4

Happy and healthyVocabulary

1 Look at the six photos and find three pairs of opposite adjectives. Compare your answers with a partner.

Live wellVocabularyphrasal verbs, aches and pains

Grammarthe first and second conditional, if and unless, the third conditional

Practical Englishasking for and giving advice

CharloTTe

Joe

MarCo

abigail

My friends tell me that I always look calm, even when I’m very busy. But I get stressed, too. That’s when I know that I need to slow down and relax for ten minutes.

When I feel grumpy and I want to cheer up, I work out at the gym. It usually puts me in a good mood!

When I feel anxious about something I always open up to my friends. You can face up to anything if you tell people about it and don’t keep your troubles inside. Don’t be shy!

VOC APP

How do you stay happy and healthy?

If I feel sleepy in the morning, I go running. It wakes me up and gives me lots of energy for the day!

46 Unit 4 Complete all activities in your notebook.

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3 Ask and answer the question When do you feel …? with the adjectives from exercise 2.

4 Read the responses again. Are the sentences true or false?

1 Joe has more energy when he does physical exercise.

2 Beth does fewer things when she feels stressed.

3 Thomas talks to people when he has a problem.

4 Abigail listens to music when she feels anxious.

5 Marco knows that doing everything really fast isn’t always the best solution.

5 Choose the correct phrasal verb to complete the sentences.

1 You’ve been very busy recently. You should slow down / cut down.

2 She has to open up to / face up to the problem if she wants to solve it.

3 When I’m sad, I cheer up / face up to by going out with my friends.

4 Don’t calm down / cut down on exercise. It’s very important for your health.

6 Complete the questions with the highlighted phrasal verbs from the speech bubbles. Then ask and answer them.

1 How do you (…) up when you feel grumpy?

2 What’s the best way to (…) out at the gym?

3 Who do you (…) up to when you feel anxious?

4 How do you (…) down when you are angry?

5 How do you (…) out at the weekend?

Vocabulary practice

7 Read the problem. How would you help a friend in this situation?

8 Watch the video.

Cheer up!

21st Century Skills: Supporting others

One of your best friends seems quite stressed and grumpy. You are worried because your friend is usually very cheerful and dynamic. Write a few sentences about how you would help.2 Match the adjectives from the speech

bubbles to the definitions.

1 nervous and worried

2 happy

3 full of energy

4 irritable and bad tempered

5 tired

6 relaxed and quiet

ThoMas

beTh

I’m very dynamic. I’m always doing lots of things. Sometimes, when I worry that I’ve got too much to do, I just try to do them one at a time. But I don’t cut down on the things I do!

Why am I always cheerful? My secret is music – it helps me calm down if I feel upset or angry and it’s the perfect way to chill out after a long day. I take my headphones with me wherever I go.

47Unit 4

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Review

Vocabulary

1 Match the verbs in A with the words in B to form phrasal verbs. Then use them to complete the sentences.

A cheer chill cut face slow work

B down out up

1 Billy does too many after-school activities. He should (…) a bit.

2 You should (…) on fizzy drinks. It isn’t healthy to consume so much sugar.

3 I do yoga three times a week. It really helps me (…) after a stressful day.

4 You won’t solve the problem by avoiding it. You’ve got to (…) to it.

5 (…)! Losing a football match isn’t the end of the world.

6 I usually (…) at the gym on Mondays, but I’m too tired today.

2 Complete the missing words.

1 A horse kicked me and now I’ve got a b(…) knee. It’s bright purple and it really hurts.

2 Why is my skin so i(…)? There aren’t usually mosquitoes at this time of year.

3 I’m never going to a spinning class again. I still had a(…) muscles three days later.

4 You’ll end up with a s(…) back if you carry that suitcase by yourself. Let me help you.

5 I’ve got a really s(…) ankle. It’s almost double its normal size!

6 I don’t think your leg is b(…), but we’ll do an x-ray to make sure.

3 Complete the dialogue with the phrasal verbs.

carry on end up with keep in lie around wrap up

Jess Should we (1) walking or stop here for the night?

Mel Let’s camp here. We’ve been walking for hours and if we don’t stop soon, we’ll (2) injuries.

Jess You’re right, although we’re going to get very cold if we (3) in our tents all evening.

Mel We’ll be OK if we (4) in lots of warm clothes. And our sleeping bags will (5) the heat – they’re designed for Arctic explorers!

Grammar

4 Write sentences. Decide if you need to use the first or second conditional.

1 Our plane lands at 6.30. We / arrive / at 7.30 / unless / there / be / a delay.

2 I / go / to the party / if / I / be / free. Unfortunately, I’m busy that evening.

3 Your wrist looks quite swollen. I / go / to the doctor’s / if / I / be / you.

4 If / I / have / a time machine / I / visit / Ancient Rome.

5 Sam needs to make more effort. He / not pass / the exam / unless / he / work / harder.

6 I / not want / to be / famous / unless / I / also / be / very rich.

5 Complete the text conversation with the correct form of the third conditional.

4

Matt’s just told me you’ve got a broken ankle. k Are you OK?

(1) If I (know) earlier, I (come) to cheer you up. How did it happen?

Yeah, but I’m bored because I can’t go out.

Adam took my phone and started reading my text messages, so I ran after him.

What an idiot!

