LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS NEW ZEALAND PART 3A: EARTHQUAKES
2013 REVIEW OF NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION
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Transcript of 2013 REVIEW OF NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION
2013 REVIEW OF NOTABLE 2013 REVIEW OF NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES EARTHQUAKES
IN IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGIONTHE MEDITERRANEAN REGION
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia,
USA
EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION
• THE SEISMICITY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED FOR OVER 2000 YEARS
• MANY IMPORTANT CITIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST HAVE BEEN DESTROYED BY EARTHQUAKES AND SOMETIMES TSUNAMIS
TECTONICS
2150 BC EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• 2150 BC
• CONSEQUENCES• SODOM AND
GOMORRAH DESTROYED
525 BC EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
• EVENT• 525 BC • COASTAL
LEBANON
• CONSEQUENCES• TYRE DESTROYED
BY TSUNAMI
140 BC EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• 140 BC • COASTAL
LEBANON
• CONSEQUENCES• TSUNAMI STRIKES
TYRE
31 BC EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• 31 BC• AT LEAST
MAGNITUDE 7• JORDAN VALLEY
• CONSEQUENCES• ONE OF THE
LARGEST SHOCKS IN 2000 YEARS
DECEMBER 3M 115 AD EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• DECEMBER 3, 115
AD• LEVANTINE COAST
• CONSEQUENCES• ANTIOCH
DEVASTATED
306 AD EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• 306 AD• LEVANTINE COAST
• CONSEQUENCES• TSUNAMI
349 AD EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• 349 AD• COASTAL
LEBANON
• CONSEQUENCES• MOST OF BEIRUT
DESTROYED
AUGUST 21-22, 502 AD EARTHQUAKES
• EVENT• AUGUST 21-22, 502
AD• COASTAL
LEBANON
• CONSEQUENCES• DAMAGE FROM
TYRE TO ALEPPO
JULY 6, 551 EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
• EVENT• JULY 6, 551 AD• COASTAL
LEBANON• MAY BE LARGEST
MAGNITUDE EVENT IN LEVANT
• CONSEQUENCES• TOTAL
DESTRUCTION OF BEIRUT AND A LARGE AREA
• TSUNAMI• TECTONIC
DEFORMATION
JUNE 658 AD EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• JUNE 658 AD• SYRIA-PALESTINE
• CONSEQUENCES• DEVASTATION
EVERYWHERE
JANUARY 18, 746 AD EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
• EVENT• JANUARY 18, 746
AD• M7.3• JORDAN VALLEY
• CONSEQUENCES• HEAVY DAMAGE
IN VALLEY• TSUNAMI
OCTOBER 881 AD EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
• EVENT• OCTOBER 881 AD• LEVANTINE COAST
• CONSEQUENCES• TSUNAMI AT ACRE
MAY 1053 AD EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• MAY 1063 AD• COASTAL
LEBANON
• CONSEQUENCES• ARQA DESTROYED
AND ABANDONED
AUGUST 15, 1157 EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• AUGUST 15, 1157• MAGNITUDE 7
PLUS• BEKAA VALLEY
• CONSEQUENCES• DEAD SEA RIFT
ZONE• DAMASCUS
DESTROYED
JUNE 29, 1170 EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• JUNE 29, 1170 AD• MAGNITUDE 7
PLUS• BEKAA VALLEY
• CONSEQUENCES• DEAD SEA RIFT
ZONE
JUNE-JULY 1201 EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS• EVENT• JUNE AND JULY,
1201 • LEVANTIAN COAST
• CONSEQUENCES• SEISMIC SWARM• DESTRUCTION IN
CYRPRUS, SYRIA, AND PALESTINE
• TSUNAMIS
