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7/28/2019 Libya and Arab Spring
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SPECIAL REPORT: Libya after Gadhafi
Future of Libya with Derek Stoffel - September 8, 201111:44
Arab Spring Revisited24:00
The latest:
Libyan rebel fighters have captured the airport and other parts of Sabha, a southern city that
is one of the last remaining strongholds of Col. Moammar Gadhafi's forces.
The push to capture Gadhafi's hometown of Sirte and the mountain enclave of Bani Walid, however, has
been stymied by well-armed loyalist forces, which have fought back with rockets and other heavy
weaponry.
Since rebels captured Tripoli a month ago, the ousted Gadhafi has been in hiding. He has not been
found.
Amnesty International reportsthat forces supporting Gadhafi killed and injured scores of unarmed
protesters, made critics disappear, used illegal cluster bombs, launched artillery, mortar and rocket
attacks against residential areas and, without any legal proceedings, executed captives. Amnesty says
that anti-Gadhafi forces "also tortured and ill-treated captured soldiers, suspected 'mercenaries' and
other alleged Gadhafi loyalists."
In a recent speech in Tripoli, National Transitional Council chairman Mustafa Abdel Jalil told a crowd of
10,000 in Martyrs' Square that the NTC strives "for a state that will have Islamic shariah law as the basis
of legislation."
In the latest statement attributed to Gadhafi that was read on Syria's Al-Rai TV, he is quoted as saying,
"There is nothing more to do except fight until victory."
Canadian diplomats, including ambassador Sandra McCardell, areback on the ground in Libya,
refurbishing and securing the mission so they can resume normal diplomatic relations. And Canada is
moving to unfreeze$2.2 billion worth of Libyan assets, Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird said on Sept.
13.
China has officially recognizedthe National Transitional Council of Libya as the ruling authority in Libya.
Oil production has reached 160,000 barrels per day at the Sarir oil field in eastern Libya.
The fight for Libya
Background: Libya in crisisWho: Although Gadhafi, who has ruled the North African country since 1969, had vowed to fight to the
death, his spokesman said on Aug. 28 that the embattled Libyan leader was willing tonegotiate a
transfer of power
. Sincepro-democracy demonstrationsbegan on Feb. 18, the embattled leader
hasvariously accused themof being the work of Western infiltrators, drug-addled youth and al-Qaeda.
AnInternational Criminal Court arrest warrantalleges Gadhafi and his inner circle plotted a "state policy
aimed at deterring and quelling by any means including by the use of lethal force the
demonstrations by civilians against the regime."
The people: To this day, most Libyans identify themselves based on tribal alliances.
Where: Early battles in the Libyan civil war focused on areas in the rebel-dominated east, such as the
cities ofBregaandAjdabiya. All along, NATO planes, including Canadian jets, targeted Libyan air
defences, especially around Tripoli and the western city of Misrata. After consolidating their positions in
the east, the anti-Gadhafi forcesclosed in on Tripoli.
The resources:
UN intervention: TheUN Security Council votedon March 17 to approve ano-fly zonein Libya and air
strikes against Gadhafi forces but stopped short of putting troops on the ground. On March 31,
NATOassumed controlover the military operation, taking over from the U.S., France and Britain, which
had been leading the mission, and installing Canadian Lt.-Gen. Charles Bouchard as commander of the
operation.
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The International Organization for Migration estimates more than 345,000 people have fled Libya since
the conflict began, including many onboats to Italy.
Canadian impact:Canadian troops are part of the NATO-led mission in Libya, and while visiting the
United Nations on Sept. 20, Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that he would ask Parliament for
a three-month extension to the Canadian mission.
"We will participate in the mission until armed threats emanating from Gadhafi forces are eliminated fromthe country," Harper told reporters in New York. "We will ask Parliament to extend the mission by three
months but I'll be frank with you in saying, we're pretty optimistic that we'll achieve our objectives well
before that timeline."
The House of Commonsvoted overwhelminglyin favour of a previous three-and-a-half-month mission
extension in June.
Libya photo galleries
CBCNews.ca has about 20 photo galleries on Libya, including one onCanadas Air Force in Libya.
To help find them, use thisGoogle search link.
On Aug. 9,Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird announcedthat Canada had declared diplomats at the
Libyan Embassy in Ottawapersonae non gratae and ordered them to leave the country, freezing their
bank accounts in the process.
