lfHyneman-01_EBk_v7.0

8/13/2019 lfHyneman-01_EBk_v7.0

1/658

#>

A $ # F>, I>.

CH JJI J>H KHI < IIOI, KJ I, IJKO=KI, I LIJ J> %% M IJ. >I JJ I I HJ < J>

HJ %HHO < %HJO DD M>> JI LH 1,000 I GKJI KJ HJO MH, I L H=K HGKIJ.

> KJ HI J> = IHLI I I= J %HJO FK I M IJI I J>HIJ-M MHJJ H < J> MH [

2/658

LIJ %HJO FK'I M IJ J MMM.HJO %HHO < %HJOJ .HJO FK= EH:1760-1805, L. 1

%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 2 >JJ://.HJO

3/658

E> :

AH J HJ= DKH= J> FK= EH: 1760-1805,. C>HI . O D %KJP ("I: %HJOFK, 1983). 2 LI. K 1.

EJH: C>HI . OEJH: D . %KJP

A I LKI HL IJ < ILJO-IN IIOI, >JI,I>I, JJHI J MIHI MHJJ JM 1760 1805 O AH J H=KI HI. O H IKHI J>J MH HLKIO L O H=H HIH>HHI. BKJ KJ J> AH HK H IIJ H= HI < AHJ J>K=>J. > I LK KI JJ=H>O < aL >KH J JI IIHJJ < HHO JHH= H

%HHO < %HJO: AH J HJ= DKH= J> FK= EH:1760-1805, L. 1

%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 3 >JJ://.HJO


4/658

5/658

A F>:

%HJO FK, ". I HLJ, KJ

J KH= J> IJKO < J> < IJO < =>:

> OH=>J J J>I J, J> HJ JH O %HJO FK, ".

F '=>:

>I JH I KJ J H J> KJ =I

6/658

>

H FK= EH1760-1805 K "

1: AH> I 1727-1784: EJ H2: . . #.: JJ 3: .: JJ 4: OKI: JJ 5: > KKI: JJ 6: J> I 1701-1785: J> +=>JI < CI

EN7: AGKKI: FH J> CHH B 1710-1776: "GKHO "J J> +=>JI BHJI> CI9: BHJKI AHKI: BHJKI AHKI10: J> HK: . L11: < %HJO II DMH 1729-1785: DIKHIAJ J> DJ < J> H < %HJO

12: D >KJ 1722-1802: EJ H13: -MI>H J > HI 1698-1781:

>HO < A=O: H, EIIO J> JKH, KH ENJJ < H FH

14: #> KH 1719-1792: EJ H15: J> HJH: . "". DKJI < J> J $16: CIJJ CKIJH: ENJHJ < %JJH FH

J " J> CKJHO J I FH17: MH 1733-1804: H H> J J>AJ H AHJHO CO " BIJ

18: II>KIJJII %H 1740-1820: J AJI <

19: IOL +KI> 1745-1813: AHIIJ J> ">JJI < J> BHJI> JJJI " AH

L-=20: CJJ C=HII: A J J> ">JJI I BHKHO: J> AII: H, J> HJ,

CHI BJM J> HI < "II>H D, ">H +=H FH CL %HJO

22: J> I 1741-1821: M DIKHII %HJO23: JH: J J> M AJ CKHI, < J>

HL < II>KIJJI-O24: J> 1718-1803: EJ H


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 6 >JJ://.HJO

7/658

25: %L HJ 1738-1808: %HJO DIH +: " H H> J J> CHHJ H

AJJJ29: D>KI =H= BHO?: J> K HI AJ N, H E=I> , CIJJKJ30: OKI: FKH %JJHI "JHIJ= KJI

31: OKI: J> J> BIJ LHHI: H < LHJ FK J> #KIJ HI < JKHFH

32: #> AI 1735-1826: >K=>JI LHJ33: K IJ 1730-1807: J> +=>J J + A=IJ

LHHI ( EJ DO H )34: HIJHII: KH "L35: OKI >J=: BHI>HZI

HLI36: J>>KI HII: J> EIIN +IKJ

37: >I OI: H38: AI 1739-1801: EJ H39: OKI: +KJI < %M LHJ

DK FH J> %M < JKH40: >KI J>I KH KH 1745-1828:

CJHO JI, AJJJ=, BO FH JJ < JJHI, J+L HJO HK

41: I I (1749-1836) EJ A.: H +IJH A=IJ +=KI AIIIIJI

42: KI +K: AHII J J> K, CJ= +HI J> HIJ J JJ < J>

AH +KI, EJ.43: D M

FKHI>=44: #I> %J>H 1731-1820: IKI CJ 1745-1813: FH J> EIJI>J

< K >I J> D`KI < $M= "IOL; J >> AH A, >K=>JI J> < EKJ, HH " +K.

46: >>HIJKI: >HJ IJHO < J> H BO #KHO

47: J> HIJH KJH: .


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 7 >JJ://.HJO

8/658

48: BIJI: HKI KIJI HI J A FHI JJ> +=>JI < , J> KJ AIMHI

AH J HJ= KH= J> FK= EH 1760-1805

%"BE+ FD %"B+A+ F E AE+"CA +EB%"C

+? ? F9 A=.B. A, .

)>9?> >4 92#> C. C>K

I> D> ? C?>99?>H= . CHO

A=9> $? D9> F?>49> E:1760-1805C>HI . O D . %KJP, I.

$?

9/658

B J < CJJI

$

> J MHJ= < J> I, >JI, JJHI J MIHI MHJJ J> IJGKHJH < J> =>JJ> JKHO J>J MK HO HHI < AH J J>K=>J MK a IP < J> JM J>J J>I JJHKI. A L HII < KJ MHJ> J KJ < J> HI JJHI HJ J> J MHJ=I >L H < J>HHI KIHJ HIHL H>LI HHI.

AJ IJ J < IIOI, > FHIJ, >I = II < MIJH JHJKH. " J> =>J < IK> HIIL

JHJKH, J> H < IH, < J >< >KH, HJ>HJ KM NJ J I>HI K=>J J >=>HHJO H= OII HJI < =LHJ H H.

> I LK < J>I J II MJ> J> JHIZ >< aL->KH- JI J>K=>J J HHIJ J> IJ OJ MHJ= KJ J HJ J> E=I> I J>JLHJ J IJJI KH= J> O MK LHbM J

IJ aJ, LKI J> IP < J>I JM.> JHI H L J>J = IJ IJ O >LHJ GK KJ < MH= J>J J JIJI < HLKJ I J II IJI

10/658

I IJI MH I IJ II O =L= HM J> JHHI H=J >M J MI NKJ.> H J J> HO MHJ= MI JJ O J> IH JH, J> IJHO M J J>

aHIJ HI.

>H OHI J> I < H=I J KLHIJO HHO " MI MH J>J, M>J>H O >IJH H J IJIJ, J>I J>J JK> HONH J J H JH= J I>HI LK < J> HI < #>

AI J> IZI KH KHI < J AKJ>HJO. "JJKH KJ M> O IOKI MI J J>J, IL JMI > FHIJH II KIJHKI JH KJ,A FHIJ, O O CHO, IJLHOJ>= J> IJKJI MH I J H MI IK J J> =H> O.

HL, " IMH =>JO J> J>J I I I " K a JJ KJ=J J K-J-J a H. >I >H= a O HHO =K JI, HII J>J " MI J N. FH MIHI " MK >L J IM>H. > JJI J>J " > J H MHJHI I HL OHHI MK J ` J JI J>J J>


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 10 >JJ://.HJO

11/658

KJ=J %HHO J >L. O aHIJ HIHJ MI J NLHO HJ J> KJ=J %HHO J>J HH JJIK==IJ= J =>J >L IJ>= JHIJ= J IO. "< J> JJ= Ja J O IH, H IH LH J H J J> J> =I J I J HHK H J HJ J> II < K=JHJ>H J> HIKJ. DL D==JJZI HJ: KI &OB ENJHJ HII "I KI" MK>L IJ HH IKJJ:A +IJHO H= a MI I J I J>%HHOZI IJ` IKI J J , J> HJO < LH=OJ>= HLJ J J> IKJI " J J J> J . FH H HJ H J>I JM GKIJI: (1) >J " L J HLJ J J> J IHJI K=>J J JH I J>J I>HI IH=IJKJI KH M J? %= J KI HIJL KI>H =>J IJ M O =I < HJ " =>J >L J IJJJI J>J HIJJJ J J> J < AH J> BHJI> H,IJJI = IJO, NIJ < I, OII >LJ < =IXOJ>= OL J J>HJ H >I> IJHIJ J J>IHJL HHJ MI HIJL JJ J " > .

CKJ-` JI J J >L J. A I, < " IM > J>J

H =>J KJJO IJ

12/658

HHKJ O HN H >J-a. KIGKJ NHKIJa J> I. > HIJHO < J J>K=>J M > MH J J> KJ=J%HHO H %HHO < C=HII O J> HII KIJ IH; J>OMH a >I aL JI J>J KH JI M>> MH J J> IH> J II J> IP < J> M>I J " > J> J, H>II < =HJH H=HJ . %KJP IIK J> HIIJO = KJ J> JJ < MIHI L HHI HJ %HHO < C=HII, KHIK=IIJO J> I I,> > KJ J> JM LKI < >J O, 'J

"N < AH "HJI("A") KJ=J %HHO H J> %HHO < C=HII, =K O J>HLJ JJI IK "A" H HHI J > I J KH IHKJO < J>O > J HO KJH.

>I KJ < HKH I>K IIKH HHI J>J J> JIHHJ >H MH IJ MJ> H. " J J J>KHIH KI J>O H HO HOII KLHIJO H = HHI. HH=HJJ H J> JI II KI IHJI < J HIKHI IJ JI J J>I IH>.

J> J> HIJHJI KIJ J, MI J>I J < J> JHI LM J I = J> IJ < J> IJ.BKJ JI H MH HLJHI. " I IJI M>H JII J>J HI> H NJ J> H= < JIIKII. AI, M IHa JM H J>H I < KKIK =J>M>I HHO LK MI HHIIOI, I H HJ IJJJI J>JHII I HI, IIKJI, H KJHHO IKII J> K HII. A = N I EIIO 49,J> 1788 O [A EJH\ M>> OI KJ J> I =IJJH=, HJ O LM MJ> H>I JJ> J.


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 12 >JJ://.HJO

13/658

J> O LHO JHJKH < J> J MH , IJHI. K> =J>O JNJIK J HHJ

J=J>H MK J O >L HHII I NJHO =MHJ= KJ >L J bKJ KJ>HI H=>J J>H HI K HO. >I J>IIJI J HHK IJ HJI < J> =J>O MH.

CH >I J J HIHL J> H= JNJ, MJ> HJNJI. > JJHI [ K> < J> H= HJ. I HJO M >L J>JJH [ MO J K=>J J. AI I IIJJJHJ, IK> J>H >=I I MH H J J>

JI JHK= J> JI M>H J> HLII KH. >INJI H HH. " =H M >L HJ J> H==HH I= M>J>H HHJ H J. "< MH K J >H H= HJ I I IHJ JI. "< J>H I H J> LHI < JNJ L IJH JH >I IHJ J> IKI MH, M >L J>IMH HJI. > H J> LHI < J> JNJ MIL M >I J> HIJ LHI IKIKO J >I= J> MIH LHI LH J> >JH J> MH L. " MIH

LHI MI I KHH J>J M JH >J J J>J I = HHK, O J> J H= =J < > IIO IJ O HJ = KHI J> JNJXJ>O J>H J J> H=.

FO, J> HH K J> JHJKH < J> HI>K MH J>J J>H I HJJ HIJ M>>J>I IIOI H J HHIJJL < J> IIL KJKH= H. J MHJ= J> MI OJO < KJ>HI MI I O J KI I I J L JHJI. > IIOIHHK >H HJ HJ H HIOII J>O J I NJ, J IIHO JO.

>HI I. >O

I. KJP


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 13 >JJ://.HJO


14/658

C>HI . O I H

15/658

B J < CJJI

A;>

>I J < J> IJ MHJ= < J> MH IKHJ < #. BHO, H., I J>, J>J HJI> JK M> #. BHO, #H., IK >I H I HIJ J H < J> JHI LIJ= HHI J=IO a IJ < JI MI .MH +. MI I JHI JI < J>I HJ, JH O AKIJ +O, M>

J I>H MJ> I < J> HIIJO IH JH L= H IIJI HI> JHKJIKIJJO J J>I HJ. FO, +>H H J> EH>HJFKJ H N>J IIJ J J J> H JHI M> J < J>H < J>HK J HILO =IJ J HIKHI.

>H I > < IO= J K> KJ=J%HHO I J NH J> >=I J>O >L KKJ.FH J> JHJKH < J> H J I

LKKI. J>KJ II, ILH LIJI, J> IHL IJ` MI=, KHJKI, =J, M=, MHI IO J J>I M O KIII MJ>: H= #. +H, #I, HO H=>J +HIZ HLI; BHHK < >J=H> +HKJ; H +IH> >H+O A. B=J. J` < J> +H B + < J> %HHO HM I CJH +O %. FKIJ J " LHIJO > J> HO IJ=I< J> IH> L H KHHJ.

# . H < J> #>I I LHIJO, + . JHI LHIJO < >, H . < BHM LHIJO, #I . BH, #H., DHJH < J> AH AIIJ ALJ < J> KJI, > IK==IJI I J M>> MH >. AJ>K=> M

HJ J>H JHIJ `HJI, J>H HL J >IaO H J>I JM LKI MI J>H IK=>J H


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 15 >JJ://.HJO

16/658

=L. +IIJO J MI aO K J> JHI.

D C>HI F. BIH, HHI `JJ, #KODH J>HM J> HI < " LHIJO M

IH H < J> J. >KH H K> < J> K= IIO < J>KIHJ M> L =HJ O J> FKJO DLJ%L CJJ < J> LHIJO < KIJ. H IJHJL IIM>> I J> MH H L HIKHI KIHJ. F HHJ < J> KIHJ O J> KHJH MI I HJ < J> H=H < %HJO FK, ". %IJKJ J IJ >H CH, HJ> $KJI, %KO +=,

DI + O IIIJ J> a KIHJHHJ.


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 16 >JJ://.HJO

17/658

B J < CJJI

A=> $ D> F>> E 1760-1805

*

18/658

HI >I >I HH >H, I < "HJ J J> M>; J> K HH BKIII < >I HJKHJJ. >I +I JM J> JKH BO JI,= I LKI, `HI IJH= AH=KJ H, MI HL, MJ> = E`J, O J>J =I, J I CJI, HIM J CJJJ, H= < HJL DKJI.

> AIJ K >I J>I AH=KJ J C>HIJ JI, IJH=O , FJO $II. BO KJ JKH BO, > HHLI J> HH B>LKH < J>CHJ>I, J>H I < J> IHJK C>KH>, I M I J>H M BaJ; HJI

J> J IK> "HLJ, I MK HH J> >HKI, >=>O LJ=KI J J>ILI, J J> C>KH>, J J> H.

AI J> JKH BO I ,XJ>K=> J >L O HI, OJJ>O H I KIJ aJJ J J> J>H, I LH JJH JHKJI JZI HJ J J>H BO:X J> BO < C>HIJ I,X JZI HI H HJ J J>HXJ>Z J>H O H IIJJ, K=>J J I KI, I J HJ J> EaJ < J> C>KH>;J>J J>H >I, DIH H DLI J> BO; KJ J>J J> HI IH J>H KJK +JI DI, KO H DKJI < J>H HIJLJJI, J>KI NHII J>H CH H.X>C>HIJ C>KH> MK >O, < K +=H MI J J>

AIJZI AH=KJ.

> I +I= I LJO J L JI; MH J>H HI < +I bK J>HO, J MK=HJO HJ J>H II.

" J>I M, " I> J J> %HJO J HL O NJ I "JHKJ J I IHLJI, H=J>XH=XJKHX E < L JI LHJ;XJ> LHKI HHI +I IIHO J IMHJ> KHII < JO;X J> =JI J> `HJ HHIH KH H= J> DKJI < J>H JJI, JIMH J> =H EI < LHJ, J>J J> &HI >LJ> I CH H, J>H >I J> BO.

AI J J> H= < L JI H LHJI; J> AKJ>H < KHB=, >I =L JKH aJJ

19/658

MI J = I JKH I I,>L= LHKI A`JI, HIJI III, M>> HIJJO, J K= MJ>KJ I "JHKHI: >JKH HI < BL, CII, #KIJ, IJ < KH JKH A`JI, MHJ MI I< MJ> O JHI > HGKH J> AIIIJ CKHH HI: IJ < J> CLI< % CKHH JHI a J>O >bO HIKJ IKHI,X I HJL HJKI. J>J J> I JKH < , >I JKHDIH < II, IJH=O KH= > J JO I =;XJM>>, < M , J> JKH H < D=HI I %LI HHJI H NI J, M>IH I KJ MJ> J>HI, JO M HIIHO.

A = JKHO GK, I I FKJI HIJI, >L=H=O GK +=>JI HHJI, J> EHJ> = =L J J>C>H < & =H, MJ>KJ O `H, IJJ,JKH H>, H D< LH J>H, OJ J = GKO KIJHKI H HHJI EOJI MK KGK. >I MK JJ J> HKJ J IP M>J J>O > J KH > KIJ KJJ> KIJHKI >IJ K J>I K JKH, J> DIH < J> OCLI, J J J H O, MJ>KJ J>KHH < J>HI, HO, aHIJ K J IIJJ=J>H: J> ELO, AJ, CLJKIII, IKJO, IK> HL= J> DHLJKH < , I J>AIJO, = J> J JH J IH CJI,CJI CJI, KI L JI LHJI MK > J>I M H J JKH. JI =

20/658

KJ CJ, MJ> J>JKH "HI < , CL JI =LHJI,HO HI. " J>I O; LHJ I I H. > $= I J> %HI, > I LHH= J> 'JI;(I. 22.28.) BO > $=I H=, HI

H #KIJ, L J> #K=I < J> EHJ>, (HL. 8, 15, 16) >I J> EHJ>, =L J J M> J IJ> J J >;(D. 2. 20.) >=I I II, HKJ> J>$=I < &, (D. 4. 17.) >H I MH KJ < X>MHI J>J , H H O J. (+. 13. >.) >= I, >J I J> KH LHH DIIH< >=I.XI MI HLIKH-JI ELJI,HJKHO J>I HJ= J : A LHJ I LCIJJKJ, JKH +JI =I,X=H J J> < ,XM>J J> CHKIJI I CHJKHI HGKH:XA M> JH J L JI, =H K HJ FHI < LHJ, J>O J H=>J, < , O J> CKHH < M>IHL, +KHI H J. >KI J> H= < LHJ K HH CHJKH, (1 J. 2, 13) JO HI H BII=I >=I LJ=KI J , H , J>Z LIO`J O I CKII.

> E DI= < L JO LHJ, IM < JZI H=, KIJ J IKH J> +=>JI HHJI H AIJZI MHI,J>J & O GKJ %LI II IJO, (" . 2.1.) .. J>J J>O O IKH J> EOJ< J>H +=>JI HHJI H=>JKIO GKH, J>H>IJ "KIJHO GKJO H`II JZI HH +MHI, J>O O J> CLI H=>JII JJIJ>; J>J O O HJ II,XOMHI> & IHL J> KH B=, J> O J>O L IJJ J >, HL J>O >L O, JHI=HIIJ J> +KI < +=>JKIII J>H B>LKH JMHI J>HI.

" LHJI, &=IJHJIH ZI &IJHI, I= . > E < J>H "IJJKJ, I J "IJHKJI < DL HL, J IKH HJ J>II < JO; J HHHI J J> HI < EL,XJ HLJ KI> H=>JKIII, HO J> ELI IJ>HO; J HI, KHJO +MH J J> J>J M, (+. 13. >.) > E DI= < LHJ, I JIKH

21/658

O HIJH, J> E`JI < J>H II HLJ,J> IKH JKH < L JO H LHJI I JH MHOCIJJKJ, CIJJKJ, %MI JI < LJO HIJ J>I H, H J>HHIJ, M>> I J < J>IH. (#>. 18.36.) > J < L JO, KI KH < HII J=J>H > H = JO. A=>JO , I < J> OIJ, KH LHH< J> LHI, M IKJO LHJ K LHO J. ALHO , HH J LHJ, I KJ>HP O J> KLHI$=, I I II I JHHKJ, >I HHJO IJKHH KH, O O J < J>I KJ %MI < EGKJO, J

LJ >I M +=>J, bJ GKJ KI>J J>"LH; J

22/658

) K=>J J J I O %M. A %M MJ>KJ JO I =I I `HJ, I MH= KHI. ZI KJMH B>LKH O `JI, H O KHJ> HHJI EOJI < J>HI; J>I J>H

JO K=>J, ZJI J . K %MI ZJJHK J> .X> +=>JI < CI, H K;IH O K=>J JXJ>O JIIO =L K J JO. >HJ JJI, A`JI, B>LKHJMHI ,XI J I>bO JHHLJ, H=KJ O O >IL +=>J, J I J>H DKJO, JKH= J I K HI> < J> DJO, "IJHKJI +=>JKIII; KJ I /HJKI, JIZJ IKIIJ; J>I /HJKI ZJ NJ, H ,

MJ>KJ < , H=H J, J> KH B=, J J KH= LHO JO, MJ> J>I M, K IHI> "IJHKJI I HJKI, J. >I IIIJJ MJ> JH %HJO < CII J FHIJ HI, DKJI, M>> >MLH HJJ MJ>+IJ J J>HH; J I II O J> J`HJOKJ, OJ HJ J>J JO HJK, M>> J>JKH EI < L JO HGKH.

J> M>, J> =H " < L JO H LHJ,I KH < HII KJ O A=HJ, MH < = NKJ= %MI, H < KI>= J>I %MI < JKH, M>>HIJ I L +=>JI HHJI, bJ= HIKI>J K HI=HIIHI.

AI J J> LHKI HHI +I IIHO J IMH J>KHII < L JO,XA JO MJ>KJ `HJ HHI cI, BO MJ>KJ EOI, I J>H HI, MK K < J=, J>H J IKH JI JH HH -

=, H J> IJ MM: A J> =H KHJO II < = J> $M= IHLJ < J>I +KI JII, K=>JJ O I KHI; M> J>KI ILH, J>

+III =J < J>, O JO HJ HII J>J < J>ILI MK LH >L LIJ=J J>.


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 22 >JJ://.HJO

23/658

> HI=HII < J>I JKH %MI < EGKJO KIJ KI>, J IJ J> "KH, HLJ IC BO. >HI +=>J J

JI HHJI < J>H, I M I FHI < L LHJ;X J =K HJJ>H K A`HI, IKH J>H +=>JI MJ> +J J J>HJI, I J IH> J KI> J> JKH %MI HH JI, M>> HJ J JO =H, J J>J JO HJKH KH JZI KHCHKIJI;XA I J NKJ J>I %MI, KI> EL-HI, KIJ D`HI, JH ZI +=>JI

HHJI H= J J>. >I CIHJI I>M J>IIJO < `HJ HHI, MJ> LHKI KHJI, JIMH J> EI < JO.X> FHI < LHJ H

LHKI, LHO JO >L= +=>J J >KI J>J M>> HIIJ, < K H J HL LJ, J JH J J = J> A`HI < LHJ, O IHI IJJ LH, KJ +JO, J>O H IOKJ BO,X>L "JHIJX H JH BaJ.XA J>I HHI +I, J> BO J,>MLH IJJ J>H, >L= `HJ HLI

DKJI, I= ILI HKI, M>HHOKJ, JH =H E,XJ> KHJO II < J> M>, I I J IH,

> =JI < J> `HJ HHI +I L JO,J JJ J J>H HIJL DKJI, J>J J>O O IMH J>HJJ EI < JO;XJ>J J> &HI >L J> CH H, J>H >I J> BO.

AI J> JKH BO, J> ILH HI >L J>H IJJcI, > J>O H J, M> J>H HHHH, J>O HH JKH FKJI, J> BO I JZI IJH J BO, M> JZI ILH HHI JJJ J>H HIJL DKJI, HH J J>H +; J> M> CKJO, < LHO "LK, I IKH HJ. " J> JKH BO, < J> EO MK J> c < J>EH, H J> EH < < J> EO; DIH C KIKH c J H I >I

HHJO J> L BO. ZI J> CH < LHO HI, LHO JJ, J JJ J >I HH DKJO, >I M


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 23 >JJ://.HJO

24/658

BKIII, < > MK = H < JO HJJ> K . >II M H J> BO, < J> HIH HH >H, J KJ < C>HJH.

> =HJ EI < JO,XJ> IKH EOJ < KH +=>JI

HHJI, ZJ HHO J, KII J> LHKI +I cI, HJLHHO, I O L J>HI, M>JLHKHJI +, J>H O , OJ J> D=JOAKJ>HJO, ,X JO, I J>O H H O , H=O MH HI. AI JKH, I J> L BO, J> HJIH >HKI; J>H I IKHbKKI HH, M>I H"JHIJ I J> J> K . > HIHJO < J> CKJO I K J> H=KH

DI>H= < J> HJL DKJI KJ J> LHKIHI: IJ H> DKJI,J> JKH +JI < >=I IIO = J>.

"< M IH I < J> H HHI L JO, J M LHO LJ J>J J> K KHJO II =HJOI J>H FJO J J>H HKIJI, M>> HLI J>H=J.

> BKIII CJO,FJO, K HJ, < J>I H J, H IOJ MJ> J> K O H J LIJ=J KI> J> +KI < EGKJO, I J> CHKIJI < >=I HGKH, J N IK> JI I +I HJI, J IKH J>+=>JI HHJI < J> JO, < LHO "LK: >K HH< HGKHI JHJ= , KH=>J LJ HJ: >HI CHIIII, IaI>III, HLJ "JHIJ, J= J>I >H, M HKJ> =HJIJ DIHHI "KHI.X+KI O M>> J> %LI HHJI < H J JH, K=>J J IJHO= H=>JKI.

AI J I < J> =HJIJ "HJ J JO, J>HI JM> J>I =HJ HKIJ I JJ, < = %MI, H EI < JO, J> JKH < J> c, KH J> IJH=IJ=JI, HJO H= J> DKJI < J>HNJ JJ. AFKJ >HM HK J> =HJIJ >I, O HKJ> BO; KJ I H=>JIIM IJ`JKO IKH HJ J> K , J> HH,HO, HIHJO < J> M>, == J>HI J K CH FK= EH:1760-1805, L. 1

%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 24 >JJ://.HJO

25/658

>AJ ENKJH =HJ HKIJ L JO. > CKJO, J> KHJO EOJ < LHO "LK, K> K J> H=>JII< J>I J M> J IJJ. > E < J>H "IJJKJ, I J HHH J L

DHI, HI J J>I J>J M. %MI H KI> J IHL: > FJII < J> I J> +I HK < J>H=J;X> KHJO II < JO KJ>H IHLJ. AI J I aJ J>J HII J J NKJJ>I %MI, J> JO KIJ =HJO IK`H, J> EI < J O =J J>H BKIII:XCKJI O HK, < J>O HLHJ J>I %MI, I=Z HK < JZI HIXBKJ I+KI < EGKJO, K KI>J < HI=HIIHI, M IKHJ> J >IJ; IMH J> =HJ KHII < L

JO. >O J>J NKJ GKJ %MI, IJI> +=>JKIII, J>HI, H J>ILI = HI BO, NHII HH CH J>H HI.

