(Linda Rogers Associates)...UK Text (AB) (199)AC41553_150# DTP:39 PAGE:12 UK Text (AB) JOB...

Orpheus

This edition published in 2007 by Franklin Watts,338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH

Copyright © 2007 Orpheus Books Ltd.

Created and produced byJulia Bruce, Rachel Coombs,

Nicholas Harris and Sarah Hartley, Orpheus Books Ltd.,6 Church Green, Witney, Oxfordshire, OX28 4AW

Text Julia Bruce

Illustrated by Peter Dennis (Linda Rogers Associates)

Consultant Philip Wilkinson

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior writtenpermission of the copyright owner.

ISBN 978 0 7496 7710 7

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library.Dewey Classification: 937

Printed and bound in China

Franklin Watts is a division of Hachette Children’s Books, an Hachette Livre UK company.

20 Building an aqueduct

22 Bath-house and town house

24 A Roman province

26 Timeline

28 Glossary

30 Index

THE ROMAN EMPIRE is getting bigger by the day.Its great success in conquering new lands isdue mainly to the superb organization and fightingskills of its army, and the leadership abilities of its generals. Romewants new lands in its Empire to bring in wealth such as food andnatural resources – copper, tin, iron and precious metals – as wellas slaves, goods and taxes.

Your challenge, as a general in the Roman army, is to conquera barbarian region and make it part of the Empire. If you aresuccessful, the rewards will be great. Victorious army leaders canbecome governors of their conquered provinces. As a governoryou will be very rich and powerful. But you will be expected togovern wisely, keep the peace, collect fair taxes and build new,civilized towns for people to live in.

This book will guide you inconquering your province.You will meet the different types ofsoldiers under your command andsee how your army is organized.You will be shown how to planyour attack on the barbarians, howto march with your large army, andhow to set up camps and forts foryour men. Once victory is yours,learn how to build proper roadsand towns in your province, andhow to deal fairly with the peopleyou have conquered. Finally, if allgoes well, you’ll see your provinceprospering and bringing wealth tothe glorious Roman Empire.

Contents

12 Building a fort

14 Inside the fort

16 Daily life in the fort

18 Ruling the land

5 Your challenge

6 How the army is organized

8 Marching camp

10 Into battle!

5

Your challenge

How the army is organized

T he Roman army is the mostprofessional, organized, well-trained and best-equipped fighting forcein the western world. It is divided intolegions, which are made up of cohorts,centuries and contubernia.The contubernium is the army’s basic

unit. It consists of eight soldiers whowill live, train and fight togetherthroughout their time as legionaries.Ten contubernia (that’s 80 men) makeup a century, commanded by acenturion. Six centuries make up astandard cohort. In each legion of 6000men there are nine standard cohortsplus one special cohort, called theprima cohort, which is made up of 10centuries, or 800 men.

TThhee cceennttuurriioonn iiss

iinn ccoommmmaanndd ooff

aa cceennttuurryy..

CCeennttuurriioonnss aarree

ppaaiidd wweellll aanndd

wweeaarr ssiillvveerreedd

aarrmmoouurr.. TThheeiirr

pplluummeedd hheellmmeett

sshhoowwss tthheeiirr rraannkk..

TThheeyy ccaarrrryy aa

ccrrooookkeedd ssttiicckk

mmaaddee ooff vviinnee ttoo

bbeeaatt ddiissoobbeeddiieenntt

ssoollddiieerrss wwiitthh..

TThhee aaqquuiilliiffeerr

ccaarrrriieess tthhee

ssttaannddaarrdd ooff tthhee

lleeggiioonn –– aa ggoolldd

oorr ssiillvveerr eeaaggllee..

SSttaannddaarrdd bbeeaarreerrss

hhaavvee aa ggrreeaatt

rreessppoonnssiibbiilliittyy nnoott

ttoo lloossee tthhee

ssttaannddaarrdd iinn

bbaattttllee.. TThhiiss

wwoouulldd bbrriinngg

ddiissggrraaccee ttoo tthhee

wwhhoollee lleeggiioonn..

TThhee ssiiggnniiffeerr

ccaarrrriieess tthhee

cceennttuurryy’’ss

ssttaannddaarrdd.. HHee

aallssoo oorrggaanniizzeess

tthhee ssoollddiieerrss’’

““bbuurriiaall cclluubb””..

LLeeggiioonnaarriieess ppaayy aa

ssmmaallll aammoouunntt ooff

tthheeiirr ssaallaarryy eeaacchh

wweeeekk iinnttoo tthhiiss

ffuunndd ttoowwaarrddss tthhee

ccoosstt ooff tthheeiirr

ffuunneerraall..

CCeennttuurryy (80 men):Ten contubernia

CCoohhoorrtt (480 men):Six centuries

A legion withsupport staff

LLeeggiioonn(6000men): Ninecohorts ofsix centuriesplus one primacohort of tencenturies

Cavalry (120 men) T here are about 120 cavalry soldiers in the legion. They often come from wealthyfamilies. The cavalry soldier carries a sword, aone-handed fighting spear and several smallerspears, called javelins, for throwing.

Signum

Animalskin

Scalearmour

Shinguards

Vinestick

Helmet

Smallroundshield

Hand grip

Decoratedbelt

Cuirass(body

armour)

Pilum (spear)

Largesquarescutum(shield)

Gladius(sword)

Chain mail

Metalmask

Signum

Leatherharnesswithphaleraediscs(medals)

Plume to showrank

Tunic

Sandals

Saddledesigned togrip ridersecurely

Fighting spear

Bedroll

6 7

TThhee lleeggiioonnaarryy iiss aa

bbaassiicc ffoooottssoollddiieerr..

LLeeggiioonnaarriieess aarree

RRoommaann cciittiizzeennss,,

tthheeyy mmuusstt bbee aatt

lleeaasstt 11..7755 mm ttaallll,,

aanndd pphhyyssiiccaallllyy ffiitt

wwiitthh ggoooodd

eeyyeessiigghhtt.. WWaaggeess

aarree ggoooodd,, aanndd tthhee

aarrmmyy ppaayyss ffoorr

tthheeiirr ffoooodd,,

ccllootthhiinngg aanndd

wweeaappoonnss..

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Marching camp

You should aim to march 30 kilometres a day toget your army to its destination. Any more andyou risk over-tiring your men. Each day, as eveningapproaches, send out scouts to find and mark out asuitable site to make camp. Remember, it will takeabout two hours to set up camp, and ideally youwant to complete this while it is still light. Your menwill carry most of the things they need and shouldbe well drilled in what they have to do. Formaximum efficiency, ensure the layout of the campis the same each night. This also means the men willbe always able to find their way around after dark.

L egionaries have to carry all their personalsupplies and equipment, such as rations, apick axe, weapons, shield, basket, waterbottle, cooking pan, razor and comb. Theirheavy leather tents are carried by mules. Anarmy column includes scouts, which go aheadof the main army, standard bearers, campbuilders, legionaries, generals, baggage mules,cavalry and auxiliaries – additional soldiersrecruited for the campaign.

If you plan to camp forseveral days, make thecamp secure by clearingturf and digging a defensiveditch around it. Buildramparts from the turf andset a palisade of sharpenedstakes on top. For atemporary defence onovernight camps, create abarrier with bundles ofsharpened stakes aroundthe camp edge to deterintruders. Detail onecentury to stand guardovernight. Check suppliesand get the cooks busy –your men need to be wellfed to march and fight.

Kit bag

Bed roll

Pilum (spear)

Shield inprotectiveleather cover

Plan of marching campfor one legion

Legionaries

Commander andcenturions

Rearguardcavalry

Auxiliaries Legionariesand standards

Legionaries

Setting upcommander’s tent

Supply wagon Removing turf Contubernia split betweentwo tents – four men in each

Putting upleather tents

Cooking pan Carryingpole

Helmet

Marching legionarycarrying his weaponsand basic belongings

Baggage

Erectingpalisade

Diggingditch

Unloading tentoff mule

Shields andweapons atthe readyin case of

attack

Scouts Camp buildersGenerals

Cavalry

8 9

Sharpenedstakebundles



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This is the testudo, which meanstortoise. Your men march inclose formation, overlappingtheir shields both over theirheads and in front of them. Thisforms an almost impenetrablebarrier, protecting the men fromarrows and spears as theyadvance towards the enemy. Thetestudo is very useful during asiege to get close to the target.

