lela wiwuaSvili iudaizmi XX saukunis pirveli naxevris...
Transcript of lela wiwuaSvili iudaizmi XX saukunis pirveli naxevris...
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
xelovnebis istoriisa da Teoriis instituti
lela wiwuaSvili
iudaizmi XX saukunis pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos xelovnebaSi (saqarTvelos ebraelTa
istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis koleqciis safuZvelze)
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis
mosapoveblad warmodgenili
d i s e r t a c i a
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,
profesori irine koSoriZe
Tbilisi
2012
avtoris stili daculia
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Sinaarsi Sesavali Temis aqtualoba ___________________________ 3 literaturis mimoxilva ___________________________ 10 Tavi I
iudaizmis ganmarteba _________________________________ 18 iudaizmis zogadi istoriuli mimoxilva xelovnebaSi _____ 26
Tavi II ebrauli diaspora saqarTveloSi _______________________ 32 saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi da misi eqsponatebi ____________________________________ 41 Tavi III pirveli ebraeli mxatvari saqarTveloSi Salom koboSvili _ 51 Tavi IV qarTvel ebraelTa kultura da yofa. E eqsponatebi _____________________________________ 65 Tavi V ebrauli religiur-ritualur siuJetebze Seqmnili namuSevrebisa da artefaqtebis Sinaarsis ganmarteba ________________ 100 daskvna ____________________________ 149 ganmartebiTi leqsikoni ____________________________ 154 bibliografia __________________________________________ 167
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Sesavali
თემის აქტუალობა
iudaizmi saqarTvelos xelovnebaSi praqtikulad ar ganxilula da
aqamde msgavsi termini am periodis qarTuli xelovnebis istoriaSi arc
yofila gamoyenebuli. swored aman gamoiwvia avtoris daintereseba Tavi
moeyara da garkveul wilad ganemarta, Tu ras niSnavs es termini da
rogori interpretacia hpova am Zalzed saintereso movlenam
saqarTveloSi. Amas win uZRvoda mravalwliani samecniero kvleva,
dafuZnebuli rogorc umdidresi literaturuli da samecniero
wyaroebis gacnobaze, aseve saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-
eTnografiuli muzeumis koleqciis Seswalasa da atribuciaze.
iudaizmi xelovnebaSi, romlis istoriul mimoxilvas qvemoT
SemogTavazebT, Zalzed rTuli, ucnauri da saintereso movlenaa, xolo
qarTuli xelovnebis konteqstSi aqamde arasodes yofila ganxiluli,
ramac ganapiroba am Temis aqtualoba.
udidesi literaturis arsebobis miuxedavad, konkretulad es Tema aravis
Seuswavlia, ramac erTis mxriv bevri sirTuleebi gamoiwvia muSaobisas,
magram amasTanave ufro meti interesi da pasuxismgebloba avtoris
mxridan.
multikulturul saqarTveloSi ebrauli diaspora erT-erTi
uZvelesTagania da ebraelTa pirvel migracias ukavSirdeba. XI saukunis
qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebidan “qarTlis cxovreba” (70, 56) vigebT,
rom ebraelebi saqarTveloSi nabuqodonosoris mier (Zv. w. aR. 586 wels)
pirveli taZris dangrevis, ierusalimidan maTi gandevnis Semdeg
gamoCndnen da qarTlSi dasaxldnen.
ebraelebi udidesi religiis, istoriisa da kulturis mqone eria,
miuxedavad im devnisa, rasac isini sxvadasxva qveynebSi ganicdidnen
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, maT ara Tu SeinarCunes TviTmyofadoba, aramed
ganaviTares TavianTi kultura. amasTanave isini brwyinvaled axerxebdnen
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adgilobriv tradiciebTan adaptaciasa da sinTezs. es gansakuTrebiT
niSandoblivia saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi ebraelTaTvis. saqarTvelo xom
im iSviaT gamonaklis qveyanas warmoadgens, sadac ebraelebs istoriulad
aramcTu devnidnen, aramed maT mimarT yovelTvis keTil da megobrul
damokidebulebas amJRavnebdnen. albaT swored amiT aixsneba is
unikaluri fenomeni, rom saqarTveloSi ebraelebs, garda religiurisa,
ar hqondaT gansxvavebuli ena an dialeqti, TiTqmis ar gamoirCeodnen
CacmulobiT, arasodes ar cxovrobdnen getoebSi. qarTveli ebraeli _ es
gamoTqmac naTels xdis, Tu rogor safuZvlianad damkvidrda
saqarTveloSi ebraeloba, rogor Seiyvares qarTuli ena, tradiciebi, ise
rom ar daviwyebiaT ebrauli adaT-wesi. am garkveuli asimilaciis
miuxedavad, romelic Tan axlavs diasporaSi cxovrebas, qarTvelma
ebraelebma saukuneebis manZilze saTuTad atares da dRemde Semoinaxes
TavianTi religia da tradiciebi. isini mtkiced icavdnen moses mcnebebs,
gansakuTrebiT ki meore mcnebas, anu ebraelTaTvis akrZaluli iyo
gamosaxulebis Seqmna, ramac ganapiroba ara esTetikuri, aramed, ufro
metad, ceremonialuri xelovnebis ganviTareba.