Canada has recognized the rebel-formed National Transitional Council as the legitimate government of
Libya.
On June 9, Defence Minister Peter MacKay said the Canadian mission in Libyahas cost $26 millionand
could rise to $60 million by September. That includes the cost of fuel for fighter planes and patrol craft as
well as the 300 laser-guided bombs dropped between March 19 to June 2.
Canada has sevenCF-18 fighter jets, twoCP-140 Aurorapatrol planes, two CC-130 Hercules tankers
and a refueller in the region helping to enforce the no-fly zone and arms embargo against Libya, and the
warshipHMCS Charlottetownwas there butis now home. TheHMCS Vancouverhas arrived in its place.
At the height of the mission, there were about 650 Canadian personnel in the area. About 435 personnel
are still there.
PHOTOS: Gadhafi through the years
________________
2011 Libyan civil war
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For more details on this topic, seeTimeline of the 2011 Libyan civil war.
Cities underNational Transitional Councilcontrol
Cities underMuammar Gaddafi's control
Ongoing fighting
Date 15 February 2011 ongoing (221 days)
Location Libya
Status Ongoing
Anti-Gaddafi forcescapture and
holdTripoli,Benghazi,Misrata,Bayd
aand other Libyan cities
92 countries
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andUNdiplomatically
recogniseNTC as sole governing
authority for Libya
Belligerents
National Transitional
Council[1]
National
Liberation Army
Free
Libyan Air Force
Anti-Gaddafi
tribes[2][3][4]
Foreign military
coordinators
UN member
statesenforcingUNSC
Resolution 1973:
NATO
Jordan[5]
Qatar[6]
Sweden
UAE[7]
full list[show]
Tunisian Army(border
clashes)
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Libyan Armed
Forces
Libyan Army
Libyan Air
Force
Libyan Navy
Paramilitary forces
Pro-Gaddafi
tribes[2][3][10]
Foreign mercenaries
[11][12][13][14][15][16]
[17][18][19]
Commanders and leaders
Mustafa Abdul Jalil
(Chairman of theNTC)[20]
Abdul Hafiz Ghoga
(Vice-Chairman of
theNTC)
Mahmoud Jibril
(InterimLibyan Prime
Minister)
Jalal al-Digheily
Omar El-Hariri[21]
Suleiman
Mahmoud[22]
Muammar Gaddafi
Muammar Gaddafi's
sons:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
Khamis al-Gaddafi
Al-Mu'tasim-Billah al-Gaddafi
Al-Saadi al-Gaddafi
Military leaders:
Abdullah Senussi
(Head of Military
Intelligence)
Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_National_Transitional_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_National_Transitional_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_National_Transitional_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_National_Transitional_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transitional_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transitional_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Libyan_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Libyan_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Libyan_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Libyan_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Libyan_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-tribewsj-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-tribewsj-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-live5-3-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-live5-3-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya#Forces_committedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya#Forces_committedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya#Forces_committedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wazzinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wazzinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wazzinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wazzinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Socialist_People%27s_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Socialist_People%27s_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Armed_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Armed_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Armed_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Armed_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Armed_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Libya#Paramilitary_forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Libya#Paramilitary_forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-tribewsj-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-tribewsj-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-stabroek-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-stabroek-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-chadian-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-tuaregs2-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-tuaregs2-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-tuaregs4-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Abdul_Jalilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Abdul_Jalilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transitional_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transitional_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-19http:/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ikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-live5-3-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-tribewsj-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-tribewsj-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Libyan_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Libyan_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transitional_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transitional_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_National_Transitional_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_National_Transitional_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations 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7/28/2019 Libya and Arab Spring