> HII M>I BKIII J I J IKH J> JO =IJILI MJ> CKH=,HK FJO, J K, KI J> KHJO CJK < L JI, KH , =HJO I J>H I, HJK FHJJK.

> K I HJ, J>H =HM> IJJKJ J> BO, H = J>H HLJ JJI KJI, J J>H M BKIII, MJ> "KIJHO, FHK=JO H=>JII,XJHJ= J>HI, I J>O MK HIO IHJ JHJ O J>XIHL= J> GKJ %MI < J>CKJO, HH= , KH HKJ J J>I J>JH O J> HJJ A`HI < J> K, H ZI&IJHI J J>


26/658

27/658

HHI KHJI, LHO HIZI CH I J J >IM HJ M, J LO= H KIKH= M>J =I J J>HI. AIJ> JKH BO I H NJH ; I FJI, DLII, HJI J> JJ, (I M>I BKIII J I J

HIHL HH ,) H H =HKI, >L H "=J < , O NJJ> HJ> CKHI < J>I J> HJI L JI.

> JKH E < LHJ I J I OIJHKI, KJ HI JH AJ, O JJ JJ $M= J>H KH=>JHJ,KHO H.>H II < JO, I K> I KJ> H= < J> DKJI < J> LHKI cI, M> H M II, I IO H; J>I I>MI J>=J, I>K MHOM IMH J J J> HK < J> =HJ #K=, M> > IJ> J KJ H JI

4. >I KJ O IK==IJ IKJ +bJI, J J>I J J>

< KH J BO, O H= J>, < M>J " K=>J JIKI J>O HO M,XJ> JKH "HJ < J>HHKIJ, J> =JI J>O H KH J H=>JII, FJO JO.

O IJ J II, J>J J> J, M> aI J>IJ NJ JJ KH LHJ, M>I CIJ IIIHO J KH %MI, I I M GKJ MJ> J> %MI < KHJ ( =H I =H J J> %M < JKH)XH KJ J> % < %HJO, KH J> IJ L

LHJ;XM>I "JHIJJ IXJ M> J KIJ JKH J +=>JI %HJI < BHJI>


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 27 >JJ://.HJO

28/658

K@JI:XM> I HJKHO GKJ MJ> J> "HJ JII FJO, J>NKJL HJ < LHJXH M>I AIJHJ,J>HJKI %MIXJ>J cHI I J AJJ, M HII < MCJO "J=HJO, +IJI J> aJJIJ HHIJL IJI;XJ>J I I "bK NJI, JO

HJK, , HH FJO LHO HKIJ, M=HO HL = +I:XJ>J >I AIJHJ, M MI GKJ, >O J >I< J KI;XJ>J M> IKH KHI I> I, O HL CHM < HO, J>J J MO.

" J> J BO, O J> / < J> , M>> J>I CI

I J> / < , J> >KH >I IJOZI CK, KI < +HIJJLI, H HI J J> IJ HJJHKIJ,X>O H I EOI J J> BO, J HJ J> O: "< J> EO I=, IH, J> BO I J, M HHOHJ, KJ < J> EO HL, J> BO I NI JKHII "LI DIIJHI. I J>H BKIII JILH KI> J> +KI < EGKJO, MJ>HH JI. > %M < 'JKH, M>> I J> CIJJKJ < 'JKH, I KLHIO ==,XJ LHI J MJ> ZIKKHI H "JHIJ, KJ I KJ I J> +JI < >=I:K %MI J> CI O O J>H CHJ.X%MI K=>J J J=, IIJJ MJ>J>ILI,XMJ> +IXMJ> +=.XLHJ K=>J J IKHJ O JZI HI, NJ HHJ J J> BaJIJ>O O, J> HJJ J>O HL I J>H KJ J>I A`HI, M >L +I J NJ M O K+=H J J>.XAI K HJ, HJ DIH ELKH J HJ J> K J J J J>HI < J> CKJO; I J I>K H IKKIO J>C>HJH < J>I JHKIJ MJ> K A`HI. YI J>H HHBKIII, J M>> J>O I>K JKO JJ, J HIHL J>

K I E J>O K=>J J KH= IHI>,X"IJHKJI +=>JKIII,XM H=KJ >I I < EKJ.X> L H=KI %HJI < J>CKJO K=>J J > L, O J> HI,IO O J>I J J> < LHJ.

AI J> CKJO >I H=O J> +=>J J >KI JZI=IJHJI, I J II HKJ J HJ I K> < J>I +=>J, II IIJJ MJ> HH ; M>> O HGKH J>H

J>I MI NJ, HHJ H aHIJ AJJ.X>H HI KH


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 28 >JJ://.HJO

29/658

HHJO , O ALJ=I HIKJ I HJHHOHI HJI J J J HL M>H MH I>HJHO H = JK, H >Z, J>H K .X> +KH "IH, MI = JMHJ CO < J> %M, H J>H J> DOI < >I %H LHJI, J> CH K I>K JJ O J IK> HII I O IKJ +=H J J> %MI IJI> O J> =HJ LHH H.XJI < C>HIJI J HKJ HJ, J JHKIJ

J>H K A`HI J J>I M> O +=H J J>H >O+=,XM> IL J,XM>I HI %LI H J. C>HIJJO IIKcJ EL, J == J> IIJ < KH=>J, HJI; J>H I HI J IJHKIJ J> CJO H "J=HJO HI J>J HJI J:X> > >LI M, LI>IJO, > K=>J O J O J> HJJ HIJI, < J>O H= J >KI HII < J>I C>HJH J I < =HJHKIJ. H, +KHI I>K & M = J>H

HI, (DKJ. 1. 13.) HII M>I = C>HJHI H M IJI>, M> M HO >L M M>JLH JJ


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 29 >JJ://.HJO


30/658

31/658

JHK HI < >I C>KH> >H, KI BO J; M> L JI I> I,X IKH KHI J> DKIJ,X LDIJJI H,XM I> HI < J> H

AIIO C>KH> < J> FHIJ-H L, M>H KLHI

%L, HH HJK, I> H= MJ> KJHHKJ LHIJ= , HO FJO.A.

F"".


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 31 >JJ://.HJO

32/658

B J < CJJI

/2

. %. A"D J.

/)>9 JH J KJ c >=. >I J>H JJHI OKIJHJ J>I IKII J> HII H>J I M I

J> II JI J J> H>J. > MH >H < J>=IJKH KH J> II>KIJJI C>HJH < 1691 MI JO J> O, M> J> KH =IJL >H,J> CK, MI J J J III < J> MH >KI IJ OHZI CK. > CK MI M=HII IHL I J LI IIIJ J> =LHH. " 1763J> IIJO HI < J> KJJ =LHH H H

K=I = J KHI, J> J>H JJHI HHK>H IKII J> HHJO < IK> KJ c >=. A KJ I H HHK, I HPJ < I=

KJKJ KHI, MHI HJI >L JI J> KHIJ= < J> JNJ.

1. B .%. I> ( B??> G A>4C?> J?> >I < >I M I J>I HJO I IJHO J I J LHO JJ KHI J GKH >M J MI HK=>J

KJ; KJ J I , J I MI J =KH =IJM>JLH >I JO J J, HH J HLJ J. A= OJ>H J>=I < J>I JKH JO, J> JHKIJ= J> I=J MJ> =IJL KHO MH, H J> MH O H , >I MHO J =IJ J>I H. K> J ML O MJ>KJ H= K J> HKI < IJHJO. "J J >MLH HbJ K I= =JKI J>H H >L JM OHI IJ,H IJI J> < J>I `HJ MHI = LIJ

J> I HII. < J> H=KJI J>J >L KI I KHI, MH J H MHJH HJ FK= EH:1760-1805, L. 1

%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 32 >JJ://.HJO

33/658

J> %MIJIGKK. I>K = J I J> = < M>> IK= JI MKJ K> H J J> J= J> I < J> = I HL J> O IK> I I M >L I KI> I M> J> J> HI= < J> KO < J>J J>K=> [M H J>OJ L,\ M H J HIJ MO [IJ `JKO JIJHO J>.\ [>H I HJO,\ IOI J>I MHJH, [< J> MH H < J> M, J> IKJMK NI J HJHHO JH.\ CIGKJO IKJ>M >IJ ILH K IKH < >I II KHJJOI IIJJ MJ> J HJO.

"J >I I GKIJ M>J>H %KJJ-LHH MJ> O HHJO >I KIH. "< J> GKIJ > < H-->< H>I MK >IJJ JJ JH J> HHJO < J, I MK LJO JKJ J> =IJL NKJL MHI HIX J>=GKO IJHKJL J HJO I J> J>H KI [H>IIO HI IJ > I>K JOH MI HH J NKJJ> JOH H.\ %J J J> IH J>J J>I < H-->I, I LIJ MJ> >I NKJLMHI, JI >IIJ. >I >I J> I O =. L M J IJ> J M> J> HL KIJ >L HL < < JI KIHI, KI J>HMI J> I =J KIJ>L J I =LHH KH, H J> NKJL=IJLJHKIJI J J> I J. > NO < J> H J>=HKJO < J> J>H MJ> J> IJJKJ, M I>K = J>L N J KI. BII, =J KIJ >L K IJII < J J MJ> HJJO J> I JHKJ>I M> > I I HO J I J JKOIJ MJ> J> I>H < J> J>H. O LI =>J J M>> K=>J O I J KJ J

I`J J, K> II IJHK I @KHKIHbJ ,J> HIJ %KJJ LHH M> KH aI K >I`HJ I MJ> I K> HKJJ I O J>H =J J> HL K. AJ J> I J J M =L > `,>MLH I J>HI O J J, J IKI J>J I =JO HL I M GKa, J IJ K H, I >. > J M H M IH= IJ M ; J MI O OHI =. %KJJ LHHDKH MI =J < IJ >HJH, IHL I M I KJHO I H>I O LH . J

I < J> IJ IJ II J> HL, M> >J> >=>IJ HI H=H J NJ , IJHKKIO


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 33 >JJ://.HJO

34/658

I >I J HI MKH=. A J>H HII MH I HLJ J>J O I J =J>J HLJ >I = >I, > > LH > IJ J J>H J>K=> > L O OHI. >J IJKJ KIJ J> HIKJI KH J>I HKI M>H J> O NKJ J> MI H J KJP M> O< MHI M>> J>O >L =L J>ILI J>H JO I=IJHI. >O O KH J> IJJ O J>H =HJHJI; I J>O >L MI J> KHO MH J>H >I, LHO HLJ JP O HK O J>H HJKHII.

A M M J>J J I II I IIJJ MJ> J> I GKHO K=>J J J >M K> > O IIII

MJ> I HK. > =HJH = O >J> J >I KJHO, J> H =H J>H I < >I = JHKIJMJ> NHJJ MH. MH, < M O M J> NHII,JKHO JNJI J> . "J L JHI ZI IIJI I J> J IJHI IJ < H KJHO."J `HI J> HJKJO HJI J> J J> NHI < IHJ < JOHO O HJ, I IMH. >HI I I>J I J J>H = IHJKH J JJ J>H N. "J O I, J>H =H J HIJ. BKJ J J IH J>J >IJHO `HI KIIJI < M> > =HJ = J J>H KJHO, > J>O MH L H; L= J K>MH J>H >I, J>O JHO J>H KJHO! AI =J>HK JKH I J> I, I = I J>H I J> IJ J> I < , NHJJ MH M >L J> IHJI, J> I KII M HK J> I `JI.

#KKI CIH, IOI a MHJH, MI O O J>MJ> J GKH IK >III. >KI > MI I KJHO. BKJ I

HMH > J J> MJ> I I. #KKI CIH MI < HJ HII. IJ=KI> >I< O KHJIO JII < >LH I M I O >I H= >I HI. M LHO M >M J =HJJ >I< MJ> >I KJHO. = J>H a O bJJHO JH=K. A I I I> > =J MH K=> > >I< J>H IJH HKJ>H HJI. "< M >L J CIH = KI, M MK L, J I MI

35/658

L = I M I =HJ J J HH J>J =HJ H J MOI MI =. >J O M> KI O < J> HJIM>> H M IJI>=; M> J>HIXO = LIJ MJ>J> I cI MJ> M>> J I I J O M

JHKIJ MJ> IL J I M I MH JHO J IJKH J> , KJ J IJHO J> HJI < HL. >I, J>, O I >O HI J KJ IJ J IK>HJI I M O LH NJ J >L, I J> O HIII= MHI < O =J J HIJ I:J>J J>O IIII HJ>H J K>.

2. B J. I> ( B??> E>9> $?F! 23, 1763. '@@.

" J J>I HbJI, O J> HI M>> >L, < J, KIJHKIO IK K II, K III H HLJ J=I, < J> J =HI M>>J>HJ J> HJI IJJKJ < J>I HL HIKJ= HKIJ I KH J> %KJ. LHH J>>KH KIJI < J> KHH CKHJ >L= IJ J J>K H. . . .

