INTRODUZIONE CORSO

1 OTTOBRE 2012

LA GRANDE PIRAMIDE (c.2450 a.C.) Un’ opera di 35,000 persone

LE PRIME CIVILTA’Rare isole in un mare grigio di barbari

nate dal genio di pochiun’idea nata dall’ignoranza degli spazi intermedi e dei

meccanismi di formazione

The story of the rise of Rome from a group of hills hosting a number of Latin-speaking tribes--to the

position of ruler of all the Mediterranean lands and Europe north and west beyond the Alps--is a story of

both myth and powerful fact. It is a tribute to their doggedness as military entrepreneurs and the

giftedness of their military leadership.

Morgan, Henry (1818-1881)

American scholar, ethnographer, archeologist and historian of primitive society. Author of the book Ancient Society, published in London in 1877, which was the inspiration for Engels' The Origins of the Family, appeared

seven years later.

Savagery -- the period in which man's appropriation of products in their natural state predominates; the products of human art are chiefly instruments which assist this appropriation.

Barbarism -- the period during which man learns to breed domestic animals and to practice agriculture, and acquires methods of increasing the supply of natural products by human activity.

Civilization -- the period in which man learns a more advanced application of work to the products of nature, the period of industry proper and of art.

Friedrich Engels1820-1895

Vere Gordon Childe 1892 - 1957

Edinburgh 1954

V. GORDON CHILDE

ELMAN R. SERVICE1915-1996

Evolution of Social Formations

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150

Regioni sviluppateRegioni in sviluppo

miliardi

ANDAMENTO DELLA POPOLAZIONE MONDIALE

I dream’d in a dream I saw a city invincible to the attacks of the whole of the rest of the earth.I dream’d that was the new City of Friends; Nothing was greater there than the quality of robust love—it led the rest; It was seen every hour in the actions of the men of that city, And in all their looks and words.

A City InvincibleLeaves of Grass byWalt Whitman (1819–1892)

CHICAGO, December 4-7, 1958

Kraeling. CH & Adams. R.Mc C. (eds.) City Invincible, Chicago 1960

Lewis Mumford, Concluding Remarks :“The attractive power of the ancient citycomes not from its markets but from its gods…

As an instrument of culture, the city hasproved indispensable…..

ROBERT McC. ADAMS

ROBERT McC. ADAMSLand behind Baghdad

1967

EARLY DYNASTIC III AND AKKADIAN SETTLEMENTS AND MAIN IRRIGATION NETWORKS EAST OF THE TIGRIS

VENCE GORDON CHILDE1892-1857

Man Settlement and Urbanism, 197

PETER J. UCKO, RUTH TRINGHAM & G.W. DIM

Ester Boserup1910 –1999

The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under

Population Pressure. Chicago: Aldine, 1965.

THOMAS R. MALTHUS1766 – 1834

Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Archeologia.

Robert e Linda Braidwood

Jarmo

Coxcatlan CaveTehuacan Valley

KENT V. FLANNERYAND

THE SYSTEM THEORY

Territory

TIME

Population

Resources

P

R T

CONFLUENCE & NUCLEATION

TRANSFORMATION

EXPANSION

Pyramid of Control Systems

PASTORIZIA E NOMADISMOAGRICOLTURA IRRIGUA

EXPANSION

SEGMENTATION

NUCLEATION

……FOR AN EVEN MORE ELUSIVE WEALTH

PATHWAYS OF GROWTH AND CONDIVISION

EXPANSION

SPREADINGSEGMENTATIO

NS

NUCLEATIONS

HETERARCHYHIERARCHY

MULTIPLICATION OF

TRANSACTIONS

COMMUNAL HOUSES

SHRINES AND MARKET PLACES

TEMPLES AND MARKET PLACES

PALACES

KIN

SHIP

KIN

GSH

IP

Territory

TIME

Population

Resources

P

R T

TRIBES AT WORK

ISLAND OF NIAS, INDONESIA 1946

ABOUT 8000 OF THEMARE STILL VISIBLE

PROUDLY LISTED AS NATIONAL MONUMENTS

THERE WAS NEITHER STATE OR SUPERTRIBAL ORGANIZATIONBEHIND THEM. LABOR WAS ORGANIZED ON COMMUNITY

BASES……

GARY S. WEBSTER (2001) HAVE WORKED OUT THE LABOR INPUTS FOR THE ENTIRE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS FROM STONE EXTRACTION TO FINAL LINE UP…..FOR A STANDARD TOWER MADE OF 3000 BLOCKS OF DRESSED STONES:

1. QUARRYING 500 MAN-DAYS2. TRANSPORT 1100 3. MASONRY 13004. LINE-UP 700

_____________________TOTAL 3600 MAN DAYS

USING SURPLUS LABOR TIME AND WITH PRIMITIVE TECHNOLOGIES, A POPULATION OF 100-200 PEOPLECOULD ACCOMPLISH THE WHOLE CONSTRUCTION IN FEW YEARS

Crescita dei sistemi politici secondo “traiettorie di fluttuazione”

FACTORS OF SCALE AND ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE

THE VERY FIRST MONUMENTAL STRUCTURES IN EGYPT WERE NOT THE PYRAMIDS BUT

THE ROYAL ENCLOSURES OF THE FIRST DYNASTIES AT ABYDOS

EGYPT – Hierakonpolis-Enclosure of Khasekemwy

EGYPT – SAQQARA Djoser Complex

EGYPT – Labor Investment for Abydos GREAT ENCLOSURES

(Differences of volume are taken into account)

For most of the enclosures, although we do not know the original height and the precise characteristics of the Abydos Enclosures but on the bases of the Khasekhemwy’s enclosures at Hierakonpolis and Abydos, a valuable exstimation is still possible.The labor investment is based on the value calculated from Erasmus 1965, p. 292: 12,25 man-days labor investiment for a cubic meter of masonry at Uxmal.

THE GIZAH COMPLEX

EGYPT – Labor Investment for THE PYRAMIDS

The labor investment for the realization of the three pyramids. Differences of volume are taken into account.From left to right, the step pyramid of the Djoser, (2665-2645 B.C.), the first pyramid ever build, at Saqqara, then the two pyramid at Ghiza, Khufu , (2579-2556 B.C.) and Khafre (2547-2521 B.C.). Labor investment is based on figures calculated from Erasmus 1965, p. 292: 12,25 man-days labor investiment for a cubic meter of masonry at Uxmal.

LCW

AGRICULTURE TRANSPORTBUILDING

WATERWORKSEARTHWORKS ARCHITECTURE DEFENCE WORKSFORTIFICATIONS LANDWATER

TERRACES

RAISED FIELDS

LANDLEVELLING

SILOS

EMBANKMENTS

IRRIGATION

DRAINAGE

EMBANKMENTS & DAMS

BASINS & COLLECTORS

CANALS

BRIDGES

ROADS

MARINE INSTALLATIONS

BOATS

ESPANSIONE

SEGMENTAZIONE

NUCLEAZIONE

LEVEL 1 10 PERSONSLEVEL 2 100LEVEL 3 1000LEVEL 4 10,000LEVEL 5 100,000LEVEL 6 1,000000LELEL 7 10,000,000LEVEL 8 100,000,000LEVEL 9 1,000,000,000

LEVELS OF LABOUR OF LABOUR FORCE MOBILIZATION

THE GREAT PYRAMID AT GIZAH35,000 WORKERS

THE GREAT DIVIDE

HISTORICAL SCIENCES

SOCIAL SCIENCES

THEY EXPLAIN INDIVIDUAL

SITUATIONS IN THEIR

COMPLEXITY

THEY BUILD GENERALIZATIONS FROM VARIABLES IDENTIFIED IN HISTORICAL PHENOMENA

LAW-USING LAW-FORMULATING

THE NEW ARCHAEOLOGY CORE PROPOSAL WAS TO OVERCOME THE

DIVIDE WITHIN A SINGLE LOGICAL CONSTRUCT

Greek Kylyx

Chinese BronzeMirror

THE ISSYK KUL “QUEEN”Saka Burial of the IV century BCE

TRADE: THE OTHER AND MOST INNOVATIVE RESPONSE TO SCARCITY

THE GREAT SILK ROAD

The most distinctive feature of his thought is his emphasis on group feeling and solidarity which he calls "asabiyah" from an Arabic root referring to paternal kinsmen. As its derivation suggests, asabiyah is found firstand foremost among blood relatives. Nonetheless, its real cause is not blood but "social intercourse, friendly association, long familiarity,and the companionship that results from ... sharing the ... Circumstancesof life and death." It is group feeling, Ibn Khaldun says, that makes possible all great social achievements, from religious reforms to the founding and defense of dynasties. Paradoxically, its necessity also ensures that social achievements never last, because successputs an end to group feeling by liberating desire and reducing the need for mutual responsibility. If fragmentation is the rule and community an exception, all human achievements become temporary deviations from chaos

LA FAMIGLIA ESTESA: PARAMETRO DI OGNI SOCIALITA’

IDENTITA’ INDIVIDUALE E…

SOLIDARIETA’DI GRUPPO

I PRIMATISONO

UNA STESSA FAMIGLIA

IL CORPO UMANO

LEONARDO DA VINCIE LA PERFEZIONE DEL CORPO UMANO

UNO STUDIO ATTENTO DELLEFORME E DELLE PROPORZIONI

DEL CORPO UMANO

I PIU’ FORTI DEGLI UOMINI SAREBBERO VINTI DA……….

Carl Nilsson Linnaeus1707-1778

La Classificazione Scientifica degli Organismi Viventi

Il merito maggiore di Linneo fu la definizione e l'introduzione nel 1753 della nomenclatura binomiale nel sistema di classificazione delle piante e degli animali. Con questo metodo tassonomico a ciascun organismo sono attribuiti due nomi (in origine in latino): il primo si riferisce al Genere di appartenenza dell'organismo stesso ed è uguale per tutte le specie che condividono alcuni caratteri principali (nomen genericum); il secondo termine designa la Specie propriamente detta (nome triviale o nome specifico).La portata dell’innovazione fu enorme; precedentemente alla nomenclatura binomiale il sistema di nomenclatura era semplicemente basato su un'estesa descrizione di ogni pianta, in latino, per i caratteri distintivi ritenuti di rilievo, in modo del tutto arbitrario, da ogni classificatore.

Moscerino della frutta (Drosophila melanogaster)

Dominio Eukaryota

Regno Animalia

Phylum Arthropoda

Classe Insecta

Ordine Diptera

Famiglia Drosophilidae

Genere Drosophila

Specie D. melanogaster

Alexander von Humboldt1769-1859

da Alexander von Humboldt, Geography of Plants, 1807. CHIMBORAZO, Ecuador

LA GRANDE PIRAMIDE (c.2450 a.C.) Un’ opera di 35,000 persone

CONSEGUENZE DELL’USO DEL TERRITORIO