LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS NEW ZEALAND PART 3A: EARTHQUAKES
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Transcript of LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS NEW ZEALAND PART 3A: EARTHQUAKES
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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
NEW ZEALANDPART 3A: EARTHQUAKES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
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Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters
Planet Earth’s Restlessness Causes Movement of Tectonic Plates:
Earthquakes
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NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN NEW ZEALAND DISASTERS IN NEW ZEALAND
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN NEW ZEALAND DISASTERS IN NEW ZEALAND
FLOODS
WINDSTORMS
EARTHQUAKES
VOLCANOES
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT
HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
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TECTONIC PLATES
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New Zealand is in the southwest Pacific Ocean astride the “ring
of fire,” a distinct belt of volcanic and earthquake activity
that surrounds the Pacific Ocean
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SUBDUCTION OCCURS BENEATH THE NORTH ISLAND
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To the north of New Zealand and beneath the eastern North Island, the thin, dense, Pacific plate moves down beneath the thicker, lighter Indo-Australian plate in a process known as subduction (i.e., reverse faulting).
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Within the South Island the plate margin is marked by the Alpine
Fault and the plates rub past each other horizontally
(i.e., strike-slip)
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NEW ZEALAND’S SUBDUCTION ZONE AND ALPINE FAULT
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About 20,000 earthquakes (most, but not all are small)
are recorded in New Zealand every year as a
result of its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire
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SEISMICITY MAP: VICINITY OF CHRISTCHURCH
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ELEMENTS OF RISK AND DISASTER
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HAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDS
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK RISK
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK RISK
EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE
VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION
RISKRISKRISKRISK
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A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE INTERACT WITH THE VULNERABLE BUILT
ENVIRONMENTS OF NEW ZEALAND’S COMMUNITIES
A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE INTERACT WITH THE VULNERABLE BUILT
ENVIRONMENTS OF NEW ZEALAND’S COMMUNITIES
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EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS:
ARE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS
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TECTONIC DEFORMATION
EARTHQUAKE
TSUNAMI
GROUND
SHAKING
FAULT RUPTURE
FOUNDATION FAILURE
SITE AMPLIFICATION
LIQUEFACTION
LANDSLIDES
AFTERSHOCKS
SEICHE
DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS
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GROUND SHAKING
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PROBABILISTIC GROUND SHAKING MAP (CHRISTCHURCH IN YELLOW)
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NEW ZEALAND’S CITIES
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The largest cities within this high risk zone are the nation's capital, Wellington, followed
by Hastings then Napier; all of them have experienced damaging earthquakes.
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NOTE: The central part of most cities is comprised mainly of old, vulnerable brick and unreinforced
masonry buildings, which are highly susceptible to damage.
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UNREINFO
RCED MASO
NRY, BRIC
K OR S
TONE
REINFORCED C
ONCRETE WIT
H UNREIN
FORCED WALLS
INTENSITYINTENSITY
REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS
STEEL FRAME
ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME
VV VIVI VIIVII VIIIVIII IXIX
3535
3030
2525
2020
1515
1010
55
00
MEA
N D
AM
AG
E R
ATIO
,
%
M
EA
N D
AM
AG
E R
ATIO
,
%
O
F R
EPLA
CE
MEN
T V
ALU
EO
F R
EPLA
CE
MEN
T V
ALU
E
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND
SHAKING
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND
SHAKING
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INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
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A DISASTER is ---
--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, landslides,..) intersect at a point in space and time.
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Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause
extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,
joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.
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THE REASONS ARE . . .
• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards.
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THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence—high-probability of adverse consequences event.
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THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for concerted local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.
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THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.
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THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.
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THE ALTERNATIVE TO DISASTER:
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE
THE ALTERNATIVE TO DISASTER:
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE
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NEW NEW ZEALAND’S ZEALAND’S
COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
NEW NEW ZEALAND’S ZEALAND’S
COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
• QUAKE HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
EARTHQUAKE RISK EARTHQUAKE RISK
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
QUAKE DISASTER QUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•FORECASTS/SCENARIOS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY GROUND SHAKING AND GROUND FAILURE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
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NEW ZEALAND’S NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES
M7.1 : SATURDAY, SEPT. 3, 2010
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TWO EARTHQUAKES SEVERELY CUT NEW
ZEALAND’S 2011 ECONOMIC GROWTH
A DEEP (33 KM) M7.1 AND A SHALLOW (4 KM) M6.3 QUAKE SIX
MONTHS APART COMBINE TO HALF NEW ZEALAND’S ECONOMIC
GROWTH
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M7.1 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES NEAR
CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND
A DEEP (33 KM) QUAKE LOCATED 50 KM FROM CHRISTCHURCH
STRUCK AT 4:35 AM
SEPTEMBER 3, 2010
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EPICENTER: NEAR CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND
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In Christchurch, a city of 372,000, power and water services were
knocked out, facades fell off buildings, homes businesses, and bridges were damaged by strong
shaking, fires were ignited, and the Christchurch Airport was closed.
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IMPACTSNumerous injuries, but no deaths, largely due to the 4:35 a.m. time of
occurrence, NOT BECAUSE
the buildings were resilient to the strong ground shaking
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DAMAGE: BFORE (TOP) AND AFTER (BOTTOM)
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TYPICAL DAMAGE: UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS
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DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH
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DAMAGE TO CARS
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DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH
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POUNDING
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FIRE
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DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH
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DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH
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DAMAGE: MOTORWAY
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LOCAL GROUND FAILURE
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AFTERSHOCKS OF THE 3 SEPT 2010 QUAKE
• Christchurch was hit by hundreds of aftershocks after the M7.1 earthquake of 3 September 2010, which exacerbated damage and added new injuries, but no new deaths.
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THE TOLL: EXTENSIVE DAMAGE, BUT NO DEATHS
• The earthquake (and its aftershocks) caused extensive damage to buildings and infrastructure, but no deaths.
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ECONOMIC LOSS:
ESTIMATED AT $1.5 billion.
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NEW ZEALAND’S NEXT DAMAGING EARTHQUAKE WAS INEVITABLE
NEW ZEALAND’S NEXT DAMAGING EARTHQUAKE WAS INEVITABLE
• ---BUT, THE NEW ZEALANDERS DIDN’T EXPECT IT SO SOON---FEB. 21, 2011, A SECOND REMINDER OF THE IMPORTANCE OF EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE.