour" "o !;a#n! an( r!%o*$! u!%"#on% o a/" -+#/+ -ou*( +a$! a(!/#%#$! %#3n#=/an/! or "+! (#%o%#"#on o "+! /a%!. T+! ru*! #% "oo =r*y %!""*!( "o r!u/+ (o/u!n"a"#on "+a" on*y u!%"#on% o *a- ay ! ra#%!( !or! "+#% Cour" #n a!"#"#on or r!$#!- on /!r"#orar#, %uB!/" "o /!r"a#n -!**>no-n !;/!"#on%. 25 A"!r /ar


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%/ru"#ny o !"#"#on!r:% /on"!n"#on% !or! u% an( "+! r!/or( o "+#% /a%!, -! (o no"!*#!$! "+a" !"#"#on!r +a% %+o-n K#%ar!+!n%#on o a/"%K on "+! ar" o "+! Cour" oA!a*% -+#/+ -ou*( r!u#r! "+#% Cour" "o o$!r"urn "+! Bu(3!n" r!a/+!( y "+! or!r.

T+! %!/on( #%%u! #% -+!"+!r or no" "+! =n(#n3% o a/" o "+! Cour" o A!a*% a(!ua"!*y%uor" "+! /on/*u%#on "+a" !"#"#on!r Dr. Car#**o -a%, a*on3 -#"+ Dr. ?a(r#(, 3u#*"y o%#*! n!3*#3!n/! -+#/+ r!%u*"!( #n +o#/#(!. Our r!$#!- o "+! r!/or( *!a(% u% "o anara"#$! an%-!r.

&!"#"#on!r /on"!n(% "+a" "+! Cour" o A!a*% %!r#ou%*y !rr!( #n =n(#n3 "+a" an o$!r(o%!o, or an a**!r3#/ r!a/"#on "o, "+! an!%"+!"#/ (ru3 Nua#n +a( *!( "o "+! (!a"+ o Ca"+!r#n!A/o%"a an( "+a" "+! "ru! /au%! o Ca"+!r#n!:% (!a"+ -a% "+a" %!" ou" #n "+! (!a"+

/!r"#=/a"! o Ca"+!r#n!) KS!"#/!#a or *oo( o#%on#n3 (u! "o !rora"!( a!n(#; -#"+!r#"on#"#%.K 24 T+! /on/!" o /au%a"#on #n 3!n!ra*, an( "+! /au%! o (!a"+ #n +uan!#n3% #n ar"#/u*ar, ar! /o*!; an( (#/u*" no"#on%. +a" #% a#r*y /*!ar #% "+a" (!a"+,un(!r%"oo( a% a +y%#/a* /on(#"#on #n$o*$#n3 /!%%a"#on o $#"a* %#3n% #n "+! ra#n an(+!ar", #% r!/!(!( y a %!r#!% o +y%#o*o3#/a* !$!n"%, any on! o -+#/+ !$!n"% /an, -#"+!ua* /o3!n/y, ! (!%/r#!( a% a K/au%! o (!a"+K. T+! Cour" o A!a*% oun( "+a" ano$!r(o%! o, or an a($!r%! r!a/"#on "o, Nua#n, an an!%"+!"#/ ora#n>#**#n3 (ru3 "+! aror#a"! (o%! o -+#/+ (!!n(% on "+! o(y -!#3+" or a%% o"+! a"#!n", +a( 3!n!ra"!( or "r#33!r!( o7 /ar(#a/ arr!%", -+#/+ #n"urn *!( "o *a/ o o;y3!n #n Ca"+!r#n!:% ra#n, -+#/+ "+!n rou3+" aou" +!orr+a3#n3 #n"+! ra#n. V#"a* a/"#$#"y #n "+! ra#n "+!r!uon /!a%!(. T+! !(#/a* !$#(!n/! r!%!n"!( a""+! "r#a* -a% u#"! /on%#%"!n" -#"+ "+! =n(#n3% o "+! Cour" o A!a*% -+#/+ /on/*u(!("+a" /ar(#a/ arr!%" -a% "+! /au%! o Ca"+!r#n!:% (!a"+. 2%!""*!( #%"+! ru*! "+a" o%#"#$! "!%"#ony #% %"ron3!r "+an n!3a"#$! "!%"#ony. 55 O /our%!, a% "+!!"#"#on!r% a($o/a"!, %u/+ o%#"#$! "!%"#ony u%" /o! ro a /r!(#*! %our/!, -+#/+*!a(% u% "o "+! %!/on( a%%#3n!( !rror.

+#*! "+! !"#"#on!r% /*a# "+a" /on"ra(#/"#on% an( a*%#"#!% un/"ur!( Dr. Q+o:% "!%"#ony,a r!3ar(#n3 o "+! %a#( "!%"#ony r!$!a*% no %u/+ #n=r#"y an( !%"a*#%+!% Dr. Q+o a% a/r!(#*! -#"n!%%. Dr. Q+o -a% ran "+rou3+ou" +!r "urn on "+! -#"n!%% %"an(.'ur"+!ror!, no o"#$! "o %"a"! any un"ru"+ -a% !$!r #u"!( a3a#n%" Dr. Q+o, *!a$#n3+!r "ru%"-or"+#n!%% un#a#r!(. 54 T+! "r#a* /our":% o**o-#n3 (!/*ara"#on %+o-% "+a" -+#*!#" -a% /r#"#/a* o "+! *a/ o /ar! -#"+ -+#/+ Dr. Q+o +an(*!( "+! #!/! o ru!r, #" -a% no"

r!ar!( "o (ou" Dr. Q+o:% /r!(##*#"y, "+u% on*y %uor"#n3 our ara#%a* o Dr. Q+o:%"ru%"-or"+#n!%%)

T+#% #% no" "o %ay "+a" %+! -a% *!%% "+an +on!%" -+!n %+! "!%"#=!( aou" +!r =n(#n3%#" /an a*%o ! %a#( "+a" %+! (#( no" "a! "+! o%" aror#a"! r!/au"#on "o r!%!r$! "K#!/! o ru!rK a% an !*ou!n" !$#(!n/! o -+a" %+! -ou*( r!$!a* %+ou*( "+!r! ! aK*!3a* ro*!K -+#/+ %+! /*a#% "o +a$! an"#/#a"!(. 5on3K %"y*!, !r+a% "+! (#%"rau3+" -#(o- #% no" "o ! *a!( # %+! =na**y(!/#(!% "o a//u%! "+! C#"y &ro%!/u"or% a" "+! !n( o "+! *#n! or ar"#a*#"y un(!r "+! An"#>Gra" an(Corru" &ra/"#/!% A/". Nor ay %+! ! !n"#r!*y au*"!( or =na**y =*#n3 a !"#"#on !or! "+#% Cour"a3a#n%" "+! Ou(%an or 3ra$! au%! o (#%/r!"#on #n (#%#%%#n3 +!r /o*a#n" a3a#n%" %a#( C#"y&ro%!/u"or% on "+! 3roun( o *a/ o !$#(!n/!. ?u/+ a% -! %ya"+#! -#"+ "+! !r!a$!( -#(o-,+o-!$!r, "+#% Cour" #% o "+! o#n#on "+a" "+! 3!n!ra* ru*! %"#** =n(% a*#/a"#on #n #n%"an" /a%!. Ino"+!r -or(%, "+! r!%on(!n" Ou(%an (#( no" /o#" 3ra$! au%! o (#%/r!"#on #n (!/#(#n3a3a#n%" =*#n3 "+! n!/!%%ary #nora"#on a3a#n%" u*#/ r!%on(!n"% o "+! O/! o "+! C#"y

&ro%!/u"or.

T+! o**o-#n3 a/"% ar! orn! ou" y "+! r!/or(%.

'*or!n/#o V. Ru!(a, +u%an( o !"#"#on!r L!on#*a Gar/#a>Ru!(a, un(!r-!n" %ur3#/a*o!ra"#on a" "+! PST +o%#"a* or "+! r!o$a* o a %"on! *o/#n3 +#% ur!"!r. H! -a%a""!n(!( y Dr. Do#n3o An"on#o, Jr. -+o -a% "+! %ur3!on, -+#*! Dr. Er*#n(a a*a"a">R!y!% -a% "+! ana!%"+!%#o*o3#%". S#; +our% a"!r "+! %ur3!ry, +o-!$!r, '*or!n/#o (#!( o/o*#/a"#on% o Kunno-n /au%!,K a//or(#n3 "o o/#a*% o "+! PST Ho%#"a*. 2

No" %a"#%=!( -#"+ "+! =n(#n3% o "+! +o%#"a*, !"#"#on!r r!u!%"!( "+! Na"#ona* ur!au oIn$!%"#3a"#on NI "o /on(u/" an au"o%y on +!r +u%an(:% o(y. Con%!u!n"*y, "+! NIru*!( "+a" '*or!n/#o:% (!a"+ -a% (u! "o *a/ o /ar! y "+! a""!n(#n3 +y%#/#an #na(#n#%"!r#n3 ana!%"+!%#a. &ur%uan" "o #"% =n(#n3%, "+! NI r!/o!n(!( "+a" Dr.Do#n3o An"on#o an( Dr. Er*#n(a a*a"a">R!y!% ! /+ar3!( or Ho#/#(! "+rou3+R!/*!%% Iru(!n/! !or! "+! O/! o "+! C#"y &ro%!/u"or.

Dur#n3 "+! r!*##nary #n$!%"#3a"#on, -+a" "ran%#r!( -a% a /onoun(#n3 %!r#!% o !$!n"%-+#/+ -! %+a** "ry "o (#%!n"an3*!. T+! /a%! -a% #n#"#a**y a%%#3n!( "o &ro%!/u"or An"on#o ?.I%ra!*, -+o +a( "o #n+##" +#%!* !/au%! +! -a% r!*a"!( "o "+! /oun%!* o on! o "+!(o/"or%. A% a r!%u*", "+! /a%! -a% r!>ra!( "o &ro%!/u"or Nor!r"o G. L!ono -+o -a%,+o-!$!r, (#%ua*#=!( on o"#on o "+! !"#"#on!r %#n/! +! (#%r!3ar(!( r!$a#*#n3 *a-% an(

Bur#%ru(!n/! r!3ar(#n3 r!*##nary #n$!%"#3a"#on. T+! /a%! -a% "+!n r!!rr!( "o

&ro%!/u"or Raon O. Car#%a, -+o #%%u!( a r!%o*u"#on r!/o!n(#n3 "+a" on*y Dr. R!! +!*( /r##na**y *#a*! an( "+a" "+! /o*a#n" a3a#n%" Dr. An"on#o ! (#%#%%!(.

T+! /a%! "oo ano"+!r !r*!;#n3 "urn -+!n A%%#%"an" C#"y &ro%!/u"or Jo%!=na San"o%S#o%on, #n "+! K#n"!r!%" o Bu%"#/! an( !a/! o #n( o "+! ar"#!%,K r!/o!n(!( "+a"+! /a%! ! r!>ra!( on "+! 3roun( "+a" &ro%!/u"or Car#%a -a% ar"#a* "o "+! !"#"#o

T+u%, "+! /a%! -a% "ran%!rr!( "o &ro%!/u"or L!on/#a R. D#a3#a, -+!r! a $o*"! a/!o//urr!( a3a#n -#"+ "+! !n(or%!!n" "+a" "+! /o*a#n" a3a#n%" Dr. R!y!% ! (#%#%%an( #n%"!a(, a /orr!%on(#n3 #nora"#on ! =*!( a3a#n%" Dr. An"on#o. &!"#"#on!r =*!( ao"#on or r!/on%#(!ra"#on, u!%"#on#n3 "+! =n(#n3% o &ro%!/u"or D#a3#a.

&!n(#n3 "+! r!%o*u"#on o !"#"#on!r:% o"#on or r!/on%#(!ra"#on r!3ar(#n3 &ro%!/u"or

D#a3#a:% r!%o*u"#on, "+! #n$!%"#3a"#$! K#n3on3K /on"#nu!( -+!n "+! /a%! -a% a3aa%%#3n!( "o ano"+!r ro%!/u"or, Eu(o;#a T. Gua*!r"o, -+o r!/o!n(!( "+a" Dr. R!y! #n/*u(!( #n "+! /r##na* #nora"#on o Ho#/#(! "+rou3+ R!/*!%% Iru(!n/!. +"+! r!/o!n(a"#on o &ro%!/u"or Gua*!r"o -a% !n(#n3, "+! /a%! -a% "ran%!rr!( "S!n#or S"a"! &ro%!/u"or Gr!3or#o A. Ar#a*a, -+o r!%o*$!( "o !;on!ra"! Dr. R!y!% ro-ron3(o#n3, a r!%o*u"#on -+#/+ -a% aro$!( y o"+ C#"y &ro%!/u"or &or=r#o G. ?a/aan( C#"y &ro%!/u"or J!%u% '. Gu!rr!ro.

A33r#!$!(, !"#"#on!r =*!( 3ra" /+ar3!% %!/#=/a**y or $#o*a"#on o S!/"#on 5! oR!u*#/ A/" No. 5019 5 a3a#n%" &ro%!/u"or% Gu!rr!ro, ?a/ara!3, an( Ar#a*a or anar"#a*#"y #n a$or o Dr. R!y!% !or! "+! O/! o "+! Ou(%an. Ho-!$!r, on Ju*y 1994, "+! Ou(%an #%%u!( "+! a%%a#*!( r!%o*u"#on (#%#%%#n3 "+! /o*a#n" or *a/!$#(!n/!.

In =n!, !"#"#on!r a%%a#*% "+! !;!r/#%! o "+! (#%/r!"#onary o-!r o "+! Ou(%an "or!$#!- "+! r!/o!n(a"#on% o "+! 3o$!rn!n" ro%!/u"or% an( "o aro$! an((#%aro$! "+! %a!. &!"#"#on!r au*"% "+! Ou(%an or, a**!3!(*y #n 3ra$! au%! o(#%/r!"#on, r!u%#n3 "o =n( "+a" "+!r! !;#%"% roa*! /au%! "o +o*( u*#/ r!%on(!n" &ro%!/u"or% *#a*! or $#o*a"#on o S!/"#on 5! o R.A. No. 5019.

&r!*##nar#*y, "+! o-!r% an( un/"#on% o "+! Ou(%an +a$! 3!n!ra**y !!n/a"!3or#!( #n"o "+! o**o-#n3) #n$!%"#3a"ory o-!r%, ro%!/u"ory o-!r, u*#/ a%%#%"aun/"#on, au"+or#"y "o #nu#r! an( o"a#n #nora"#on, an( un/"#on "o a(o", #n%"#"u"! a#*!!n" r!$!n"#$! !a%ur!%. 4

A% ro"!/"or o "+! !o*!, "+! O/! o "+! Ou(%an +a% "+! o-!r, un/"#on an(K"o a/" ro"*y on /o*a#n"% =*!( #n any or or ann!r a3a#n%" u*#/ o/#a*%K an#n$!%"#3a"! any a/" or o#%%#on o any u*#/ o/#a* -+!n %u/+ a/" or o#%%#on a!a! #**!3a*, unBu%", #ro!r or #n!/#!n".K a"#!n" r!*a"#on%+# -a% /r!a"!(. In a//!"#n3 "+! /a%!, Dr. An"on#o an( Dr.R!y!% #n !7!/" r!r!%!n"!( "+a", +a$#n3 "+! n!!(!( "ra#n#n3 an( %#** o%%!%%!( y+y%#/#an% an( %ur3!on% ra/"#/#n3 #n "+! %a! =!*(, "+!y -#** !*oy %u/+ "ra#n#n3, /an( %#** #n "+! "r!a"!n" o "+!#r a"#!n"%. 15 T+!y +a$! a (u"y "o u%! a" *!a%" "+! %a*!$!* o /ar! "+a" any o"+!r r!a%ona*y /o!"!n" (o/"or -ou*( u%! "o "r!a" a /on(#"#o

un(!r "+! %a! /#r/u%"an/!%. T+! r!a/+ o "+!%! ro!%%#ona* (u"#!% o %#** an( /aor "+!#r #ro!r !roran/!, y a +y%#/#an %ur3!on -+!r!y "+! a"#!n" #% #nBur!( o(y or #n +!a*"+, /on%"#"u"!% a/"#ona*! a*ra/"#/!. 14 Con%!u!n"*y, #n "+! !$!n" "any #nBury r!%u*"% "o "+! a"#!n" ro -an" o (u! /ar! or %#** (ur#n3 "+! o!ra"#on, "+%ur3!on% ay ! +!*( an%-!ra*! #n (aa3!% or n!3*#3!n/!. 1Gra" an( Corru" &ra/"A/" -+#/+ r!u#r!% "+! o**o-#n3 a/"%)1. T+! a//u%!( #% a u*#/ o/!r (#%/+ar3#n3 a(#n#%"ra"#$! or o/#a* un/"#on% or r#$a"!!r%on% /+ar3!( #n /on%#ra/y -#"+ "+!2. T+! u*#/ o/!r /o#""!( "+! ro+##"!( a/" (ur#n3 "+! !roran/! o +#% o/#a* (u#n r!*a"#on "o +#% u*#/ o%#"#on5. T+! u*#/ o/!r a/"!( -#"+ an#!%" ar"#a*#"y, !$#(!n" a( a#"+ or 3ro%%, #n!;/u%a*!n!3*#3!n/! an(4. H#% a/"#on /au%!( un(u! #nBury "o "+! Go$!rn!n" or any r#$a"! ar"y, or 3a$! any aany un-arran"!( !n!=", a($an"a3! or r!!r!n/! "o %u/+ ar"#!%. 20


12/129

+y (#( "+! /o*a#nan", !"#"#on!r #n #n%"an" /a%!, !*!/" "o /+ar3! r!%on(!n"% un(!r "+! ao$!*a-M

+#*! a ar"y -+o !!*% +#%!* a33r#!$!( #% a" *#!r"y "o /+oo%! "+! aror#a"! K-!aon ro "+!arory,K #" #% -#"+ no *#""*! %urr#%! "+a" "+#% Cour" $#!-% "+! /+o#/! a(! y "+! /o*a#nan" -#(o-.

To our #n(, "+! !""!r an( or! *o3#/a* r!!(y un(!r "+! /#r/u%"an/!% -ou*( +a$! !!n "o a!a*"+! r!%o*u"#on o "+! C#"y &ro%!/u"or% (#%#%%#n3 "+! /r##na* /o*a#n" "o "+! S!/r!"ary o Ju%"#/!un(!r "+! D!ar"!n" o Ju%"#/!:% Or(!r No. 225, 21 o"+!r-#%! no-n a% "+! K1995 R!$#%!( Ru*!% onA!a*% 'ro R!%o*u"#on% In &r!*##nary In$!%"#3a"#on%R!#n$!%"#3a"#on%,K a% a!n(!( y D!ar"!n"Or(!r No. 5


13/129

THIRD DIVISIONG.R. No. 12244< No$!!r 18, 199DR. NINEVETCH CRP, !"#"#on!r, $%. COPRT O' A&&EALS an( LFDIA P?ALI, r!%on(!n"%.'RANCISCO, J.)