" >L BIJ PJJ < J> 18J> < AH IJ,M>H I K J>I IKJ, I= ..X M>>, I J>H HKJI < J> PJJ, O HJ . "J I J> aHIJ " HH J >L H J> PJJ M>> IK H=KJ IH HI= >I JI J >L KIJHKIO L; J> J>HI, KJ>I IKJ, >L= IIJ M>O IIHJI HI HbJIX >M HI= J>I IKIL I>J M IH. . . .

> J >I =L KI aJ < J HJO, LHO KIJO HJ KJ>H HJ < J> %MI:[>

J HJO < J> IKJ,\ IOI J>I =HJ MHJH, [I JHGKJO< , HI= > HI >I < >I I> " = L J M>J J> I J KJ>H IOI, JJ I IKJ: [J HJO I J IIJ KHIJH

36/658

J>H, J> J>I N GKIJ J> J IH I, M>J>H J IIJJMJ>, H =HKI J, KH J HJO (J J>I N

II) J >L J> %KJ. LHH, H J> #KIJI < J> KHHCKHJ, HI IJ J> cHJL I < J> GKIJ; , < " H=>JOKHIJ >, >I H=KJ I =HK K J>I I=N < J> I JHJ= JIGKK, LP: >J, [ HH JJ> HIHLJ < HJO, J I IIHO J>J J> J>HMHIXJ> =IJL, NKJL, KHOX J KJ,KJ J IHJ\X N M>>, .. " I> =H, IHJ HI, IK O, II. BKJ " L M I> J I HO =H K J> II

M>> J I J KHIJ. " O H>I, JIGKK M>H IOI H MK KHIJ J J>J HJO I =H, H I IJ, M>LH O H< J>J O M>>NHIJ> J> KHO MH I HI < J>J O M>>NHIJ> J> =IJL MHXH J>H MHI, M> J> IHI I @K= J J> I J H< H> =IJL O. JIGKKZI =, " L, I H J> J>I: J>J J> O M>> NHIJ> J> =IJLMH I>K I < HI, @HJO(H < J H=H J .., H=HJO) < M> I>K >L I>H J> NHI < J> KHO MH. " a OI< J HIJ JJ> =IJL KHO MHI; J> NKJL M IH HIJO.

> II M>> .. I, KIJ, KHIJ J>I N, MK L >I H=KJ < J, I J>I (LP.): [>H I HJOM>H J> =IJL KHO MHI H J J I JHOIHJ, J>J J> I HI I J K= J J> IJ H < J> =IJL O.\ M < O IJHKJ H=>J, J I LJ, " J>, J>J H=KJI =IJ J> K=ZI= IOJI < HL= O IJHKJ J H=>J, " H J>HJ J> >JH HJ < J> %MI> J>I N, IJ < ..ZI J>HGKJJI, H J I J>J M>H J> BH I H IJJKJ < E=. %J J I IHL J>JO J> IJJKJ < E= J> %HI H, M> IJ HJ O HI < J>H =JI > O IJ H HJ,

H J HL < J>H IJI H LI HJ O = C>HI H #K=I < O J>H KHJI J> =; KJ


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 36 >JJ://.HJO

37/658

JK J IJ LJ J>H JMJ>IJ= IK> III.%J J H IHL J>J aHIJ IJJKJ < J>KHJI < IJIJH- J J>I O, J >I KJ>= C>HI %H C>< #KIJI < J> KHJI C I J HJ HI < J> +

O JJ H IKI, JH J < J>H JJ JJ>H HIJL cI. >I H >L J> IJ GKJ MJ> J> IJJKJ < E= J>J JMK II J HK KJ>HJI IKHJ < J>.MLH, < O KJI J> JHKJ> < J>, J > IKJ J>4J> "IJJKJ +ZI, H O J>H = >IJHO < E=. "JO J II >H KIJ J J, I HJ IJ < J>IIJ , J>J J> HIJ %H C>< #KIJ < J> $=I-B> E= MI HJ H, A 1756, O J> JJ < %HIa < Ia; >I M IJ L J> KI

< %HI, I, J JJI KHII I JO H < J>J H> < J> =IJL O, I O H< J>J K=KIJ >KI. H, J J IHL J>J J> KI< %HI I J> IKH KHJ < KJKH J> J, J M>I HO, MHJI< HHH H HK=>J K K=JI =L J> KHJ < $=ZI-B>. M J IKI J>J J> =HJ JIGKK, M>> KJ KIJ J J> E=I> J [>I HJ < JI IJJKJ J HJO,\ MI MH IJJKJ < E=, I>K OJ O J

M I N J>J: [J>H I HJO M>H J> =IJL KHO MHI H J JHOIHJ,\ ..ZI II? H J IKI J>J J> BH MI KGKJ MJ> >I =H N (I. KHIJI J) I J> J J>=IJL KHO MHI H J IHJ, IGKJOJ>J J>H I J HJO E=? , " J>, M>>I H > HJ < J> %MIM IKI J> >I III, " IKH, M IO J> JJH. >H LHO J .. >I IIJOIH> J> BHZI =X.., J>J #K=I O

HI < J> =IJL O H J>IJJKJ < E= MJ> JIGKKZI N. " M O >H J>J < O H=KJ I KIL MJ> HIJ J E=,M>> " HIK J , J I I I HL KI KH BH < CKHI I J J> KHCKHJ < #KJKH >H, I J> KI < %HI I J>H.

" M J IH [M>J>H %KJ. LHH MJ> OHHJO >I CKH.\ " KIJ >H aHIJ HI J>J JIIHJ: [>H HJO M>H > M> NHIJ> J>

NKJL MH, >I O I>H J> =IJL\XI IK> IJ I " J IKI J> =HJ JIGKK J =KJO FK= EH:1760-1805, L. 1

%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 37 >JJ://.HJO

38/658

KI J I M M, J>J O J> IJJKJ < E=, > (J KIJ HH) > I I=, J> $=, M> >IJ> I NHI < J> NKJL MH I J>H MOHI [J> KLHI K= < HHJO\X[J> IKH =IJHJ < J> =,

JHKIJ MJ> J> M> NKJL MH < J> M,\ J>,X>I I IIJ I>H J> NHI < J> =IJLMH; O, J> MH < HJ=. >H J>I =HJMHJH IOI: [J> NKJL =IJL MHI K=>J J J KJ,\ > KIJ KHIJ J , I > >I M>NKJL, J> M>=IJL MHIK=>J J J KJ\ I J>O H J> HKI < "JOXH J>H MHI, @HJO< J> OM>> NHIJ> J> =IJLMH I>K >L I>H J> NKJL. HIJ J>III, J>H, J> BH II >IKI IHJ, J>O H `JK > K > J>H; M>> I J> HI II=O J>I =HJ MHJH, M>O J>O K=>J J J KJ.

" HO =H MJ> .. J>J [J>H MK HHJO >I= J> H-->< CKH,\ J>K=> J HI M>> > II=I, O, J>J [J>I MK LJO JKJ J> =IJL NKJL MHI HI.\ FH "O J>J J> M>H J> @HHJ < J> =IJL MHMK J>I I J> H--> %KJ. LHHZI = < J> CK, KII H JJMJ>KJ MH, IGKaI >XM>>, I J >I J , I "HIK J M J HJ.

BKJ J I J J>J [ I < J> I < J> H--> %KJ. LHH aI >I , J> J> HLKIJ J>H I < JI CKHI H I J> I JKIJ J I LHH CKH.\ J>I " IMH: (1) >I I J=J LJ M>> O H O J >X J HL

KHILI < KH HJ I < J, MK


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 38 >JJ://.HJO

39/658

I < M I>K IJHL KHILI J>I OH L K JMJO OHI >. (2) CIH=CKHI I KHI H LIHI J J> H--> J I =HK MH= IKIJ IKJ, M I>K J J KI > I H-->H KIJ J IKJ >I M KHIJ=. (3)CIH= J> I =IJHI, J> IJ J>J I I J>J J>I I M I>K >L KJ JMJO-IL < JMJO-=>JHI H> < J> =IJL O, I M>> I MJ>KJ O H>II < =H J KH JHJO. >J>H J>I H IIJO IKcJ HI L LH, MJ> ..ZI IH, [JJ J> I < J> = < J>I HL\ OI>M= J>J >I KH J> %KJ. LHH, J> >KH

KIJI < J> KHH CKHJ, O J> =HJ JIGKKZI JH N : [J>H I HJO M>H J> =IJL, NKJL

KHO MHI H J J IHJ.\

J>H IJI ..ZI I>K IH; KJ J>J" HL J>I MK HHO J J =HJ =J>. " I> O J>J J> HJ =H < HJHHO MH KIJ H H >J, K=H, J O M> O IHI J>J MH J IJJ, KH J> JH HJJ < HJ-BHJ. "< M K M K=> J IKIJ >I KH J>%KJ. LHH < >L= J> M I= J IL >I KJHO(J>K=> " ZJ J> IKIJ, L I < J>H=KJ, MJ>KJ KI= J I >I KHZI H) OJ M

KIJ M J , KII M I IKI J>$=, %HI, CI < HJ-BHJ J JMJ> >.

J> M>, " IKJ J J IH J N K=ILI M>J>H J> J J H KHH KJHJO J> IJJKJ >I J > JZI JHK IKH IJ>= IIJO `HJ FK= EH:1760-1805, L. 1

%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 39 >JJ://.HJO

40/658

3. B .%. I> ( B??> G A>4C?> J?> 6, 1763.

" J> OI< HJKHO = J J> KJ>H < J> J>

IJ OZI EL= IJJ>J > >J> J JHJ IK>>=> JHI < HH> MJ> M>> ILH HJH, IJ=KI> O J> I J JJH #, >L I K>K. J> JHHO, > II J IO J>J " ,HJLO, HJ MHJH, J>I J I J> O PJJ> >I H M>> IK H=KJI IH HI= >I JI J >L KIJHKIO L. . . .

J HJO I JHGKJO < HI= > HI >I < >I M II I JHIJ > HJ < J> %MI I J O J>= J>J=I H MK a O J, J = JI< < KHIJ= J K J>J M>JILH >I JO J IJHO J> M>> > >I < >I MI JHGKJO < HI= J>H J HJO. > H JI KI J>J M> J>

K= I J> H < J> M, J> IKJ INI J HJHHO JH. M J>I HJHHO JH IJHOI

J> IKJZI < >I M I JHGKJO < HI= J>H JHJO H= J J> L aJ < J. " I>K J> >LK, > J J> MI < J> LHJ JH JJ>HMI, J>J J I IIJJ MJ> KH J HJO

KIJI < J> KHH CKHJ J HI KI< +HIJJLI J> HL, M>> I J> GKIJ IKJ." >L J>= =IJ H. #ZI J= J >I < HJO M>JJ> KJ>H HJ < J> %MIIOI < J J>H IJJ

>JH: J>J J I J IIJ KHIJH J J IIJ O MH < = M>J M K=>J J MXJ>J MKIJ >L JKO HIJ J KH J> `H JM HJOX J>J J I H=>J < = M>J J>MI HJ. BKJ " J I M>O > J IIJ K J,

41/658

I J J I J J KHIJ J>J HJO I =H M> NKJL cH I H< J>J OM>> NHIJ> J> =IJL MH. BKJ " I>K J>, "L J I LKI J O , J>J H= J J> =H > I= H < O O >L J>J>H. H. #ZI H=KJ JI < J>IXJ>K=> > I J I J MH < J H J JXM> > MI J>J J I IIHO J>J H= HJO < J> HI < J> =IJL O I>K >L I>H J> KHO MH. HO I>K J>IIIJO HI KJ J H= HJO =IJL I>K >L I>H J> KHO MHI, I HI J I IIHO J>J J I= M> >I I>H J> KHO MH I>K H < J> =IJL O. " O O I H < J>J>H, M>O O J H? >O J aL I I J MHJ> >I IHJ >M K> =HJHJ> bK < K= O IKI J J> J>J < OJ>H =J I HIK J . A K= =HO I < J>aHIJ >HJH KJ>HJO LL K > I =HJ. I JI, M>J>H >>KII J H J, H OXJ>J I, J>H H O M> HIJJO NJJ K >I II. >I JI

KIJ LHO IJH= >I bK LHO MHH K=I, H. # IOI, >L J>H IJI LI HJ; J I K J>= J HJ HI < J> H, J H J < J>H JJJ J>H HIJL cI. B J I. > KJ>H HJ < J>%MI M>H J>J " M < IOI J>J J I J IIJJ MJ>HJO J>J J I>K I H J>J J I H MJ> >I

NXM>> H. # MI I H H=>J HI,IK O, = II. BKJ J I J I LHO J>=,


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 41 >JJ://.HJO

42/658

I > MK IKJ, < #KIJI J HJ HI H. "J I >MLH H H IK> IJI, J> HIJ %H C>< #KIJ < J> $=ZI B> I . A H + CKH < J>I HL H HJ O JM

LHO IJJ MHI. > I J> LH=ZI J; J> J>H J>

J < J> . A LH= O NHI >I =HH=JL I > II. BKJ M J J KI J>LH= I I J HJ %H C>< #KIJ H < J>+, J I NJ < J>I HL J

K= CKH? >I I J> H. HM J IIHO J J I H HJO,H= J >I M N < J? H IJO, M J JJ I =H J &JIGKKZIIJJI < HJO, >INHIO I: J>H HJO < J> MH < K== JIHJ =IJL MH? [> J >I HJ

< JI IJJKJ, J HJO\; J>I I &JIGKKZI. J J O I > J>J HJ O IJI J, M>> O JH IJHKJ J> HJ < J>IJJKJ. H. #ZI J J I IJJKJ KI J >IIJI I>K >L I>H =IJ OJ> MH < HIL=, HJO MK J . H. # J>I>K J MO I IIJMH M>> >HJI X< H= = M>J >I H OJ>HIXH >I H=KJ

43/658

I>K IKcJ M=>J > < J>I MHI J L . . . .