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- 4 -
Abdul Fatah
Younis[23](KIA)
Khalifa Belqasim
Haftar
Mahdi al-Harati
Abu Oweis
Abdul Hassan
Khalid Shahmah
Anders Fogh
Rasmussen
(Secretary General)
James G. Stavridis
(SACEUR)
Charles Bouchard
(Operational
Commander)[24]
Ralph Jodice
(Air Commander)
Rinaldo Veri
(Martime Commander)
Carter Ham
Stephen Harper
(Prime Minister of
Canada)
Marc Lessard
(Commander
ofCEFCOM)
Lars Lkke
Rasmussen
(Prime Minister of
Denmark)
Knud Bartels
Nicolas Sarkozy
douard Guillaud
Silvio Berlusconi
Rinaldo VeriJens Stoltenberg
Harald Sunde
David Cameron
(Prime Minister of the
UK)
SirStuart Peach
(Chief of Joint
(Minister of Defence)
Massoud Abdelhafid
(Head of the secret police)
Baghdadi
Mahmudi(POW)
(Libyan Prime Minister)
Mahdi al-Arabi(POW)
(Deputy chief of staff of the
army and commander of
special forces)
Moussa Ibrahim
(Libyan government
spokesman)
Mohamed Abu Al-Quasim al-Zwai(POW)
(Secretary-General of
theGeneral People's
Congress)
Abuzed Omar
Dorda(POW)
(Head ofNational
Intelligence)
Khouildi
Hamidi(POW)
(Deputy head of the secret
police)
Salih Rajab al-Mismari
(Minister of Public Security)
Rafi al-Sharif
(Head of the Navy)
Ali Sharif al-Rifi(General and Head of the
Air Force)
Ali Kana
(General and commander of
southern forces)
Awad Hamza
(Infantry leader)
Bashir Hawadi
(General and field
commander)
Mustafa al-Kharoubi
(General and military
strategist)
Nasr al-Mabrouk
(General and primary police
commander)
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Operations)
Barack Obama
(President of the United
States)
Carter Ham
Sam Locklear
Abdullah II
Hamad bin Khalifa Al
Thani
Sverker Granson
Khalifa bin Zayed Al
Nahyan
Mansour Dao
(Head of Gaddafi's personal
guards)
Strength
35,00040,000 defecting
soldiers and volunteers
International Forces:
Numerous air and
maritime forces (see here)
20,000[25]40,000[26]soldiers
and militia
Casualties and losses
5,1326,522 opposition
fighters and supporters
killed, 1,7751,894
missing (seehere)
1 airman killed in
traffic accident in
Italy[27][28][29]
3Dutch
Marinescaptured (later
released)[30]
2 soldiers killed[31]
2,0702,321 soldiers killed
(seehere),
792+ captured[32]
Estimated total casualties on both sides, including
civilians:
30,000 killed, 4,000 missing[33]
The 2011 Libyan civil war, also known as the Libyan Revolution[34][35][36][37][38], is an ongoing armed
conflict in the North African state ofLibyabeing fought between forces loyal toMuammar Gaddafiand his
regime and those seeking to depose him.[39][40]The situation began on 15 February 2011 as a series of
peaceful protests which were met with military force by the Gaddafi regime. The protests escalated into
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an uprising that spread across the country, with the forces opposing Gaddafi establishing a government
based in Benghazi named theNational Transitional Councilwhose stated goal is to overthrow the
Gaddafi-led government and hold democratic elections.[41]
TheUnited Nations Security Councilpassed an initialresolutionfreezing the assets of Gaddafi and ten
members of his inner circle, and restricting their travel. The resolution also referred the actions of thegovernment to theInternational Criminal Courtfor investigation,[42]and an arrest warrant for Gaddafi was
issued on 27 June.[43]This was followed by an arrest warrant issued byInterpolon 8 September.[44]
In early March, Gaddafi's forces rallied, pushed eastwards and re-took several coastal cities before
attacking Benghazi. A furtherU.N. resolutionauthorized member states to establish and enforce ano-fly
zone over Libya.[45]The Gaddafi government then announced a ceasefire, but failed to uphold it.[46]
In August, rebel forcesengaged in a coastal offensiveand took most of their lost territory, andcaptured
the capital city of Tripoli,[47]while Gaddafi evaded capture and loyalists engaged in a rearguard
campaign.[48]
Until 16 September 2011,Libya under Gaddafiwas officially known as theLibyan Arab Jamahiriyaby
theUnited Nations.[49]The UN now recognises the National Transitional Council as the legal
representative of the country.[50]On 20 September, theAfrican Unionofficially recognised the National
Transitional Council as the legitimate representative of Libya.[51]
Background
Main article:History of Libya under Gaddafi
Leadership
Muammar Gaddafiwas thede-factoruler of Libya since he led a military coup that overthrewKing Idris
Iin 1969.[52]He abolished theLibyan Constitutionof 1951, and adopted laws based on his own ideology.