Do/"or% ar! ro"!/"!( y a %!/#a* ru*! o *a-. T+!y ar! no" 3uaran"or% o /ar!. T+!y (ono" !$!n -arran" a 3oo( r!%u*". T+!y ar! no" #n%ur!r% a3a#n%" #%+a% or unu%ua*/on%!u!n/!%. 'ur"+!ror! "+!y ar! no" *#a*! or +on!%" #%"a!% o Bu(3!n" . . . 1

T+! r!%!n" /a%! a3a#n%" !"#"#on!r #% #n "+! na"ur! o a !(#/a* a*ra/"#/! %u#", -+#/+ #n%#*!%" "!r% #% "+! "y! o /*a# -+#/+ a $#/"# +a% a$a#*a*! "o +# or +!r "o r!(r!%% a

-ron3 /o#""!( y a !(#/a* ro!%%#ona* -+#/+ +a% /au%!( o(#*y +ar. 2 In "+#%Bur#%(#/"#on, +o-!$!r, %u/+ /*a#% ar! o%" o"!n rou3+" a% a /#$#* a/"#on or (aa3!%un(!r Ar"#/*! 216 o "+! C#$#* Co(!, 5 an( #n %o! #n%"an/!%, a% a /r##na* /a%! un(!rAr"#/*! 56< o "+! R!$#%!( &!na* Co(! 4 -#"+ -+#/+ "+! /#$#* a/"#on or (aa3!% #%#*#!(*y #n%"#"u"!(. I" #% $#a "+! *a""!r "y! o a/"#on "+a" "+! +!#r% o "+! (!/!a%!( %ou3+"r!(r!%% or "+! !"#"#on!r:% a**!3!( #ru(!n/! an( n!3*#3!n/! #n "r!a"#n3 "+! (!/!a%!("+!r!y /au%#n3 +!r (!a"+. T+! !"#"#on!r an( on! Dr. L#na Er/#**o -+o -a% "+! a""!n(#n3ana!%"+!%#o*o3#%" (ur#n3 "+! o!ra"#on o "+! (!/!a%!( -!r! /+ar3!( -#"+ Kr!/*!%%#ru(!n/! an( n!3*#3!n/! r!%u*"#n3 "o %#/ +o#/#(!K #n an #nora"#on -+#/+ r!a(%)

T+a" on or aou" ?ar/+ 25, 1991, #n "+! C#"y o San &a*o, R!u*#/ o "+! &+#*##n!% an(-#"+#n "+! Bur#%(#/"#on o "+#% Honora*! Cour", "+! a//u%!( ao$! na!(, !#n3 "+!n "+!a""!n(#n3 ana!%"+!%#o*o3#%" an( %ur3!on, r!%!/"#$!*y, (#( "+!n an( "+!r!, #n a n!3*#3!n/!%#/, /ar!*!%%, #ru(!n", an( #n/o!"!n" ann!r, an( a#*#n3 "o %u*y or %"or!%u/#!n" ro$#%#on% an( a/#*#"#!% n!/!%%ary "o !!" any an( a** !;#3!n/#!% a" "o ar#%!!or!, (ur#n3 an(or a"!r a %ur3#/a* o!ra"#on /au%#n3 y %u/+ n!3*#3!n/!, /ar!*!%%n!%%,

#ru(!n/!, an( #n/o!"!n/!, an( /au%#n3 y %u/+ a#*ur!, #n/*u(#n3 "+! *a/ or!ara"#on an( or!%#3+" n!!(!( "o a$!r" a "ra3!(y, "+! un"#!*y (!a"+ o %a#( Ly(#aPa*# on "+! (ay o**o-#n3 %a#( %ur3#/a* o!ra"#on. 1K "+a" "+! %#%"!r o "+!(!/!a%!( -#%+!( "o o%"on! "+! o!ra"#on u" "+! a"#!n" -a% r!$a#*!( uon y Dra.Cru "o ro/!!( -#"+ "+! %ur3!ry. T+! /our" =n(% "+a" Ly(#a Pa*# (#!( !/au%! o "+!n!3*#3!n/! an( /ar!*!%%n!%% o "+! %ur3!on Dra. N#n!$!"/+ Cru !/au%! o *o%% o *oo((ur#n3 "+! o!ra"#on o "+! (!/!a%!( or !$#(!n" unr!ar!(n!%% an( or *a/ o %#**, "+!r!a%on -+y "+! a"#!n" -a% rou3+" or o!ra"#on a" "+! San &a*o C#"y D#%"r#/" Ho%#"a*.A% %u/+, "+! %ur3!on %+ou*( an%-!r or %u/+ n!3*#3!n/!. #"+ r!%!/" "o Dra. L#na Er/#**o,

"+! ana!%"+!%#o*o3#%", "+!r! #% no !$#(!n/! "o #n(#/a"! "+a" %+! %+ou*( ! +!*( Bo#n"*y*#a*! -#"+ Dra. Cru -+o a/"ua**y (#( "+! o!ra"#on. 25

T+! RTC r!#"!ra"!( "+! ao$!!n"#on!( =n(#n3% o "+! ?TCC an( u+!*( "+! *a""!r:%(!/*ara"#on o K#n/o!"!n/y, n!3*#3!n/! an( *a/ o or!%#3+" an( %#** o a!**an"+!r!#n !"#"#on!r #n +an(*#n3 "+! %uB!/" a"#!n" !or! an( a"!r "+! o!ra"#on.K 24 An(*#!-#%! ar#n3 "+! !"#"#on!r:% /on$#/"#on, "+! Cour" o A!a*% !/+o!( %##*aro%!r$a"#on%, "+u%)

. . . +#*! -! ay 3ran" "+a" "+! un"#(#n!%% an( =*"+#n!%% o "+! /*#n#/ ay no" y #"%!*#n(#/a"! n!3*#3!n/!, #" n!$!r"+!*!%% %+o-% "+! a%!n/! o (u! /ar! an( %u!r$#%#on o$!r+!r %uor(#na"! !*oy!!%. D#( "+#% un%an#"ary /on(#"#on !r!a"! "+! o!ra"#n3 rooM!r! "+! %ur3#/a* #n%"ru!n"% ro!r*y %"!r#*#!(M Cou*( "+! /on(#"#on% #n "+! OR +a$!/on"r#u"!( "o "+! #n!/"#on o "+! a"#!n"M On*y "+! !"#"#on!r /ou*( an%-!r "+!%!, u" %+!o"!( no" "o "!%"#y. T+#% /ou*( on*y 3#$! r#%! "o "+! r!%u"#on "+a" %+! +a% no"+#n33oo( "o "!%"#y on +!r (!!n%!. Any-ay, "+! a**!3!( Kun$!r#=!( %"a"!!n" o "+!ro%!/u"#on -#"n!%%K r!a#n% un/+a**!n3!( an( unr!u""!(.

L#!-#%! un(#%u"!( #% "+! ro%!/u"#on:% $!r%#on #n(#/a"#n3 "+! o**o-#n3 a/"%) "+a" "+!a//u%!( a%!( "+! a"#!n":% r!*a"#$!% "o uy Ta3a!" /a%u*!% -+#*! "+! o!ra"#on -a%a*r!a(y #n ro3r!%% "+a" a"!r an +our, "+!y -!r! a*%o a%!( "o uy "y! KAK *oo( or "+!a"#!n" "+a" a"!r "+! %ur3!ry, "+!y -!r! a3a#n a%!( "o ro/ur! or! "y! KAK *oo(, u"%u/+ -a% no" anyor! a$a#*a*! ro "+! %our/! "+a" "+! o;y3!n 3#$!n "o "+! a"#!n" -a%

!"y an( "+a" "+! %on>#n>*a- o "+! a"#!n", "o3!"+!r -#"+ a (r#$!r o "+! !"#"#on!r, "o ru%+ "o "+! San &a*o C#"y D#%"r#/" Ho%#"a* "o 3!" "+! u/+>n!!(!( o;y3!n. A** "+!%/on/*u%#$!*y %+o- "+a" "+! !"#"#on!r +a( no" r!ar!( or any unor!%!!n /#r/u%"an!or! 3o#n3 #n"o "+! =r%" %ur3!ry, -+#/+ -a% no" !!r3!n/y #n na"ur!, u" -a% !*!/"#or r!>%/+!(u*!( %+! +a( no r!a(y an"##o"#/%, no r!ar!( *oo(, ro!r*y "y!( an(/ro%%>a"/+!(, an( no %u/#!n" o;y3!n %u*y.

?or!o$!r, "+!r! ar! a *o" o u!%"#on% "+a" !! na33#n3 P%. a% "+! a"#!n" 3#$!n an/ar(#o>u*onary /*!aran/!, or a" *!a%" a /*!aran/! y an #n"!rn#%", -+#/+ ar! %"an(arr!u#r!!n"% !or! a a"#!n" #% %uB!/"!( "o %ur3!ry. D#( "+! !"#"#on!r (!"!r#n! a%o "+! r!>o!ra"#$! !$a*ua"#on, "+! *!!(#n3 ara!"!r% o "+! a"#!n", %u/+ a% *!!("#! an( /*o""#n3 "#!M T+!r! #% no %+o-#n3 "+a" "+!%! -!r! (on!. T+! !"#"#on!r Bu%"

a!ar% "o +a$! !!n #n a +urry "o !ror "+! o!ra"#on, !$!n a% "+! a#*y -an"!( o%"on!!n" "o Ar#* 6, 1991. O$#ou%*y, %+! (#( no" r!ar! "+! a"#!n" n!#"+!r (#(3!" "+! a#*y:% /on%!n" "o "+! o!ra"#on. ?or!o$!r, %+! (#( no" r!ar! a !(#/a* /+-#"+ #n%"ru/"#on% or "+! a"#!n":% /ar!. I %+! (#( a** "+!%!, roo "+!r!o %+ou*( +a$! o7!r!(. u" "+!r! #% non!. In(!!(, "+!%! ar! o$!r-+!*#n3 !$#(!n/! o r!/*!%%n!%% a#ru(!n/!. 21>, /an you "!** "+!/our" "+! /au%! o (!a"+M

A. F!%, %#r. T+! /au%! o (!a"+ #%) Gro%% =n(#n3% ar! /oa"#*! -#"+ +!orr+a3#/%+o/.

. Can you "!** "+! u% -+a" /ou*( +a$! /au%!( "+#% +!orr+a3#/ %+o/M

A. !** +!orr+a3#/ %+o/ #% "+! r!%u*" o *oo( *o%%.

. +a" /ou*( +a$! "+! !7!/" o "+a" *o%% o *oo(M

A. Pna""!n(!( +!orr+a3!, %#r. 56 E+a%#% %u*#!(.

T+! or!3o#n3 -a% /orroora"!( y Dr. N#!"o Sa*$a(or)

. An( -!r! you a*! "o (!"!r#n! "+! /au%! o (!a"+ y $#r"u! o "+! !;a#na"#ono "+! %!/#!n %u#""!( y Dr. Ar#a*aM

A. #"+ou" no-*!(3! o "+! au"o%y =n(#n3% #" -ou*( ! (#/u*" or ! "o(!"!r#n! "+! /au%! o (!a"+, %#r.

. Ha$! you a*%o !;a#n!( "+! o%" or"! o Dr. Ar#a*aM

A. F!%, %#r, an( y $#r"u! o "+! au"o%y r!or" #n /onn!/"#on -#"+ your a"+o*o3yr!or".

. +a" /ou*( +a$! /au%!( "+! (!a"+ o "+! $#/"#M

A. T+#% a"+o*o3#/ !;a#na"#on ar! %#/ /oa"#*! -#"+ "+! !r%on -+o (#!(, %#r.

. #** you !;*a#n "o u% "+! !an#n3 o +!orr+a3#/ /oa"#*!M

A. I" !an% "+a" a !r%on (#!( o *oo( *o%%. ?!an#n3 a !r%on (#!( o non>r!*a/!!n" o *oo( an( %o "+! $#/"# !or! %+! (#!( "+!r! -a% %+o/ o (##n#%+ o*oo( o "+! /#r/u*a"#on. S+! (#!( o%" roa*y !or! "+! a/"ua* /o*!"! *oo( *o%%

Cour") I% #" o%%#*! (o/"or "+a" "+! *o%% o "+! *oo( -a% (u! on %#/ o!ra"#onM

A. a%!( on y a"+o*o3#%" =n(#n3, %#r.

. +a" /ou*( +a$! /au%!( "+#% *o%% o *oo(M

A. ?any, %#r. A a"#!n" -+o +a$! un(!r3on! %ur3!ry. Ano"+!r ay ! a *oo( $!%ay ! /u" -+#*! on o!ra"#on an( "+#% /au%! %#/ *!!(#n3, or ay ! %!" #n "+! /our

o o!ra"#on, or ay ! %#/ +! (#!( a"!r "+! o!ra"#on. O /our%! "+!r! ar! o"+!r /au%#/.

A""y. Ca/+!ro)

. E%!/#a**y %o (o/"or -+!n "+!r! -a% no *oo( r!*a/!!n"M

A. F!%, %#r. 5 E+a%#% %u*#!(.

T+! "!%"#on#!% o o"+ (o/"or% !%"a*#%+ +!orr+a3! or +!orr+a3#/ %+o/ a% "+! /ao (!a"+. Ho-!$!r, a% *#!-#%! "!%"#=!( "o y "+! !;!r" -#"n!%%!% #n o!n /our",+!orr+a3! or +!orr+a3#/ %+o/ (ur#n3 %ur3!ry ay ! /au%!( y %!$!ra* (#7!r!n"a/"or%. T+u%, Dr. Sa*$a(or:% !*aora"#on on "+! a""!r)

A""y. &a%/ua*)

. Do/"or, aon3 "+! /au%!% o +!orr+a3! "+a" you !n"#on!( you %a#( "+a" #"/ou*( ! a" "+! o!n" o o!ra"#on -+!n on! *o%%!% %#/ /on"ro* o "+! r!%!n/!, #% /orr!/"M Dur#n3 "+! o!ra"#on "+!r! #% *o%" %#/ o /on"ro* o "+! /u" $!%%!*M

A. F!%, %#r.

. Or "+!r! #% a a#*ur! "o *#3a"! a $!%%!* o /on%#(!ra*! %#!M

A. F!%, %#r.

. Or !$!n # "+! $!%%!* -!r! *#3a"!( "+! no" ay +a$! %*#!( *a"!r onM

A. F!%, %#r.

. An( you a*%o !n"#on!( "+a" #" ay ! o%%#*! a*%o "o %o! /*o""#n3 (!!/", "+a" /orr!/"M

A. ?ay ! %#/. 58 E+a%#% %u*#!(.

D!!n%! -#"n!%%, Dr. u C. Ca%"ro a*%o 3a$! "+! o**o-#n3 !;!r" o#n#on)

. Do/"or !$!n a a"#!n" a"!r an o!ra"#on% %#/ -ou*( %u7!r +!orra3! -+a"-ou*( ! "+! o%%#*! /au%!% o %u/+ +!orra3! %#/M


17/129

A. Aon3 "+o%! -ou*( ! -+a" -! /a** In"ra$a%/u*ar Coa3u*a"#on an( "+#% #% "+!r!a%on or "+! *!!(#n3, %#r, -+#/+ /anno" ! r!$!n"!( y anyon!, #" -#** +a!n "oanyon!, any"#! an( "o any !r%on% %#/, %#r.

COPRT)

+a" (o you "+#n o "+! /au%! o "+! *!!(#n3, "+! /u""#n3 or "+! o!ra"#on% (on! #n "+!o(yM

A. No" r!*a"!( "o "+#% on!, "+! *!!(#n3 +!r! #% no" r!*a"!( "o any /u""#n3 or o!ra"#on"+a" I %#/ +a$! (on!.

. A%#(! ro "+! DIC -+a" /ou*( ano"+!r /au%!% %#/ "+a" /ou*( ! "+! /au%! or "+!+!orr+a3! or *!!(#n3 #n a a"#!n" y an o!ra"#on% %#/M

A. In 3!n!ra* %#r, # "+!r! -a% an o!ra"#on% %#/ an( #" #% o%%#*! "+a" "+! *#3a"ur! #n"+! %u"ur! -a% %#/ !/o! %#/ *oo%!, #" #% %#/ !/o!% *oo%! # ro$!n..

;;; ;;; ;;;

. I "+! !r%on -+o !ror!( an au"o%y (o!% no" =n( any un"#3+" %#/ /*o" %#/*oo( $!%%!* or any %u"ur! "+a" !/o! %#/ *oo%! "+! /au%! o "+! *!!(#n3 /ou*( no" !a""r#u"!( "o "+! au*" o "+! %uB!/"M

A. D!=n#"!*y, %#r. 59 E+a%#% %u*#!(.

A//or(#n3 "o o"+ (o/"or%, "+! o%%#*! /au%!% o +!orr+a3! (ur#n3 an o!ra"#on ar!) 1

"+! a#*ur! o "+! %ur3!on "o "#! or %u"ur! a /u" *oo( $!%%!* 2 a**o-#n3 a /u" *oo($!%%!* "o 3!" ou" o /on"ro* 5 "+! %u%!u!n" *oo%!n#n3 o "+! "#! or %u"ur! a*#!( "o a/u" *oo( $!%%!* an( 4 an( a /*o""#n3 (!!/" no-n a% DIC. I" #% %#3n#=/an" "o %"a"! a""+#% Bun/"ur! "+a" "+! au"o%y /on(u/"!( y Dr. Ar#a*a on "+! o(y o Ly(#a (#( no" r!$!a*any un"#!( or un%u"ur!( /u" *oo( $!%%!* nor -a% "+!r! any #n(#/a"#on "+a" "+! "#! or%u"ur! o a /u" *oo( $!%%!* +a( !/o! *oo%! "+!r!y /au%#n3 "+! +!orr+a3!. 40 H!n/!"+! o**o-#n3 !r"#n!n" or"#on o Dr. Ar#a*a:% "!%"#ony)

) Do/"or, #n !;a#n#n3 "+!%! %"ru/"ur!% (#( you no- -+!"+!r "+!%! -!r! %u"ur!(*#3a"ur! or *a#n *#3a"ur!

A) L#3a"ur!, %#r.

) ! -#** !;*a#n "+a" *a"!r on. D#( you r!/a** # "+! /u" %"ru/"ur!% -!r! "#!( y =r%"%u"ur#n3 #" an( "+!n "y#n3 a no" or "+! "#! -a% !r!*y *a/!( aroun( "+! /u" %"ru/"ur!an( "#!(M

A) I /anno" r!/a**, %#r.