"< J> H-->K CKH J J> I J,J> JM MHI = LIJ J> I HI (J>K=> MJ>

HIJ J J> =IJL, HJ O), KLO, HJ=H, J>H MK I < NKJL MH J K>M=>J < bK. " J>H MHI J> HI IIII < J>M> NKJL MH MK >L KK M=>J J>=IJL O, J> MK I@KIJ. H. # IIJ M J>J J>I I>K KIJJKJK, IOI J>J IK> I %KJJ-LHH MK J J I CKH,IH= J> I =IJHI. BKJ > IIKH J> K I? MH I >J=. A H H H MK H I I `H J

J>. A < %KJJ LHH, J> I IKI, I>K>I J J> J>J J MI J KIJJKJ >, JJ J> JI, M> K >H >? H. # IOI: ["J I J=JLJ, J O J >.\ BKJ J >I >, >M I J O > = O JKH. [ HLKHILI,\ IOI >, [< CKH HJ I K IJHL KHILI J>I OH L K JMJO OHI >.\ >J>H, I >H J> %KJJ LHH I>K CK,I J>H =J =>J J IIO I IJ H M>J>H M I>K JJO HL < CKH KJ O >I < LH HH= J> II, I GKIJ GKJ M. " >I

44/658

B J < CJJI

/3

.

/)>9 KJ>H < J>I JJH J J> JH, MHJ= O KH J> < ., I HJO HI= J JHJ J>II>KIJJI =IJKH. DIJ J> LKI J> < KJ>H I J> J H J>HJ JNJ J>J

HLI K> KJ J> =HKI < J IKHI J J> J.> IIO H J> BIJ PJJ AK=KIJ 1, 1763.

# HE $I"E'.

I IJ=KI> H AI, >I FM-">JJI I J, O CJO < GKH= $M= CLJO HJ> O O ENO, HH, H J, MJ> M>> HJKH >I >I I.XI HJ F=KH, IKCKJ, MK =L > KJ JJ ELJ L J> BH, H

J> O=H: O, JMJ>IJ= J>I ALJ=I, > MK > < B=, MK >L MHIHIJ < II J> J>I CHJKHI; MH J J CJO < KJ= MJ> J>HI L= >I< < AHJI "LJI I % I H=O I I CHJH, < %L, H O H= J>JLI MJ> >.X =>J H J> %LI, H BHHI, MJ>M>> >I CHJH > IKHHK > J IJII K=HX=>J I J J> % H +LKJ J I >I >HIJX =>JIH >I< > + H KJ IJ < J>

IXH > =>J bO #MI < LHKI BIJI JHIHL >I< ENIJ MHJ> HIHL=? K J J> aHIJ H, H J>aHIJ BIJ < HO, J>J K KJ H J J> JI, J> FH=>JI HHHI, < IK> MHJ> B=, M J +L I I H=J, J> BI < CI OIJHI ILH,J> BM AHHM LJ, J> I < BIJI H J> BH >K CHJKH >I JJII ANJO IHO J> "LK I


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 44 >JJ://.HJO

45/658

J < J>HI: >H I "JHKHI < FHI>: CKJ < F H CJ>=: CLHIJ HCJ, KII J> CKJ < NI, HJ O "IJJ, J>J < HI FNI, O I: > I < HJ,, BHJ>H H < JJ =J: > +JI < IJH

HLJ, J> DIJJ < =IJHJ KJ, H JJOKM: E> "LK >I M LH=, KJ J J>H K EHJ>, KI> O .X" J>I L= JJ,CKH=, HII, AJLJO JH=J>, J> HJKI < J>HBHJ>H BHKJI, H J> O ENI J M>> IH.> M> HK MJ> J> IJ CHJO, H I J> AHHMMJ> J> =HJIJ FH, I J> IJ GKa J HKH KIIJ. J >I DH LH J> IJ HK==KJ; H J H > J J> =HJIJ DIJ M >, JI, J> >=>IJ EIJJ. EKJI

CJJI KJI, M I: O AJ M>> O J H HI J HJHJ, JM J> J=HJI MK IH I J AM=J I KaJI, MJ>KJ M>> IK> HHKI CJ MK >I J L. E> J>, KIJ >I M AL=H. > ` HJI KIJ J=. >H

J>, J>H I, J>H FJ H FIJI, H H>I J> aHIJ CK HJ J>J =HI, KIJ J> CJIJ O aI>= J>% FJ>H, J> BHJ>H, H J> FH =I J> JIKI J> CKI < J> I; J I K> H > L=, H IK`HI , ,I M >I< M= J KJH J> M> > KIJ J>H.X HII J> " < AL=H < B: J>KIJ> JI < +L=, J> AJJ I M H=I, M> L=, H I I >I+KJJ: >I H +J KIJ L= J> , I , H `H. AJ>I DIIJ I I IJH=, J>J L J> HI, JH= O

AJ =KJO , H BH-JJ >KHI, J> aHIJ M=I =HO III, M

46/658

D=H J>O H KH, J HL KJ J>H M +I, ILI.XFH J> I KH HII J>J IJJDIIJ HHKI JI J JK HHKI; J>NJH DcKJO < JHK= CLJO C>HIJJO =J>. FH J> =HJ DIJJ JM L= JI J

I I J>I, J>J = J> K LH M> IK> JI I> HL J>IHL J D=H J>J HL=I I> J NJ J HKIJ O CKHJ, H ,\ KJ < J> H CKHJ; M>

M> H I I> IIKJ H < J> KIXM>LJ AJJI I> K CKIHIXM> I> IH, J J> LHO I < %=IJXM> HI=I I> LH M, J J> M> H CKHJ, J J> J>H J C>=XM> J> H -DOI> >I J IO H IK> >=>, >HIJJI < JHO HJ,XM> IK> AIIJI I> LKN %=IJKHXM> I=>J CIKHI KI>JI I> bJXJ>H M HO D=H < KH= KLHIO

KH J> AIJHI C>HIJ TH.


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 46 >JJ://.HJO

47/658

> DJH J>J J> HI IIKJ [I>K J MJ> HJ,\[I>K II MH, =, H OMH== II BN= J KJ, MJ> J> `H,\ I J> J< CN, J> JJ < BHKJ.X> FM K J>DK=-, J IKH, H HJ J J>

CHM= < J>H IJJO IHI >I C HHI BKI HJ> I J +=, J>JI HJ HJ LH M=I, =>=I, DaI < >I +L. BKJ H CI, BKI HII,J> HH ENHI "JJ < , IO < >=>IJ HI=I J> LHJ!

K> "I < JHO >L I J HL AHO. BKJ J MI KHKIO I, KI J JHKO. FH LHOJ, LHO AHO >I

H J O O < J>=; I HJIII IK> JJ, HHM, IH JI. "J I JHK J>J CJJ, KJK A`JJ < CJJ, I J J HI= J> MH, H =HJ I < LHO + HH JO. >I HJ < , ( I J>H H LHO HOII, I M IKI, KH %KHI H< O CIGK J> H, J `J CJJ HI. "J I J KO J>, J>J J> MIJ IJ IIHJ < HI O >L NHII CJJ HHHI < , O >L K= DIHIJ J LHOHI= CL C>HJH, >L J K IK>HI < +L=, +KIJJO, BHHJO BHKJJO, I >L L IH. A J >I IHL O J>=HJ JIGKK, J>J [FH H < >= J>J HLI= (J> IJ =HJ I < , >I) J>O IJ >=>H K K CKH= J>KHKIII, AJLJO J> HK, JH=J> J>CKI. J> AHO M LH II J, HIJJ>H M cHI; J>O M JKHO I=>J J> HHI IJ J>

O BO < , M> J>O K I CMHI; J>HO J J>.\X>I +IJ J J>H M cHI,M>> HKI CJJ < JI CKII, < %MI, HHI, CIJJKJI, KJ J>I < J> AHO J>HKHKH cHI; J>Z J O >L HL = I HI< J> H C>HJH L IH, I

48/658

E= > =HJ KHHJO J JHO cHI; J>J J IO CIGK < J> IJ

AJHJ J>I HJKHI.XA M= J>I, J>IJ M> >L I H %LI D+=, J> %HJI +=>JI < E=I>, MK

KJIJ "=J J J> DJH M>> I>K J>CL MH =L J J> JHO; M>> I>K +IJJ J>H IKHH cHI IJHO H I> J>H JCL =IJHJI, H M>> I>K =L O +=>J, CI, H, H L KJ DO, J =J J>"IJJKJI < J> K, I J>H M +O

49/658

B J < CJJI

/4

/A"#"!#'

/)>9 HJ < K LHJK I I>HJ , KI> J>JH 17, 1764 IIK < J> BIJ PJJ, I HHIJJL

< O IH IIOI J HK=>KJ J>H I IH J JM K LHJK K >II: "LKI, M H IIKH, KIJ HH KJ >HH H KJ J>I IJJ;KJ KJI, I J>HNIJ M I MJ> J>I MH, J>H HMH H KI>Z I IK> J> NJ: "J J>HJHIJHMHI KI>JI H IJHKJ J J>, H= J J>HHIJH >LKH. M I J> HJ J I MHJ>IHJ, M>J>H J> O < HJO, M>> I J LI= KI, I J LHO K> M= J J K> NII J J H= HIJHJ K

OK= `JI J> ; OJ "M LJKH J I M>J>H M H J =H J> IJNJH, M>J>H J>H H J HOI IJI < J> J> IKH L MH;& < O =HJH HJ, < J LHO HLJ LK, M> I


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 49 >JJ://.HJO

50/658

IHKI >HIJ, H J IJ J>I JJH, J KIJ LHO`J= J I J> JJ J>J I IJ, J> IJ J>J I O I < KH OKJ>, J J> = M>I MI < J>HL IJHJ IHLJ < J>J O. "J I LJ " J>,J>J J I J O J> HJKH M JO J>J =LI `

J J>I OK= : J O HJ J IJ MI J J>J> MI J> =: J>I >I H J> >< KIJ MIIZ J IHL K KHJ, J> IJ : AI K>JJ MI IJ K J> KIJI < J> M> NKJJ>I MI J>, I I M IJ K J> =J J JNKJ J>I: I J>J J HJ>H II J J J>IJ>K=>JII =O OKJ> KH J> HIJHJ < O M J : IK>HIJHJ J>O HO KJ =IJ I JJ K J>H HJO: IJ I, K HJO J H> HJ < J M>> A=>JO

J J> HJ < J> MH MI IZ J HK >O:HHKJI H J J IJ MI =I =>J NJ: KJ JI > J>H HJI H IJHI M IJHKJ J>J>HMI.

A = I K J> OKJ> < KJHO = JHZ KJ LHJK = HI: >OH J J K J> IJ= < J>HIJ=HJ I =: "J K=>J J>H H < X=IJHJIXIJHI < J> =I &>I < >L H=H II H KJHOX O " J IO, M> MI> J>J J> KHB=, (M> >J> I>M I K> I < KH

OK= X" J > J>= J>J J>I >bO IK J> = =LHJ IJHKJ < J JHHH < L HI: M, < LHO OKJ> MH

HIJH O J>I M> >L J> H < J> J >, H < J> K, J>HMK II I J KJ J> MI ILH NKJ: KJM> J> MI < H O LJ, J>I M>H JHKIJ MJ> J> NKJ < J>, H KI IKJ,J I >=> J JHKI `HI J KI>JXJ>HMI, M>J I>< OM J NJ! > J= M IH J> HIO M> ! " I>K JO J> H M>I I I>K HZJ

J I> J> KI>J < J> M: KJ I " FJ>H, =H, " I>K IK> I M=O IHa OI,


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 50 >JJ://.HJO

51/658

J>K=> J I>K H= O =HO >HI MJ> IHHM J J>=HL.XL J LP JI < J> MH H=H J>HHI, HLI HH HI?BKJ M>J H MI, < J J O K NKJ ? > IJ I J= KII H KJ J> = HJO M> J>O H H>J.X"I J>H O =IJ KI, M> K IH= L, J> < J>JH < LI M>> KIJ JJ J, J IH MJ> =H J < L L HI J H H? AH J KH H KJ, IJ KJO= J> >H=I K J>HI HI=? AH JKH JNI >LO, I J KH JH KH= KH M JH KHJ>I? L M J JH KH ILH

K=JIXaH, HJ>GK, IMH IJ! K=>J J

J>I J>=I J M KH JJJ? > M I> HIJH JLHJK IHJO, M O > O J> JHIJ I, >L KH, M>J J>K=>JK MJ> GKJJ H < =HJ HKJ E=X

>, M>J M < KI, < M IK`H J> MI H, < J>MHJ>I J>J K> OKH >H H IHLJI, a O, HIKJI, O HI=J> cKJI >H=, J>HO J> M JHHH JJ> J>J M: >, < J>I MI J>J , I>! "< IIKJII K>HO M IK, L J> MI J : ! >J MK J < J>H MH J H

MH J J> MI >H , M>> I J>H O I=aO. > DLMK HJKH K KI MJ> IL IHJI MHI J> J> LHO MI =IJ HJO MK IJ, H LJ K KI, H=J < J>ZI HJO:C O H=I = J IK> II? H HJ>H I

J J < J> IJ HJ J HLJ J>?X


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 51 >JJ://.HJO

52/658

B J < CJJI

/5

$KJ M E= I < J> HIJ AH LHJKIIJJ= J> HJ HHKJ, L, NJHL=JE=I> J> J>H KJHO. > OKI KJ>H < J>I I>HJ

IIO IJI KJ IJ J JI = J IH I J> K MJ>. OIL HJ>H J> IJ K LIJ J HI J> MJ>. AI, J> I, JH J> OK= HK, HK KNKHI J HJ H, M>> J O KI K IH IJH= KJ IJ J KHKJ AH BIJ PJJM>J>I JJH H JH 1, 1764.