MAY 20, 1202 EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• MAY 20, 1202 • MAGNITUDE 7.5• BEKAA VALLEY
• CONSEQUENCES• DEAD SEA RIFT
ZONE• TRIPOLI, HOMS,
AND BA’ALBEK DESTROYED
AUGUST 8, 1303 EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• AUGUST 8, 1303 • EGYPT
• CONSEQUENCES• DAMAGE IN CAIRO
AND ALEXANDRIA
DECEMBER 1403 - JANUARY 1404 EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS• EVENT• DECEMBER 1403-
JANUARY 1404• LEVANTINE COAST
• CONSEQUENCES• TSUNAMI
SEPTEMBER 19, 1509 EARTHQUAKES
• EVENT• SEPTEMBER 10,
1509• MARMARA SEA
• CONSEQUENCES• ISTANBUL
DESTROYED
JULY 21, 1752 EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
• EVENT• JULY 21, 1752• LEVANTINE COAST
• CONSEQUENCES• TSUNAMIS
NOVEMBER 25, 1759 BEKAA VALLEY EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• NOVEMBER 25, 1759• MAGNITUDE 7.4• BEKAA VALLEY
• CONSEQUENCES• DEAD SEA RIFT
ZONE• BEIRUT AND
DAMASCUS DEVASTATED
• 30,000 DEAD
AUGUST 13, 1882 EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• AUGUST 13, 1822• ALEPPO, SYRIA
• CONSEQUENCES• 20,000 KILLED• 17,000 HOUSES
DESTROYED
JANUARY 1, 1837 EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• JANUARY 1, 1837• TIBNIN, JORDAN
• CONSEQUENCES• 4,000 KILLED
DECEMBER 12, 1856 EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• DECEMBER 12, 1856• JORDAN VALLEY
• CONSEQUENCES• TIBERIAS
DESTROYED• TSUNAMIS
JULY 11, 1927 EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• JULY 11, 1927• MAGNITUDE 7.2• JORDAN VALLEY
• CONSEQUENCES• JERUSALEM AND
AMMAN DAMAGED• 340 DEAD• MANY HOUSES
DAMAGED
DECEMBER 26, 1939 ERZINCAN-REFAHIYE EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• DECEMBER 26, 1939• MAGNITUDE 8• MANY
AFTERSHOCKS• ERZINCAN-
REFAHIYE, TURKEY
• CONSEQUENCES• NORTH ANATOLIAN
FAULT ZONE• 43,000 KILLED• 76,000 INJURED• 200,000 HOUSES
DESTROYED
MARCH 6, 1952 EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• MARCH 16, 1952• MAGNITUDE 6• COASTAL
LEBANON, 50 KM SOUTH OF BEIRUT
• CONSEQUENCES• 136 DEAD• 6.000 HOUSES
DESTROYED
OCTOBER 10, 1980 EL ASNAM EARTHQUAQKE
• EL ASNAM, ALGERIA EARTHQUAKE
• OCTOBER 10, 1980• 2,500 DEATHS• 300,000 HOMELESS• > $ 4 BILLION IN
LOSSES (10 % OF ALGERIA’S GDP)
NOVEMBER 23, 1980 IRPINIA, ITALY EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• NOVEMBER 23, 1980• MAGNITUDE 6.9• IRPINIA-
BASILICATA, ITALY
• CONSEQUENCES• 2,914 KILLED AND
10,000 INJURED• 300,000 HOMELESS
AND DISPLACED• AN ESTIMATED $50
BILLION IN LOSSES
DECEMBER 13, 1982 DAHMAR EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• DECEMBER 13, 1982• MAGNITUDE 6• DAHMAR, YEMEN
• CONSEQUENCES• 15,000 KILLED OR
INJURED• 500,000 HOMELESS
AND DISPLACED
MARCH 13, 1992 ERZINCAN EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• MARCH 13, 1992• MAGNITUDE 7.1• ERZINCAN,
TURKEY
• CONSEQUENCES• NORTH
ANATOLIAN FAULT ZONE
• 653 DEAD• 3,850 INJURED• 50,000 HOMELESS
OCTOBER 12, 1992 DAHSHOUR EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• OCTOBER 12, 1992• MAGNITUDE 5.9• DAHSHOUR, EGYPT
• CONSEQUENCES• 7,000 KILLED OR
INJURED• 1,000 SCHOOLS
DAMAGED
NOVEMBER 23, 1995 GULF OF AQABA EVENT
• EVENT• NOVEMBER 23, 1995
MAGNITUDE 7.5• GULF OF AQABA
• CONSEQUENCS• DAMAGE TO
BUILDNGS IN BORDER REGIONS OF JORDAN, EGYPT, ISRAEL, AND SAUDI ARABIA
• CONSIDERED A “WAKE UP CALL”