) A% a a""!r o a/", you /anno" r!/a** !/au%! you (#( no" !$!n o"+!r!( %#/ "o!;a#n!, #% "+a" /orr!/"M

A) !**, I o"+!r!( !nou3+ "o no- "+a" "+!y -!r! %u"ur!(, %#r.

) So, "+!r!or!, Do/"or, you -ou*( no" no- -+!"+!r any o "+! /u" %"ru/"ur!% -no" %u"ur!( or "#!( n!#"+!r -!r! you a*! "o (!"!r#n! -+!"+!r any *oo%! %u"ur! -a%oun( #n "+! !r#"on!a* /a$#"yM

A) I /ou*( no" r!/a** any *oo%! %u"ur!( %#/, %#r. 41

On "+! o"+!r +an(, "+! =n(#n3% o a** "+r!! (o/"or% (o no" r!/*u(! "+! roa#*#"y "+aDIC /au%!( "+! +!orr+a3! an( /on%!u!n"*y, Ly(#a:% (!a"+. DIC -+#/+ #% a /*o""#n3(!!/" /r!a"!% a %!r#ou% *!!(#n3 "!n(!n/y an( -+!n a%%#$! DIC o//ur% a% a/o*#/a"#on o %ur3!ry *!a$#n3 ra- %ura/!, aBor +!orr+a3! o//ur%. 42 An( a% "!%"o y (!!n%! -#"n!%%, Dr. u C. Ca%"ro, +!orr+a3! (u! "o DIC K/anno" ! r!$!n"!(

-#** +a!n "o anyon!,any"#!.K 45 H! "!%"#=!( ur"+!r)

. No-, un(!r "+a" /#r/u%"an/! on! o "+! o%%##*#"y a% you !n"#on!( #n %#/

A. F!%, %#r.

. An( you !n"#on!( "+a" "+#% /anno" ! r!$!n"!(M

A. F!%, %#r.

. Can you !$!n r!(#/" # #" r!a**y +a!n %#/M

A. &o%%#*!, %#r.

. Ar! "+!r! any %!/#=/ =n(#n3% o au"o%y "+a" -#** "!** you -+!"+!r "+#% a"#!n

%u7!r!( aon3 %u/+ "+#n3% a% DICM

A. !**, I (#( r!%!r$! !/au%! o "+! /on(#"#on o "+! a"#!n".

. No-, Do/"or you %a#( "+a" you -!n" "+rou3+ "+! r!/or( o "+! (!/!a%!( Ly(#aPa*# *oo#n3 or "+! /+ar", "+! o!ra"!( %#/ r!/or(%, "+! o%" or"! =n(#n3% on "++#%"o+an#/ %#/ !;a#na"#on a%!( on your !;a#na"#on o r!/or(, (o/"or, /an you or *!%% %ay% %#/ -+a" ar" ar! %#/ /on/!rn!( /ou*( +a$! !!n "+! /au%!( %#/ o (!o "+#% Ly(#a Pa*#M

A. A% ar a% "+! !(#/a* r!/or( #% /on/!rn %#/ "+! /au%!( %#/ o (!a"+ #%(!%%#u*a"!( %#/ In"ra Va%/u*ar Coa3u*a"#on or "+! DIC -+#/+ r!%u*"!( "o +!orr+a3!*!!(#n3%, %#r.

. Do/"or a%!( on your =n(#n3% "+!n "+!r! #% no-#n3 %#/ "+! (o/"or -ou*( %a-+!"+!r "+! (o/"or +!r %#/ +a% !!n %#/ au*"M

ATTF. ?ALVEDA)

! -#** o$!( %#/ "o %"r#! ou" "+! %#/ a%!( on =n(#n3 "+!y Bu%" r!a( "+! /+ar" a% a% "+! o"+!r r!/or(.

ATTF. &ASCPAL)


18/129

&r!/#%!*y a%!( on "+#% !;a#na"#on.

ATTF. ?ALVEDA)

No" =n(#n3, "+!r! -a% no =n(#n3 a(!.

COPRT)

H! #% on*y r!a(#n3 "+! r!/or(.

ATTF. &ASCPAL) F!%, %#r.

A. No, %#r, "+!r! #% no au*" on "+! ar" o "+! %ur3!on, %#r. 44T+#% Cour" +a% no r!/our%! u" "o r!*y on "+! !;!r" "!%"#on#!% r!n(!r!( y o"+ro%!/u"#on an( (!!n%! -#"n!%%!% "+a" %u%"an"#a"! ra"+!r "+an /on"ra(#/" !"#"#on!r:%a**!3a"#on "+a" "+! /au%! o Ly(#a:% (!a"+ -a% DIC -+#/+, a% a""!%"!( "o y an !;!r"-#"n!%%, /anno" ! a""r#u"!( "o "+! !"#"#on!r:% au*" or n!3*#3!n/!. T+! roa#*#"y "+a"Ly(#a:% (!a"+ -a% /au%!( y DIC -a% unr!u""!( (ur#n3 "r#a* an( +a% !n3!n(!r!( #n "+!#n( o "+#% Cour" a r!a%ona*! (ou" a% "o "+! !"#"#on!r:% 3u#*". T+u%, +!r a/u#""a* o "+!/r#! o r!/*!%% #ru(!n/! r!%u*"#n3 #n +o#/#(!. +#*! -! /on(o*! -#"+ "+! a#*y oLy(#a Pa*#, our +an(% ar! oun( y "+! (#/"a"!% o Bu%"#/! an( a#r (!a*#n3 -+#/+ +o*(#n$#o*a*! "+! r#3+" o an a//u%!( "o ! r!%u!( #nno/!n" un"#* ro$!n 3u#*"y !yon(r!a%ona*! (ou". N!$!r"+!*!%%, "+#% Cour" =n(% "+! !"#"#on!r /#$#**y *#a*! or "+! (!a"+o Ly(#a Pa*#, or -+#*! a /on$#/"#on o a /r#! r!u#r!% roo !yon( r!a%ona*! (ou",on*y a r!on(!ran/! o !$#(!n/! #% r!u#r!( "o !%"a*#%+ /#$#* *#a#*#"y. 4a"+o*o3#/a* /on!r!n/!%, /on(u/" !(%#(! roun(% or /*!r%,#n"!rn% an( r!%#(!n"%, o(!ra"! 3ran( roun(% an( a"#!n" au(#"% an( !ror o"+!r "a%%an( r!%on%##*#"#!%, or "+! r#$#*!3! o !#n3 a*! "o a#n"a#n a /*#n#/ #n "+! +o%#"a*,an(or or "+! r#$#*!3! o a(#""#n3 a"#!n"% #n"o "+! +o%#"a*. In a((#"#on "o "+!%!, "+!+y%#/#an:% !roran/! a% a %!/#a*#%" #% 3!n!ra**y !$a*ua"!( y a !!r r!$#!- /o#""!!on "+! a%#% o or"a*#"y an( or#(#"y %"a"#%"#/%, an( !!(a/ ro a"#!n"%, nur%!%,#n"!rn% an( r!%#(!n"%. A /on%u*"an" r!#%% #n +#% (u"#!%, or a /on%u*"an" -+o r!3u*ar*y a**%%+or" o "+! #n#u %"an(ar(% a//!"a*! "o "+! +o%#"a* or #"% !!r r!$#!- /o#""!!,

#% nora**y o*#"!*y "!r#na"!(.In o"+!r -or(%, r#$a"! +o%#"a*%, +#r!, =r! an( !;!r/#%! r!a* /on"ro* o$!r "+!#r a""!n(#n3an( $#%#"#n3 K/on%u*"an"K %"a7. +#*! K/on%u*"an"%K ar! no", "!/+n#/a**y !*oy!!%, a o#n"-+#/+ r!%on(!n" +o%#"a* a%%!r"% #n (!ny#n3 a** r!%on%##*#"y or "+! a"#!n":% /on(#"#on,"+! /on"ro* !;!r/#%!(, "+! +#r#n3, an( "+! r#3+" "o "!r#na"! /on%u*"an"% a** u*=** "+!#or"an" +a**ar% o an !*oy!r>!*oy!! r!*a"#on%+#, -#"+ "+! !;/!"#on o "+!ay!n" o -a3!%. In a%%!%%#n3 -+!"+!r %u/+ a r!*a"#on%+# #n a/" !;#%"%, "+! /on"ro* "!%"#% (!"!r#n#n3. A//or(#n3*y, on "+! a%#% o "+! or!3o#n3, -! ru*! "+a" or "+! uro%! oa**o/a"#n3 r!%on%##*#"y #n !(#/a* n!3*#3!n/! /a%!%, an !*oy!r>!*oy!! r!*a"#on%+##n !7!/" !;#%"% !"-!!n +o%#"a*% an( "+!#r a""!n(#n3 an( $#%#"#n3 +y%#/#an%. T+#% !#n3"+! /a%!, "+! u!%"#on no- ar#%!% a% "o -+!"+!r or no" r!%on(!n" +o%#"a* #% %o*#(ar#*y*#a*! -#"+ r!%on(!n" (o/"or% or !"#"#on!r:% /on(#"#on. 6

T+! a%#% or +o*(#n3 an !*oy!r %o*#(ar#*y r!%on%#*! or "+! n!3*#3!n/! o #"% !*oy!!#% oun( #n Ar"#/*! 2180 o "+! C#$#* Co(! -+#/+ /on%#(!r% a !r%on a//oun"a*! no" on*y

or +#% o-n a/"% u" a*%o or "+o%! o o"+!r% a%!( on "+! or!r:% r!%on%##*#"y un(!r ar!*a"#on%+# o a"r#a o"!%"a%. Su/+ r!%on%##*#"y /!a%!% -+!n "+! !r%on% or !n"#"y/on/!rn!( ro$! "+a" "+!y +a$! o%!r$!( "+! (#*#3!n/! o a 3oo( a"+!r o "+! a#*y "or!$!n" (aa3!. 8 In o"+!r -or(%, -+#*! "+! ur(!n o ro$#n3 n!3*#3!n/! r!%"% on "+!*a#n"#7%, on/! n!3*#3!n/! #% %+o-n, "+! ur(!n %+#"% "o "+! r!%on(!n"% ar!n",3uar(#an, "!a/+!r or !*oy!r -+o %+ou*( ro$! "+a" "+!y o%!r$!( "+! (#*#3!n/! o a3oo( a"+!r o a a#*y "o r!$!n" (aa3!.

In "+! #n%"an" /a%!, r!%on(!n" +o%#"a*, aar" ro a 3!n!ra* (!n#a* o #"% r!%on%##*#o$!r r!%on(!n" +y%#/#an%, a#*!( "o a((u/! !$#(!n/! %+o-#n3 "+a" #" !;!r/#%!( "+!(#*#3!n/! o a 3oo( a"+!r o a a#*y #n "+! +#r#n3 an( %u!r$#%#on o "+! *a""!r. I" a#*!a((u/! !$#(!n/! -#"+ r!3ar( "o "+! (!3r!! o %u!r$#%#on -+#/+ #" !;!r/#%!( o$!r #"%+y%#/#an%. In n!3*!/"#n3 "o o7!r %u/+ roo, or roo o a %##*ar na"ur!, r!%on(!n"+o%#"a* "+!r!y a#*!( "o (#%/+ar3! #"% ur(!n un(!r "+! *a%" ara3ra+ o Ar"#/*! 218Ha$#n3 a#*!( "o (o "+#%, r!%on(!n" +o%#"a* #% /on%!u!n"*y %o*#(ar#*y r!%on%#*! -#"+y%#/#an% or Er*#n(a:% /on(#"#on.

a%!( on "+! or!3o#n3, -! +o*( "+a" "+! Cour" o A!a*% !rr!( #n a//!"#n3 an( r!*yon "+! "!%"#on#!% o "+! -#"n!%%!% or "+! r#$a"! r!%on(!n"%. In(!!(, a% %+o-n y ao$! (#%/u%%#on%, r#$a"! r!%on(!n"% -!r! una*! "o r!u" "+! r!%u"#on on!3*#3!n/!. Pon "+!%! (#%u#%#"#on% -! +o*( "+a" r#$a"! r!%on(!n"% ar! %o*#(ar#*y *#or (aa3!% un(!r Ar"#/*! 216 9 o "+! C#$#* Co(!.

! no- /o! "o "+! aoun" o (aa3!% (u! !"#"#on!r%. T+! "r#a* /our" a-ar(!( a "oo &652,000.00 !%o% %+ou*( ! &616,000.00 #n /o!n%a"ory (aa3!% "o "+! *a#nK%uB!/" "o #"% !#n3 u(a"!(K /o$!r#n3 "+! !r#o( ro 1< No$!!r 198< u "o 1< A1992, a%!( on on"+*y !;!n%!% or "+! /ar! o "+! a"#!n" !%"#a"!( a" &8,000.00.

A" /urr!n" *!$!*%, "+! &8000on"+*y aoun" !%"a*#%+!( y "+! "r#a* /our" a" "+! "#!#"% (!/#%#on -ou*( ! 3ro%%*y #na(!ua"! "o /o$!r "+! a/"ua* /o%"% o +o!>a%!( /ar!a /oa"o%! #n(#$#(ua*. T+! /a*/u*a"!( aoun" -a% no" !$!n arr#$!( a" y *oo#n3 a" "+a/"ua* /o%" o ro!r +o%#/! /ar! or "+! a"#!n". +a" #" r!!/"!( -!r! "+! a/"ua*!;!n%!% #n/urr!( an( ro$!( y "+! !"#"#on!r% a"!r "+!y -!r! or/!( "o r#n3 +o!a"#!n" "o a$o#( oun"#n3 +o%#"a* #**%.

An( y!" #(!a**y, a /oa"o%! a"#!n" %+ou*( r!a#n #n a +o%#"a* or ! "ran%!rr!( "o a+o%#/! %!/#a*##n3 #n "+! /ar! o "+! /+ron#/a**y #** or "+! uro%! o ro$#(#n3 a ro#*#!u a(!ua"! "o !!" #n#u %"an(ar(% o /ar!. In "+! #n%"an" /a%! or #n%"an/!,Er*#n(a +a% "o ! /on%"an"*y "urn!( ro %#(! "o %#(! "o r!$!n" !(%or!% an( +yo%"an!uon#a. '!!(#n3 #% (on! y na%o3a%"r#/ "u!. 'oo( r!ara"#on %+ou*( ! nora**a(! y a (#!"#"#an "o ro$#(! +!r -#"+ "+! /orr!/" (a#*y /a*or#/ r!u#r!!n"% an( $#"a%u*!!n"%. 'ur"+!ror!, %+! +a% "o ! %!!n on a r!3u*ar a%#% y a +y%#/a* "+!ra"o a$o#( u%/*! a"ro+y, an( y a u*onary "+!ra#%" "o r!$!n" "+! a//uu*a"#on o%!/r!"#on% -+#/+ /an *!a( "o r!%#ra"ory /o*#/a"#on%.

G#$!n "+!%! /on%#(!ra"#on%, "+! aoun" o a/"ua* (aa3!% r!/o$!ra*! #n %u#"% ar#%#nro n!3*#3!n/! %+ou*( a" *!a%" r!!/" "+! /orr!/" #n#u /o%" o ro!r /ar!, no" "/o%" o "+! /ar! "+! a#*y #% u%ua**y /o!**!( "o un(!r"a! a" +o! "o a$o#( anruHo-!$!r, "+! ro$#%#on% o "+! C#$#* Co(! on a/"ua* or /o!n%a"ory (aa3!% r!%!n-#"+ %o! (#/u*"#!%.

!**>%!""*!( #% "+! ru*! "+a" a/"ua* (aa3!% -+#/+ ay ! /*a#!( y "+! *a#n"#7 ar!"+o%! %u7!r!( y +# a% +! +a% (u*y ro$!(. T+! C#$#* Co(! ro$#(!%)

Ar". 2199. E;/!" a% ro$#(!( y *a- or y %"#u*a"#on, on! #% !n"#"*!( "o an a(!ua/o!n%a"#on on*y or %u/+ !/un#ary *o%% %u7!r!( y +# a% +! +a% (u*y ro$!(. Su//o!n%a"#on #% r!!rr!( "o a% a/"ua* or /o!n%a"ory (aa3!%.

Our ru*!% on a/"ua* or /o!n%a"ory (aa3!% 3!n!ra**y a%%u! "+a" a" "+! "#! o "+! #o*o3#/a* /+an3!% o #((*!>a3! !noau%! an( a3#n3 A%%u#n3 %+! r!a/+!%


29/129

Our ru*!% on a/"ua* or /o!n%a"ory (aa3!% 3!n!ra**y a%%u! "+a" a" "+! "#! o*#"#3a"#on, "+! #nBury %u7!r!( a% a /on%!u!n/! o an a/" o n!3*#3!n/! +a% !!n/o*!"!( an( "+a" "+! /o%" /an ! *#u#(a"!(. Ho-!$!r, "+!%! ro$#%#on% n!3*!/" "o "a!#n"o a//oun" "+o%! %#"ua"#on%, a% #n "+#% /a%!, -+!r! "+! r!%u*"#n3 #nBury #3+" !/on"#nu#n3 an( o%%#*! u"ur! /o*#/a"#on% (#r!/"*y ar#%#n3 ro "+! #nBury, -+#*! /!r"a#n"o o//ur, ar! (#/u*" "o r!(#/".

In "+!%! /a%!%, "+! aoun" o (aa3!% -+#/+ %+ou*( ! a-ar(!(, # "+!y ar! "oa(!ua"!*y an( /orr!/"*y r!%on( "o "+! #nBury /au%!(, %+ou*( ! on! -+#/+ /o!n%a"!%or !/un#ary *o%% #n/urr!( an( ro$!(, u "o "+! "#! o "r#a* an( on! -+#/+ -ou*( !!"!/un#ary *o%% /!r"a#n "o ! %u7!r!( u" -+#/+ /ou*( no", ro "+! na"ur! o "+! /a%!, !a(! -#"+ /!r"a#n"y. 80 In o"+!r -or(%, "!!ra"! (aa3!% /an an( %+ou*( ! a-ar(!(on "o o a/"ua* or /o!n%a"ory (aa3!% #n #n%"an/!% -+!r! "+! #nBury #% /+ron#/ an(

/on"#nu#n3. An( !/au%! o "+! un#u! na"ur! o %u/+ /a%!%, no #n/oa"##*#"y ar#%!%-+!n o"+ a/"ua* an( "!!ra"! (aa3!% ar! ro$#(!( or. T+! r!a%on #% "+a" "+!%!(aa3!% /o$!r "-o (#%"#n/" +a%!%.