All men use their weapons intheir right hand and their shieldin their left. There isn’t room intight fighting formations tohave some the other way round.Javelins can be launched at theenemy over the heads of yourown men. Sword fighting is forcombat at close quarters. Theshield protects the body so thatonly the fighting arm is exposed.

The barbarians are not going to give up theirland easily. They have mustered a largearmy to face you. This is no time for caution;you must be ruthlessin your battle tactics.

F or maximum advantage before you even start to engage the enemy,position your troops either on high ground,or with the wind blowing away from you.Having the sun behind you so that it glaresin the face of the enemy would also behelpful. A combination of all three would,of course, be ideal. To overcome the enemy, your men must

keep their ranks and maintain an unbrokenfrontline that keeps pushing forwards.Keep some troops in reserve who canmove in immediately to replace tired orfallen men, filling in any gaps that appear.

Into battle!

Pilum(throwing

spear)

Belt withapron ofstuddedleatherstrips

Gladius(sword)

Dagger

Scutum(shield)

Cuirass (bodyarmour)

Tunic

Sandals

Overlappingshields

Swords drawnready for action

Enemyarrow

Usingslingshots

Reserve troopswaiting to replacefront-line men

Ballista: a largepowerfulcrossbow

Enemy cavalrycounter-attacking

Your cavalry pursuingthe enemy

Retreatingenemy

Commanderissuing orders

Shields creatingan impenetrablebarrier

10 11



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After the battle has been won, it is essentialthat you secure your gains as soon as possible.By all means, give your soldiers a chance tocelebrate their victory – and mourn the deathsof their comrades. But impress upon them theurgent need to build a fort to protect the area.Issue the command to start building works thevery next day. It is very likely that enemyforces will regroup and attempt to win backtheir lands. A delay could result in heavy lossesin this hostile terrain. The fort will provide apermanent base for a unit of around 500 men.

Building a fort

1Your first task is to choose a suitable site forthe fort. This should be on high ground,forcing the enemy to climb a slope to make anattack. Have the ground levelled and cleared oftrees and bushes. Your surveyors should stakeout the layout of the main roads and buildings. 3The walls of the buildings should be builtin sections, which are fitted into place later.

Each section has a wooden “skeleton” filled inwith wattle (interwoven sticks) and daub(rough plaster). The walls are fixed to thick

posts and given a coating of smoothplaster. They are painted to look

like blocks of stone.

2 Next, construct thefort’s defences.Command a group ofyour men to dig thefortification ditches andstrip turf from the wholearea. The rubble andearth should be used tobuild the ramparts. Atthe same time, get othermen to collect timber forthe buildings. Thecarpenters should thenstart cutting the timberto shape.

Surveyors using a gromato mark out right angles

Shields, helmets andweapons at the ready

Carryingaway timber

Camp

Plastering

Section of wall madeof timbers and wattle

Carpenter working at trestle

Barracks

Principia(Headquarters)

Ditch

Sidegate

Heavily guardedgateway

High earth rampartsurrounding fort

Commandingofficer’s house

Levellingground

Site offort

KEY TO PLANBarracksHQGranaryWorkshopsCommandingofficer

Granary

12 13

Main gate

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Your fort is now completed and provides an excellent securecommand centre for you and yourtroops. Your headquarters, the principia,is at the heart of the fort. There shouldalso be a hospital, a granary, a bath-house, barracks and stables. An areaoutside the fort must be levelled tomake a parade ground. There is an ever-present threat of rebel uprisings, so yourmen must always be at the ready. Keepthem fit and well-disciplined withparading, training and ensuring the fortis always in good repair.

Inside the fort

Commander’shouse

Auxiliaries Legionaries

returning fromparade ground

Cavalrygoing outon exercises

Latrineblock

Repairing the bath-house roof

Officers’wives andchildren

Principia(Headquarters)

Barracks

Hospital

Barracks

Granary

Stables

Rebel barbarianprisoner

Centurion

14 15

Siegeenginesstore



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Daily life in the fortYour men must be kept busy while they are incamp. There is plenty to be done, and the menneed to keep fit, disciplined and focused.There is a mix of experienced men and rawrecruits in the legion. The trainees inparticular need to use their time practisingtheir fighting skills.

The day starts with the morning report.All centurions must give you, as campcommander, a written account listing howmany men are available for work, andwhat tasks have already been given out.You then discuss the duties for the day anddivide them up between the centuries.Finally, you tell the centurions the day’spassword. This is to maintain security.Without the password, soldiers who leavethe camp will not be allowed back in.