!9EDE' & GI,

AI " >HJO -MI>H J LHO AJJJ JMHI K+HJ J>J KHI< J> ">JJI < BIJ >L JH J A=HJ JIKHII ENJHL= HJ FHK=JO; I FHI JJO J>O IHL J> >I < LHO "LK; J>HZ J>

C> < OKH H " HJKH J> .

>L J M JI J +K, I M >L =HM H%KNKHKI LHO H, I M HK H H DJ J KHJ>H CKJHO; ZJI >H J IO M>H J> =HM= EL MIJ, > >L KH KJ < =>J; ZJI , >=> J J HLL J>. J>J%I J>I CKI, I >I< J> EN, I JHJ. " >J> HIJ AHI M J IIK H FKHI>, KJ

N>J H %J J O J> ENJHL=I KI J> , M KH HH


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 52 >JJ://.HJO


53/658


54/658

CH=, J. 26, 1764


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 54 >JJ://.HJO

55/658

B J < CJJI

/6

'@> H@;> 1701-1785

( &9 # C?9 E=9>4

HL, 1764

J> I MHJ J>I >J, MJ> J> HL < J>+> "I =IJKH, M> > MI =LHH < J> IJJ.I JH IHL J> FHIJ CJJC=HIII, I= J> DHJ < ", >

MHJ J> AHJI < C J HJ J>HIJ,I MI IKH MHJH >H JKHI I M I OJ> JH LJI > O IJ J>K=>J J AJ HII.

& J> M KHKHI < IKIIL I L,A J J> MI Z . . .

>IZI%HJO

%HJO I J> =HJIJ II= J>J O, ILHO J>>LIJ KHI J>J >K JKH I I = II J JJH < J> KJIJ HJ J M>> < J>JM I> J>H HJ. AIKJ HJO I, H>I,J MJ> O < =LHJ. > IJ> KI J H JKH HJO, IKJ J=LHJ. >I HI J J> IJ HJ KJ < JI==, J>K=>, J KIJ L O I =H KJ J. >L

L JJ; J>HI >L J>K=>J J J JI HI KIIJI >L H J>J MI I JI J IJJ O J> IJI BHJI>IJJKJ I J J HIJ IJI, +LKJ HI, LH J a J> IKH < J> =IJHJZIMH J> ZI .

>I =HKI IJJKJ, J> IJ J>J LH NIJ = ,M . BO J>I IJ aJ J BHJI>IKJI H J =LH O =H J MI J M>>


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 55 >JJ://.HJO

56/658

J>ILI >L I MO IJ, H J J J HJ MJ> J>H HHJO KJ I J I KJ>HJO MI. > JJH I HO J IIII < HHJO J >L IJ>= J>J O ZI M.

J> JHHO, J>I M> H =LH J J> M < J>H, H< J>HI, M>I HHJO O J O JNI HJ>HMI MJ>KJ J>H M IJ =IJ J>H M, H J> IH J < ILI. [FH HJO IO IIJI O K J> M < J>H; O J> < ILM KHIJ M> J>H II < >I HI H=I, KJ OI J J> M < >I IJH,\ IOI O =LHJ. >I J>=I HI, M>J>H J> BHJI> AHI J> JJ H KIJO JJ J HL=I

H J>>< J N. " IKII= J>I GKIJ M I> J>I M E=, MJ> M>I H=>JI M H IJGKJ, J> HK < KH HI=, J J> IJ KJ= KJ J> J>HI H KIJO JJ J H=>JI MJ> J>.

M E= MI aHIJ J O LJKHHI M> H JL KJHO, O HII < $= C>HI ", J J>HM NI JHIHJ J>ILI J AH, MJ> =HJ HI cKJO IJJ = IL=I, LHO IKHHI=H MHII. BHHJKH J> JHI < J>H HJ J>O I>KIJ J J> J>H KJHO J>H =HJ IJJ MH O MH J H IKJ J J> $= J J> = < HJ BHJ. " HJKH J>O MH J HLHJJ O J> H=>JI HL=I < .

>I I KJO HL O J> >HJH =L J J>II>KIJJI O M> J>O MH IJ E=, M>>J>O HL HK=>J LH MJ> J> I J> KJ>J

L < J> JI J>O HL K. > I "I I HJHI HM, =HJ= J> J> HL=I. BO J>I >HJHI, J I J> IJ NHII I H=HJ J>J J>I LJKHHI, J>H >H K >L O J> J J>IKJI E= O; J>J J>O =>J MI H M=LHJ IKJ J J>H HKIJI, J HK=J J, KJI H I =>J =H J J> MI < E=; J>J J>O=>J KH>I I, GKH =I, KI JH H

LJ=, >L IKJ HHJO M>JLH J>O KIJOGKH. >I, MJ> O J>H =HKI HL=I, MH =HJ


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 56 >JJ://.HJO

57/658

J> O ILH =I; J>O MH J O I M=JJ J> HM O -a HJ < J> H < = ILH J>JI>K J O J I I, K I H=>JI =HJJ J> BHJI> I. > I L O GK J> J>H IJJ. ", J>HMK HJL KJHO = J>HK=> J> HI> < J= M KKJLJ I < I= J>H OM> IJJ M KJHI KIJ H , KHI, K=>J J I O KIJ >L IJ>= J>H IJ.

KIJHJ J>I, HJ KI J N M>J >J> =HO J> J HIJ J J>H J>I M> MJ KJ J MJ>I > H J> aHIJ, H>I, M >L O = KJ KOI, J>J =HL KKI >IJH, IOI < < J>,[J>O MH J IJ KJ J ILI, KJ J J> GKI < J>IM> H >\; =, J> CHJ>I =L K J[J>J M O MI == J EKI, J M>> J>JMK JH, I>K >L GK HL=I MJ> J>I M>IJO J >.\ >I MI K J < J>H I; J>O MJ KJ IJJ M KJHI, J>OJ IK> ILI >I, J>K=> J=HO HO HI J>J < J> J>H IJJ, M>J>HHJ H =H>. ZI JHK, J>O MH H H=, MOI ILI KH=J J O < >HHO HIJ J, I>M a , J> MJ> J>O IHK=.>KOI = JI KI J>J J> CHJ>I < J>CHOHI, [, J>K=> O < J>H M, J>O >HL I JJKKI JHJJ, O J>H O

J> J> KIK >H J>H K IJI, H = MJ> CHJ> J> IJHKJ < J> IHaI, M>> I MOI O J>H I.\ FH > J I M>J H I MH KH, M>J IHJ O M J J> J>H IJJ.

"< M II H J J> + I, M I> aJ> J II I `H O IHL JMJ>, J>J J> + I J, J> H, IHJ IJJI =LH O `HJ MI, KJ MOI H

HJ < J> J>H IJJ; J>J MH I MHI H=>J J GK IK`H= =


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 57 >JJ://.HJO

58/658

MI J= cHI =LHJ < J> M>MJ>. FH J> JHKJ> < J>I M >L J> JIJO < J.K, M> J>K=> H J HIKI, OJ IIKHI KI > MI H H KIJ J>J J>H JIK=>J < IIJO O J> M < JKH J HK LH J>HI.\

> M M J J> JJH =I < J> MH IHJ> I J J> J>H IJ JKHI AH a J>, IOI K HI. AJ>K=> J I HJ < O= GK J> J H +

I, OJ J M I JHKO, J>O O GK J>HKJHO : KJ I J>O H KH J> =LHJ , J>O >L HI J J>J OI J> HJO J> J>H I HL FH> I M I J, I HI,KI J>H L I IJ J>H HJO.

A J> GKIJ >H I J M>J>H I, I H MJ> J>H, O GK HJO, KJ M>J>H O I K> >JJI < J> J>H IJJ; J>I M >HO J> I < J> I>, FH>, H J>H HI J J I =H, J> J H, >L MOI O I K> J>H IJJ> J>O MJ KJ. A M O IKI J> BHJI>I AH H NJ J J>I =H HK? CIJ>J KJ H LI,IH> KJ IKK J> IJ P=

JHL aJ LJ= KJ J>H IJJ; J>J HL aH H < IJ HO HI =HJ J>J J>O J>HIKIIHI K K HJHI I>HHI J> HL=I LJ=I < J> J> E=I>, M BHJI>IJJKJ.

"< J MH II KJ K OJ H, J> IJKL= , J>J J>I BHJI> I H J LHO MO

KIJO H

J I>M J>J J> HJ L MOI KHIJ J>H H=>JI J> I =>J.


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 58 >JJ://.HJO

59/658

BO J II J> J>HJJ> OH < J> H= < >I JIJO, $= H= "", JJ A AJ FH JKHP= FH=HJIJJI, J., O J>H J, II J> JMJJ> OH< J> I H=, I KHII, O J> M>> J IJ H [J>J >

>J HI I < IL OHI H H OJ, J> JIJ>H J, JKHP, J>HK I>K [, K=, J J I IJOZI JKH-HIKJI < J> = < HJ BHJ J JJI,IJHKJI, KHII, I < J>O, LHO < J>, > H MH H MJ> J> I.\ HI M >HIKI J> HJ J O J>I JI J KJ > J> I O IL OHI JJH JJ> J>I M> > H J> H > HL J>H, KJ O J KJ J>I J>; J J>I, J>O H = J =L J> J> H=>JI J >J> I>M, J M H O KJ J>J J>BHJI> IKJI AH >L GK H=>JI MJ> J>I BHJ;J>J J>O J > J>I H=>JI I HL= =HJ J>, HO J> I =H I >HJ, J, I J>O J>H IJHI MH H=>JI LJ=I < J> BHJI> IJJKJ.

A J> BHJI> =IJL NKJL MHI >L IHJ> I I IIII < J>I H=>JI, >L MOI>HJ IJ JH HJ H, JHJ J>I J>H J, J>K=> HJJHI J> HJ < J> HM, MJ> >HJ> J JI =L J J>I. > < J> I J HJ BHJ >J> I < >I HIJ IJO >I HO HIIHI, J>

O >L= HI J> J JI M> I K> HJO I H= HHJI I >J> HJ BHJ, J> JO < > IH. "J KIJ I J>J J> aHIJ LJKHHI J>HIKIIHI, KH J>HJO OHI, >L H aHIJ HL H J> I II J K>O >==: J>BHJI> IJHO, M>J>H K O KIO < J> I OL JLH >J> J>

JL, J>I M H IKH HJ J>H IJ IIIII J J=, HIJHJ=, KH= J> JH < J>I


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 59 >JJ://.HJO

60/658

I K> H J> > LH KHJI I; I J HIKJ J>J J=>J IIHO J IJI> IJ KJI J>H JHJNI J J MJ> J>. >I J J>I HIKJ >L

KI =HJ KIII IJHJ = J> BHJI>IKJI J> JJ < AH: >M K> HI J>H I IJ IJ H M ,J O = J>J HI J> HH JHIJ aJ =LHJ M> MJ>, < = J> , IKHJ< J> HJI JMHI J> M> = J>H, KIJ IH J>I =>J. A=IJ J>I =H HI, H>I,O H HJ, J>I =H IJHKJI < H,M L . >I, MJ> J>H JJHI < =H JKH, J I IKJO IIHO I>K >L =HMH J HJ J>, I IKH LHHK= KJ>HJO MJ>MH J MI H NKJ IHLJ. "J = IIHO IIK> =H MH I>K NIJ IM>H, LHO < J> IJM= < J> BHJI> IJJKJ M JKHO J HJ < HJ BHJ. >J =H K=KIJ =IJL O KIJ JKH < J>H KJ>HJO J> IIJO < J> J>= KIJO LIJ MJ> J>I MH. JI J> II KJO < LHO = O IKJ>H JI, MI, HHI, H=KJI J>J O II O HJ I =H JJHI.

H J O KH= O O, MJ> =HJ H< HI, J>J J> GKJO, KIJ, a < J> BHJI>IJJKJ M HGKH J>J J> IHJ =I IJJI M> H J O =LH O J>I =H MI H=KJI K=>J J HHIJ, I MO H J>H, HJ, J IJ M>IJ J>I =H JJHI H KHIHJ. >J>H J> I M LH JJ J >LHHIJJLI HJ, M>J>H J IIJJ MJ> J>H

IJJ J IJJ, M>J>H < J MH JJ JMK J J>H LJ=, H GKIJI M M II O,


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 60 >JJ://.HJO

61/658

IHL J>J J>I I K=>J KIJ LHO LJ= < J> M> MJ> J >L J < LHO MIKH KJ J KHIK M J J>J I KJ J II, O M>> J>H H=>JI, HJI, H JHIJI M `J.>O K=>J J >L IK> J, J>J J>O O H >H

O J>H =JI, O KI, H MHJJ HHIJJ, H O IJ>H GKJ `JK MO.