A% #" -ou*( no" ! !u#"a*! an( /!r"a#n*y no" #n "+! !%" #n"!r!%"% o "+! a(#n#%"ra"#ono Bu%"#/! or "+! $#/"# #n %u/+ /a%!% "o /on%"an"*y /o! !or! "+! /our"% an( #n$o!"+!#r a#( #n %!!#n3 a(Bu%"!n"% "o "+! /o!n%a"ory (aa3!% r!$#ou%*y a-ar(!( "!!ra"! (aa3!% ar! aror#a"!. T+! aoun" 3#$!n a% "!!ra"! (aa3!%, "+ou3+ "oa /!r"a#n !;"!n" %!/u*a"#$!, %+ou*( "a! #n"o a//oun" "+! /o%" o ro!r /ar!.

In "+! #n%"an" /a%!, !"#"#on!r% -!r! a*! "o ro$#(! on*y +o!>a%!( nur%#n3 /ar! or a/oa"o%! a"#!n" -+o +a% r!a#n!( #n "+a" /on(#"#on or o$!r a (!/a(!. Ha$#n3 r!#%!(our a-ar( or /o!n%a"ory (aa3!% on "+! aoun" ro$#(!( y !"#"#on!r% a" "+! on%!"o *#"#3a"#on, #" -ou*( ! no- u/+ or! #n %"! -#"+ "+! #n"!r!%"% o Bu%"#/! # "+! $a*u!a-ar(!( or "!!ra"! (aa3!% -ou*( a**o- !"#"#on!r% "o ro$#(! o"#a* /ar! or "+!#r

*o$!( on! #n a a/#*#"y -+#/+ 3!n!ra**y %!/#a*#!% #n %u/+ /ar!. T+!y %+ou*( no" !/o!**!( y (#r! /#r/u%"an/!% "o ro$#(! %u%"an(ar( /ar! a" +o! -#"+ou" "+! a#( oro!%%#ona*%, or any"+#n3 *!%% -ou*( ! 3ro%%*y #na(!ua"!. Pn(!r "+! /#r/u%"an/!%, ana-ar( o &1,a3!, !noau%! an( a3#n3. A%%u#n3 %+! r!a/+!%!noau%!, or !;a*!, "+! ro%"+!"#/ -#** +a$! "o ! a(Bu%"!( "o r!%on( "o "+!/+an3!% #n on! r!%u*"#n3 ro a r!/##"a"! (!/r!a%! #n /a*/#u *!$!*% o%!r$!( #n "+on!% o a** o%">!noau%a* -o!n. In o"+!r -or(%, "+! (aa3! (on! "o +!r -ou*( on*y ! !ran!n" an( *a%"#n3, #" -ou*( a*%o ! !ran!n"*y /+an3#n3 an( a(Bu%"#n3 "+! +y%#o*o3#/ /+an3!% -+#/+ +!r o(y -ou*( nora**y un(!r3o "+rou3+ "+! y!ar%. Tr!*a/!!n"%, /+an3!%, an( a(Bu%"!n"% -#** r!u#r! /orr!%on(#n3 a(Bu%"#$! +y%#/ao//ua"#ona* "+!ray. A** o "+!%! a(Bu%"!n"%, #" +a% !!n (o/u!n"!(, ar! a#nu*.

;;; ;;; ;;;

A ro%"+!"#/ (!$#%!, +o-!$!r "!/+no*o3#/a**y a($an/!(, -#** on*y a**o- a r!a%ona*!aoun" o un/"#ona* r!%"ora"#on o "+! o"or un/"#on% o "+! *o-!r *#. T+! %!n%ory

un/"#on% ar! or!$!r *o%". T+! r!%u*"an" an;#!"y, %*!!*!%%n!%%, %y/+o*o3#/a* #nBury,!n"a* an( +y%#/a* a#n ar! #n!%"#a*!. 85

T+! #nBury %u7!r!( y Er*#n(a a% a /on%!u!n/! o r#$a"! r!%on(!n"%: n!3*#3!n/! #%/!r"a#n*y u/+ or! %!r#ou% "+an "+! au"a"#on #n "+! Va*!nu!*a /a%!.

&!"#"#on!r Er*#n(a Rao% -a% #n +!r #(>or"#!% -+!n "+! #n/#(!n" o//urr!(. S+! +a% #n a /oa"o%! %"a"! or o$!r our"!!n y!ar% no-. T+! ur(!n o /ar! +a% %o ar !!n+!ro#/a**y %+ou*(!r!( y +!r +u%an( an( /+#*(r!n, -+o, #n "+! #n"!r$!n#n3 y!ar% +a$!!n (!r#$!( o "+! *o$! o a -#! an( a o"+!r.

?!an-+#*!, "+! a/"ua* +y%#/a*, !o"#ona* an( =nan/#a* /o%" o "+! /ar! o !"#"#on!r-ou*( ! $#r"ua**y #o%%#*! "o uan"#y. E$!n "+! "!!ra"! (aa3!% +!r!#n a-ar(!-ou*( ! #na(!ua"! # !"#"#on!r:% /on(#"#on r!a#n% un/+an3!( or "+! n!;" "!n y!a

! r!/o3n#!(, #n Va*!nu!*a "+a" a (#%/u%%#on o "+! $#/"#:% a/"ua* #nBury -ou*( no" %/ra"/+ "+! %ura/! o "+! r!%u*"#n3 ora* (aa3! !/au%! #" -ou*( ! +#3+*y %!/u*a"o !%"#a"! "+! aoun" o !o"#ona* an( ora* a#n, %y/+o*o3#/a* (aa3! an( #nBur%u7!r!( y "+! $#/"# or "+o%! a/"ua**y a7!/"!( y "+! $#/"#:% /on(#"#on. 84 T+! +u%an( "+! /+#*(r!n, a** !"#"#on!r% #n "+#% /a%!, -#** +a$! "o *#$! -#"+ "+! (ay "o (ayun/!r"a#n"y o "+! a"#!n":% #**n!%%, no-#n3 any +o! o r!/o$!ry #% /*o%! "o n#*. T+!y+a$! a%+#on!( "+!#r (a#*y *#$!% aroun( "+! nur%#n3 /ar! o !"#"#on!r, a*"!r#n3 "+!#r *on"!r 3oa*% "o "a! #n"o a//oun" "+!#r *#! -#"+ a /oa"o%! a"#!n". T+!y, no" "+!r!%on(!n"%, ar! /+ar3!( -#"+ "+! ora* r!%on%##*#"y o "+! /ar! o "+! $#/"#. T+!a#*y:% ora* #nBury an( %u7!r#n3 #n "+#% /a%! #% /*!ar*y a r!a* on!. 'or "+! or!3o#n3r!a%on%, an a-ar( o &2,000,000.00 #n ora* (aa3!% -ou*( ! aror#a"!.

'#na**y, y -ay o !;a*!, !;!*ary (aa3!% #n "+! aoun" o &100,000.00 ar! +!a-ar(!(. Con%#(!r#n3 "+! *!n3"+ an( na"ur! o "+! #n%"an" %u#" -! ar! o "+! o#n#on "a""orn!y:% !!% $a*u!( a" &100,000.00 ar! *#!-#%! ro!r.

Our /our"% a/! un#u! (#/u*"y #n a(Bu(#/a"#n3 !(#/a* n!3*#3!n/! /a%!% !/au%!+y%#/#an% ar! no" #n%ur!r% o *#! an(, "+!y rar!*y %!" ou" "o #n"!n"#ona**y /au%! #nBury(!a"+ "o "+!#r a"#!n"%. Ho-!$!r, #n"!n" #% #a"!r#a* #n n!3*#3!n/! /a%!% !/au%! -+n!3*#3!n/! !;#%"% an( #% ro$!n, "+! %a! au"oa"#/a**y 3#$!% "+! #nBur!( a r#3+" "or!ara"#on or "+! (aa3! /au%!(.

E%"a*#%+!( !(#/a* ro/!(ur!% an( ra/"#/!%, "+ou3+ #n /on%"an" u; ar! (!$#%!( or "+!


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E%"a*#%+!( !(#/a* ro/!(ur!% an( ra/"#/!%, "+ou3+ #n /on%"an" u; ar! (!$#%!( or "+!uro%! o r!$!n"#n3 /o*#/a"#on%. A +y%#/#an:% !;!r#!n/! -#"+ +#% a"#!n"% -ou*(%o!"#!% "!" +# "o (!$#a"! ro !%"a*#%+!( /oun#"y ra/"#/!%, an( +! ay !n(a (#%"#n3u#%+!( /ar!!r u%#n3 unor"+o(o; !"+o(% -#"+ou" #n/#(!n". Ho-!$!r, -+!n a#*ur!"o o**o- !%"a*#%+!( ro/!(ur! r!%u*"% #n "+! !$#* r!/#%!*y %ou3+" "o ! a$!r"!( yo%!r$an/! o "+! ro/!(ur! an( a n!;u% #% a(! !"-!!n "+! (!$#a"#on an( "+! #nBury or(aa3!, "+! +y%#/#an -ou*( n!/!%%ar#*y ! /a**!( "o a//oun" or #". In "+! /a%! a" ar, "+!a#*ur! "o o%!r$! r!>o!ra"#$! a%%!%%!n" ro"o/o* -+#/+ -ou*( +a$! #nu!n/!( "+!#n"ua"#on #n a %a*u"ary -ay -a% a"a* "o r#$a"! r!%on(!n"%: /a%!.

HERE'ORE, "+! (!/#%#on an( r!%o*u"#on o "+! a!**a"! /our" a!a*!( ro ar! +!r!yo(#=!( %o a% "o a-ar( #n a$or o !"#"#on!r%, an( %o*#(ar#*y a3a#n%" r#$a"! r!%on(!n"%"+! o**o-#n3) 1 &1,5


31/129

T+! o"+!r (o/"or r!%!n"!( -a% Dr. Iarra &ano#o, a !!r o "+! A!r#/an oar( o /on(#"#on un(!r "+! %a! /#r/u%"an/!%. I" #% r!a/+ o "+#% (u"y -+#/+ /on%"#"u"!%


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&a"+o*o3y, !;a#n!r o "+! &+#*##n! oar( o &a"+o*o3y ro 198 "o 1991, !**o- o "+!&+#*##n! So/#!"y o &a"+o*o3#%", a%%o/#a"! ro!%%or o "+! C!u In%"#"u"! o ?!(#/#n!, an(/+#! a"+o*o3#%" o "+! An(r!% Sor#ano Jr. ?!or#a* Ho%#"a* #n To*!(o C#"y. Dr. &ano#o%"a"!( "+a" a*"+ou3+ +! -a% ar"#a* "o "+! u%! o "+! /u*"ur! "!%" or #"% 3r!a"!r r!*#a#*#"y#n "+! (#a3no%#% o "y+o#( !$!r, "+! #(a* T!%" ay a*%o ! u%!(. L#! Dr. Go"#on3, +!a3r!!( "+a" "+! 1)520 ra"#o #n Jor3!U% /a%! -a% a*r!a(y "+! a;#u y -+#/+ a/on/*u%#on o "y+o#( !$!r ay ! a(!. No a((#"#ona* #nora"#on ay ! (!(u/!( roa +#3+!r (#*u"#on.11 H! %a#( "+a" Dr. Va/a*ar!%U au"o%y on Jor3! -a% #n/o*!"! an("+u% #n/on/*u%#$!.

On S!"!!r 12, 1991, "+! "r#a* /our" r!n(!r!( #"% (!/#%#on a%o*$#n3 r!%on(!n"% ro"+! /+ar3!% o n!3*#3!n/! an( (#%#%%#n3 !"#"#on!r%U a/"#on or (aa3!%. T+! "r#a* /our"

*#!-#%! (#%#%%!( r!%on(!n"%U /oun"!r/*a#, +o*(#n3 "+a", #n %!!#n3 (aa3!% ror!%on(!n"%, !"#"#on!r% -!r! #!**!( y "+! +on!%" !*#! "+a" Jor3!U% (!a"+ -a% (u! "o"+! *a""!rU% n!3*#3!n/!.

&!"#"#on!r% rou3+" "+! a""!r "o "+! Cour" o A!a*%. On Ju*y 51, 199, "+! Cour" oA!a*% ar!( "+! (!/#%#on o "+! "r#a* /our".

H!n/! "+#% !"#"#on.

&!"#"#on!r% ra#%! "+! o**o-#n3 a%%#3n!n" o !rror%)

I. THE HONORALE COPRT O' A&&EALS CO??ITTED A REVERSILE ERROR HEN ITRPLED THAT THE DOCTRINE O' RES I&SA LOPITPR IS NOT A&&LICALE IN THE INSTANTCASE.

II. THE HONORALE COPRT O' A&&EALS CO??ITTED REVERSILE ERROR HEN IT ?ADEAN PN'OPNDED ASSP?&TION THAT THE LEVEL O' ?EDICAL &RACTICE IS LOER INILIGAN CITF.

III. THE HONORALE COPRT O' A&&EALS GRAVELF ERRED HEN IT RPLED 'OR A LESSERSTANDARD O' CARE AND DEGREE O' DILIGENCE 'OR ?EDICAL &RACTICE IN ILIGAN CITFHEN IT A&&RECIATED NO DOCTORUS NEGLIGENCE IN THE TREAT?ENT O' JORGEREFES.

&!"#"#on!rU% a/"#on #% or !(#/a* a*ra/"#/!. T+#% #% a ar"#/u*ar or o n!3*#3!n/! -+#/+/on%#%"% #n "+! a#*ur! o a +y%#/#an or %ur3!on "o a*y "o +#% ra/"#/! o !(#/#n! "+a"(!3r!! o /ar! an( %#** -+#/+ #% or(#nar#*y !*oy!( y "+! ro!%%#on 3!n!ra**y, un(!r%##*ar /on(#"#on%, an( #n *#! %urroun(#n3 /#r/u%"an/!%.12 In or(!r "o %u//!%%u**yur%u! %u/+ a /*a#, a a"#!n" u%" ro$! "+a" "+! +y%#/#an or %ur3!on !#"+!r a#*!( "o (o%o!"+#n3 -+#/+ a r!a%ona*y ru(!n" +y%#/#an or %ur3!on -ou*( +a$! (on!, or "+a" +!or %+! (#( %o!"+#n3 "+a" a r!a%ona*y ru(!n" +y%#/#an or %ur3!on -ou*( no" +a$!

(on!, an( "+a" "+! a#*ur! or a/"#on /au%!( #nBury "o "+! a"#!n".15 T+!r! ar! "+u% our!*!!n"% #n$o*$!( #n !(#/a* n!3*#3!n/! /a%!%, na!*y) (u"y, r!a/+, #nBury, an(ro;#a"! /au%a"#on.

In "+! r!%!n" /a%!, "+!r! #% no (ou" "+a" a +y%#/#an>a"#!n" r!*a"#on%+# !;#%"!(!"-!!n r!%on(!n" (o/"or% an( Jor3! R!y!%. R!%on(!n"% -!r! "+u% (u"y>oun( "o u%!a" *!a%" "+! %a! *!$!* o /ar! "+a" any r!a%ona*y /o!"!n" (o/"or -ou*( u%! "o "r!a" a

a/"#ona*! a*ra/"#/!.14 A% "o "+#% a%!/" o !(#/a* a*ra/"#/!, "+! (!"!r#na"#o"+! r!a%ona*! *!$!* o /ar! an( "+! r!a/+ "+!r!o, !;!r" "!%"#ony #% !%%!n"#a*.Ina%u/+ a% "+! /au%!% o "+! #nBur#!% #n$o*$!( #n a*ra/"#/! a/"#on% ar! (!"!r#naon*y #n "+! *#3+" o %/#!n"#=/ no-*!(3!, #" +a% !!n r!/o3n#!( "+a" !;!r" "!%"#onyu%ua**y n!/!%%ary "o %uor" "+! /on/*u%#on a% "o /au%a"#on.1!;!r" -#"n!%%!%. H!n/!, #n /a-+!r! "+! r!% #%a *ou#"ur #% a*#/a*!, "+! /our" #% !r#""!( "o =n( a +y%#/#ann!3*#3!n" uon ro!r roo o #nBury "o "+! a"#!n", -#"+ou" "+! a#( o !;!r" "!%"#on-+!r! "+! /our" ro #"% un( o /oon no-*!(3! /an (!"!r#n! "+! ro!r %"an(a/ar!. +!r! /oon no-*!(3! an( !;!r#!n/! "!a/+ "+a" a r!%u*"#n3 #nBury -ou*( n+a$! o//urr!( "o "+! a"#!n" # (u! /ar! +a( !!n !;!r/#%!(, an #n!r!n/! o n!3*#3!nay ! (ra-n 3#$#n3 r#%! "o an a*#/a"#on o "+! (o/"r#n! o r!% #%a *ou#"ur -#"+ou"!(#/a* !$#(!n/!, -+#/+ #% or(#nar#*y r!u#r!( "o %+o- no" on*y -+a" o//urr!( u" +o-an( -+y #" o//urr!(. +!n "+! (o/"r#n! #% aror#a"!, a** "+a" "+! a"#!n" u%" (o #%ro$! a n!;u% !"-!!n "+! ar"#/u*ar a/" or o#%%#on /o*a#n!( o an( "+! #nBury%u%"a#n!( -+#*! un(!r "+! /u%"o(y an( ana3!!n" o "+! (!!n(an" -#"+ou" n!!( "oro(u/! !;!r" !(#/a* "!%"#ony "o !%"a*#%+ "+! %"an(ar( o /ar!. R!%or" "o r!% #%a*ou#"or #% a**o-!( !/au%! "+!r! #% no o"+!r -ay, un(!r u%ua* an( or(#nary /on(#"#on-+#/+ "+! a"#!n" /an o"a#n r!(r!%% or #nBury %u7!r!( y +#.

T+u%, /our"% o o"+!r Bur#%(#/"#on% +a$! a*#!( "+! (o/"r#n! #n "+! o**o-#n3 %#"ua"#on%*!a$#n3 o a or!#3n oB!/" #n "+! o(y o "+! a"#!n" a"!r an o!ra"#on, #nBur#!% %u%"aon a +!a*"+y ar" o "+! o(y -+#/+ -a% no" un(!r, or #n "+! ar!a, o "r!a"!n", r!oo "+! -ron3 ar" o "+! o(y -+!n ano"+!r ar" -a% #n"!n(!(, no/#n3 ou" a "oo"+ -a a"#!n"U% Ba- -a% un(!r an!%"+!"#/ or "+! r!o$a* o +#% "on%#*%, an( *o%% o an !y!-+#*! "+! a"#!n" -a% un(!r "+! #nu!n/! o an!%"+!"#/, (ur#n3 or o**o-#n3 an o!ra"

or a!n(#/#"#%, aon3 o"+!r%.1

&!"#"#on!r% a%%!r"!( #n "+! Cour" o A!a*% "+a" "+! (o/"r#n! o r!% #%a *ou#"ur a*#"+! r!%!n" /a%! !/au%! Jor3! R!y!% -a% !r!*y !;!r#!n/#n3 !$!r an( /+#**% or =$(ay% an( -a% u**y /on%/#ou%, /o+!r!n", an( au*an" -+!n +! -!n" "o "+! +o%#"a*. F+! (#!( a"!r on*y "!n +our% ro "+! "#! o +#% a(#%%#on.