Line up your men for inspection on the parade ground before the centurions give them theirtasks for the day. Your centurions should reprimandany legionary who is not properly dressed andequipped. Legionaries must train every day. Makesure new recruits are taught fighting skills andspend several hours a day in practice. Until theyhave learned proper control of their weapons theyshould use wooden swords and practise movesagainst a training stake. They could easily injureeach other if they used real weapons at this stage.

Your army is still putting down pockets of resistance in theprovince so injuries are common.Medical aid in the camp hospital isbasic. Wounds are cauterized (burntto seal them) or sewn up, andbroken bones put in a splint. Ifnecessary, the surgeon will amputatebadly injured limbs. The medical staffwill use wine to dull pain and herbalremedies to aid healing.

Maintaining discipline isvital. Your soldiersmust obey orders instantly.Disobedience, incompetenceand laziness must not betolerated. A centurion willbeat any soldier who stepsout of line. Remember, if aman deserts, then ten of hiscentury’s soldiers should beexecuted as a punishment.Such measures will help youmaintain complete obedience.

Recruits usingtraining weapons

Cavalrymen atjavelin practice

Training officerPractisingagainst a

training stake

Centurions makingtheir reports

Campcommander

(you)

Reportswritten onwax tablets

Legionaries linedup for inspection

Centurionreprimandinglegionary

Surgeon removingarrowhead

Preparingherbalremedy

Surgicalinstruments

Used swabsandbandages

Examining wound

Centurion’splumedhelmetshows hisrank

Stickused tobeatsoldiers

Trainingstake

Your legionaries are notpermitted to have wives orfamilies at the fort—it would distractthem from their duties. You and yourcenturions are, however, allowed this

16 17



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Ruling the landYYou must waste no time in turning thisbarbarian land into a civilized Roman province.You may find the local population resistant atfirst, so a firm approach is vital. But rememberthat one of the secrets of the Empire’s successis its tolerance. Keep order, but let the peoplecontinue to follow their own customs andreligions. You need to assess the wealth of theland and the people so that they can pay a fairtax to Rome. Introduce Roman coinage to helpintegrate your province into the Empire.

Begin a building programme at once. Overtime, the fort will expand into a propertown. If you are near the coast, you may needto build a port. Money from taxes can be usedto construct public buildings such as bath-houses, a basilica (town hall), granaries and anamphitheatre. The streets should be laid out inan ordered grid pattern for ease of access, andpaved so that they don’t turn to mud in wetweather. Building a water and seweragesystem is another important part of bringingthe Roman way of life to your province.

It is essential that supplies can get to you easily and safely. Your road-building programme is the firststep towards this (see pages 20–21). If the localpeople are still hostile towards you they may attacksupply trains, so ensure these are always providedwith an armed guard. In time, you will probably wishto import valuable luxury items, such as wine andglass, from other parts of the Empire.

You will need craftsmen, such ascarpenters, leatherworkers, smithsand potters, to provide the town withgoods and services. You will havebrought some with you, but integratelocal people by encouraging them toset up businesses in the town as well.

Rome demands that all provinces pay tax – aproportion of their wealth. Some of this willgo back to Rome, but you can use some to fundyour Romanizing programme. Do not over-taxand do not take bribes – you must be seen to befair to gain trust and respect. Tax may be takenin the form of crops and goods as well as coins.

Building thebasilica (townhall)

Plastering anew building

Stage coach

Shops

Steppingstones acrossthe street

Public water-supply

Gold aureus

Silver denarius

Kiln

Barbarianleader

Governorreceiving tax

Centurion

Potter atwork

Finishedpots readyto go in kiln

Supplyconvoy

Newly builtroad

Armedguard

Oxen

Publicbath-house

18 19

Bronze sestertius



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Afresh-water supply is essential for yournew settlement. Send out surveyors andengineers to find the best natural water source thatcan be piped to it. The river or spring selected mustbe higher than the town so the water will flowdownhill. If the water pipeline needs tocross a valley, you will have toconstruct an aqueductto support it. Thisneeds to becarefullyengineered tomaintain thedownhill flowto the town.