aqedan warmoiSva mosazreba ebrauli saxviTi xelovnebis ararsebobis
Sesaxeb, ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed msoflio kulturaSic. Tumca
es garkveul wilad mcdari mosazrebaa. XX saukunis dasawyisSi
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegebma Zveli palestinisa da mesopotamiis
teritoriebze sruliad Secvala es mosazreba da ebrauli xelovnebis
Seswavlis sferoSi gadatrialeba moaxdina. axlandel israelis
teritoriaze da agreTve dura evroposSi (axlandeli erayi) ax. w. III
saukunis sinagogebis nangrevebi aRmoaCines, sadac kedlebi mTlianad
Zveli aRTqmis siuJetebze Seqmnili adamianebis gamosaxulebiani
freskebiTaa moxatuli. riT SeiZleba aixsnas orTodoqsaluri iudaizmis
am ZiriTadi da umniSvnelovanesi principis darRveva? erTaderTi axsna
isev meore mcnebaSi unda viZioT. Ees misi meore nawilis sxvagvari
interpretirebiT SeiZleba aixsnas, romlis mixedviTac ar unda Seiqmnas
gamosaxulebani ara zogadad, aramed maT winaSe Tayvaniscemis mizniT da
ra Tqma unda, yovlad dauSvebelia RrmerTis gamosaxuleba, radgan
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iudevelTa RmerTi uxilavia. sinagogebs amSvenebs saocari freskebi da
mozaikebi. Ddura evroposi im periodis mesopotamiaSi erTgvar unikalur
movlenas warmoadgenda, sadac mcire teritoriaze kvintesirebuli iyo
sxvadasxva religiebisa da eTnosebis warmomadgenlebi da agebuli iyo
maTi taZrebi, warmarTulic, iudevelTac, da axlad gavrcelebuli
qristianuli taZrebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom imdroindeli sinagogebis Sida
morTuloba da freskebi Tu mozaikebi, bevrad ufro mdidrulia da
sainteresoa, vidre adrebizantiuri taZris dekori. Ees albaT imiT
aixsneba, rom axlad daarsebuli religia jer ar iyo imdenad
fexmokidebuli, rogorc uZvelesi monoTeisturi iudaizmi, da sinagoga
gacilebiT ufro Camoyalibebuli da mZlavri institucia iyo,
savaraudod ara mxolod ideologiurad, aramed finansuradac. Aamis
Semdgom periodSi adreSuasaukuneebSi aRarsad gvxdeba adamianis
gamosaxulebani XIII saukunemde. xolo XIII_XVI saukuneebSi evropis
sxvadasxva qveynebSi iqmneba ilustrirebuli manuskripterbi, sadac aseve
adamianebis gamosaxulebebia warmodgenili. Fferweruli miniaturebi
amSvenebs hagadis teqstebs (egreT wodebuli germanuli “CitisTaviani
hagada”, CitisTaviani adamianis figurebis gamosaxulebiT), danarCen
evropul manuskriptebSi Cveulebrivi adamianis gamosaxulebania,
amasTanave aRsaniSnavia im epoqisa da qveynis xelovnebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli stilisturi msgavseba.
