Life Structure’s and Functionsmrsratzlaff.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/7/7/23773504/... · in...
Transcript of Life Structure’s and Functionsmrsratzlaff.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/7/7/23773504/... · in...
3/21/16
life
inherited
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhHOjC4oxh8&feature=youtu.be What Evolution– Stated Clearly 9 min
time
hypothesis change time
short acquired
longer
offspring
NOT missed mark
English Charles Darwin Galapagos
finches
inherited
NOT longer
survived food
reproduce
survived long offspring
Video 15 min Darwin and Galapagos Interactive Finch
Website
DNA mistake mutation
variations different
different
helpful effect
harmful
no variation
helpful DNA evolution
evolution WINS
https://ww
w.youtube
.com/watc
h?v=Dlhp
vcgK_28&
feature=y
outu.be&li
st=PLInN
VsmlBUl
QT_peuW
ctrmGMiL
ngK-6fb How does new Genetic Information Evolve– Stated Clearly 7 min
traits survive
reproduce offspring
more evolution 5
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SCjhI86grU&feature=youtu.be What is Natural Selection – Stated Clearly 9 min
C 3
E 4
A 2 B 5
1 D
• http://sciencenetlinks.com/media/filer/2011
/10/07/evolution.swf
best
reproduce
become extinct
inherited
favorable
survive
reproduce
inherited
DNA
more
best suited environment survive
reproduce variations offspring
Natural Selection
variations
species
offspring
offspring survive
helpful survive
reproduce
helpful more species
variations species
variations mutation
offspring green
brown
offspring
EARTH
survive
support die die disease
starvation eaten reproduce
helpful survive reproduce
better surviving
camouflage
survive
brown green
longer beaks, thicker fur, bigger ears
helpful more species
future brown changed
mutation fit
suited fittest
Natural variations
better survive reproduce helpful
biggest fastest strongest suited
brown long
survive reproduce offspring
enough
• http://news.yahoo.com/photos/tree-climbing-goats-
1316026287-slideshow/#crsl=/photos/tree-climbing-
goats-1316026287-slideshow/1-photo-
1316024946.html
Tree-climbing goats In Morocco, the native Tamri goats are so enticed by the berries of Argan trees that they have become adept at climbing the branches to reach their food. Even stranger still, the goats' droppings contain seed kernels which local farmers then grind into an oil that is used in cooking and cosmetics
Diga del Cingino dam in Italy
beetles
eating helpful
variation
storm inherited
DNA reproduce
offspring reproduce
evolve more bad taste
polar bear
Polar bear helpful inherited variation survive reproduce
inherited variation helpful
white helpful
inherited offspring
organisms
new helpful
C
D E
D B
Humerus ulna
radius carpals
phalanges
The human and horse have similar bone structures.
The whale and a bat share a common ancestor.
humerus ulna
radius carpals
phalanges
humerus ulna
radius carpals
phalanges
proven theories evidence
theory agreed
organism
found evolved
evidence
age location
Law Superposition law why
scientists agreed
older
E
C
humans A fossils
before
fossils
function form
evidence
origin
cells cell membrane
DNA related
form
body
function homologous structures
common
Homologous Video (6 min)
bones limbs
structures common
Humerus ulna radius
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIEoO5KdPvg&feature=youtu.behttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIEoO5KdPvg&feature=youtu.be What is Evidence of Evolution– Stated Clearly 11 min
evolution fossils Law Superposition evolved
Trilobite
Fern
related structures
form function
common
The whale and lizard are most closely related.
The whale and lizard have homologous bones.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIEoO5KdPvg&feature=youtu.b Does the Theory of Evolution Really Matter– Stated Clearly 1 min
Helpful Websites:
“Who Wants to Live a Million Years?” http://science.discovery.com/games-and-interactives/charles-darwin-game.htm
Resource Page for Evolution and Natural Selection http://evolution.berkeley.edu
The Evolution Experience! http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/evolution/what-is-evolution/natural-
selection-game/the-evolution-experience.html
Natural Selection simulation!
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/natural-selection
Life #5 Graveyard
How closely are you related to…
Another Human? ____%
All humans have the same genes, but some of these genes contain differences that make each person unique.
100
How closely are you related to…
A chimpanzee? ____%
Chimpanzees are the closest living species to humans.
98
How closely are you related to…
A mouse? ____%
All mammals are quite similar genetically.
92
How closely are you related to…
• A fruit fly? ____%
Studies of fruit flies have shown how shared genes govern the growth and structure of both insects and mammals.
44
How closely are you related to…
• Yeast? ____%
Yeasts are single-celled organisms, but they have many housekeeping genes that are the same as the genes in humans, such as those that enable energy to be derived from the breakdown of sugars.
26
How closely are you related to…
A weed? ___%
Plants have many metabolic differences from humans. For example, they use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide gas to sugars. But they also have similarities in their housekeeping genes.
18
The speed of Evolution Scientists do not agree on how _______ evolution occurs. Some scientists believe that it occurs ______, perhaps over tens or hundreds of millions of years. Some scientists believe that it can occur more _______ perhaps over tens of years.
quickly
slowly
quickly
An adaptation is a feature that is common in a population because it provides some __________ function. Adaptations are well _________ to their function and are produced by ________ _________.
Let’s look at these 5 Principles using Beetles as an example.
improved fitted
natural selection
Some Examples of adaptations are:
• Camouflage
• Webbed feet
• Longer beaks
• Thicker fur
• Big Ears
• Many of the things that _______ us most in nature are thought to be ___________.
impress
adaptations
Evolution takes ____.
.
time
occurs as one generation produces the next. It involves passing on ______ material.
Biological evolution is the change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation.
This happens through processes like _______ and _____________.
genetic
mutation natural selection
– a change in a ____ sequence.
This usually occurs because of _____
in replication of DNA. Mutation is the
ultimate source of genetic variation.
These variations of the _______
traits can make an individual different
from other members of its species.
DNA
errors
inherited
Mutation
can be ________, ______ or have no effect at all.
beneficial harmful
Mutation
What is the genetic mutation
"Originally, we all had brown eyes", said Professor Eiberg from the
Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. "But a genetic
mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in
the creation of a "switch", which literally "turned off" the ability to
produce brown eyes". The OCA2 gene codes for the so-called P
protein, which is involved in the production of melanin, the pigment
that gives colour to our hair, eyes and skin. The "switch", which is
located in the gene adjacent to OCA2 does not, however, turn off the
gene entirely, but rather limits its action to reducing the production of
melanin in the iris - effectively "diluting" brown eyes to blue. The
switch's effect on OCA2 is very specific therefore. If the OCA2 gene
had been completely destroyed or turned off, human beings would be
without melanin in their hair, eyes or skin colour - a condition known
as albinism.
Examples:
Mutation
ScienceDaily (July 7, 1997) — Scientists at
the Carnegie Institution and the University of
California, Berkeley, have discovered a
mutation in plants that makes the tap root
accumulate large amounts of oils, proteins,
and starch. The discovery could lead to
genetically engineered plants that store
commercially useful substances in an
enlarged root. The finding could also make
possible the creation of more nutritious root
crops with a better balance of oil, protein,
and starch. (Most root crops in Third World
countries, such as cassava and taro, contain
only starch.) The mutation was found in the
experimental plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
Once the gene containing the mutation has
been cloned, it should be possible to track
down the analogous gene in other plants,
such as turnips, radishes, and sweet potato.
For example, a specific 32 base pair
deletion in human CCR5 (CCR5-Δ32)
confers HIV resistance to homozygotes
and delays AIDS onset in
heterozygotes.[9] The CCR5 mutation is
more common in those of European
descent. One theory for the etiology of the
relatively high frequency of CCR5-Δ32 in
the European population is that it
conferred resistance to the bubonic plague
in mid-14th century Europe. People who
had this mutation were able to survive
infection; thus, its frequency in the
population increased.[10] It could also
explain why this mutation is not found in
Africa where the bubonic plague never
reached
Examples:
Mutation If this non-disjunction occurs in chromosome 21 of a
human egg cell, a condition called Down's syndrome
occurs. This is because their cells possess 47
chromosomes as opposed to the normal
chromosome compliment in humans of 46.
Mutation
– a process in which some
individuals have inherited traits that
improve _______ or ____________.
This allows their offspring which inherit
that trait a better chance of ________.
Natural Selection
survival reproduction
survival
Natural Selection
_______ selection is a process in
which humans _____ a specific
feature in organisms to create better
offspring. This brings about
evolutionary change in the species.
Artificial
Artificial Selection
select
Examples:
Artificial Selection
_______ theory of evolution
by natural selection
is relatively simple.
Darwin’s
b (the different _____) For example, some beetles are ____ and some are _____ .
alleles
green brown
b
(some have more __________) offspring
eaten
survive reproduce
b (passing of _____ to offspring) The surviving brown beetles have _____ baby beetles.
traits
brown
b
The more ________ trait (brown coloration)
allows the beetle to have more offspring.
This trait becomes more _______ in the
population. If this process continues,
eventually, all individuals in
the _________ will be brown.
favorable
common
population
If you have ______, ________
_________, and ______, you will
have evolution by natural
selection.
It is as simple as that.
variation differential
heredity reproduction
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/11/2/real/e_s_4.html
Natural Selection is dependent on the environment
The environment that organisms live in is
always changing. Organisms can react to
these changes is 3 ways: ____, ____,
and/or ___ (M.A.D).
Organisms with the traits best suited for
their environment are more likely to
_____ and ________.
adapt move
survive reproduce
die
to a new area is a part of _______. When individuals move to a new area it can cause evolution of a _______.
These individuals may have different
____ than the population already living in the area. If the individuals moving into the area have a favorable trait they can _______ this trait by mating with the existing population.
traits
evolution
species
introduce
The favorable _____ is genetically
passed on to their offspring through their ____. DNA
trait
is part of the evolutionary process. Adaptations occur gradually and begin as small genetic variations in an _______ organisms.
Adaptations are _______ physical features or behaviors that enable an organism to _____ in its environment.
inherited
survive
individual
An adaptation that you may be familiar with is _________, this is the ability to ____ in with your environment. Organisms make these adaptations for ________ or to become better ______.
Examples of species that camouflage with their environments are ____, ______, _____ and _____.
camouflage blend
protection hunters
fish lizards tigers moths
Peppered Moths
Evolution by natural selection
is sometimes known as
“______ of the _____”.
Survival fittest
Evolution by natural selection The “ ” organisms can:
1) _____ to changes in their environment
Example: Galapagos turtles have developed a notch in their carapaces to reach taller vegetation.
Adapt
Evolution by natural selection The “ ” organisms can:
2) Produce more offspring than can ______
Examples: Mosquitoes (200-300 every third night) Fish (hundreds of eggs) Geese (ten) Humans (one)
survive
Evolution by natural selection The “ ” organisms can:
3) Have genetic ________ within each species
Example: The different alleles
variations
Evolution by natural selection All of these give the individuals a better
chance to ______, ________ and pass on their genetic _____.
A better way of expression this is
“survival of the fit ______”.
survive reproduce traits
enough
Evidence Just like some of the other ______
that we have examined, the theory of evolution by natural selection has to have _______.
theories
evidence
Homologous Structures