Under Gaddafi, Libya was theoretically a decentralized, democratic state run according to the philosophy
of Gaddafi'sGreen Book, with Gaddafi retaining a ceremonial position. Libya was officially run by a
system of people's committees which served as local governments for the country's subdivisions, an
indirectly-electedGeneral People's Congressas the legislature, and theGeneral People's Committee,
led by a Secretary-General, as the executive branch. In practice, however, these structures were
manipulated to ensure the dominance of Gaddafi, who continued to dominate all aspects of government,
and the country's political system was widely seen as arubber-stamp.[53]
WikiLeaks'disclosure of confidential US diplomatic cablesrevealed US diplomats there speaking of
Gaddafi's "mastery of tactical maneuvering".[54]While placing relatives and loyal members ofhis tribein
central military and government positions, he skillfully marginalized supporters and rivals, thus
maintaining a delicate balance of powers, stability and economic developments. This extended even to
his own sons, as he repeatedly changed affections to avoid the rise of a clear successor and rival.[54]
Gaddafi, fearing a military coup against his government, deliberately kept Libya's military relatively weak.
TheLibyan Armyconsisted of about 50,000 personnel. Its most powerful units were four crack brigades
of highly equipped and trained soldiers, composed of members of Gaddafi's tribe or members of other
tribes loyal to him. One, theKhamis Brigade, was led by his sonKhamis. Local militias and Revolutionary
Committees across the country were also kept well-armed. By contrast, regular military units were poorly
armed and trained, and were armed with largely outdated military equipment.[55][56][57]
Development and corruption
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Most of the business enterprise has been controlled by Gaddafi and his family.[58]A leaked diplomatic
cable describes Libyan economy as "akleptocracyin which the government either the al-Qadhafi family
itself or its close political allies has a direct stake in anything worth buying, selling or
owning".[59]Gaddafi amassed a vast personal fortune during his 42-year rule.[60]
Much of the state's income comes fromits oil production, which soared in the 1970s, and was spent onarms purchases and on sponsoring violence around the world.[61][62]Gaddafi's relatives adopted lavish
lifestyles, including luxurious homes, Hollywood film investments and private parties with American pop
stars.[59][63]
Petroleum revenues contributes up to 58% of Libya's GDP.[64]Governments withresource curserevenue
have a lower need for taxes from other industries and consequently feel less pressure to develop their
middle class. To calm down opposition, they can use the income from natural resources to offer services
to the population, or to specific government supporters.[65]Libya's oil wealth being spread over a
relatively small population has given a higher GDP per capita than in neighbouring states.[66][67][68]Libya's
GDP per capita (PPP),human development index, and literacy rate were better than in Egypt and
Tunisia, whoserevolutionspreceded the outbreak of protests in Libya.[69]Libya'scorruption perception
indexin 2010 was 2.2, ranking 146th out of 178 countries, which was worse than that of Egypt (rank
98th) and Tunisia (rank 59th), two neighbouring states that had uprisings preceding Libya's.[70]One
paper speculates that such situation creates a wider contrast between good education, high demand for
democracy, and the government's practices (perceived corruption, political system, supply of
democracy).[69]
An estimated 20.74% of Libyan citizens were unemployed, and about one-third lived below the national
poverty line. More than 16% of families had none of its members earning a stable income, while 43.3%
had just one. Despite one of the highest unemployment rates in the region, there was a consistent labor
shortage with over a million migrant workers present on the market.[71]These migrant workers formed the
bulk of the refugees leaving Libya after the beginning of hostilities.
Some of the worst economic conditions are in the eastern parts of the state, once a breadbasket of the
ancient world. Gaddafi only extracted oil there.[72][73]Not much housing or infrastructure were developed
for 40 years. For example, the only sewage facility in Banghazi is over 40 years old, and untreated
sewage has resulted in environmental problems.[74]Under Gaddafi rule, the poor medical system had
become an infuriating symbol of the spotty distribution of resources in the country. The lack of decent
medical care often forced Libyans to seek medical care in neighboring countries such as Tunisia and
Egypt.[75]
The civil war is viewed as a part of theArab Spring, which has already resulted in the ousting of long-
term presidents of adjacent Tunisia and Egypt, with the initial protests all using similar slogans.[76]Social
mediaplayed an important role in organizing the opposition.[77]
Human rights and violations in Libya
Further information:Human rights in Libya
According to the 2009Freedom of the Press Index, Libya is the most-censored state in the Middle East
and North Africa.[78]
Gaddafi created Revolutionary committees to keep tight control over internal dissent in 1973. Ten to 20
percent of Libyans worked as informants for these committees. Surveillance took place in the
government, in factories, and in the education sector.[79]The government often executed dissidents
through public hangings and mutilations and rebroadcast them on state television channels.[79][80]In
2011, Libya's press was rated as the most censored in the Middle East and North Africa.[81]Up to the mid
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om_of_the_Press_(report)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_(report)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-Mohamed_Eljhami-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-Mohamed_Eljhami-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-Mohamed_Eljhami-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-Mohamed_Eljhami-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-Mohamed_Eljhami-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-Mohamed_Eljhami-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-Mohamed_Eljhami-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-Mohamed_Eljhami-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-Mohamed_Eljhami-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_(report)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Libyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-Timpane-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-NYT-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Springhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-71http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-71http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-Maleki_02.2F09-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_perception_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_perception_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-Maleki_02.2F09-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Springhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_development_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-OliviaWard-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_cursehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-Silver_2011-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-nytimes-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-nytimes-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Libyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-risen-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-nytimes-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptocracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war#cite_note-57 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1980s, Libya's intelligence service conducted assassinations of Libyan dissidents around the
world.[79][82]As late as 2004, Gaddafi still provided bounties on his critics, including $1 million for one
Libyan journalist in the United Kingdom.[83]Until recently, foreign languages such as English and French
were banned from school syllabus and talking with foreigners about politics carried a three-year prison
term.[84]Dissent was illegal under Law 75 of 1973, and Gaddafi regularly asserted that anyone guilty of
founding a political party would be executed.[79]
Anti-Gaddafi movement, beginnings of National Transitional Council
Beginnings of open protest
Between 13 and 16 January, upset at delays in the building of housing units and over political corruption,
protesters inBayda,Darnah, Benghazi,Bani Walidand other cities broke into and occupied housing that
the government was building, and protesters also clashed with police inBaydaand attacked government
offices.[85][86]By 27 January, the government had responded to the housing unrest with a 20 billion
investment fund to provide housing and development.[87][88][89]
The flag of the formerKingdom of Libya. It, or modified versions, has been used by many protesters as
anoppositionflag.[90][91]
In late January, Jamal al-Hajji, a writer, political commentator and accountant, "call[ed] on the Internet for
demonstrations to be held in support of greater freedoms in Libya" inspired by
theTunisianandEgyptianrevolutions. He was arrested on 1 February by plain-clothes police officers,
and charged on 3 February with injuring someone with his car. Amnesty International claimed thatbecause al-Hajji had previously been imprisoned for his non-violent political opinions, the real reason for
the present arrest appeared to be his call for demonstrations.[92]In early February, Gaddafi, on behalf of
the Jamahiriya, met with political activists, journalists, and media figures and warned them that they
would be held responsible if they disturbed the peace or created chaos in Libya.[93]
Uprising and civil war
Main article:Timeline of the 2011 Libyan civil war before intervention
A girl in Benghazi with a placard saying that the Libyan tribes are united, on 23 February 2011
The protests, unrest and confrontations began in earnest on 15 February 2011. On the evening of 15
February, between 500 and 600 demonstrators protested in front of Benghazi's police headquarters after
the arrest of human rights lawyerFathi Terbil. The protest was broken up violently by police, resulting in
clashes in which 38 people were injured, among them ten security personnel.[94][95]The novelist Idris Al-
Mesmari was arrested hours after giving an interview withAl Jazeeraabout the police reaction to
protests.[94]InBaydaandZintan, hundreds of protesters in each town called for an end of the Gaddafi
regime and set fire to police and security buildings.[94]InZintan, the protesters set up tents in the town
centre.[94]The armed protests continued the following day in Benghazi,DarnahandBayda. Libyan
security forces allegedly responded with lethal force. Hundreds gathered atMaydan al-Shajarain
Benghazi, and authorities tried to disperse protesters with water cannons.[96]
The Libyan flag is flown from a communications tower in Bayda in July.
A "Day of Rage" in Libya and by Libyans in exile was planned for 17 February.[93][97][98]TheNational
Conference for the Libyan Oppositionasked that all groups opposed to the Gaddafi regime protest on 17
February, in memory of demonstrations in Benghazi five years earlier.[93]The plans to protest were
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