Semdgom periodSi isev gamosaxulebebis akrZalva, da saerTod
ebraelebisTvis mxatvrobis Seswavlis akrZalvac ki dominirebda
msoflios sxvadasxva ebraul diasporebSi. Aamitom, rogorc aseTi XVIII
saukunemde ar arsebobda ebrauli mxatvroba, am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba
ara mxolod ebraelebis mier , aramed iudaikis Temaze Seqmnili. Ees ar
niSnavs, rom ar arsebobdnen ebraeli warmoSobis mxatvrebi, zogi ar
emorCileboda am religiur akrZalvas, xSirad ojaxis winaaRmdegobis
miuxedavad, irCevdnen xelovnebis rTul gzas da udidesi Rvawli
Seitanes msoflio xelovnebis istoriaSi.
saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebiT didxans da mkacrad icavdnen am
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orTodoqsalur tradicias da aq mxatvroba ebraelebisTvis Seuferebel
saqmed iTvleboda.
amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom XX saukunis pirveli naxevrisTvis
saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda ebrauli warmoSobis mxatvari. 1933 w.
TbilisSi daarsda saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli
muzeumi. misi koleqcia 3 wlis manZilze mowyobili regionaluri
samecniero-eTnografiuli eqspediciebis safuZvelze Segrovda.
muzeumis koleqcia mravalmxrivad warmoaCenda qarTvel ebraelTa
kulturasa da yofas. muzeumis saxviTi xelovnebis koleqciaSi
sxvadasxva avtorTa assamocdaaTamde ferweruli da grafikuli
namuSevaria. am koleqciis ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens TviTnaswavli
ebraeli mxatvris Salom koboSvilisa (1876-1941) da qarTveli fermweris
daviT gvelesianis (1890-1949) namuSevrebi, romlebSic yvelaze
sainteresod da xatovnad aisaxa qarTvel ebraelTa cxovreba.
muzeumi didi popularobiT sargeblobda qarTvel ebraelTa
sazogadoebaSi da sakmaod bevri damTvalierebeli yolia, gansakuTrebiT
didi mowonebiT Salom koboSvilis gamofena sargeblobda.
1951 wels muzeumi daixura, rogorc sionizmis kera da sinagogis Senobis
konfiskaciis Semdeg koleqcibi sxvadasxva muzeumebSi gadanawilda
(amJamindel saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis s. janaSias saxelobis
saqarTvelos muzeumSi, i. griSaSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis istoriis
muzeumSi (qarvaslaSi) da xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi), sadac es
eqsponatebi dRemdea daculi.
1988 wels qarTvel ebraelTa istoriaSi axali etapi daiwyo.
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis xelSewyobiT daarsda qarTul-
ebraul urTierTobaTa asociacia (prezidenti _ givi RambaSiZe, vice-
prezidenti _ Salva wiwuaSvili, sapatio wevrebi _ andria afaqiZe da
roin metreveli). 1992 wels saqarTvelos mTavrobis brZanebis safuZvelze
am asociaciam TbilisSi aRadgina ebrauli muzeumi, am dRidan igi daviT
baazovis saxels atarebs. muzeumi isev Zveli sinagogis SenobaSi
ganTavsda, romlis avariuli mdgomareobis gamo koleqciebi kvlav
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis sacavebsa da xelnawerTa erovnul
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centrSia daculi. 1992-2001 wlebSi muzeumis direqtori gaxldaT batoni
Salva wiwuaSvili, amJamad muzeums batoni givi RambaSiZe
xelmZRvanelobs.
aTwleulebis manZilze es saocari koleqcia sacavebSi iyo
ganTavsebuli da ucnobi iyo ara mxolod farTo sazogadoebisaTvis,
aramed specialistebisTvisac ki. Eeqsponatebi sakmaod dazianebuli iyo
im wlebSi saerTo samuzemo fondebis mZime pirobebis gamo. 2005 wels
saqarTvelos erovnul muzemSi mopovebuli grantis safuZvelze
SesaZlebeli gaxda Tavi momeyara adre Catarebuli samecniero
kvlevisaTvis Ppirveli ebraeli mxatvris Salom koboSvilis namuSevarTa
albomis publikaciisaTvis da 2006 wels saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi
Salom koboSvilis 130 wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT movawyeT misi
personaluri gamofena da gamoica sruli katalogi. Salom koboSvili
pirveli ebraeli mxatvaria saqarTveloSi da misi saocari biografiis
wyalobiT sruliad gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs. man 61 wlis
asakSi daiwyo xatva da misi moRvaweoba mxolod sam weliwads gagrZelda
(mis gardacvalebamde), magram am mokle drois manZilzec man moaxerxa
qarTvel ebraelTa yofis saocari dokumentur-TxrobiTi matiane Seeqmna.