Building an aqueduct

Infill the ditch with stones and clayand edge with slabs. Finish off with atop layer of flat slabs. Tamp thesedown so they are even and firm. Thefinal surface should be slightly curvedso that rain will run off it. Dig ditchesalong the sides of the road to drainthe water away. Your men should beable to build about 300 metres ofroad a day.

Barrels of nails and othersupplies brought by barge

Workers’huts

Crane usedfor liftingbuildingmaterials

Woodenframesupportsarch duringconstruction

Supportcolumns builtin sequence

Constructinga woodenarch support

Supervising engineer

Liningedge

Tampingdown surface

Drainageditch

Laying andlevelling infill

Plasteringfinishedarches

Woodenscaffolding

Unloading bargeusing a crane

Workshop

Woodenscaffoldingsupported onbarge

One of your first tasks will be toimprove and extend the roads inyour province, so that your men andsupplies can move around easily.Your surveyors should plot thecourse of the road as straight aspossible, as this will be the shortestroute. To construct the road, dig outa trench and stamp it down. Level itwith a layer of sand.

Removingwaste

Supervisingcenturion

20 21

Stone infill Digging outditch



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Bath-house and town house

If you have done your job well, you maybe asked to stay on as provincialgovernor. This is a very responsibleposition of high status. Build yourself asplendid home in the town to reflect yourimportance. You should also ensure thatthe town itself has all the trappings ofRoman civilization, such as an amphitheatreand at least one bath-house. This is all partof the process of integrating the newprovince fully into the Empire. Don’t forget,you will need slaves to serve you in yourhomes and in public places. You will havebrought some with you, but may have toget others from the local population.

Bathing is a civilized Roman custom that isessential to introduce to your province.Bath-houses should be some of the first publicbuildings you put up. You will need ahypocaust (underfloor heating) for the warmand hot rooms. A furnace in the boiler househeats up both water for the baths – which isstored in cylinders until needed – and air, whichcirculates under the floors and in the walls.

Cold plungepool

High outer wallswith no windows

Even in the provinces, your domus (townhouse) should be a splendid affair: whynot show local residents who’s boss? A grandcentral atrium with a calming rainwater poolwill impress your guests. Mosaics and wallpaintings add style. Lower rooms can berented out as shops. High walls with fewwindows and doors around the rest of thehouse will keep out the noise of the street.

Changingroom

Cold room(frigidarium)

Door to warmroom(tepidarium)

Hot room(caldarium)

Hotplungepool

Boilerroom

Hypocaust

Latrines

Cold watertank

Stokingthe fire

Hot watercylinders

Garden(peristyle)

Upper-floor bedroomsoverlooking garden

Rainwater pool(impluvium) coolsatrium in hotweather

Shops rentingground floorrooms on mainstreet

Atrium

Pantiledroof

Diningroom(triclinium)

Kitchen

Mosaicfloor

Studywithglasswindow Bakery Soldiers

arrestinga thief

A well-appointed domusshould include glasswindows, but these arevery expensive. Less well-off homes would useanimal skins stretchedacross the openings.

23

A bath-house



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A Roman province

Y ou have completed your challenge successfully, and in a few years, your forthas expanded into a thriving town. Althoughyou will have brought peace to the land, ensurethat a strong wall surrounds the settlement toguard against any future native uprising. It islikely that some of your troops will settle here,and you should encourage local people tomove to the town. If you makeyour province attractiveenough, citizens mayeven move herefrom Rome.

Outside the town, on the coast, there is abusy port. This imports luxury goods from other partsof the Empire and exports wool, pots and other commoditiesfrom your province. It is linked to the town by new roads.Farms are dotted around the countryside, providing food forthe town. A newly built race track is a popular place to go towatch chariot races. The aqueduct continues to supply thetown with fresh water. Well done! Your province is thriving. Itis a shining example of how Roman civilization can be broughtto the farthest reaches of the Empire.

Theatre

Farm

Large villaand farm

Harbour

Farm

Race trackQuarry: sourceof buildingstone for townand roads

Villa

Aqueduct

Amphitheatre:outdoor venue forgladiatorial contests

Defensive ditch

Original fortbuildings

Forum

Temple

Defensive wallswith lookout towers

Roadbuildingparty

Farm

Port protected bystrong walls. Importand export goodsfrom here.

