Living Environment Regents Review Terms By: Demitra Tzakas This power point corresponds with the...
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Transcript of Living Environment Regents Review Terms By: Demitra Tzakas This power point corresponds with the...
Living Environment Regents Review Terms
By: Demitra Tzakas
This power point corresponds with the green living environment workbook
Topics 5,6 and 9 are not included
Topic 1- Similarities and Differences Among Living Organisms
Important definitions
• Cells- basic units of structure and function• Metabolism- combination of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism• Homeostasis- maintenance of internal stability• Reproduction- living things pass hereditary information to new organisms of the same
type
Life Processes
• Cell respiration- breaking nutrients into smaller units to release the chemical energy stored in them
• Synthesis- combining simple substances into complex substances• Growth- increasing the size or number of cells • Excretion- removing wastes from organisms
Organic and Inorganic molecules• Organic molecules- contain carbon and hydrogen• Inorganic molecules- do not contain both carbon and hydrogen
Organization
• Organelles- specialized structures• Tissues- groups of specialized cells in multicellular organisms• Organ- performs one of the life processes • Organ system- several organs working together to perform a life process.• Cell- Tissue-Organ-Organ System
Organelles inside the cell• Nucleus- largest structure that controls the cell’s metabolism and contains DNA• Vacuoles- storage sacs within the cytoplasm• Ribosomes- make proteins• Mitochondria- energy source• Chloroplast- green structures in plant cells that contain chlorophyll used for photosynthesis• Cell membrane- thin structure that controls what enters and leaves the cell• Centrioles- help in cell division in animal cells• Cell wall- protective structure around a plant cell• E.R.- transport and manufacture material to other locations• Lysosome- keep animal cells clean by recycling materials• Golgi bodies- involved in intracellular secretion and transport.• Cytoplasm- holds organelles
Animal cell
Plant cell
Diffusion- molecules move from high to low concentration
Active transport- moving molecules from low concentration to high concentration
Molecules in cells• Digestion- large molecules being broken down into simpler molecules• Amino acids- result of digestion of proteins• Simple sugars- result of digestion of starches
Nerve cells
Receptor molecules- receive messages from other cells
Hormones- chemicals produced by nerve cells are primarily responsible for communication between cells
Human Body Systems• Digestion- one-way passage through the body• Respiration- uses oxygen to break down food molecules to release energy• Circulation- involves involves the movement of materials inside the cell as well as the
movement between parts of a multicellular organism.• Excretion- removal of all waste products of digestion• Movement- interaction of muscles and bones-muscular and skeletal systems• Coordination- Nervous system sends signals along nerves. Glands of the endocrine system
produce chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream.• Immunity- ability to resist disease due to antibodies that can be made by having a
vaccination or catching the disease.• Reproduction- organisms reproduce the same kind. Releases sex cells and hormones that
are needed for the making of offspring and regulation of their development.
Topic 2- Homeostasis in Organisms
• Biochemical processes- chemical processes that occur in living things
• Photosynthesis- energy is stored in chemical bonds of organic molecules such as carbohydrates. Light energy+ water+ carbon dioxide= glucose + oxygen. Carried out by plants
• Cellular respiration- completed in the mitochondria of living organisms. Glucose+ oxygen= ATP+ water + carbon dioxide
Important terms
• Enzyme- special proteins that affect the rate of chemical reactions• Gas exchange- obtaining oxygen from the environment and releasing carbon dioxide• Catalyst- any substance that can affect the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being
changed or used up during the reaction.• Optimum- highest point• Dynamic equilibrium- keep the environment within the limits needed for survival • Feedback mechanism- cycle in which the output of a system modifies or reinforces the
action taken by the system• Stimuli- changes in the environment
Disease affecting homeostasis
• Disease- any condition that prevents the body from working as it should. Cause of disease= inherited disorder( down syndrome, sickle cell disease), exposure to toxins(lead poisoning, radiation poisoning), poor nutrition(scurvy, goiter), organ malfunction(heart attack, diabetes), high-risk behaviors(lung cancer, drug addiction).
• Pathogen- viruses, bacteria, fungi and other parasites that interfere with our normal functioning and make us seriously ill.
• Cancer- genetic mutations in a cell that result in uncontrolled cell division.
Immune system- body’s primary defense against disease causing pathogens• Antigen- trigger a response from the immune system• Antibodies- proteins that either attack the invaders or mark them for killing• Microbes- microscopic organisms• Vaccines- made of weakened or killed pathogens that help build antibodies for immunity• AIDS- an example of a disease caused by an attack on the immune system• Allergy- rapid immune system reaction to environmental substances that are normally
harmless• Histamine- released by the immune system as a reaction• Antihistamine- reduces the effects of the histamines and the symptoms they cause
Topic 3- genetic continuity
Hereditary and genes• Heredity- passing of genetic information from one generation to the next through
reproduction• DNA- hereditary information• Chromosomes- found in the nuclei and contain DNA- double helix
Asexual reproduction- involves one parent• Clones- identical copies of the parent
Sexual reproduction- involves two parents• Sperm- sex cells produced by the male• Egg- sex cell produced by the female• Body cells- cells other than sex cells
Genetic recombination- when a sperm and egg combine to form a new cell with a complete set of genetic instructions, a unique combination if genes result.
Subunits- smaller sections DNA molecules are made of
In DNA A-T and G-T, In RNA A-U and G-T
Genetic Engineering- new technology humans use to alter the instructions in organisms• Selective breeding- process that produces domestic animals and new varieties of plants with
desirable traits• Biotechnology- application of technology to biological science
Topic 4- Reproduction and development
Asexual reproduction- identical to parent
Sexual reproduction- offspring receive half genes from one parent and half from another• Sex cells-gametes(egg or sperm cells)• Clone- identical copy
Cell division-orderly separation of one cell into two• Mitosis- produces two cells that each a full set of identical genes and chromosomes• Meiosis- each sex cell only has half the genetic information needed for a cell to function
properly- variation
Fertilization- when sperm and egg meet or combine
Female reproductive system• Ovaries- produce gametes-egg cells• Estrogen- hormone• Oviducts- where fertilization occurs• Uterus- where fetus develops• Placenta- organ responsible for the passage of
nutrients and oxygen from the mother’s blood to the fetus
Male reproductive system• Testes- produce male gametes- sperm• Testosterone- male hormone
Topic 7- Human impact on ecosystems
• Renewable resources- can be replaced, ex: oxygen and sunlight
• Nonrenewable resources- cannot be replaced, ex: fossil fuels and minerals
• Pollution- a harmful change in the chemical makeup of soil, water, or air- can affect the environment and disrupt ecosystems
• Soil formation- soils forms when weathering breaks down rocks and when organic molecules are decaying plants and animals accumulate.
• Water cycle- water continually moves from earths surface to the atmosphere and back.
• Flow of energy in an ecosystem is presented by food chains, food webs and energy pyramids
• Carrying capacity- number of individuals of a species the environment can support
• Deforestation- destruction of forests
• Biodiversity- wide variety of different species living together in an ecosystem
Topic 8- scientific inquiry and skills
• Scientific inquiry -questioning-observing and inferring-experimenting-collecting and organizing data-finding evidence and drawing conclusions-repeat the experiment several times-peer review
Independent variable- factors that may influence the dependent variableDependent variable- what is being measuredControl- established reference point used as a standard of comparison
Similar to the scientific method
Good Luck!