2008 wels saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis
daarsebidan 75 welTan da israelis saxelmwifos damoukideblobis 60
wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda meore gamofenis
momzadeba, romelic mieZRvna mTlianad ebrauli muzeumis koleqcias da
asaxavda qarTvel ebraelTa kulturasa da yofas da agreTve gamoica am
gamofenis sruli katalogi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom 1992 wels israelSi gamocemul wignebSi “In the land of the
Golden Fleece. The Jews of Georgia History and Culture. Editors: Rachel Arbel, Lily Magal
(Magalashvili). Tel Aviv, 1992~ (259), daibeWda koboSvilis ramdenime namuSevari.
zogierTi misi suraTi Sesulia agreTve gregori gurovis mier
gamocemul 1998 wlis gamofenis katalogSi ~Beyond the Golden Fleece. A cultural
history of the Jews of Georgia. Bethesda, 2004~ (246), Tumca aq ramdenime
koboSvilis namuSevari arasworadaa identificirebuli da moixsenieba
ucnobi mxatvris an gvelesianis avtorobiT.
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gamofenis momzadebis procesSi SesaZlebeli gaxda saqarTvelos
erovnuli muzeumis finansuri mxardaWeriT saTanado sarestavracio da
sakonservacio samuSaoebis Catareba da agreTve yvela suraTis CarCoebiT
da paspartuebiT uzrunvelyofa.
2008 wels saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis
daarsebidan 75 welTan da israelis saxelmwifos damoukideblobis 60
wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda meore gamofenis
momzadeba, romelic mieZRvna mTlianad ebrauli muzeumis koleqcias da
asaxavda qarTvel ebraelTa kulturasa da yofas da agreTve gamoica am
gamofenis sruli katalogi. es proeqti ganxorcielda saqarTveloSi
moRvawe sxvadasxva ebrauli organizaciebis sruli finansuri
mxardaWeriT.
madlobas vuxdi yvela im organizacias visi dainteresebisa da finansuri
mxardaWeris gareSe proeqtis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iqneboda:
israelis saelCos saqarTveloSi da piradad mis imdroindel sagangebo
da sruluflebian elCs, mis aRmatebulebas baton SabTai curs, ebraul
saagento “soxnuTs” da piradad mis imdroindel xelmRvanels
amierkavkasiis qveynebSi baton gregori brodskis, israeli-saqarTvelos
biznes palatas da mis prezidents baton icik moSesa da biznes
palatasTan arsebul cityM jgufs, israelis saelCosTan arsebul
kulturul centrsa da saelCos pirvel mdivans baton mixeil barkans.
2010 wels saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis mier mesame ebrauli proeqti
ganxorcielda, romelic mieZRvna saqarTveloSi ierusalimis ben cvi
institutis mier organizebul saerTaSoriso ebraul istoriul seminars.
Salva amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis muzeumSi gaxsnil
gamofenasTan dakavSirebiT gamoica katalogic. wina ori gamofenisagan
gansxvavebiT, am ukanasknelze, garda ebrauli muzeumis koleqciisa,
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis fondebSi daculi, qarTvel ebraelTa
istoriis amsaxveli uZvelesi eqsponatebicaa warmodgenili. Eesenia
urbnisis samarovanSi aRmoCenili I-V saukuneebis minisa da Tixis
arqeologiuri masala (minisa da Tixis WurWeli, miniaturuli
nelsacxeblebi, mZivebi), III saukunis mcxeTis stelebi ebrauli warweriT,
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V-VI ss. Ooqros firfita-amuletis fotoasli ebrauli warweriT
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis saagentos, didi mcxeTis
saxelmwifo arqeologiuri muzeumis koleqciidan, X-XI ss. Uunikaluri
etratze Sesrulebuli xelnaweri, egred wodebuli “lailaSis biblia”
xelnawerTa erovnuli centridan.
am sami proeqtis saSualebiT, mravali wlis manZilze miviwyebuli
eqsponatebi TiTqosda gacocxlda da specialistebisa da farTo
sazogadoebis didi interesi daimsaxura. TiToeuli es gamofena
ramodenime Tvis manZilze maspinZlobda adgilobriv Tu uamrav ucxoel
damTvalierebels.