Farm

Bath-house

24 25



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Timeline

JUDAEA

.. Rome

GAUL

GREECE

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

The Roman Empire

SPAIN

A F R I C A

TTHHEE RROOMMAANN EEMMPPIIRREE

This map shows the Roman

Empire at its greatest extent

around the year AD 117. It

stretched from Britain in the

north to Egypt in the south

and the Caspian Sea in the

east. About 50 million

people lived under

Roman rule at

this time.

Carthage ..

BRITAIN

CASPIANSEA

753 BCIn what is now modern Italy, the building ofthe city of Rome begins.

510 BCRome becomes a republic. It is ruled by theSenate, a group of men from wealthy Romanfamilies. Over the next 250 years Romegradually conquers the country around it.

264 BCRome now controls all of Italy. The Punic Warsbetween Rome and the North African city ofCarthage begin. Each side seeks control overthe Mediterranean Sea.

218 BCHannibal, a Carthaginian general, leads amassive army, including 37 elephants, acrossthe Pyrenees and Alps to invade Italy.

202 BCRome defeats Hannibal andinvades Spain.

146 BCRome conquers Greece.

73–71 BCGladiator Spartacus leads arevolt of 90,000 slaves againstthe Republic. After severalvictories the revolt is finally put down by thearmy. Spartacus is killed in battle.

58–51 BCJulius Caesar, a clever politician and generalfrom a wealthy Roman family, conquers Gaul(France) and becomes very popular in Rome.

49 BCJulius Caesar takes control of Rome, becomingits most powerful leader ever. He brings innew laws to make Rome wealthier.

44 BC.Julius Caesar is assassinated by a group ofsenators, who believe he has become toopowerful. A struggle to succeed him followsbetween Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son) andsoldier Mark Antony.

31 BCOctavian defeats Mark Antony at the Battle ofActium. Egypt becomes a Roman province.

27 BCOctavian becomes the first emperor of Romemarking the beginning of the Roman Empire.He takes the name Augustus. He dies in AD 14.

AD 43Emperor Claudius conquers Britain.

AD 60British leader Boudicca rebels against Romanrule, but is defeated.

AD 64Half of Rome is destroyed by fire.

AD 105–117Emperor Trajan conquersland in eastern Europe andthe Empire reaches itslargest extent.

AD 235–84Plague, famine, rebellionsand barbarian attacksweaken the Empire. Romeis defeated by Persia inAD 260 and abandons partsof eastern Europe.

Boudiccaleads arebellion inBritain inAD 60

AD 370–410The Empire is invaded by Huns from Asia andBarbarians from the north and east. Romanswithdraw from Gaul and Britain.

AD 395The Empire is split into two—East and West.The West is rapidly overrun by Barbarians.

AD 455Barbarian Vandals destroy Rome.

AD 476Barbarian general Odoacer defeats EmperorRomulus Augustulus and makes himself King ofItaly, marking the end of the Western Empire.

EGYPT

GERMANY

ITALY

26

Vandals destroyRome in AD 455

27

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Amphitheatre A place where Romans wentto watch entertainments. Usually roughlycircular or semicircular with the stage in thecentre and seats on raised steps all around.

Aqueduct A system of pipes and channelswhich brought clean water into towns fromnatural springs and rivers.

Barbarian A person who lived outside theRoman Empire. Barbarians were regarded bythe Romans as rough and uncivilized.

Basilica A large public building, often built inthe town’s central square, where importantlocal business was carried out – much like amodern town hall.

Chariot A cart with two wheels pulled byhorses. The Romans used chariots fortransport and racing.

Centurion Commandingofficer of a century.

Century Army unit of 80men (10 contubernia).

Cohort Roman infantryunit. Usually six centuries,480 men. See prima cohort

Contubernium A basicarmy unit of eight men.

Glossary Governor The ruler of a Roman province.Sometimes a high-ranking soldier wouldbecome governor of a province.

Hypocaust A central-heating system using hotair from a furnace forced through channelsunder floors and within walls.

Latin The official spoken and writtenlanguage of the Roman Empire. It is notspoken today, but there are many words ofLatin origin in modern European languages,such as English, French, Italian and Spanish.

Legion The largest unit of the Roman armymade up of 6000 men.

Mosaic A decorative pattern or picture madefrom coloured pieces of stone, pottery or glassset into cement. Mosaics were often used todecorate floors.

Phalerae Disc-shaped medals worn bycenturions on leather straps on their chest.