AUGUST 17, 1999 KOCAELI EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• 3:02 AM AUGUST
17, 1999• MAGNITUDE 7.4• KOCAELI, TURKEY• INDUSTRIAL
HEARTLAND AND 12,500 SQUARE KM IMPACTED
• CONSEQUENCES• NORTH
ANATOLIAN FAULT ZONE
• 17,127 KILLED• 43,953 INJURED• 250,000 HOMELESS• ECONOMIC LOSSES
IN BILLIONS
KOCAELI EARTHQUAKE
• INDUSTRIAL HEARTLAND DEVASTATED
• OIL REFINERY• AUTO PLANT• 30,500 BUSINESSES
AFFECTED• ECONOMIC LOSSES
IN THE BILLIONS
NOVEMBER 12, 1999 DUZCE EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• 6:57 PM NOVEMBER
12, 1999• MAGNITUDE 7.2• DUZCE, TURKEY,
185 KM EAST OF ISTANBUL
• CONSEQUENCES• NORTH
ANATOLIAN FAULT ZONE
• 500 DEAD• 3,000 INJURED• TRANS-EUROPEAN
MOTORWAY DAMAGED
MAY 21, 2003 BOUMERDES, ALGERIA EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• 7:45 PM MAY 21, 2003• MAGNITUDE 6.8• BOUMERDES
PROVINCE, ALGERIA, 60 KM FROM ALGIERS
• CONSEQUENCES• AFRICA-EURASIA
PLATE COLLISION; ZEMMOURI FAULT
• 2,266 DEAD; 10,261 INJURED
• 1,241 BUILDINGS DAMAGED ; 150,000 HOMELESS
BOUMERDES EARTHQUAKE
BAM, IRAN EARTHQUAKE2003M6/6
OVER 31,000 DEAD
CITADEL OF BAM, IRAN: BEFORE EARTHQUAKE:
CITADEL OF BAM, IRAN: AFTER EARTHQUAKE:
APRIL 6, 2009 L’AQUILLA (ABRUZZO) EARTHQUAKE
• EVENT• 3:30 AM APRIL 6,
2009• MAGNITUDE 6.3• L’AQUILLA, ITALY,
70 KM FROM ROME
• CONSEQUENCES• NORMAL FAULT
SYSTEM• 300 DEAD• AN ESTIMATED
11,000 BUILDINGS DAMAGED
TWIN MODERATE-MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKES STRIKE IRAN
SATURDAY, AUGUST 11, 2012
Iran has many well-known seismically active faults, which have generated
devastating earthquakes in recent years, including a M6.6 earthquake in 2003 that destroyed the city of Bam and killed more
than 31,000 people
THE EARTHQUAKES (Source: US Geological Survey)
• Saturday's first quake of M6.4 and a depth of 9.9 km (6.2 miles) struck just before 5 pm 60 km (37 miles) northeast of the city of Tabriz.
• Saturday’s second quake of M6.3 at a similar depth struck 49 km (30 miles) northeast of Tabriz 11 minutes later.
The earthquakes struck in East Azerbaijan province, a mountainous region that neighbors Azerbaijan and
Armenia to the north and is predominantly populated by ethnic
Azeris, a minority group.
INITIAL IMPACTS
• Over 1,000 villages were affected, with over 5,000 buildings in 100 villages partially or totally destroyed as concrete-block and mud-brick buildings collapsed.
• At least 20 villages could not be reached because of impassable roads.
• People in some villages were in dire need of food and drinking water.
VARZAGHAN: DAMAGE
INITIAL IMPACTS
• Over 300 dead (more likely), with over 60 percent being women and children, partly due to the time of day (5 PM) that the quake struck.
• Over 1,800 injured.
INITIAL IMPACTS (continued)
• 36,000 people in the quake-hit area were provided with emergency shelter.
• Many slept on the street and in parks.• A field hospital set up in Varzaghan on Sunday
to treat the injured was staffed by just two doctors, but ,with shortages of medical supplies and food, was hard pressed to meet the urgent needs.
INITIAL IMPACTS (continued)
• Hospitals Hospitals in Tabriz (49 km distance) treated many of the injured from the surrounding villages.
• Water, electricity, and phone lines in the Varzaghan area were all down, further hindering rescue efforts
• Preliminary loss estimate: $650 million USD