upirveles yovlisa, am proeqtebis ganxorcielebis wyalobiT
SesaZlebeli gaxda ebrauli muzeumis koleqciis mniSvnelovani nawilis
Seswavla, atribucia, movla da mowesrigeba, xolo zogierTi eqsponatis
pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gadarCenac ki. es exeba ara mxolod ferwerasa
da grafikas, aramed kostumebs, qsovilebs, sxvadasxva tipisa da
daniSnulebis religiur Tu ritualur artefaqtebs. Gam gamofenebze
warmodgenili yvela eqsponati daeqvemdebara restavraciasa Tu
konservacias. gansakuTrebiT savalalo mdgomareobaSi qsovilebi iyo,
nawili, rac gamoifina, SeiZleba iTqvas am etapze gadarCenilia, xolo
danarCens esaWiroeba saswrafo konservacia da restavracia, rac uaxloes
momavalSi Cveni ZiriTadi mizania. vimedovnebT, rom male ebrauli
koleqcia sruli saxiT iqneba mowesrigebuli da Tavis Rirseul adgils
daikavebs saqarTvelos kulturis istoriaSi, rogorc misi sinTezuri da
ganuyofeli nawili.
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Lliteraturis mimoxilva
disertaciis Temis specifikidan gamomdinare naSromis Sesrulebisas
gamoyenebulia Zalian farTo speqtris literaturuli wyaroebi,
romlebic garkveul wilad scdeba naSromis konkretul saxelwodebas,
magram amasTanave uSualodaa dakavSirebuli masTan. iudaizmis da
“iudaikis” mcnebis da istoriuli sarCulis gareSe es Tema
TanamedroveobaSic warmoudgenelia.
uSualod disertaciis Temas rac Seexeba, yvelaze mniSvnelovani
informacia ebraelTa muzeumis koleqciis Sesaxeb Tavmoyrilia
saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis SromebSi (67),
romlebic muzeumis arsebobis periodSi sam tomad iyo gamocemuli, xolo
bolo wlebSi gamoica ukve axali krebulis ori tomi (23, 68).
SromebSi gamoqveynebulia mecnier TanamSromelTa da ebrauli istoriisa
da kulturis mkvlevarTa statiebi, romelSic mimoxilulia rogorc
muzeumis Seqmnis istoria, aseve qarTvel ebraelTa istoriis,
tradiciebis, eTnografiis, yofis amsaxveli werilebi. maT Soris Zalian
mniSvnelovania muzeumis erT-erTi direqtoris ilia papismedovis statia
(56) ebrael mxatvarze Salom koboSvilze, romelic gamoqveynda misi
personaluri gamofenis Semdeg. es erTaderTi naSromia, saidanac
SesaZlebeli gaxda informaciis moZieba am mxatvris biografiasa da
Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb, Tu ar CavTvliT misi qaliSvilebis zepir
monaTxrobs bavSvobis mogonebebze dayrdnobiT, vinaidan ojaxs
samwuxarod arc misi namuSevrebi SemorCa da arc raime sxva
biografiuli cnobebi, amitom ilia papismedovis werili koboSvilze
warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad misi Tanamedroves erTaderTi fasdaudebeli
dokumentaluri wyaro aRmoCnda.
SromebSi aseve sxva mecnierebis statiebia, romlebSic asaxulia, rogorc
muzeumis koleqciebis istoria, aseve garkveuli istoriuli Tu
eTnografiuli masalebi qarTvel ebraelTa cxovrebidan. xolo
axladgamocemul IV da V tomebSi Tanamedrove mecnierebis statiebia ara
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mxolod ebrauli muzeumis Sesaxeb, aramed zogadad ebraistikis dargSic
aris warmodgenili.
aRsaniSnavia, rom 1991 wels israelSi, qalaq Tel-avivis diasporis
muzeumSi moewyo gamofena “oqros sawmisis qveyanaSi”, romelzec
warmodgenili iyo rogorc qarTuli xelovnebis nimuSebi s. janaSias sax.
saqarTvelos muzeumis koleqciidan, aseve ebrauli muzeumis koleqciis
nawili da koboSvilis oTxi suraTi. Aam gamofenis Semdeg israelSi
gamoica didi wigni, romelSic Sevida israelis mecnierTa statiebi
saqarTvelosa da qarTuli kulturis Sesaxeb da aseve qarTvel ebraelTa
istoriisa da kulturis amsaxveli masala (259). wigni Zalzed
informatiulia da mravalferovani ilustraciebiTaa gamdidrebuli.