Cuirass Leather or metal body armour wornby Roman soldiers. It was made of severalstrips joined together to make it more flexiblethan a single piece.

Denarius A silver coin. In the first century ADa legionary was paid 225 denarii a year.

Empire The lands and people controlled byRome for about 400 years from 27 BC. TheEmpire was ruled by an emperor.

Forum An open space in the middle of atown where markets were held. The forum wasalso a popular meeting place.

Gladiator A slave, criminal or prisoner of wartrained to fight other gladiators and animals inarenas for the entertainment of the people.Gladiators sometimes fought to the death. Aftermany victories gladiators might be given theirfreedom. A few gladiators were actuallywomen.

Prima cohort The largest cohort in a legionmade up of ten centuries, or 800 men.

Republic Rome between 509 and 27 BC ruledby the Senate.

Senate A group of important men who helpedgovern both the Republic and the Empire.

Slave A person sold to another to work forthem for free. Slaves had no rights, but couldbe granted their freedom – for instance forlong service – by their masters.

Testudo A military formation where soldiersprotected themselves with their shields.

Villa A large house in the countryside.

Testudoformation

A centurion shows off hisphalerae (medals)

28

Gladiators doing battle

29

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Job: E03-94200 Title: Challenge: Romans(199)AC41124_(150#) Dtp: 184 Page: 28

A Roman chariot race

AActium, Battle of 27amphitheatre 18, 22, 25, 28

aqueduct 20-21, 24, 28aquilifer 7armour 6-7, 8, 10army, Roman 5, 6-7atrium 23Augustus (Octavian) 27aureus 18auxiliaries 9, 14

Bballista 11barbarians 5, 14, 18, 26-27, 28

barracks 13, 14-15basilica 19, 28bath-house 15, 19, 22-23battles 10-11Boudicca 27Britain 26-27burial club 6

CDCaesar, Julius 26-27caldarium 22camp, marching 5, 8-9Carthage 26Caspian Sea 26cavalry 7, 9, 15, 17centurion 6-7, 9, 16-17, 28-29

century 6-7, 9, 28-29chariot 28citizens, Roman 6, 24

Claudius 27cohort 6-7, 28coins 18contubernium 6-7, 8, 28cuirass 6, 10, 28dagger 10denarius 18, 28domus 22-23

EFEgypt 26-27Empire, Roman 5, 18, 22, 25, 26-27, 28-29

engineers 20families 17fort 12-13, 14-15, 16-17,25

forum 25, 28frigidarium 22

Ggarden 22Gaul 26-27gladiator 28-29gladius 6, 10glass 23governor 5, 22, 29Greece 26groma 12

HIJHannibal 26hospital 15, 17Huns 27hypocaust 22-23, 28impluvium 23Italy 26-27Judaea 26javelin 7, 10, 17

LMLatin 29latrines 15, 22leatherworkers 19legion 6-7, 16, 29legionaries 6-7, 8-9, 10-11, 16-17

Mark Antony 27medicine 17Mediterranean Sea 26money 18morning report 16mosaics 23, 29

OPOdoacer 27Octavian see Augustuspalisade 8-9peristyle 22phalerae 7, 28-29pilum 6, 8potters 19prima cohort 6, 29principia 13, 14-15province, Roman 5, 18-19, 24-25

Punic Wars 26

Rrace track 25rampart 9, 12, 15rebels 14-15religion 18remedy, herbal 17Republic, Roman 26, 29roads 5, 18-19, 20-21construction of 20-21

Romanization 18-19, 22-23

Rome 18, 26-27

Romulus Augustulus 27

Sscaffolding 21scutum 6, 10Senate 26, 29sestertius 18sewerage 18shield 6, 8-9, 10-11shops 19, 23signifer 6signum 6-7slaves 5, 22, 29smiths 19Spain 26spear 6-7, 8standard bearer 6-7, 9surgeon 17surgery 17surveyors 12, 20sword 6, 10

TVtaxes 5, 18tepidarium 22testudo 11, 29Trajan 27training (army) 16-17training stake 16-17triclinium 23Vandals 27villa 24-25, 29

Wwater supply 18-19, 20-21

wattle and daub 13weapons 6-7, 8-9, 10-11wives 14, 17

Index

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(AB) (UK Text)Job: E03-94200 Title: Challenge: Romans(199)AC41124_(150#) Dtp: 184 Page: 30

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