T+#% /on"!n"#on -a% r!B!/"!( y "+! a!**a"! /our". a(#n#%"ra"#on o "+! an"##o"#/ /+*oroy/!"#n21 an( 2 Dr. ?ar$#! *an!% !rr!( #n


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&!"#"#on!r% no- /on"!n( "+a" a** r!u#%#"!% or "+! a*#/a"#on o r!% #%a *ou#"ur -!r!r!%!n", na!*y) 1 "+! a//#(!n" -a% o a #n( -+#/+ (o!% no" or(#nar#*y o//ur un*!%%%o!on! #% n!3*#3!n" 2 "+! #n%"ru!n"a*#"y or a3!n/y -+#/+ /au%!( "+! #nBury -a%un(!r "+! !;/*u%#$! /on"ro* o "+! !r%on #n /+ar3! an( 5 "+! #nBury %u7!r!( u%" no"+a$! !!n (u! "o any $o*un"ary a/"#on or /on"r#u"#on o "+! !r%on #nBur!(.18

T+! /on"!n"#on #% -#"+ou" !r#". ! a3r!! -#"+ "+! ru*#n3 o "+! Cour" o A!a*%. In "+!Rao% /a%!, "+! u!%"#on -a% -+!"+!r a %ur3!on, an an!%"+!%#o*o3#%", an( a +o%#"a*%+ou*( ! a(! *#a*! or "+! /oa"o%! /on(#"#on o a a"#!n" %/+!(u*!( or/+o*!/y%"!/"oy.19 In "+a" /a%!, "+! a"#!n" -a% 3#$!n an!%"+!%#a r#or "o +!ro!ra"#on. No"#n3 "+a" "+! a"#!n" -a% n!uro*o3#/a**y %oun( a" "+! "#! o +!r o!ra"#on,

"+! Cour" a*#!( "+! (o/"r#n! o r!% #%a *ou#"ur a% !n"a* ra#n (aa3! (o!% no"nora**y o//ur #n a 3a***a(!r o!ra"#on #n "+! a%!n/! o n!3*#3!n/! o "+!an!%"+!%#o*o3#%". Ta#n3 Bu(#/#a* no"#/! "+a" an!%"+!%#a ro/!(ur!% +a( !/o! %o/oon "+a" !$!n an or(#nary !r%on /ou*( "!** # #" -a% a(#n#%"!r!( ro!r*y, -!a**o-!( "+! "!%"#ony o a -#"n!%% -+o -a% no" an !;!r". In "+#% /a%!, -+#*! #" #% "ru!"+a" "+! a"#!n" (#!( Bu%" a !- +our% a"!r ro!%%#ona* !(#/a* a%%#%"an/! -a% r!n(!r!(,"+!r! #% r!a**y no"+#n3 unu%ua* or !;"raor(#nary aou" +#% (!a"+. &r#or "o +#% a(#%%#on, "+!a"#!n" a*r!a(y +a( r!/urr#n3 !$!r% an( /+#**% or =$! (ay% unr!*#!$!( y "+! ana*3!%#/,an"#yr!"#/, an( an"##o"#/% 3#$!n +# y +#% -#!. T+#% %+o-% "+a" +! +a( !!n %u7!r#n3ro a %!r#ou% #**n!%% an( ro!%%#ona* !(#/a* +!* /a! "oo *a"! or +#.

R!%on(!n"% a**!3!( a#*ur! "o o%!r$! (u! /ar! -a% no" #!(#a"!*y aar!n" "o a*ayan %o a% "o Bu%"#y a*#/a"#on o r!% #%a *ou#"ur. T+! u!%"#on r!u#r!( !;!r"o#n#on on "+! a**!3!( r!a/+ y r!%on(!n"% o "+! %"an(ar( o /ar! r!u#r!( y "+!/#r/u%"an/!%. 'ur"+!ror!, on "+! #%%u! o "+! /orr!/"n!%% o +!r (#a3no%#%, nor!%u"#on o n!3*#3!n/! /an ! a*#!( "o Dr. ?ar*yn R#/o. A% +!*( #n Rao%)

. . . . R!% #%a *ou#"ur #% no" a r#3#( or or(#nary (o/"r#n! "o ! !run/"or#*y u%!( u" a ru*!"o ! /au"#ou%*y a*#!(, (!!n(#n3 uon "+! /#r/u%"an/!% o !a/+ /a%!. I" #% 3!n!ra**yr!%"r#/"!( "o %#"ua"#on% #n a*ra/"#/! /a%!% -+!r! a *ayan #% a*! "o %ay, a% a a""!r o/oon no-*!(3! an( o%!r$a"#on, "+a" "+! /on%!u!n/!% o ro!%%#ona* /ar! -!r! no"a% %u/+ a% -ou*( or(#nar#*y +a$! o**o-!( # (u! /ar! +a( !!n !;!r/#%!(. A (#%"#n/"#onu%" ! a(! !"-!!n "+! a#*ur! "o %!/ur! r!%u*"%, an( "+! o//urr!n/! o %o!"+#n3or! unu%ua* an( no" or(#nar#*y oun( # "+! %!r$#/! or "r!a"!n" r!n(!r!( o**o-!( "+!u%ua* ro/!(ur! o "+o%! %#**!( #n "+a" ar"#/u*ar ra/"#/!. I" u%" ! /on/!(!( "+a" "+!(o/"r#n! o r!% #%a *ou#"ur /an +a$! no a*#/a"#on #n a %u#" a3a#n%" a +y%#/#an or a%ur3!on -+#/+ #n$o*$!% "+! !r#"% o a (#a3no%#% or o a %/#!n"#=/ "r!a"!n". T+!+y%#/#an or %ur3!on #% no" r!u#r!( a" +#% !r#* "o !;*a#n -+y any ar"#/u*ar (#a3no%#%-a% no" /orr!/", or -+y any ar"#/u*ar %/#!n"#=/ "r!a"!n" (#( no" ro(u/! "+! (!%#r!(r!%u*".20

S!/#=/ A/"% o N!3*#3!n/!! "urn "o "+! u!%"#on -+!"+!r !"#"#on!r% +a$! !%"a*#%+!( %!/#=/ a/"% o n!3*#3!n/!a**!3!(*y /o#""!( y r!%on(!n" (o/"or%.

&!"#"#on!r% /on"!n( "+a") 1 Dr. ?ar*yn R#/o +a%"#*y an( !rron!ou%*y r!*#!( uon "+! #(a*"!%", (#a3no%!( Jor3!U% #**n!%% a% "y+o#( !$!r, an( #!(#a"!*y r!%/r#!( "+!

or(!r#n3 "+! a(#n#%"ra"#on o "+! %!/on( (o%! o


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!;!r"% on "+! %uB!/". T+!y $ou/+!( or "+! /orr!/"n!%% o Dr. ?ar*yn R#/oU% (#a3no%#%.Dr. &!"!r Go"#on3, a (#*oa"! -+o%! %!/#a*#a"#on #% #n!/"#ou% (#%!a%!% an(#/ro#o*o3y an( an a%%o/#a"! ro!%%or a" "+! Sou"+-!%"!rn Pn#$!r%#"y Co**!3! o?!(#/#n! an( "+! Gu**a% Co**!3! o ?!(#/#n!, "!%"#=!( "+a" +! +a% a*r!a(y "r!a"!( o$!r a"+ou%an( /a%!% o "y+o#( !$!r.26 A//or(#n3 "o +#, -+!n a /a%! o "y+o#( !$!r #%%u%!/"!(, "+! #(a* "!%" #% nora**y u%!(,2 an( # "+! 1)520 r!%u*"% o "+! #(a* "!%"on Jor3! R!y!% +a( !!n r!%!n"!( "o +# a*on3 -#"+ "+! a"#!n"U% +#%"ory, +#% #r!%%#on-ou*( a*%o ! "+a" "+! a"#!n" -a% %u7!r#n3 ro "y+o#( !$!r.28 A% "o "+! "r!a"!n" o"+! (#%!a%!, +! %"a"!( "+a" /+*oroy/!"#n -a% "+! (ru3 o /+o#/!.29 H! a*%o !;*a#n!("+a" (!%#"! "+! !a%ur!% "a!n y r!%on(!n" (o/"or% an( "+! #n"ra$!nou%a(#n#%"ra"#on o "-o (o%!% o /+*oroy/!"#n, /o*#/a"#on% o "+! (#%!a%! /ou*( no" !(#%/oun"!(. H#% "!%"#ony #% a% o**o-%)50

ATTF. &ASCPAL) I -#"+ "+a" /oun" -#"+ "+! "!%" o o%#"#$! or 1 #% "o 520, -+a""r!a"!n" # any -ou*( ! 3#$!nMA I "+o%! ar! "+! =n(#n3% "+a" -ou*( ! r!%!n"!( "o !, "+! =r%" "+#n3 I -ou*( /on%#(!r-ou*( ! "y+o#( !$!r. An( r!%!n"*y -+a" ar! "+! "r!a"!n"% /oon*y u%!(MA Dru3 o /+o#/! o /+*ora+!n#/a*. Do/"or, # 3#$!n "+! %a! a"#!n" an( a"!r you +a$! a(#n#%"!r!( /+*ora+!n#/a*aou" 5 12 +our% *a"!r, "+! a"#!n" a%%o/#a"!( -#"+ /+#**%, "!!ra"ur! > 41oC, -+a" /ou*(o%%#*y /o! "o your #n(MA !**, -+!n #" #% /+an3! #n "+! /*#n#/a* =n(#n3, you +a$! "o "+#n o /o*#/a"#on. An( -+a" -#** you /on%#(!r on "+! /o*#/a"#on o "y+o#(MA On! u%" =r%" un(!r%"an( "+a" "y+o#( !$!r #% "o;##a. T+! ro*! #% /o*#/a"#on%ar! /au%!( y "o;#n% ro(u/!( y "+! a/"!r#a . . . -+!"+!r you +a$! %u7!r!(/o*#/a"#on% "o "+#n o >> +!ar" "o;#/ yo/ar(#"#!% "+!n you /an /on%#(!r a "o;#/!n#n3#"#% an( o"+!r /o*#/a"#on% an( !rora"#on% an( *!!(#n3 #n "+! #*#u. E$!n "+a" 40>y!ar o*( arr#!( a"#!n" -+o r!/!#$!( !(#/a"#on o /+*oroy/!"#n o #n"!%"#na*"ra/" -a% nora*, Dr. R#/o !;*a#n!( "+a", -+#*! +y!r*a%#a51 #n "+! ay!rU% a"/+!% or

3ro%%*y $#%#*! an( a #/ro%/o! -a% n!!(!( "o %!! "+! "!;"ur! o "+! /!**%.52

R!%on(!n"% a*%o r!%!n"!( "+! "!%"#ony o Dr. Iarra T. &ano#o -+o #% a !!r o&+#*##n! an( A!r#/an oar( o &a"+o*o3y, an !;a#n!r o "+! &+#*##n! oar( o&a"+o*o3y, an( /+#! a"+o*o3#%" a" "+! ?!"roC!u Coun#"y Ho%#"a*, &!r!"ua* Su/Ho%#"a*, an( "+! An(r!% Sor#ano Jr. ?!or#a* ?!(#/a* C!n"!r. H! %"a"!( "+a", a% a /*#na"+o*o3#%", +! r!/o3n#!( "+a" "+! #(a* "!%" #% u%!( or "y+o#( a"#!n"%, a*"+ou3+ +no" !n/oura3! #"% u%! !/au%! a %#n3*! "!%" -ou*( on*y 3#$! a r!%u"#on n!/!%%#"a""+a" "+! "!%" ! r!!a"!(, !/o#n3 or! /on/*u%#$! a" "+! %!/on( an( "+#r( -!!% o(#%!a%!.55 H! /orroora"!( Dr. Go"#on3U% "!%"#ony "+a" "+! (an3!r -#"+ "y+o#( !$r!a**y "+! o%%#*! /o*#/a"#on% -+#/+ /ou*( (!$!*o *#! !rora"#on, +!orr+a3!, a%-!** a% *#$!r an( /!r!ra* /o*#/a"#on%.54 A% r!3ar(% "+! 1)520 r!%u*"% o "+! #(a*

on Jor3! R!y!%, Dr. &ano#o %"a"!( "+a" no a((#"#ona* #nora"#on /ou*( ! o"a#n!( r+#3+!r ra"#o.5


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&!(#a"r#/ So/#!"y, Co#""!! on T+!ra!u"#/% an( To;#/o*o3y, 1996. T+! #n"ra$!nou%rou"! #% *#!-#%! /orr!/". ?an%%!r, OUN#/, &+ara/o*o3y an( T+!ra!u"#/% E$!n # "+!"!%" -a% no" a(#n#%"!r!( y "+! +y%#/#an>on>(u"y, "+! !$#(!n/! #n"ro(u/!( "+a" #" -a%Dra. *an!% -+o #n"!rr!"!( "+! r!%u*"% r!a#n un/on"ro$!r"!(. D!/#%#on, . 16>1On/! or!, "+#% Cour" r!B!/"% any /*a# o ro!%%#ona* n!3*#3!n/! #n "+#% r!3ar(.

. . . .

A% r!3ar(% ana+y*a/"#/ %+o/, "+! u%ua* -ay o 3uar(#n3 a3a#n%" #" r#or "o "+!a(#n#%"ra"#on o a (ru3, #% "+! %#n "!%" o -+#/+, +o-!$!r, #" +a% !!n o%!r$!() WS#n"!%"#n3 -#"+ +a"!n#/ (ru3% #% 3!n!ra**y no" r!*#a*!. C!r"a#n (ru3% /au%! non%!/#=/+#%"a#n! r!*!a%!, ro(u/#n3 a -!a*>an(>ar! r!a/"#on #n nora* #n(#$#(ua*%. Iuno*o3#/

a/"#$a"#on o a%" /!**% r!u#r!% a o*y$a*!n" a**!r3!n, %o a n!3a"#$! %#n "!%" "o aun#$a*!n" +a"!n#/ (ru3 (o!% no" ru*! ou" ana+y*a/"#/ %!n%#"#$#"y "o "+a" (ru3.X T!rr,WAna+y*a;#% an( Pr"#/ar#aX #n a%#/ an( C*#n#/a* Iuno*o3y, . 549 +a" a** "+#% !an%*!3a**y #% "+a" !$!n # "+! (!/!a%!( %u7!r!( ro an ana+y*a/"#/ %+o/, "+#%, o #"%!*,-ou*( no" y!" !%"a*#%+ "+! n!3*#3!n/! o "+! a!**!!>+y%#/#an% or a** "+a" "+! *a-r!u#r!% o "+! #% "+a" "+!y !ror "+! %"an(ar( "!%"% an( !ror %"an(ar(ro/!(ur!%. T+! *a- /anno" r!u#r! "+! "o r!(#/" !$!ry o%%#*! r!a/"#on "o a** (ru3%a(#n#%"!r!(. T+! onu% roan(# -a% on "+! a!**an"% "o !%"a*#%+, !or! "+! "r#a* /our","+a" "+! a!**!!>+y%#/#an% #3nor!( %"an(ar( !(#/a* ro/!(ur!, r!%/r#!( an(a(#n#%"!r!( !(#/a"#on -#"+ r!/*!%%n!%% an( !;+##"!( an a%!n/! o "+! /o!"!n/!an( %#**% !;!/"!( o 3!n!ra* ra/"#"#on!r% %##*ar*y %#"ua"!(.59

'our"+. &!"#"#on!r% /orr!/"*y o%!r$! "+a" "+! !(#/a* ro!%%#on #% on! -+#/+, *#! "+!u%#n!%% o a /oon /arr#!r, #% a7!/"!( -#"+ u*#/ #n"!r!%". ?or!o$!r, "+!y a%%!r" "+a"%#n/! "+! *a- #o%!% uon /oon /arr#!r% "+! (u"y o o%!r$#n3 !;"raor(#nary(#*#3!n/! #n "+! $#3#*an/! o$!r "+! 3oo(% an( or "+! %a!"y o "+! a%%!n3!r%,40+y%#/#an% an( %ur3!on% %+ou*( +a$! "+! %a! (u"y "o-ar( "+!#r a"#!n"%.41 T+!y a*%o/on"!n( "+a" "+! Cour" o A!a*% !rr!( -+!n #" a**!3!(*y a%%u!( "+a" "+! *!$!* o!(#/a* ra/"#/! #% *o-!r #n I*#3an C#"y, "+!r!y r!(u/#n3 "+! %"an(ar( o /ar! an( (!3r!!o (#*#3!n/! r!u#r!( ro +y%#/#an% an( %ur3!on% #n I*#3an C#"y.

T+! %"an(ar( o !;"raor(#nary (#*#3!n/! #% !/u*#ar "o /oon /arr#!r%. T+! C#$#* Co(!ro$#(!%)

Ar". 155. Coon /arr#!r%, ro "+! na"ur! o "+!#r u%#n!%% an( or r!a%on% o u*#/o*#/y, ar! oun( "o o%!r$! !;"raor(#nary (#*#3!n/! #n "+! $#3#*an/! o$!r "+! 3oo(% an(or "+! %a!"y o "+! a%%!n3!r% "ran%or"!( y "+!, a//or(#n3 "o "+! /#r/u%"an/!% o!a/+ /a%!. . . .

T+! ra/"#/! o !(#/#n! #% a ro!%%#on !n3a3!( #n on*y y ua*#=!( #n(#$#(ua*%. I" #% ar#3+" !arn!( "+rou3+ y!ar% o !(u/a"#on, "ra#n#n3, an( y =r%" o"a#n#n3 a *#/!n%! ro "+!

%"a"! "+rou3+ ro!%%#ona* oar( !;a#na"#on%. Su/+ *#/!n%! ay, a" any "#! an( or/au%!, ! r!$o!( y "+! 3o$!rn!n". In a((#"#on "o %"a"! r!3u*a"#on, "+! /on(u/" o(o/"or% #% a*%o %"r#/"*y 3o$!rn!( y "+! H#o/ra"#/ Oa"+, an an/#!n" /o(! o (#%/#*#n! an(!"+#/a* ru*!% -+#/+ (o/"or% +a$! #o%!( uon "+!%!*$!% #n r!/o3n#"#on an( a//!"an/!o "+!#r 3r!a" r!%on%##*#"y "o %o/#!"y. G#$!n "+!%! %a!3uar(%, "+!r! #% no n!!( "o!;r!%%*y r!u#r! o (o/"or% "+! o%!r$an/! o W!;"raor(#naryX (#*#3!n/!. A% #" #% no-, "+!ra/"#/! o !(#/#n! #% a*r!a(y /on(#"#on!( uon "+! +#3+!%" (!3r!! o (#*#3!n/!. An(, a%

a$!ra3! !r#" aon3 or(#nar#*y 3oo( +y%#/#an%. T+a" #% r!a%ona*! (#*#3!n/! or (o/"or, a% "+! Cour" o A!a*% /a**!( #", "+! r!a%ona*! W%#** an( /o!"!n/! . . . "+a" a+y%#/#an #n "+! %a! or %##*ar *o/a*#"y . . . %+ou*( a*y.XHERE'ORE, "+! #n%"an" !"#"#on # % DENIED an( "+! (!/#%#on o "+! Cour" o A!a*% #A''IR?ED.SO ORDERED.


36/129

A. THE HONORALE SP&RE?E COPRT ?AF HAVE INADVERTENTLF OVERLOOQED THE 'ACTIV


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A. THE HONORALE SP&RE?E COPRT ?AF HAVE INADVERTENTLF OVERLOOQED THE 'ACTTHAT THE COPRT O' A&&EALUS DECISION DATED 29 ?AF 199< HAD ALREADF ECO?E'INAL AND EECPTORF AS O' 2< JPNE 199C+a#r or R!%!aD!ar"!n" o An!%"+!%#o*o3y, Co**!3! o ?!(#/#n!>&+#*##n! G!n!ra* Ho%#"a*, Pn#$!o "+! &+#*##n!% an( Dr. Ly(#a ?. E3ay, &ro!%%or an( V#/!>C+a#r or A/a(!#/%,D!ar"!n" o An!%"+!%#o*o3y, Co**!3! o ?!(#/#n!>&+#*##n! G!n!ra* Ho%#"a*, Pn#$!o "+! &+#*##n!%.

T+! Cour" !nu!ra"!( "+! #%%u!% "o ! r!%o*$!( #n "+#% /a%! a% o**o-%)

1. HETHER OR NOT DR. ORLINO HOSAQA SPRGEON IS LIALE 'OR NEGLIGENCE

2. HETHER OR NOT DR. &ER'ECTA GPTIERRE ANESTHESIOLOGIST IS LIALE 'OR

NEGLIGENCE AND

5. HETHER OR NOT THE HOS&ITAL DELOS SANTOS ?EDICAL CENTER IS LIALE 'ORANF ACT O' NEGLIGENCE CO??ITTED F THEIR VISITING CONSPLTANT SPRGEON ANDANESTHESIOLOGIST.8

! %+a** =r%" r!%o*$! "+! #%%u! !r"a#n#n3 "o r#$a"! r!%on(!n" Dr. Gu"#!rr!. S+!a#n"a#n% "+a" "+! Cour" !rr!( #n =n(#n3 +!r n!3*#3!n" an( #n +o*(#n3 "+a" #" -a% "+! #n"ua"#on -+#/+ -a% "+! ro;#a"! /au%! o Er*#n(aU% /oa"o%! /on(#"#on. T+! o**o-oB!/"#$! a/"% a**!3!(*y n!3a"! a =n(#n3 o n!3*#3!n/! on +!r ar") 1 T+a" "+! ou"/oo "+! ro/!(ur! -a% a /oa"o%! a"#!n" an( no" a (!a( on! 2 T+a" "+! a"#!n" +a(/ar(#a/ arr!%" an( 5 T+a" "+! a"#!n" -a% r!$#$!( ro "+a" /ar(#a/ arr!%".9 In !7!/"Gu"#!rr! #n%#%"% "+a", /on"rary "o "+! =n(#n3 o "+#% Cour", "+! #n"ua"#on %+! !roron Er*#n(a -a% %u//!%%u*.

Pnor"una"!*y, Dr. Gu"#!rr!U /*a# o *a/ o n!3*#3!n/! on +!r ar" #% !*#!( y "+!r!/or(% o "+! /a%!. I" +a% !!n %u/#!n"*y !%"a*#%+!( "+a" %+! a#*!( "o !;!r/#%! "+!%"an(ar(% o /ar! #n "+! a(#n#%"ra"#on o an!%"+!%#a on a a"#!n". Dr. E3ay !n*#3+"!n!"+! Cour" on -+a" "+!%! %"an(ar(% ar!)

; ; ; +a" ar! "+! %"an(ar(% o /ar! "+a" an an!%"+!%#o*o3#%" %+ou*( (o !or! -!a(#n#%"!r an!%"+!%#aM T+! #n#"#a* %"! #% "+! r!ara"#on o "+! a"#!n" or %ur3!ry an

"+#% #% a r!>o!ra"#$! !$a*ua"#on !/au%! "+! an!%"+!%#o*o3#%" #% r!%on%#*! or(!"!r#n#n3 "+! !(#/a* %"a"u% o "+! a"#!n", (!$!*o#n3 "+! an!%"+!%#a *an an(

/on%u*"a"#on% -#"+, or r!>o!ra"#$! !$a*ua"#on o Er*#n(a -a% (on! y +!r. Pn"#* "+! ("+! o!ra"#on, r!%on(!n" Dra. Gu"#!rr! -a% una-ar! o "+! +y%#o*o3#/a* a!>u a


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3 , 3 a/ua#n"#n3 "+! a"#!n" or "+! r!%on%#*! a(u*" ar"#/u*ar*y # -! ar! r!!rr#n3 -#"+ "+!a"#!n" or "o a(u*" a"#!n" -+o ay no" +a$!, -+o ay +a$! %o! !n"a* +an(#/a% o"+! roo%!( *an%. ! (o r!>o!ra"#$! !$a*ua"#on !/au%! "+#% ro$#(!% or anoor"un#"y or u% "o !%"a*#%+ #(!n"#=/a"#on an( !r%ona* a/ua#n"an/! -#"+ "+! a"#!n". I"a*%o a!% u% +a$! an oor"un#"y "o a**!$#a"! an;#!"y, !;*a#n "!/+n#u!% an( r#%% "o"+! a"#!n", 3#$!n "+! a"#!n" "+! /+o#/! an( !%"a*#%+#n3 /on%!n" "o ro/!!( -#"+ "+!*an. An( *a%"*y, on/! "+#% +a% !!n a3r!!( uon y a** ar"#!% /on/!rn!( "+! or(!r#n3 or!>o!ra"#$! !(#/a"#on%. An( o**o-#n3 "+#% *#n! a" "+! !n( o "+! !$a*ua"#on -! u%ua**y/o! u on -r#"#n3, (o/u!n"a"#on #% $!ry #or"an" a% ar a% -+!n -! "ra#n anan!%"+!%#o*o3#%" -! a*-ay% !+a%#! "+#% !/au%! -! n!!( r!/or(% or our ro"!/"#on,-!**, r!/or(%. An( #" !n"a#*% +a$#n3 r#! %uary o a"#!n" +#%"ory an( +y%#/a* =n(#n3%

!r"#n!n" "o an!%"+!%#a, *an, or3an#! a% a ro*! *#%", "+! *an an!%"+!%#a "!/+n#u!,"+! *an o%" o!ra"#$!, a#n ana3!!n" # aror#a"!, %!/#a* #%%u!% or "+#% ar"#/u*ara"#!n". T+!r! ar! n!!(% or %!/#a* /ar! a"!r %ur3!ry an( # #" %o #" u%" ! -r#""!n (o-n"+!r! an( a r!u!%" u%" ! a(! no-n "o ro!r au"+or#"#!% "+a" %u/+ an( %u/+ /ar! #%n!/!%%ary. An( "+! r!u!%" or !(#/a* !$a*ua"#on # "+!r! #% an #n(#/a"#on. +!n -! a%or a /ar(#o>u*onary /*!aran/! #" #% no" #n a/" "o "!** "+! # "+#% a"#!n" #% 3o#n3 "o !=" or an!%"+!%#a, "+! (!/#%#on "o 3#$! an!%"+!%#a r!%"% on "+! an!%"+!%#o*o3#%". +a" -!a% "+! #% a/"ua**y "o 3#$! u% "+! un/"#ona* /aa/#"y o /!r"a#n %y%"!% -+#/+ ay!a7!/"!( y "+! an!%"+!"#/ a3!n" or "+! "!/+n#u! "+a" -! ar! 3o#n3 "o u%!. u" "+!ur(!n o r!%on%##*#"y #n "!r% o %!*!/"#on o a3!n" an( +o- "o a(#n#%"!r #" r!%" on "+!an!%"+!%#o*o3#%".10

T+! /on(u/" o a r!an!%"+!"#/r!o!ra"#$! !$a*ua"#on r#or "o an o!ra"#on, -+!"+!r!*!/"#$! or !!r3!n/y, /anno" ! (#%!n%!( -#"+.11 Su/+ !$a*ua"#on #% n!/!%%ary or "+!oru*a"#on o a *an o an!%"+!%#a /ar! %u#"!( "o "+! n!!(% o "+! a"#!n" /on/!rn!(.

&r!>!$a*ua"#on or an!%"+!%#a #n$o*$!% "a#n3 "+! a"#!n"U% !(#/a* +#%"ory, r!$#!-#n3 +#%/urr!n" (ru3 "+!ray, /on(u/"#n3 +y%#/a* !;a#na"#on, #n"!rr!"#n3 *aora"ory (a"a, an((!"!r#n#n3 "+! aror#a"! r!%/r#"#on o r!o!ra"#$! !(#/a"#on% a% n!/!%%ary "o "+!/on(u/" o an!%"+!%#a.12

&+y%#/a* !;a#na"#on o "+! a"#!n" !n"a#*% no" on*y !$a*ua"#n3 "+! a"#!n"U% /!n"ra*n!r$ou% %y%"!, /ar(#o$a%/u*ar %y%"! an( *un3% u" a*%o "+! u!r a#r-ay. E;a#na"#ono "+! u!r a#r-ay -ou*( #n "urn #n/*u(! an ana*y%#% o "+! a"#!n"U% /!r$#/a* %#n!o#*#"y, "!oroan(#u*ar o#*#"y, ro#n!n" /!n"ra* #n/#%or%, (!/!a%!( or ar"#=/#a*"!!"+, a#*#"y "o $#%ua*#! u$u*a an( "+! "+yro!n"a* (#%"an/!.15

Non!"+!*!%%, Dr. Gu"#!rr! o#""!( "o !ror a "+orou3+ r!o!ra"#$! !$a*ua"#on onEr*#n(a. A% %+! +!r%!* a(#""!(, %+! %a- Er*#n(a or "+! =r%" "#! on "+! (ay o "+!o!ra"#on #"%!*, on! +our !or! "+! %/+!(u*!( o!ra"#on. S+! au%/u*"a"!(14 "+! a"#!n"U%+!ar" an( *un3% an( /+!/!( "+! *a""!rU% *oo( r!%%ur! "o (!"!r#n! # Er*#n(a -a%

#n(!!( =" or o!ra"#on.1< Ho-!$!r, %+! (#( no" ro/!!( "o !;a#n! "+! a"#!n"U% a#r-ay.Ha( %+! !!n a*! "o /+!/ !"#"#on!r Er*#n(aU% a#r-ay r#or "o "+! o!ra"#on, Dr. Gu"#!rr!-ou*( o%" roa*y no" +a$! !;!r#!n/!( (#/u*"y #n #n"ua"#n3 "+! or!r, an( "+u%"+! r!%u*"an" #nBury /ou*( +a$! !!n a$o#(!(. A% -! +a$! %"a"!( #n our D!/#%#on)

In "+! /a%! a" ar, r!%on(!n" Dra. Gu"#!rr! a(#""!( "+a" %+! %a- Er*#n(a or "+! =r%""#! on "+! (ay o "+! o!ra"#on #"%!*, on 1 Jun! 198o*( H#o/ra"#/ Oa"+. H!r a#*ur! "o o*"+#% !(#/a* ro/!(ur! #%, "+!r!or!, a /*!ar #n(#/#a o +!r n!3*#3!n/!.16

'ur"+!r, "+!r! #% no /o3!n" r!a%on or "+! Cour" "o r!$!r%! #"% =n(#n3 "+a" #" -a% "+! a#n"ua"#on on Er*#n(a "+a" /au%!( +!r /oa"o%! /on(#"#on. T+!r! #% no u!%"#on "+a"Er*#n(a !/a! /oa"o%! a"!r Dr. Gu"#!rr! !ror!( a !(#/a* ro/!(ur! on +!r. E

"+! /oun%!* o Dr. Gu"#!rr! a(#""!( "o "+#% a/" (ur#n3 "+! ora* ar3u!n"%)

CHIE' JPSTICE)

?r. Coun%!*, you %"ar"!( your ar3u!n" %ay#n3 "+a" "+#% #n$o*$!% a /oa"o%! a"#!n"M

ATTF. GANA)

F!%, Four Honor.

CHIE' JPSTICE)

Ho- (o you !an y "+a", a /oa"o%!, a /oa"o%! a"!r any o"+!r a/"% -!r! (on! yGu"#!rr! or /oa"o%! !or! any a/" -a% (on! y +!rM

ATTF. GANA)

No, -! !an" /oa"o%! a% a =na* ou"/o! o "+! ro/!(ur!.

CHIE' JPSTICE)

?!an#n3 "o %ay, "+! a"#!n" !/a! /oa"o%! a"!r %o! #n"!r$!n"#on, ro!%%#ona* a+a$! !!n (on! y Dr. Gu"#!rr!M

ATTF. GANA)

F!%, Four Honor.

CHIE' JPSTICE)

In o"+!r -or(%, "+! /oa"o%! %"a"u% -a% a /on%!u!n/! o %o! a/"% !ror!( y D

Gu"#!rr!MATTF. GANA)

I" -a% a /on%!u!n/! o "+! -!**, #n"!rru"!(

CHIE' JPSTICE)

An a/"% !ror!( y +!r, #% "+a" no" /orr!/"M%o! o "+! or! /oon a//oany#n3 %#3n% o an a**!r3#/ r!a/"#on Y a!ar% onr!/or(. No *aora"ory (a"a -!r! !$!r r!%!n"!( "o "+! /our".K21


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ATTF. GANA)

F!%, Four Honor.

CHIE' JPSTICE)

T+an you.1

+a" #% *!" "o ! (!"!r#n!( "+!r!or! #% -+!"+!r Er*#n(aU% +a*!%% /on(#"#on -a% (u! "oany au*" or n!3*#3!n/! on "+! ar" o Dr. Gu"#!rr! -+#*! %+! Er*#n(a -a% un(!r "+!

*a""!rU% /ar!. Dr. Gu"#!rr! a#n"a#n% "+a" "+! ron/+o%a% an( /ar(#a/ arr!%" r!%u*"#n3 #n"+! a"#!n"U% /oa"o%! /on(#"#on -a% rou3+" aou" y "+! ana+y*a/"#/ r!a/"#on o "+!a"#!n" "o T+#o!n"a* So(#u !n"o"+a*.18 In "+! D!/#%#on, -! !;*a#n!( -+y -! oun(Dr. Gu"#!rr!U "+!ory una//!"a*!. In "+! =r%" *a/!, Dr. E(uar(o Jaora, "+! -#"n!%% -+o-a% r!%!n"!( "o %uor" +!r Dr. Gu"#!rr! "+!ory, -a% a u*ono*o3#%". T+u%, +! /ou*(no" ! /on%#(!r!( an au"+or#"y on an!%"+!%#a ra/"#/! an( ro/!(ur! an( "+!#r/o*#/a"#on%.19

S!/on(*y, "+!r! -a% no !$#(!n/! on r!/or( "o %uor" "+! "+!ory "+a" Er*#n(a (!$!*o!(an a**!r3#/ r!a/"#on "o !n"o"+a*. Dr. Caa3ay !n*#3+"!n!( "+! Cour" a% "o "+!an#!%"a"#on% o an a**!r3#/ r!a/"#on #n "+#% -#%!)

DR. CA?AGAF)

A** r#3+", *!" u% ua*#y an a**!r3#/ r!a/"#on. In !(#/a* "!r#no*o3y an a**!r3#/ r!a/"#on #%%o!"+#n3 -+#/+ #% no" u%ua* r!%on%! an( #" #% ur"+!r ua*#=!( y "+! r!*!a%! o a

+oron! /a**!( +#%"a#n! an( +#%"a#n! +a% an !7!/" on a** "+! or3an% o "+! o(y3!n!ra**y r!*!a%! !/au%! "+! %u%"an/! "+a" !n"!r!( "+! o(y r!a/"% -#"+ "+! ar"#/u*ar/!**, "+! a%% /!**, an( "+! a%% /!** %!/r!"!% "+#% +#%"a#n!. In a -ay #" #% %o! or or!%on%! "o "a! a-ay "+a" -+#/+ #% no" #n!, -+#/+ #% no" ar" o "+! o(y. So, +#%"a#n!+a% u*"#*! !7!/"% on "+! o(y. So, on! o "+! !7!/"% a% you -#** %!! you -#** +a$!r!(n!%%, # you +a$! an a**!r3y you -#** +a$! "!ar#n3 o "+! !y!%, you -#** +a$! %-!**#n3,$!ry /ru/#a* %-!**#n3 %o!"#!% o "+! *aryn3!% -+#/+ #% your $o#/! o; a#n a#r-ay, "+a"%-!**#n3 ay ! !nou3+ "o o%"ru/" "+! !n"ry o a#r "o "+! "ra/+!a an( you /ou*( a*%o+a$! /on"ra/"#on, /on%"r#/"#on o "+! %a**!r a#r-ay% !yon( "+! "ra/+!a, you %!! you+a$! "+! "ra/+!a "+#% -ay, -! rou3+" %o! $#%ua* a#(% u" unor"una"!*y -! (o no" +a$!a roB!/"or. An( "+!n you +a$! "+! %a**!r a#r-ay%, "+! ron/+# an( "+!n !$!n"ua**y #n"o"+! a%% o "+! *un3% you +a$! "+! ron/+u%. T+! (#7!r!n/! #% "+a" "+!%! "u!% +a$! a*%o#n "+!#r -a**% u%/*!% an( "+#% ar"#/u*ar #n( o u%/*!% #% %oo"+ u%/*! %o, -+!n+#%"a#n! #% r!*!a%!( "+!y /*o%! u *#! "+#% an( "+a" +!no!non #% no-n a% ron/o%a%. Ho-!$!r, "+! !7!/"% o +#%"a#n! a*%o on *oo( $!%%!*% ar! (#7!r!n". T+!y (#*a"!

*oo( $!%%!* o!n u an( "+! a"#!n" or -+o!$!r +a% "+#% +#%"a#n! r!*!a%! +a%+y!r"!n%#on or *o- *oo( r!%%ur! "o a o#n" "+a" "+! a"#!n" ay +a$! (!/r!a%! *oo(%u*y "o "+! ra#n an( ay /o**a%! %o, you ay +a$! !o*! -+o +a$! "+#%.20

T+!%! %y"o% o an a**!r3#/ r!a/"#on -!r! no" %+o-n "o +a$! !!n !;"an" #n Er*#n(aU%/a%!. A% -! +!*( #n our D!/#%#on, Kno !$#(!n/! o %"r#(or, %#n r!a/"#on%, or -+!!#n3 Y

Dr. Gu"#!rr!, +o-!$!r, #n%#%"% "+a" %+! %u//!%%u**y #n"ua"!( Er*#n(a a% !$#(!n/!( ya/" "+a" %+! -a% r!$#$!( a"!r %u7!r#n3 ro /ar(#a/ arr!%". Dr. Gu"#!rr! au*"% "+! Cor 3#$#n3 /r!(!n/! "o "+! "!%"#ony o Cru on "+! a""!r o "+! a(#n#%"ra"#on oan!%"+!%#a -+!n %+! Cru, !#n3 a nur%!, -a% a**!3!(*y no" ua*#=!( "o "!%"#y "+!r!Ra"+!r, Dr. Gu"#!rr! #n$#"!% "+! Cour"U% a""!n"#on "o +!r %yno%#% on -+a" "ran%#r!((ur#n3 Er*#n(aU% #n"ua"#on)

12)1< .. &a"#!n" -a% #n(u/"!( -#"+ %o(#u !n"o"+a* 2.


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An( "+a" "+! 12)2< #% a"!r "+! 12)20MA ! /anno" #n"!rru"!( H + B " " # " *# +" I B " #

/oon no-*!(3! an( o%!r$a"#on, "+a" "+! /on%!u!n/!% o ro!%%#ona* "r!a"!n-!r! no" a% %u/+ a% -ou*( or(#nar#*y +a$! o**o-!( # (u! /ar! +a( !!n !;!r/#%!(.K29C #( # "+ *# "# "+ ( " # # * #" "+ " "# C


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Hu-a3 +o ayon3 au-an, -! ar! Bu%" "ry#n3 "o !n*#3+"!n, I a Bu%" 3o#n3 o$!r"+! r!/or( ano, un3 a*# #"o u-an !+ (# ano. So, 3anoon o ano, "+a" #" %!!% "o !"+a" "+!r! #% no r!/or(#n3 ro 12)20 "o 12)50, %o, I a Bu%" -on(!r#n3 -+y "+!r! -!r! nor!/or(#n3% (ur#n3 "+! !r#o( an( "+!n o /our%! "+! %!/on( /yano%#%, a"!r "+! =r%"/yano%#%. I "+#n "+a" -a% "+! "#! Dr. Ho%aa /a! #nMA No, "+! =r%" /yano%#% #n"!rru"!(.25

! /anno" "+u% 3#$! u** /r!(!n/! "o Dr. Gu"#!rr!U %yno%#% #n *#3+" o +!r a(#%%#on "+a"#" (o!% no" u**y r!!/" "+! !$!n"% "+a" "ran%#r!( (ur#n3 "+! a(#n#%"ra"#on o an!%"+!%#aon Er*#n(a. A% o#n"!( ou" y Dr. E%"r!**a, "+!r! -a% a "!n>#nu"! 3a #n Dr. Gu"#!rr!U%yno%#%, #.!., "+! $#"a* %#3n% o Er*#n(a -!r! no" r!/or(!( (ur#n3 "+a" "#!. T+! a%!n/! o

"+!%! (a"a #% ar"#/u*ar*y %#3n#=/an" !/au%!, a% oun( y "+! "r#a* /our", #" -a% "+!a%!n/! o o;y3!n %u*y or our 4 "o =$! o>"+!>S+# (o/"r#n!.50 Dr. Ho%aa ar3u!% "+a" "+! "r#n Pn#"!( S"a"!% Bur#%ru(!n/! +a% !!n "o r!B!/" %a#( (o/"r#n! #n *#3+" o "+!(!$!*o!n"% #n !(#/a* ra/"#/!. H! o#n"% ou" "+a" an!%"+!%#o*o3y an( %ur3!ry ar! (#%"#n/" an( %!/#a*#!( =!*(% #n !(#/#n! an( a% a %ur3!on, +! #% no" (!!!( "o +a$!/on"ro* o$!r "+! a/"% o Dr. Gu"#!rr!. A% an!%"+!%#o*o3#%", Dr. Gu"#!rr! #% a %!/#a*#%" +!r =!*( an( +a% a/u#r!( %#**% an( no-*!(3! #n "+! /our%! o +!r "ra#n#n3 -+#/+ Dr.Ho%aa, a% a %ur3!on, (o!% no" o%%!%%.51 H! %"a"!% ur"+!r "+a" /urr!n" A!r#/an

Bur#%ru(!n/! on "+! a""!r r!/o3n#!% "+a" "+! "r!n( "o-ar(% %!/#a*#a"#on #n !(#/+a% /r!a"!( %#"ua"#on% -+!r! %ur3!on% (o no" a*-ay% +a$! "+! r#3+" "o /on"ro* a**!r%onn!* -#"+#n "+! o!ra"#n3 roo,52 !%!/#a**y a !**o- %!/#a*#%".55

Dr. Ho%aa /#"!% "+! /a%! o T+oa% $. Ra*!#3+ G!n!ra* Ho%#"a*,54 -+#/+ #n$o*$!( a %=*!( y a a"#!n" -+o *o%" +#% $o#/! (u! "o "+! -ron3u* #n%!r"#on o "+! !n(o"ra/+!a* r!ara"ory "o "+! a(#n#%"ra"#on o an!%"+!%#a #n /onn!/"#on -#"+ "+! *aaro"oy "o /on(u/"!( on +#. T+! a"#!n" %u!( o"+ "+! an!%"+!%#o*o3#%" an( "+! %ur3!on or "+!#nBury %u7!r!( y +#. T+! Sur!! Cour" o A!a*% o !%" V#r3#n#a +!*( "+a" "+!%ur3!on /ou*( no" ! +!*( *#a*! or "+! *o%% o "+! a"#!n"U% $o#/!, /on%#(!r#n3 "+a" "+%ur3!on (#( no" +a$! a +an( #n "+! #n"ua"#on o "+! a"#!n". T+! /our" r!B!/"!( "+!a*#/a"#on o "+! KCa"a#n>o>"+!>S+# Do/"r#n!,K /#"#n3 "+! a/" "+a" "+! =!*( o !(#/+a% !/o! %!/#a*#!( %u/+ "+a" %ur3!on% /an no *on3!r ! (!!!( a% +a$#n3 /on"ro$!r "+! o"+!r !r%onn!* #n "+! o!ra"#n3 roo. I" +!*( "+a" Kan a%%#3n!n" o *#a#*#a%!( on a/"ua* /on"ro* or! r!a*#%"#/a**y r!!/"% "+! a/"ua* r!*a"#on%+# -+#/+ !;#%"% o(!rn o!ra"#n3 roo.K5< H!n/!, on*y "+! an!%"+!%#o*o3#%" -+o #n%!r"!( "+!

!n(o"ra/+!a* "u! #n"o "+! a"#!n"U% "+roa" -a% +!*( *#a*! or "+! #nBury %u7!r!( y "+*a""!r.

T+#% /on"!n"#on a#*% "o !r%ua(!.

T+a" "+!r! #% a "r!n( #n A!r#/an Bur#%ru(!n/! "o (o a-ay -#"+ "+! Ca"a#n>o>"+!>S+(o/"r#n! (o!% no" !an "+a" "+#% Cour" -#** #%o a/"o o**o- %a#( "r!n(. Du! r!3ar( or!/u*#ar a/"ua* /#r/u%"an/!% o"a#n#n3 #n "+#% /a%! Bu%"#y "+! a*#/a"#on o "+! Cao>"+!>S+# (o/"r#n!. 'ro "+! a/"% on r!/or( #" /an ! *o3#/a**y #n!rr!( "+a" Dr. Ho%a!;!r/#%!( a /!r"a#n (!3r!! o, a" "+! $!ry *!a%", %u!r$#%#on o$!r "+! ro/!(ur! "+!n !ror!( on Er*#n(a.

'#r%", #" -a% Dr. Ho%aa -+o r!/o!n(!( "o !"#"#on!r% "+! %!r$#/!% o Dr. Gu"#!rr!. !7!/", +! r!r!%!n"!( "o !"#"#on!r% "+a" Dr. Gu"#!rr! o%%!%%!( "+! n!/!%%ary/o!"!n/! an( %#**%. Dr%. Ho%aa an( Gu"#!rr! +a( -or!( "o3!"+!r %#n/! 19.+!n!$!r Dr. Ho%aa !ror!( a %ur3!ry, +! -ou*( a*-ay% !n3a3! "+! %!r$#/!% o DGu"#!rr! "o a(#n#%"!r "+! an!%"+!%#a on +#% a"#!n".56

S!/on(, Dr. Ho%aa +#%!* a(#""!( "+a" +! -a% "+! a""!n(#n3 +y%#/#an o Er*#n(a. T-+!n Er*#n(a %+o-!( %#3n% o /yano%#%, #" -a% Dr. Ho%aa -+o 3a$! #n%"ru/"#on% "o /aano"+!r an!%"+!%#o*o3#%" an( /ar(#o*o3#%" "o +!* r!%u%/#"a"! Er*#n(a.5

T+#r(, #" #% /on/!(!( "+a" #n !ror#n3 "+!#r r!%on%##*#"#!% "o "+! a"#!n", Dr%. Ho%aaan( Gu"#!rr! -or!( a% a "!a. T+!#r -or /anno" ! *a/!( #n %!ara"! -a"!r"#3+"/oar"!n"% !/au%! "+!#r (u"#!% #n"!r%!/" -#"+ !a/+ o"+!r 58

-#** no" ! #n /on"ro* o +#% o(y "+!r! /ou*( ! a($!r%! r!%u*"% "o %ur3!ry an( +! -#** o!n!( u a n#! #% 3o#n3 "o o!n u +#% o(y. ; ; ;42


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/oar"!n"% !/au%! "+!#r (u"#!% #n"!r%!/" -#"+ !a/+ o"+!r.58

+#*! "+! ro!%%#ona* %!r$#/!% o Dr. Ho%aa an( Dr. Gu"#!rr! -!r! %!/ur!( r#ar#*y or"+!#r !roran/! o a/"% -#"+#n "+!#r r!%!/"#$! =!*(% o !;!r"#%! or "+! "r!a"!n" o!"#"#on!r Er*#n(a, an( "+a" on! (o!% no" !;!r/#%! /on"ro* o$!r "+! o"+!r, "+!y -!r!/!r"a#n*y no" /o*!"!*y #n(!!n(!n" o !a/+ o"+!r %o a% "o a%o*$! on! ro "+!n!3*#3!n" a/"% o "+! o"+!r +y%#/#an.

T+a" "+!y -!r! -or#n3 a% a !(#/a* "!a #% !$#(!n" ro "+! a/" "+a" Dr. Ho%aa -a%!!#n3 an !y! on "+! #n"ua"#on o "+! a"#!n" y Dr. Gu"#!rr!, an( -+#*! (o#n3 %o, +!o%!r$!( "+a" "+! a"#!n"U% na#*% +a( !/o! (u%y an( +a( "o /a** Dr. Gu"#!rr!U%

a""!n"#on "+!r!"o. T+! Cour" a*%o no"!% "+a" "+! /oun%!* or Dr. Ho%aa a(#""!( "+a" #nra/"#/!, "+! an!%"+!%#o*o3#%" -ou*( a*%o +a$! "o o%!r$! "+! %ur3!onU% a/"% (ur#n3 "+!%ur3#/a* ro/!%% an( /a**% "+! a""!n"#on o "+! %ur3!on -+!n!$!r n!/!%%ary59 #n "+!/our%! o "+! "r!a"!n". T+! (u"#!% o Dr. Ho%aa an( "+o%! o Dr. Gu"#!rr! #n "+!"r!a"!n" o !"#"#on!r Er*#n(a ar! "+!r!or! no" a% /*!ar>/u" a% r!%on(!n"% /*a# "+! "o!. On "+! /on"rary, #" #% u#"! aar!n" "+a" "+!y +a$! a /oon r!%on%##*#"y "o "r!a""+! a"#!n", -+#/+ r!%on%##*#"y n!/!%%#"a"!% "+a" "+!y /a** !a/+ o"+!rU% a""!n"#on "o "+!/on(#"#on o "+! a"#!n" -+#*! "+! o"+!r +y%#/#an #% !ror#n3 "+! n!/!%%ary !(#/a*ro/!(ur!%.

I" #% !ua**y #or"an" "o o#n" ou" "+a" Dr. Ho%aa -a% r!#%% #n +#% (u"y o a""!n(#n3 "o!"#"#on!r Er*#n(a ro"*y, or +! arr#$!( or! "+an "+r!! 5 +our% *a"! or "+! %/+!(u*!(o!ra"#on. T+! /+o*!/y%"!/"oy -a% %!" or Jun! 1, 198< a" 9)00 a.., u" +! arr#$!( a"DLS?C on*y a" aroun( 12)10 .. In r!/*!%% (#%r!3ar( or +#% a"#!n"U% -!** !#n3, Dr.Ho%aa %/+!(u*!( "-o ro/!(ur!% on "+! %a! (ay, Bu%" "+#r"y #nu"!% aar" ro !a/+o"+!r, a" (#7!r!n" +o%#"a*%. T+u%, -+!n "+! =r%" ro/!(ur! ro"o%/oy a" "+! S"a.

T!r!%#"a Ho%#"a* (#( no" ro/!!( on "#!, Er*#n(a -a% !" #n a %"a"! o un/!r"a#n"y a" "+!DLS?C.

T+! unr!a%ona*! (!*ay #n !"#"#on!r Er*#n(aU% %/+!(u*!( o!ra"#on %uB!/"!( +!r "o/on"#nu!( %"ar$a"#on an( /on%!u!n"*y, "o "+! r#% o a/#(o%#%,40 or "+! /on(#"#on o(!/r!a%!( a*a*#n#"y o "+! *oo( an( "#%%u!%, ar!( y %#/*y %-!!" r!a"+, +!a(a/+!,nau%!a an( $o#"#n3, an( $#%ua* (#%"uran/!%.41 T+! *on3 !r#o( "+a" Dr. Ho%aa a(!Er*#n(a -a#" or +# /!r"a#n*y a33ra$a"!( "+! an;#!"y "+a" %+! u%" +a$! !!n !!*#n3 a""+! "#!. I" /ou*( ! %a!*y %a#( "+a" +!r an;#!"y a($!r%!*y a7!/"!( "+! a(#n#%"ra"#on oan!%"+!%#a on +!r. A% !;*a#n!( y Dr. Caa3ay, "+! a"#!n"U% an;#!"y u%ua**y /au%!% "+!ou"our#n3 o a(r!na*#n! -+#/+ #n "urn r!%u*"% #n +#3+ *oo( r!%%ur! or (#%"uran/!% #n"+! +!ar" r+y"+)

DR. CA?AGAF)

; ; ; &r!>o!ra"#$! !(#/a"#on +a% "+r!! a#n un/"#on%) On! #% "o a**!$#a"! an;#!"y.S!/on( #% "o (ry u "+! %!/r!"#on% an( T+#r( #% "o r!*#!$! a#n. No-, #" #% $!ry #or"an" "oa**!$#a"! an;#!"y !/au%! an;#!"y #% a%%o/#a"!( -#"+ "+! ou"our#n3 o /!r"a#n %u%"an/!%or!( #n "+! o(y /a**!( a(r!na*#n. +!n a a"#!n" #% an;#ou% "+!r! #% an ou"our#n3 oa(r!na*#n -+#/+ -ou*( +a$! a($!r%! !7!/" on "+! a"#!n". On! o #" #% +#3+ *oo( r!%%ur!,"+! o"+!r #% "+a" +! o!n% +#%!* "o (#%"uran/!% #n "+! +!ar" r+y"+, -+#/+ -ou*( +a$!a($!r%! #*#/a"#on%. So, -! -ou*( *#! "o a**!$#a"! a"#!n"U% an;#!"y a#n*y !/au%! +!

Dr. Ho%aa /anno" no- /*a# "+a" +! -a% !n"#r!*y *a!*!%% o -+a" +a!n!( "o Er*#nH#% /on(u/" /*!ar*y /on%"#"u"!( a r!a/+ o +#% ro!%%#ona* (u"#!% "o Er*#n(a)

CHIE' JPSTICE)

T-o o"+!r o#n"%. T+! =r%", Do/"or, you -!r! "a*#n3 aou" an;#!"y, -ou*( you /on%#(!a"#!n":% %"ay on "+! o!ra"#n3 "a*! or "+r!! +our% %u/#!n" !nou3+ "o a33ra$a"! ora3n#y +#% or +!r an;#!"yM

DR. CA?AGAF)

F!%.

CHIE' JPSTICE)

In o"+!r -or(%, I un(!r%"an( "+a" #n "+#% ar"#/u*ar /a%! "+a" -a% "+! /a%!, "+r!! +our%-a#"#n3 an( "+! a"#!n" -a% a*r!a(y on "+! o!ra"#n3 "a*! #n"!rru"!(

DR. CA?AGAF)

F!%.

CHIE' JPSTICE)

ou*( you "+!r!or! /on/*u(! "+a" "+! %ur3!on /on"r#u"!( "o "+! a33ra$a"#on o "+!an;#!"y o "+! a"#!n"M

DR. CA?AGAF)

T+a" "+#% o!ra"#on (#( no" "a! *a/! a% %/+!(u*!( #% a*r!a(y a %our/! o an;#!"y an(o%" o!ra"#n3 "a*!% ar! $!ry narro- an( "+a" a"#!n"% ar! u%ua**y a" r#% o a**#n3 o"+! oor %o "+!r! ar! r!%"ra#n"% "+a" ar! *a/!( on "+! an( "+!y ar! n!$!r, n!$!r *!a*on! #n "+! o!ra"#n3 roo y "+!%!*$!% %!/#a**y # "+!y ar! a*r!a(y r!>!(#/a"!(!/au%! "+!y ay no" ! a-ar! o %o! o "+!#r o$!!n" "+a" "+!y a! -+#/+ -o/on"r#u"! "o "+!#r #nBury.

CHIE' JPSTICE)

In o"+!r -or(% (u! (#*#3!n/! -ou*( r!u#r! a %ur3!on "o /o! on "#!M

DR. CA?AGAF)

I "+#n #" #% no" !$!n (u! (#*#3!n/! #" #% /our"!%y.