masSi asaxulia qarTvelTa da ebraelTa Tanacxovrebis masalebi,
dokumentebi, fotoebi da materialuri kulturis Zeglebi. Dd. langis
statiaSi (259, 21-36) mimoxilulia saqarTvelos istoria da
paralelurad ebrauli diasporas istoriac saqarTveloSi.
ebraelTa istoria komunisturi reJimis damyarebamde saqarTveloSi
dawvrilebiT da sainteresodaa ganxiluli ierusalimis universitetis
profesoris gerSon ben-orenis werilSi (259, 37-70).
icxak davidis werilSi ki asaxulia ebraelebis cxovreba rogorc
saqarTveloSi, aseve israelSi (259, 71-84).
qarTvel ebraelTa yofa, ritualebi, tradiciebi, eTnografia saukuneebis
manZilze, iseve rogorc maTi istoria ar iyo Seswavlili da
gamokvleuli. rahel arbelis da lili magalis (maRalaSvilis)
erTobliv naSromSi Tavmoyrilia Zalian saintereso da mniSvnelovani
masalebi, romlebic nawilobriv ebrauli muzeumis SromebSi (259, 85-167)
da misi koleqciis safuZvelze iyo mopovebuli da agreTve saqarTvelos
ebraelebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi mogzaurobisas sinagogebsa da
ojaxebSi Segrovebuli da gadaRebuli fotoebis, dokumentebis, nivTebisa
da sxva masalebis gamoyenebiT momzadda.
lili baazovis werili ki sabWoTa reJimis dros ebraelTa cxovrebazea
saqarTveloSi (259, 167-189).
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1998 wels aRiniSna ebrauli diasporis arsebobis ocdaeqvs saukunovani
iubile saqarTveloSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT sxva sazeimo RonisZiebTa
Soris erovnul galereaSi (yofili “cisferi galerea”) moewyo didi
gamofena, romelzec warmodgenili iyo qarTvelTa da ebraelTa
kulturisa da xelovnebis amsaxveli eqsponatebi s. janaSias sax.
saqarTvelos muzeumidan da ebrauli muzeumis fondebidan. Eebrauli
muzeumis saxviTi xelovnebis fondebSi Cvens mier Catarebuli iqna
SesarCevi da mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi, romlis safuZvelzec moxda
namuSevrebis Sedareba sainventaro wignebSi Setanil Zvel monacemebTan,
maTi atribucia da sarestavraciod momzadeba. Aam gamofenis masalebi
SemdgomSi aisaxa amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gamocemul katalogSi
(246), romelSic Sevida qarTvel da amerikel mkvlevarTa narkvevebi. s.
janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumis imdroindeli direqtoris,
levan WilaSvilis saqarTvelos mokle istoriuli mimoxilva (246, 5-12),
daviT baazovis sax. saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli
muzeumis imdroindeli direqtoris Salva wiwuaSvilis werili
ebraelTa istoriaze saqarTveloSi (246, 14-32), amave muzeumis amJamindeli
direqtoris givi RambaSiZis kvleva qarTvel ebraelTa gvarebis Sesaxeb
(246, 33-40), jorjtaunis universitetis profesoris ori soltesis werili
qarTvel ebraelTa ritualebsa da ritualur nivTebze (246, 34-46), SoTa
bostanaSvilis kvleva sinagogebsa da ebrauli saflavebis arqiteqturaze
(246, 47-62), s. janaSias muzeumis eTnografiis koleqciebis mecnier
TanamSromlebis, doqtorebis Lleila molodinisa da ciala
bezaraSvilis werili qarTvel ebraelTa qsovilebis Sesaxeb (246, 63-75)
da agreTve ori soltesis calkeuli werilebi ebrauli yofis asaxvis
Sesaxeb ebrauli mxatvris mier (246, 76-90) (Cveni miwodebuli masalebis
gamoyenebiT) da lailaSis bibliis Sesaxeb (246, 91-98).
katalogi gamoica gamofenidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi da rac Seexeba ebrauli muzeumis saxviTi
xelovnebis eqsponatebs sakmaod bevri Secdoma da uzustobaa daSvebuli.
maT Soris mxatvrebis da namuSevrebis araswori identifikaciebi.