> I H J I =HJ IJ J J>HI < HJ =HO >L KJ JJ M= H KIII, JI, JHIJ KJ M>J I = >L J>H; J> IJ < J>I >L I I=>J M= J>ILI J>J J> O =L H LHOJJ J , J>K=> J>O O HJ J JHMJ> a JJHI H H>. A IK> IGK M>> J>JHIJI < JM I < H I < LO H I>< HI I >L= IK> J = >H J> H LJ; KJ, J> JHHO, LHO =HJ I>L HO> J J> I, MOI KIJ NJ, < J>O HJ >H =I < IK> HJ H JHH= J>.

J> I H J J > II, HI IKI J LH MK >L IIJ J> H J M IJI; J = HI IIO =L JH HK J>JHIJI < O < J> I, J J> I J II H=KI H J> IKJ < J> BHJI> K? >I H HJO J> `JI J>I J KIJ HK; KJO< J>H H = IJ GKJ MJ> J J K> >=>H J>J>J HJ IIO H, J>HJ. >I M KJ JJ IJ J KH NHJJ HII, bKH, aI> J J> FH> DKJ> IK=HI; < O IKII M O a IKcJ LJ I HJI J> E=I> II J> IJ "I, > O

LHaI M>J MI KIJ M IHL, J>J > MJI JHKH HJJ IJO IJHI J>II, J J> HK JH J J> IJ < AHMI JJ J> >I < J> FH>. J> J> II < J> aI>HO < J> E=I> AH KIJ I IJ J>HM I J J> >I < J> FH>. >J J>I I J> H

IJJ < J> M> KIII I J I, H O HJ < J, IJ N==HJ KJ IH IJ >O JHKJ>.


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 61 >JJ://.HJO

62/658

M J>I KJO < J>H H = =>J < H>J KJ IKI= J> JH J JK J> KJO J . HJH >J> HJ J J>O < +> "I O, KJ >KH aKI =I KO; J> KJO J>I GKJJO I KI J>H >KH ILJO-aL KI IJH= J OHO O J>I JJ O, H=H IK J> MI LH J J O J. >I O I J IJ MO, LH J HJKH; OJJ> OJ I J HJ LHO OH. C J>I IIO ? C M O, O IIJO J KH>I JIJ>=, LHO HM J HI O H=I; I, LHO J O JMJO-=I IJH= OH KJI < I= HJ O? >H

I IKHO >I H=>J LI J>I II. >>H== J>I >=> KJO M J `J J>I GKO, H O J>H H I K> I J>I < +>"I, M>I JH K> H J>J < O J>HI; J>I KIJ I>M J>J HI=O =H IHL < J> HM H < J> I OIK> KJO M NJHO KGK J>HH JHJL, O IKI=, >, J> J J> HJKJO HJO < J> I J =J O, H, J> J>H, J>J J>I JH

I JK J>J J> I =J O O J KJ J>HO I J O O= J> KJO, BHJ =HO J>H? "I J J J> > J a J>=HJIJ IJ HJ >H M I? I>a LJ= I= J> I J JK J>H JHMJ> >H? H I> IIO =HM H> O J>H = H?

IJHI >L =HJ bK, HJI >L =HJMHX J>H < J> >= J> JKH < J>=I, IJ KHI < =JJ= O, OJ NJ KI J KH>I O K =KI < J> J>I I II JJ JKH J KJILH; OJ IIJO M J> J>H J = J>I KJHO H J J>ILI I IHJ < J>=, < J O J> II < IJI.

BO J> I J < HJ, J> NHJJ IJ JKH HK < J>I M I, I=HJO KH KIIIO HHII, J> I>= JJ O HJ < EKH NJ HJ BHJ H>J. >I KIJ

=HJO `J J> K

63/658

H=I, = < J>J < HH IJLI, MH IJ J>J>HLHO OH; KJ I J> IJLI =H NHJ J>J>H, J>I>I HHO= O bNI II, MJ>KJ J> IJLI M>> KI J JHN = J>, KIJ I >< < J>H J,M>> M HLJ J>H JK= J>I JH, J J> =HJ KHO K= HL (M>> J I LHO M M O J IO ) JHJH MI OH KI IPKH, J>K>O MH I> J J O J =IJ J> =IPH H IJI OHJKH J H= GKJ HK K KK KH=J HJJ=L J IH J < J> +I J> H= H HH, M> J I KH= J> J =. KHO < J> I > H I>I , J> HJI HHJI < J> AHI MKJ >L I K> IH=H.

> HIKJ < J> KI < CI, J KH= J>I III < HJ, IIHJ= J>H H=>JI J IJI>IJ KJI JH JNI J J J> IMJ>KJ J>H M IJ, >J> K> H, H

HI, H J> BHJI> IKJI AH J> OJ>= J>J> LH I HIKJI, HH J


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 63 >JJ://.HJO

64/658

NKJ, J> I J > KJ IH I H KIJ =-O H=>JI. FH J KIJ J J>O M> H JN J IKH O J>HIJ IIO >L O HHJO, >L J>= J J>H M. >O M> >L HHJO >L IJ J ILHO, H J KJHI GKH JHKJHO, I >LO aN IK J O, M>> J>O H ILI J> MO J>J J>O O J> IJ GK IO, >L= J> IJKJ IK J> J I I>H=, M>J IH M. >I I K> H JH J> J JN JJ> H M < J>HI, MJ>KJ O KI, MJ>KJ O IJKJ =HJ, JHHO J J>H IJ =IJ J>H M. "J J>I M> O J>I JNI K J> I H < J> >=>IJ >HJH H MI, KIJ,

J=HJO, J>HHO, KKIJO,H KGKO O O; JJ= HO L= J>J J>I IJHK, J M JHJ J> JKH < J> I. FH M> I K J O J> M < J>H I I HO IL J>K=>> O >L = IJH I < > > ; J>I IIJH=H J I J> JKH I, I J> LHJK IKII H J> I; J>K=> J>O O>L LHO = IJH J J, J>O O >L LHO J J>H. A , < J> AH H J JN OJ> HHIJJLI < J> BHJ, J>H O I

HI= L J>J KIJ MOI =HM =HJH O J. >JLHKHI H K J> AHI M I K> J ` J>BHJI; J> = J>I M I NJHO KH, J>I M> KJ K J HI < J> KI < CI KIJJ J> LJI < J> O HI= J J H H< J> JNI ` J> O KJJ= J J> AHI. >I KIJIJ IIKHO J> I, J M J J> MH L HJ J HLJ J; J> ZI HLJ JHIJ M H M =LH J>; J>O M >L IK>, OIK>, HHIJJLI I M J =H J J>I J>H JHIJ; J>I JNI AHI M MOI HJ < J>

IKO , M>> J> J>H H>I < J> =IJKH JHJ. A JHKJ>, J> IKJI J> I M JNJ J> M IKH < J>H M KIJ J>I O KIJ J J> I HM I OKJI O JNI M K IJ HJ J KI H >HI>, KJ IHLIO H IJH=O J H J> IHL IJJ < J> . FH

>L LH J>K=>J, MOI M J>, J>J J> OIIHO H I, KJ J


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 64 >JJ://.HJO

65/658

MJ JO J KHI. J J> O < J>AHI, M>> J>O MJ JKO J KI J>H JH, O J K H KI =KI IJ M> J> I J>O >L J H M =>H>,>J> J J> =HJIJ HJO < H < HK.

"J I J J> K=J < J O J> I J> < J> IJ MIIJ =I =LHHI < , LHO = < J> MH, J>J J> MJ> < IJJ MI IJ IKHOI M I IJ HaJO IJ J> >I < J>H +I, J>K=> IKJH, J> HJ HI J>I J>. [DJ IJHII KHI J HH> > MJ> >I =J < J> K, J> LHJO J M>> > MI HK O >I M H J>I HH>I MJ> J; >L=HIK J>I M> J> DJZI , J IJO >, > IJ MH J J> IJ MJ>O HII J>HLI J>J > MJ O J>J J>O > M HJKJO M= M>J>H H J>O JHKO L J>H H. J>I J LHO IJHL M> I>K N>GKH J>H =, ILH, LK `JI;I J>J I>HJ J CIJJ HIJ O IJ MJ>O < J> LJ J>KJI < DJ J LIJ >I JHIKHO, IH= J> J H IJH < J> IJJ M>> J>O I>K aJ. >O O; , M> J>O IJ =P= J> =>JO >I< = ILH, CIJJ J J> J>J J> MJ> M>> J>O> MJ> IJI>J > = I = J >, KJ J>J> > >I < >I ,=, J> H>IJ IKHIJ JHIKH < J> H MI J> L I IKJI. > KJI MH IH = J> J> =HKIH IJ I M> > IIIJ > >I N=O, J>H P, HJKH J LHO M>J J>O > IHO HK=>J J >I JHIKHO.\ LHI IJ., L. /, . 523.

H J II J>J M> HJO I =H, J> HJO HJO < HH= I K I > K, IOI D MO J> I I>K JIJO IHO GKH M>J H=>J J> HJ < HJBHJ >L J JN J>. M IK> GKHI O J JJHMHJH >L H MJ> J> JJ J>J HO; > IKJI J>J I J HJ J O HL=I M HM M J> HIJJ < J> HJ J>. "I J> =KHI < HJO J>KI KHKI? C J> JHI < FK= EH:1760-1805, L. 1

%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 65 >JJ://.HJO


66/658

67/658

HJ MJ> J> MH < JN= J> I M I> a J>I J >L IHJ < GKJ I JHJI < IKK II I HaJ H GKH = J HJ BHJ, J J> IJ I>H H HJ J J>II, J>K=> J>KII < J>H >L IJ J>H LI I < J>H O >L N J> KH>I , > M H OJ J, > MI> J O OHI J NJHJ KHILI. H M J> IJO, < J>I K>O I < J>

HMH J>O H J HL I I J> II < J>H , O J J LH I>K H I J> J>J J> H < JI HKJI>K J>H ILHO.

"< J> I H J JN O HJ, H J>O J>HH J> IIHOKHI < =LHJ? >I O I O JIKHJ H=KH JH =LHJ > O I NILJ J> >H I J> JH =LHJ < BHJ I J J>

J>H? L J J> I >H, J JI M> K O J> HM, HI O K IHL, J I


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 67 >JJ://.HJO

68/658

>H HJ >L II? "I JJ>I J> IJ IO, J> IJ JKH, IJ IJJKJ MO I? >J I J> J IJHKIJ J>IXM>J IIJO J J J> J M>J J>O >L LH

J> I I O KJO J IKI =, J>I HJ GKHJH < J> MH, I J>H M BHJ? > HJ, J IL MH J H=KJ J> JH < J> M> H; >J> J J I I, J HM J> O J> MJ> < J> I J J> J>H KJHO J IKH?>J JL, I, H J K J> HJ JH= J> HL=I II J> H=>JI < J> IJ O KJL = O J KI H >L KI J> J J>H M LJ= KJ HHI JHIJI < HJ BHJ? >O I>K J> =JKHHJ < JHGKJO J>J >I I = HK MJ> J>HK=> J> BHJI> IJJI, bM MJ> O >II >HKJHI, J IJ IJHKJ, JKH KJ < JI JHK KHIJ KKIK M= >I O M>> O < J>I IJJIKIJ HK, KJ < J> IIO H H>H H >O?

B LIJ`H J>H I JM J> HI= O KJHO OKJI, JNI, H J>HMI, O= O= KJ J>O = J> I KJHO, HI= J> IKI I I= J MO GKJ KJ < J>KJHO M>H J I HI. >H J> I I J> I,J>K=> J> IKI HI O LHO =HJ, OJ J>J KJHO OIKHJ JI< KH J>; H, J I = IJJH H, J KI H LHO < KIII; O I J IHH O J>II, KJ HJ>H J> JHHO, I J>I JK HKJ KIJ

>L JO J HLJ, I =H, JI = >H. BKJM>H J> JJH J> I KHIK, J> `J M NJHO`HJ; H, I O J, ZJIJO IJ KJ < J> KJHO, LH J HJKH KJ O JKI HK < H, M>> J IJ KIJ J K K> J.H JH, LHO < KIII = J, M=HM K, KIJ =KI> H H KJ J I J a IJ J IJ. "< J> O HI HJ BHJ J> J>HIJ OHI < J> J MH, M>> N IJ KJ < J> =, MK J J>I >L

HO HK J> JH < J> J J>H OHI O? >,J>, M>J KIJ J> J < J>I IH I M>


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 68 >JJ://.HJO

69/658

J> O HI J HI J> O >=> KJI J>HJJ < LHI I < =I, O J> IJ c, O IJKJI, J>H JNI, I IJ GKJ MO, I I J HJ JKO IJ

70/658

B J < CJJI

/7

A

F?= ( C=>

IJ, 1766

>I H J> &II>KIJJI PJJ BIJ'MIJJH H> 6, 1766. KIO HHJ H MHJJ O AH L= %,H I J> JJHKJ J OKI % KJ>H MI

HI= I I, J> KI I H-IJ. AI MJ> J> NJ J>I LK, MHJJ O +>HB J> I M J>I H, J> HIJ IIO KIJHJIL J>= J> JJH < E=ZI HJI> MJ> >HI HO MI J> H=KJI J KI J

OHI JH. > HJH O IKHPI JJJKI JMH J>HJ>H KJHO.

A N IJ J>H J> J>H-KJHO >I H=>J < I= JNI >H AH I?\ >HJ L IJHO H-HIL, bKJO IJI>.>I IIHO HLKI GKIJ, I J J> H=>J, HI IJ J KJ; J I > J> MI GKJO < BJ> KII M JIK`H J J H II HJJOHHXI J MH O CK &.