It was my fault for wearing flip-flops. (2) I (not fall over) if I (wear) my trainers.

(3) But you (not need) to run if Adam (not take) your phone! What about the concert?

I can’t go now k

Oh no! Can you sell your ticket?

Not sure. (4) If this (happen) last week, I (sell) it to Amy, but she’s got a ticket now.

How annoying!

I know. (5) If (stay) at home yesterday, none of this (happen).

VOC APP

128 Review Complete all activities in your notebook.

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Skills practice

Reading

1 Read the article. Which paragraph mentions … ?

1 exercises that people did in front of the TV

2 a device for people who don’t like doing exercise

3 fitness equipment that was originally a toy

4 injuries caused by collisions

5 a method that still influences fitness training today

6 safety precautions you should take

7 fitness equipment that didn’t work if it was too light

Writing

2 Imagine that you have bought some fitness equipment but there’s a problem with it. Write a letter or email of complaint to the company (100–150 words).

• What did you buy?

• What was the problem with it?

• What would you like the company to do?

3 Work with a partner or in a small group. Invent a new health and fitness trend and create a poster to advertise it.

• What is your product or technique called?

• How does it work?

• What are the benefits of using it?

• Who is it suitable for?

4

Fashion affects everything, even sport. These four fitness trends might not be so popular today, but they still have some fans.

Fitness Fashion

the 1950s: the hula hoop Children had played with hula

hoops for centuries when, in the 1950s, people started using them as a way of getting fit. If you’d been a teenager in that decade, you wouldn’t have been able to escape the hula hoop – everyone seemed to have one! But did people lose weight when they worked out with one? Well, yes, but only if the hoop was heavy enough.

a

the 1960s: vibrating belt machines

Vibrating belt machines were the perfect solution for people who wanted to lose weight without making any effort. You simply put on the belt and the machine did all the work! Unfortunately, the vibrating belts also gave some people sore backs and aching muscles.

B

the 1970s: roller skatesRoller skates have been around

for a long time, but their greatest moment came in the 1970s. If you’d gone to a disco at that time, you’d probably have gone wearing roller skates! Unfortunately, skaters often ended up with bruised knees

and even broken arms after spectacular crashes. There are still roller discos today, but if you go, make sure you wear protective equipment!

c

the 1980s: aerobicsAn actress named Jane Fonda changed

the fitness world with her aerobics videos. People loved doing these high-energy exercises while listening to disco music and, thanks to the video player, they could do them in their own living room. Sports clubs quickly copied Fonda’s training formula and started offering aerobics classes. If you go to any gym class today, it will probably involve exercises inspired by Fonda’s workouts.

D

129Skills practice

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StudentZone Q&A on … Muscles and Movement

Home > Physical Education > The body> Muscles

1 4.12 Read and listen to the text. Match thequestions (1–4) to the paragraphs (A–D) that answer them.

1 How do our muscles show what sports we are suited to?

2 How do muscles help us move?

3 How do muscle injuries occur?

4 What types of muscle are there in the human body?

2 In your notebook, copy the diagrams and write thewords below next to the number labels 1–6.

biceps muscle contracted relaxed tendon (x2) triceps muscle

3 Complete the sentences with the words from the text.

antagonistic pairs cramp fast twitch pull slow twitch strains voluntary muscles

1 Marathon runners have more (…) muscle fibres.

2 Weightlifters have more (…) fibres.

3 All (…) contract to (…) on the tendon to which they are attached.

4 Hamstrings and quadriceps, and biceps and triceps are (…) of muscles.

5 Muscles can cause painful injuries such as (…), and (…), when muscles suddenly contract.

4 Ask and answer questions with other students.

1 Do you play strength or endurance sports?

2 What muscle groups do you use most when you play these sports?

3 Have you ever had a muscle injury? How did it happen?

Focus on PE: muscles4

A There are three kinds of muscle: 1 Cardiac muscles. These are only in the heart. They work

automatically and don’t get tired. 2 Involuntary muscles. These muscles make our internal

organs function. They work outside our control. 3 Voluntary muscles. These are the muscles that we can see

and feel all over our bodies. They are connected to bones by tendons. We can control voluntary muscles.

B Muscles work by contracting and relaxing. When our muscles contract they pull tendons, which make our bones move. Muscles can pull, but they can’t push, so they work in groups

and pairs to coordinate movement. Antagonistic pairs work when one muscle contracts and the other relaxes. Look at the antagonistic pair of muscles in the diagram.

C Voluntary muscles have two types of fibre. Fast twitch fibres contract quickly but get tired quickly. Slow twitch fibres contract slowly, but can function for longer periods of time. We are all born with a different distribution of muscle fibres. This can predict the types of sport we will probably be good at. Slow twitch fibres are good for endurance sports like long-distance running. Fast twitch fibres are suited to strength sports, like sprinting.

D Strains occur when muscles are stretched too far. This can tear the muscle and often happens when playing sport. Symptoms of strains include pain, swelling and bruising. Cramp happens when a tired muscle involuntarily contracts. It can occur if we have been exercising for a long time and have not stretched properly before we started. Cramp can be very painful.

(3)Contracted (6)

Antagonistic muscles

Answers from page 53

1 False 2 True 3 True

(4)

Relaxed triceps muscle

(5) bicepsmuscle

(1) (2)

143Focus on CLIL

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