CHIE' JPSTICE)

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DR. CA?AGAF)

An( /ar!

r!%/r#!( y "+! (o/"or, "+! !u#!n" an( a/#*#"#!% n!/!%%ary or "+! "r!a"!n" o a"#!n", a% -!** a% "+! %!r$#/!% o "+! +o%#"a* %"a7 -+o !ror "+! #n#%"!r#a* "a%% !n%ur#n3 "+a" "+! (o/"orU% or(!r% ar! /arr#!( ou" %"r#/"*y


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An( /ar!.

CHIE' JPSTICE)

Du"y a% a a""!r o a/"M

DR. CA?AGAF)

F!%, Four Honor.45

Dr. Ho%aa:% #rr!%on%#*! /on(u/" o arr#$#n3 $!ry *a"! or "+! %/+!(u*!( o!ra"#on o

!"#"#on!r Er*#n(a #% $#o*a"#$!, no" on*y o +#% (u"y a% a +y%#/#an K"o %!r$! "+! #n"!r!%" o+#% a"#!n"% -#"+ "+! 3r!a"!%" %o*#/#"u(!, 3#$#n3 "+! a*-ay% +#% !%" "a*!n" an( %#**,K44u" a*%o o Ar"#/*! 19 o "+! C#$#* Co(! -+#/+ r!u#r!% a !r%on, #n "+! !roran/! o +#%(u"#!%, "o a/" -#"+ Bu%"#/! an( 3#$! !$!ryon! +#% (u!.

An!n" r#$a"! r!%on(!n" DLS?CU% *#a#*#"y or "+! r!%u*"#n3 #nBury "o !"#"#on!r Er*#n(a, -!+!*( "+a" r!%on(!n" +o%#"a* #% %o*#(ar#*y *#a*! -#"+ r!%on(!n" (o/"or% "+!r!or un(!rAr"#/*! 2180 o "+! C#$#* Co(!4< %#n/! "+!r! !;#%"% an !*oy!r>!*oy!! r!*a"#on%+#!"-!!n r#$a"! r!%on(!n" DLS?C an( Dr%. Gu"#!rr! an( Ho%aa)

In o"+!r -or(%, r#$a"! +o%#"a*%, +#r!, =r! an( !;!r/#%! r!a* /on"ro* o$!r "+!#r a""!n(#n3an( $#%#"#n3 K/on%u*"an"K %"a7. +#*! K/on%u*"an"%K ar! no", "!/+n#/a**y !*oy!!%, ; ; ;"+! /on"ro* !;!r/#%!(, "+! +#r#n3 an( "+! r#3+" "o "!r#na"! /on%u*"an"% a** u*=** "+!#or"an" +a**ar% o an !*oy!r>!*oy!! r!*a"#on%+#, -#"+ "+! !;/!"#on o "+!ay!n" o -a3!%. In a%%!%%#n3 -+!"+!r %u/+ a r!*a"#on%+# #n a/" !;#%"%, "+! /on"ro* "!%"#% (!"!r#n#n3. ; ; ;46

DLS?C +o-!$!r /on"!n(% "+a" a*y#n3 "+! our>o*( "!%" #n (!"!r#n#n3 -+!"+!r %u/+ ar!*a"#on%+# !;#%"% !"-!!n #" an( "+! r!%on(!n" (o/"or%, "+! #n!%/aa*! /on/*u%#on #%"+a" DLS?C /anno" ! /on%#(!r!( an !*oy!r o "+! r!%on(!n" (o/"or%.

I" +a% !!n /on%#%"!n"*y +!*( "+a" #n (!"!r#n#n3 -+!"+!r an !*oy!r>!*oy!!r!*a"#on%+# !;#%"% !"-!!n "+! ar"#!%, "+! o**o-#n3 !*!!n"% u%" ! r!%!n") 1%!*!/"#on an( !n3a3!!n" o %!r$#/!% 2 ay!n" o -a3!% 5 "+! o-!r "o +#r! an(=r! an( 4 "+! o-!r "o /on"ro* no" on*y "+! !n( "o ! a/+#!$!(, u" "+! !an% "o !u%!( #n r!a/+#n3 %u/+ an !n(.4

DLS?C a#n"a#n% "+a" =r%", a +o%#"a* (o!% no" +#r! or !n3a3! "+! %!r$#/!% o a/on%u*"an", u" ra"+!r, a//r!(#"% "+! *a""!r an( 3ran"% +# or +!r "+! r#$#*!3! oa#n"a#n#n3 a /*#n#/ an(or a(#""#n3 a"#!n"% #n "+! +o%#"a* uon a %+o-#n3 y "+!/on%u*"an" "+a" +! or %+! o%%!%%!% "+! n!/!%%ary ua*#=/a"#on%, %u/+ a% a//r!(#"a"#on y"+! aror#a"! oar( (#*oa"!, !$#(!n/! o !**o-%+# an( r!!r!n/!%.48 S!/on(, #" #%no" "+! +o%#"a* u" "+! a"#!n" -+o ay% "+! /on%u*"an"U% !! or %!r$#/!% r!n(!r!( y "+!*a""!r.49 T+#r(, a +o%#"a* (o!% no" (#%#%% a /on%u*"an" #n%"!a(, "+! *a""!r ay *o%! +#% or+!r a//r!(#"a"#on or r#$#*!3!% 3ran"!( y "+! +o%#"a*.o/#o !!r o %a#( /o#""!!.

N!#"+!r #% "+!r! any %+o-#n3 "+a" #" #% DLS?C -+#/+ ay% any o #"% /on%u*"an"% or!(#/a* %!r$#/!% r!n(!r!( y "+! *a""!r "o "+!#r r!%!/"#$! a"#!n"%. ?or!o$!r, "+!/on"ra/" !"-!!n "+! /on%u*"an" #n r!%on(!n" +o%#"a* an( +#% a"#!n" #% %!ara"! an(#%"#n/" ro "+! /on"ra/" !"-!!n r!%on(!n" +o%#"a* an( %a#( a"#!n". T+! =r%" +a%#"% oB!/" "+! r!n(#"#on o !(#/a* %!r$#/!% y "+! /on%u*"an" "o "+! a"#!n", -+#*! "+!%!/on( /on/!rn% "+! ro$#%#on y "+! +o%#"a* o a/#*#"#!% an( %!r$#/!% y #"% %"a7 %u/

nur%!% an( *aora"ory !r%onn!* n!/!%%ary or "+! ro!r "r!a"!n" o "+! a"#!n".

'ur"+!r, no !$#(!n/! -a% a((u/!( "o %+o- "+a" "+! #nBury %u7!r!( y !"#"#on!r Er*#n(-a% (u! "o a a#*ur! on "+! ar" o r!%on(!n" DLS?C "o ro$#(! or +o%#"a* a/#*#"#!% %"a7 n!/!%%ary or +!r "r!a"!n".

'or "+!%! r!a%on%, -! r!$!r%! "+! =n(#n3 o *#a#*#"y on "+! ar" o DLS?C or "+! #nBur%u7!r!( y !"#"#on!r Er*#n(a.

'#na**y, "+! Cour" a*%o (!!% #" n!/!%%ary "o o(#y "+! a-ar( o (aa3!% "o !"#"#on#n $#!- o "+! %u!r$!n#n3 !$!n" o !"#"#on!r Er*#n(aU% (!a"+. In "+! a%%a#*!( D!/#%#onCour" a-ar(!( a/"ua* (aa3!% o On! ?#**#on T+r!! Hun(r!( '#"y T-o T+ou%an( &!%o&1,5


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/on"#nu#n3 an( o%%#*! u"ur! /o*#/a"#on% (#r!/"*y ar#%#n3 ro "+! #nBury, -+#*! /!r"a#n"o o//ur, ar! (#/u*" "o r!(#/".

In "+!%! /a%!%, "+! aoun" o (aa3!% -+#/+ %+ou*( ! a-ar(!(, # "+!y ar! "oa(!ua"!*y an( /orr!/"*y r!%on( "o "+! #nBury /au%!(, %+ou*( ! on! -+#/+ /o!n%a"!%or !/un#ary *o%% #n/urr!( an( ro$!(, u "o "+! "#! o "r#a* an( on! -+#/+ -ou*( !!"!/un#ary *o%% /!r"a#n "o ! %u7!r!( u" -+#/+ /ou*( no", ro "+! na"ur! o "+! /a%!, !a(! -#"+ /!r"a#n"y. In o"+!r -or(%, "!!ra"! (aa3!% /an an( %+ou*( ! a-ar(!( on"o o a/"ua* or /o!n%a"ory (aa3!% #n #n%"an/!% -+!r! "+! #nBury #% /+ron#/ an(/on"#nu#n3. An( !/au%! o "+! un#u! na"ur! o %u/+ /a%!%, no #n/oa"##*#"y ar#%!%-+!n o"+ a/"ua* an( "!!ra"! (aa3!% ar! ro$#(!( or. T+! r!a%on #% "+a" "+!%!

(aa3!% /o$!r "-o (#%"#n/" +a%!%.A% #" -ou*( no" ! !u#"a*!an( /!r"a#n*y no" #n "+! !%" #n"!r!%"% o "+! a(#n#%"ra"#ono Bu%"#/!or "+! $#/"# #n %u/+ /a%!% "o /on%"an"*y /o! !or! "+! /our"% an( #n$o!"+!#r a#( #n %!!#n3 a(Bu%"!n"% "o "+! /o!n%a"ory (aa3!% r!$#ou%*y a-ar(!("!!ra"! (aa3!% ar! aror#a"!. T+! aoun" 3#$!n a% "!!ra"! (aa3!%, "+ou3+ "oa /!r"a#n !;"!n" %!/u*a"#$!, %+ou*( "a! #n"o a//oun" "+! /o%" o ro!r /ar!.

In "+! #n%"an" /a%!, !"#"#on!r% -!r! a*! "o ro$#(! on*y +o!>a%!( nur%#n3 /ar! or a/oa"o%! a"#!n" -+o +a% r!a#n!( #n "+a" /on(#"#on or o$!r a (!/a(!. Ha$#n3 r!#%!(our a-ar( or /o!n%a"ory (aa3!% on "+! aoun" ro$#(!( y !"#"#on!r% a" "+! on%!"o *#"#3a"#on, #" -ou*( ! no- u/+ or! #n %"! -#"+ "+! #n"!r!%"% o Bu%"#/! # "+! $a*u!a-ar(!( or "!!ra"! (aa3!% -ou*( a**o- !"#"#on!r% "o ro$#(! o"#a* /ar! or "+!#r*o$!( on! #n a a/#*#"y -+#/+ 3!n!ra**y %!/#a*#!% #n %u/+ /ar!. T+!y %+ou*( no" !/o!**!( y (#r! /#r/u%"an/!% "o ro$#(! %u%"an(ar( /ar! a" +o! -#"+ou" "+! a#( oro!%%#ona*%, or any"+#n3 *!%% -ou*( ! 3ro%%*y #na(!ua"!. Pn(!r "+! /#r/u%"an/!%, an

a-ar( o &1,


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ACPNA, J.)

I" #% unor"una"! "+a" "+#% a(#n#%"ra"#$! /a%! #n$o*$!% /o>-or!r% #n "+#% Cour".Co*a#nan", Sau!* R. Ru@!, Jr. Ru@!, Jr., #% C+#! o "+! C*!aran/! S!/"#on, C+!/%D#%ur%!!n" D#$#%#on o "+! '?O>OCA an( #% "+! %on o "+! a33r#!$!( ar"y, Sau!* V.Ru@!, Sr. Ru@!, Sr., Dr#$!r I or "+! ?o"oroo*, &ro!r"y D#$#%#on o "+! OCA.R!%on(!n" #% Dr. ?ary!"+ V. Jura(o Dr. Jura(o, ?!(#/a* O/!r IV o "+! ?!(#/a* an(D!n"a* S!r$#/!%. A** "+r!! -!r! -or#n3 or "+! Cour" a" "+! "#! o "+! #n/#(!n" #n #%%u!.

T+! ar"#!% a3r!! "+a" on January 12, 200


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THIRD DIVISIONG.R. No. 14262< D!/!!r 19, 2006ROGELIO &. NOGALES, or +#%!* an( on !+a* o "+! #nor%, ROGER ANTHONF,ANGELICA NANCF ( ?ICHAEL CHRISTO&HER ** ( NOGALES "#"#

A" 6)00 a.., Coraon -a% "ran%!rr!( "o D!*#$!ry Roo No. 1 o "+! C?C. A" 6)10 a.Coraon:% a3 o -a"!r ru"ur!( %on"an!ou%*y. A" 6)12 a.., Coraon:% /!r$#; -a% u(#* " ( A" 6 15 C " " ( " # * #


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ANGELICA, NANCF, an( ?ICHAEL CHRISTO&HER, a** %urna!( NOGALES, !"#"#on!r%, $%.CA&ITOL ?EDICAL CENTER, DR. OSCAR ESTRADA, DR. ELF VILLA'LOR, DR. ROSA PF, DR.

JOEL ENRIPE, DR. &ER&ETPA LACSON, DR. NOE ES&INOLA, an( NPRSE J. DP?LAO,r!%on(!n"%.D E C I S I O NCAR&IO, J.)

T+! Ca%!

T+#% !"#"#on or r!$#!-1 a%%a#*% "+! 6 '!ruary 1998 D!/#%#on2 an( 21 ?ar/+ 2000R!%o*u"#on5 o "+! Cour" o A!a*% #n CA>G.R. CV No. 4Gyn!/o*o3yD!ar"!n" o "+! C?C, -a% ar#%!( o Coraon:% /on(#"#on y "!*!+on!. Pon !#n#nor!( "+a" Coraon -a% *!!(#n3 rou%!*y, Dr. E%#no*a or(!r!( #!(#a"!+y%"!r!/"oy. Ro3!*#o -a% a(! "o %#3n a KCon%!n" "o O!ra"#on.K15

Du! "o "+! #n/*!!n" -!a"+!r "+!n, Dr. E%#no*a, -+o -a% !"/+!( ro +#% r!%#(!n/!

an au*an/!, arr#$!( a" "+! C?C aou" an +our *a"!r or a" 9)00 a.. H! !;a#n!( "+a"#!n" an( or(!r!( %o! r!%u%/#"a"#$! !a%ur!% "o ! a(#n#%"!r!(. D!%#"! Dr.E%#no*a:% !7or"%, Coraon (#!( a" 9)1< a.. T+! /au%! o (!a"+ -a% K+!orr+a3!, oar"u.K14

On 14 ?ay 1980, !"#"#on!r% =*!( a /o*a#n" or (aa3!%1< -#"+ "+! R!3#ona* Tr#a*Cour"16 o ?an#*a a3a#n%" C?C, Dr. E%"ra(a, Dr. V#**aor, Dr. Py, Dr. Enr#u!, Dr. La/%oDr. E%#no*a, an( a /!r"a#n Nur%! J. Du*ao or "+! (!a"+ o Coraon. &!"#"#on!r% a#n/on"!n(!( "+a" (!!n(an" +y%#/#an% an( C?C !r%onn!* -!r! n!3*#3!n" #n "+! "r!a"an( ana3!!n" o Coraon:% /on(#"#on. &!"#"#on!r% /+ar3!( C?C -#"+ n!3*#3!n/! #n %!*!/"#on an( %u!r$#%#on o (!!n(an" +y%#/#an% an( +o%#"a* %"a7.

'or a#*#n3 "o =*! "+!#r an%-!r "o "+! /o*a#n" (!%#"! %!r$#/! o %uon%, "+! "r#a* /(!/*ar!( Dr. E%"ra(a, Dr. Enr#u!, an( Nur%! Du*ao #n (!au*".1 C?C, Dr. V#**aor, DPy, Dr. E%#no*a, an( Dr. La/%on =*!( "+!#r r!%!/"#$! an%-!r% (!ny#n3 an( oo%#n3 "a**!3a"#on% #n "+! /o*a#n". Su%!u!n"*y, "r#a* !n%u!(.

A"!r or! "+an 11 y!ar% o "r#a*, "+! "r#a* /our" r!n(!r!( Bu(3!n" on 22 No$!!r 1=n(#n3 Dr. E%"ra(a %o*!*y *#a*! or (aa3!%. T+! "r#a* /our" ru*!( a% o**o-%)

T+! $#/"# -a% un(!r +#% r!>na"a* /ar!, aar!n"*y, +#% au*" !3an ro +#% #n/orr!/"#na(!ua"! ana3!!n" an( *a/ o "r!a"!n" o "+! r!>!/*a"#/ /on(#"#on o +#%

a"#!n". I" #% no" (#%u"!( "+a" +! #%a*#!( "+! or/!% #n /au%#n3 "+! (!*#$!ry !/au%! #"r!%u*"!( #n a *ar3! /!r$#/a* "!ar -+#/+ +a( /au%!( "+! rou%! *!!(#n3 -+#/+ +! a*%oa#*!( "o /on"ro* -#"+ "+! a*#/a"#on o #na(!ua"! #nB!/"#on o a3n!%#u %u*a"! y +#%a%%#%"an" Dra E*y V#**aor Dr E%"ra(a !$!n a#*!( "o no"#/! "+! !rron!ou% a(#n#%"ra"#on

A(#""!(*y, Dra. Ro%a Py #% a r!%#(!n" +y%#/#an o "+! Ca#"o* ?!(#/a* C!n"!r. S+! -a%u!( !/au%! o +!r a**!3!( a#*ur! "o no"#/! "+! #n/o!"!n/! an( n!3*#3!n/! o Dr.E%"ra(a. Ho-!$!r, "+!r! #% no !$#(!n/! "o %uor" %u/+ "+!ory. No !$#(!n/! -a% a((u"o %+o- "+a" Dra Ro%a Py a% a r!%#(!n" +y%#/#an o Ca#"o* ?!(#/a* C!n"!r +a(


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a%%#%"an" Dra. E*y V#**aor. Dr. E%"ra(a !$!n a#*!( "o no"#/! "+! !rron!ou% a(#n#%"ra"#ony nur%! Du*ao o +!a/!* y -ay o %#(! (r#, #n%"!a( o (#r!/" #n"ra$!nou% #nB!/"#on,an( +#% a#*ur! "o /on%u*" a %!n#or o%"!"r#/#an a" an !ar*y %"a3! o "+! ro*!.

On "+! ar" +o-!$!r o Dra. E*y V#**aor, Dra. Ro%a Py, Dr. Jo!* Enr#u!, Dr. La/%on, Dr.E%#no*a, nur%! J. Du*ao an( C?C, "+! Cour" =n(% no *!3a* Bu%"#=/a"#on "o =n( "+!/#$#**y *#a*!.

On "+! ar" o Dra. E*y V#**aor, %+! -a% on*y "a#n3 or(!r% ro Dr. E%"ra(a, "+! r#n/#a*+y%#/#an o Coraon No3a*!%. S+! /an on*y a! %u33!%"#on% #n "+! ann!r "+! a"#!n"ay! "r!a"!( u" %+! /anno" #o%! +!r -#** a% "o

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