> HH H=KJI, IJHJ < J HaJI NI, KIJ JKH J> JM J JI, LP. J>IJJKJ MH< J> BHJI> HJ, HIJ= J> J < H=>J; KH M>> J I JJ J>J J> I O J LM J>H HIJL =IJL HL=I.

E=I> %HJOI HHJO JJ> J J> LKI < J>KJO, H= J a, [J> HJL H=>J J>J LHOH > I MI O M>> J> KJOMI J =.\ >= < HKIJI NJ

J>I H < H>I, LHO IKJ IHIJ H J>H H < J> =IJKH; >I IJ, J aHIJ


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 70 >JJ://.HJO

71/658

HIO J, MI J; =H HI HJ =O KO IKI, I J>KI HH IJ>= H J> = aJ; > J> N HL,X[J>J LHO MI

HJO J JI < HJ.\ >I HL= < = HJOJ J> MI, H = `J >I M =LHH, MI I J MH J>IHJ H H < LK IKJ: NHII H NHI < J, J> KJO < KH = I AH >I I < =HIJ H HHIJ J> BHJI> %=IJKH GKI IJ;M>H J> I J I IJ J HJHO JIHJL J>H; O M>J IJHKJ > I J =L >I

L? = J>KI J>H II HJO, I MJ= J>L=

IKJ J O =J < J>I O H= JJ H>HJH; KJ J> JHHO, NHII MH = J>HO=HJ J J> I H M MI, HL J>I J HK=J J J>I < HJ-BHJ. "J I >H JL J IJJKJ H J O,J GKH KJHO, >I J IJJKJ-M K. " IO, J IJJKJ-M H H J < HJ,JO < O KNHO KHIJ HL NHJ < HH=JL II < J>J = HK=O,M>> JHI H NJ O J>H I >HJHI; M>H

HH=JL I=O, H KJLO MJ> J> KII, >I OM=O JHI, KHIKJO J J> I. >I MK HJO , MJ> HIJ J > KJO; N HJ=J JHK K >, M>> I HK=J J J> JKH J H M>H E=I>%HJO IIJO IIJI. BKJ H, MH J> E=I>

AHI J O J K J>H O J> JI < J> BHJI>HJ II, KJ I O J>I < J>H MIII:X>H MK IKJ MJ> IKJ, M>>=>J IKHJ J>H JI J JHJ JHHJI HIIJI! KJO < KHIJ LH J> I JI,

GKO J> aHIJ IJ, KM J J> M! IKHIJJ J> =IJL IOIJ, M>> II IJHKI KJKH!> =J J>H IKIJ, MK J>, , KJ I NKIL < HJHOHJJ J>HH IK@JI< J>H =IJ, J>J I JIO, II J HK=J J J> MI < HJ-BHJ. A IK> II O J J> N aJO ;X[DI=J KKIIJ NKIJ JHKI, J NHIIK J IK> GKIJ I>K I J J>I J < O,II J=J>H IKHHP=; L J


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 71 >JJ://.HJO


72/658

73/658

HJ, JO I HOHH=JL, NKIL < J> AH III; J> II JMK IJ J. J> J>H >, I>K J>I H=>J, I=J J J> I, M IH O O K=>JI HLHI HHH; J HH, J>J J aHIJ J MI I

=J O I JI< =LHJ; J>J J HL J> I< J>H LIJ HI KJLJ, O IGK < J>II HaJI LJ=I M>> >L J> HK J KI;J>J J I IJa O IKIIL KI=, =HK K =HKIH E=I> FJ> CJ, J>J KI=XHJa OHJ KJ>HJJL GKI: IJO, J>J O LJ< J>H IJJKJI, O M>J I ILH NKJ, =>JK>= J> HI < J>H JKH L JJ>J J J>J>H-KJHO; J>HO = J KH K=>J J>J J>I M < KHI J. ! KHKI H J>HIKHO JI M>> J> CHM HJ >L KJ>:XJ> 'L=J AJ, O M>> J>O H HJO NKHNHJIXJHIJJ J BHJ;XJ> H=>J < HJ JHO H;XJ> < J>H IJI, JJ < J>H ILH cHI, L I M IJHO;XJ> NKJL MH < =LHJ;XJ> H=>J H III;XJ>LHHZI =JL J O ;XJ> JHJ H, J> IKJ

KHIJ < K= J>H JI, M> J>H L N. >I I =HIJ> < J> JKH < J>J IKHO, M>>, MJ> I HJNJI, J> J>HKJHO >I HJ LH >H IXBOJ, J M H, >M JJ >I ; , MH J>J JJM J J MO, >M I, J J> IJ, J>O =>J HO IHJ. K: MH J J I HL=, J>J < KH AHI MK MHI J> J>J < KH J>H

E=I> IKJI: J, J>J MK H=K J> IJJHJ J; > KIJ J KJ J J> O < J>E=I> J.

AE.


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 73 >JJ://.HJO

74/658

B J < CJJI

/8

B 1710-1776

A> I>9 I>? ( &9 # ( B99C?9

MIKH=, 1766

BH H=, +>H B =HKJ H= KI < BKH=III JIHLJL J, B MI LHJ>II IIJJO IJ O>I IJJKJI J HHIJ J> O HLKJHO LJ.>H JHKIJ >I JO J KHIK AH JHIJI > J IJ,J IJ HJ, JJI < J>I >J, J M> J MI KI> KH= J> M < H> 7, 1766,J MI KGK H >L= J> KJ>HZI OIJ J> JJ =X[BO +>H B, < H=.\ A JH< KJI, O < M>> IKHLL J J>I O O KI I `HJI, BZI H KJI J >I =IH J> IJ KJ>HJO < >I J = >IJHO.

I NHJI I HbJ J>HK=>KJ J> >J. +HJ J> /H= PJJ O 30, 1766, J> % 1769,BZI IIO II J >L =HJ IKHHI=O JJ JHIJIM>H J> I, J IJ J MI LH HHJ =. >>J MI, >MLH, J> HIJ KI> JJJK JMH JNJ KJ J> H=KJ J J KH= J> HLKJHO H. ", J> a KJ >J I J DHJ < ".

'I,

" J J> %HJO J HII OK, I J> AKJ>H < [> +=KJIJO H= J> CI, J> NI I KJ> IH.\ "J I J J J> , M>LH OK H, J>J "HII OI AKJ>H < >J M>>,H= J J> %=>J " LM J , LKHI J aN >I KJ> AH CI: >I M>>, >MLH O I>, O I IJ IO K M> >L KIJ JJI H M +=>JI %HJI.

K >L HK=>J J>I HK K OKHI FK= EH:1760-1805, L. 1

%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 74 >JJ://.HJO

75/658

O JI >L JO J O J> IJHO J J H IIHO CN JM J> CI J>J>H $=, M>> LHO M> I IHO JHIJ M>J I JHIJ= J >I CKJHO M NKIO IH J>HHJO "

HI K M>> J>O >L J; M HO JK M>J >I M , M>J >I II, IK==IJ O EJI, "HLJI, H AJIM>> O MJ> >I $M=, KH J >I +bN.

EKH= J>HL KHJJ N, MJ> >IJ II FH, M>J>H J>IJHO, O I= NI K J> CI O AKJ>HJO L KHIK MI IKJHO < LHJ,H M>J>H J>O >L NHJ HKI IJHKJL AJI J < J> IJ MHI AGKIJI I J HI ENJJ < CIJJKJ J IJI> J> IHJ J> J>H +O LHJI AH, J KIJ IJH=CHKIJ, O , =IJ J>H = IJJ OE=I>, H L O FH=HI, M> J L KH J> IJIJ LHJ; I, K OKH HI < COLHJ, IK> CIJJKJ M J MHJ> J>H

AJ.

> KIJ I M>J>H J> CI H HHIJ J> BHJI>HJ H J? K cH J J KJ FJ J>J J>OH HHIJ, OK J J>HJ J I NI < LHO $ K J>. K JIIJ K J> MH, KJ K J> +=>J < HJ J I

NI K J> CI. >I I HJO LHO HH DIJJ,I +=>J MH >L LHO `HJ =I, LO LHO`HJ "I; FH > OK J KI J>J J> HJ < HJBHJ >L MH, O J> FJI AHI < J> $=, JI NI J HI CJHKJI K J> CI, "I>K J >L HIK J IKJ J> J MJ> OK; KJ I OKIIJ K J> +=>J O, " KIJ = %L J `H =L O +II

76/658

J> ">JJI < J> CI J >I HI H H J>I < J> < BHJEJHI; +=>J < EJ I N J HJ I II, J ">JO IHJKH I. BKJ J>I DIHJI H> O LHO

I HJ < J> %I, J> HHJO < BHJ; CO-, %L- EIJJI KH J> CHM, KH J>C>KH>, H KH HLJ HII, J>K=> HJ J>J I J FH>, HHJO M>JILH, H NK. > IIIIHI < J>I >L JI J> EJ < HI < HJ; HII KH A=, J>H HHJO LH I H=, < JFH>, >L : > H>JI < %, KHKI HIJ BO < , M>I K NI J>J AH J; J> HHJHI < J>J LIJ AKKJ < J>, J>

K FKI; J> ">JJI < %I, < , < >IJH, MI J>J H > < J> H=H J> J>H=IJ J> JJI; O < IIH J, J>J HHHJ; J>J =HJ CHHJ J> EIJ " CO,M>I +=>JI LH J> CKJHI J>O IIII HJ< LH=JO, M>I H M>I FJI H IKcJ JIJJKJ J> HJ MH, H J> ICHKIJI: A OJ H J>O J HHIJ HJ? "IJ>H LIJ HHJO IKJ J NJ MJ>KJ J>H CIJ? AHJ>O HJHHO K O %MI J M>> J>O >L J =H?

> CI H NJO J> I JKJ; BHJI> KJIH HO J> I; H JKO, H LHJKO,HHIJ HJ: FH LHO H < HJ IJI J> KI J I +HIJJL < >I M CIJJKJI, KJ I < J>J K=KIJ AIIO O M>> J> CI < HJBHJ H HHIJ.

>I I J> K < M>J OK L, J> J J> CI HHHIJ HJ, J>HH NJ;KJ JMJ>IJ= J>I O < HI=, " J H>

>M M> H NK EJ < HI< HJ HHIJ J>J AIIO, H >M J>IM> H J J IJ J> KI I +HIJJLI < J>HCIJJKJI. >I AIIHJI H J J O HN,KJ JHHO J J> E=I>CIJJKJ.

KIJHJ J>I HJJ DIGKIJ, " L M KIJ HKHJ J> L CIJJKJ < E=, K IHJ J> +=>JI HL=I < J> J J> aHIJ

EIJI>J < J> LHJ, ILH J> AJHJI J>J>L J> FK= EH:1760-1805, L. 1

%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 76 >JJ://.HJO


77/658

78/658

KJ J MI J MO O J> JJKJ 8J> . 6. C>. 7. IFH>HI M> > J H FH> EIJJ < =IO J> OH J J> IJ.

M J>I IJJKJ MI HLJL < J> +=>J < J>I FH>HI

M> MJ> J> DIHJ < J; KJ < M>J J HLJ>, < J>O MH HHIJ JMJ>IJ= J>H +=>J H AJ < LJ= MI J>=,< K, < J>O MH HHIJ I IJJKJO MJ>KJ JI MJ> J: BKJ M> O J> CIJJKJ J>O MH J IH I HI < J>%=IJKH, I IK> > +=>J J HIJ HI, H JI J>H HKHJHI H AJJHI, O J> J =L J>HK`H= J> IKH CK < J> J, J>I JJKJHL J> < IIJ +=>J; +=>J MJ>KJ M>> O J>

J CIJJKJ < J> JJ, J>H %HJI MH KJ I < B=.

AI J>I FH>HI J> MH HL < J>H +=>JI JIKIJJKJ D=JI J HJ, J>O K J HHIJ,KJ MH J> I CJ MJ> J> -HHJHI MH NK O J> H= CIJJKJ L=O >H J> %=IJKH, KJ M>, JMJ>IJ= IK>ENKI, H K J O J J> %MI < HJ,L < J>O I>K IIJ < J>I < J> < BHJ;KJ J> J> =J < J>I %MI I J HI H= LHJKO HHIJ HJ, KJ O JH J JO, O J>H M CIJ HI < J, J>OKIJ IKJ J J> %MI < J> JO H= J M>> J>O=H J =LH; LHO AJ J > H IKJI >I< J J> AKJ>HJO J BO M>, O CIJ, J> =IJL MH JJ I : BKJ J>K=> J>O KIJ IKJ J J> %MI, I= I J>O H HI < J> JO, OJ J>O HJ IK> < J>H JKH FH I J >L +=>J J HJH JO, J HK J> BaJI < J, J JH J J>H JO, J IJJ J>H CKJHO; H E==JI J J>JO, J>H KII J J> K AKJ>HJO < J> JJ, J = J> J JK J =H J> J>O a J MK J J>H II, M>> J>O >L JKH +=>J JHJ. >I JKH +=>J HI MJ> LHO , > J

KIJO HL < J O O L AKJ>HJO. ELHO HI

J>H I >I >H J> %=IJKH < J> JJ JM>> > > H= +=>J, LHO HI M> I


%% L7.0 (=HJ JH, 2013) 78 >JJ://.HJO

79/658

HJKH CHKIJI I NK I =HJ HL=, HI JKH +=>J < GKJJ= J> CKJHO, KJHI J, JKI J NHI J> +=>JI < CJP J>H +IJI, KIJ IKJ J J> %MI M>> O

lfHyneman-01_EBk_v7.0

Documents

Transcript of lfHyneman-01_EBk_v7.0