13
erT erTi umniSvnelovanesi literaturuli wyaro xelovnebaSi, zogadad
iudaizmis sferoSi, romelic farTod iyo gamoyenebuli disertaciaze
muSaobisas, iren kornis wignia “iudaizmi xelovnmebaSi” (20). iudaizmi
xelovnebaSi ZiriTadad am naSromze dayrdnobiTaa mimoxiluli da masSi
aRwerili tradiciebi da ritualebi msoflio ebraul kulturaSi
gamoyenebuli iqna rogorc Zalze saWiro da saintereso paraleluri
masala.
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos ebrauli enciklopedia. am fundamentur
naSromSi ebraul samyaroze da iudaizmze uamravi saintereso da
umniSvnelovanesi informaciaa kvintensirebuli, gamoyenebulia rogorc
pirveli gamocema (1913 w.) (138), aseve gviani gamocemebi (165) da ebrauli
enciklopediis eleqtronuli versia
(http://www.google.ge/#hl=ka&site=&source=hp&q=766), ris safuZvelzec
iudaizmis mimoxilva iqna gakeTebuli. disertaciaze muSaobis procesSi
es iyo erT erTi yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebadi wyaro.
garda amisa, didi daxmareba gagviwia internetSi iudaikis sxvadasxva
saitebze ganTavsebulma Zalian mravalferovanma informaciam da
saqarTvelosa Tu ucxoeTSi ukanaskneli gamocemebis mimoxilvam da xSir
SemTxvevaSi wignebis eleqtronuli versiebis gacnobis saSualebam.
zogadad ebrauli istoria da xelovneba SesaniSnavadaa warmodgenili
israelSi 2006 wels inglisur enaze gamocemul fundamentur wignSi (260),
romelSic agreTve mdidari sailustracio masalaa warmodgenili da
saukuneebis manZilze diasporaSi ebraelTa kulturas ganixilavs.
xelovnebas ebraul tradiciaSi eZRvneba ierusalimSi gamocemuli wigni
(147), romelSic ZiriTadad klagsbaldis statiebia (156) ebraul
xelovnebaze sinagogis sakulto nivTebSi, religiur da yofiT
ceremoniebSi, qorwineba (158), xanuqis dResaswauli (160) ebarul
xelovnebasa da folklorSi.
qarTvel ebraelTa istoria qristes Sobamde VI s. iwyeba.
“qarTlis cxovrebaSi” xatovnad aris asaxuli saqarTveloSi ebraelTa
mosvla, es movlena dakavSirebulia 586 w. Zv. w. babilonelTa mefis
14
nabuqodonosoris mier ierusalimis aoxrebasTan da ebraelTa masiur
migraciasTan. (72)
ebrauli kulturis Semswavleli mecnierebis “iudaikis” mixedviT
ebrauli salocavebis genezisi babilonelTa mier “pirveli taZris”
dangrevas ukavSirdeba. taZari ebraelTa mesame mefem – daviTis Zem,
solomonma aaSena sionis mTaze. mas solomonis taZari ewoda. (solomonis
mefobis dasawyiss 971 an 987 wliT (Zv. w. aR.) gansazRvraven). (138)
“pirveli” – taZris gviani saxelwodebaa, ufro gvian ki ebraeli xalxis
cnobierebaSi sionis mTa RmerTs ganasaxierebs, taZari – RmerTis saxls.
taZari mravalgzis aRsdga da Seilaxa, da bolos romis imperatorma
titus vespasianem daangria qristes Sobidan 70 wels.
taZari (“saxli RvTisa”, “saxli rCeuli”, “saxli siwmindisa” – ebraulad
“beT hamikdaS”) upirvelesad iyo umaRlesi erovnuli siwmindis – aRTqmis
kidobanis sacavi, sadac inaxeboda sjulis ficari da sxva siwmindeni.
taZari darCa ebraelTa erTianobis da RmerTTan kavSiris simbolod.
salocavi – salocavebi – (ebr. “beT haqneseT” – “saxli sakrebulo” –
Sdr. E”eklesia”) – diasporis fenomenia. pirveli salocavi babilonis
tyveobaSi unda gaCeniliyo.
saqarTvelos ebrauli salocavebis winamorbednic am “pirvelTa” ricxvs
unda ganekuTvnebodnen. maT Sesaxeb SemogvrCa ramdenime mniSvnelovani
cnoba.
“Satberdis krebulSi” moxsenebulia ebrauli salocavi – “bagini
huriaTa”. ufro gviandel qarTul wyaroebSi “bagins” da “ebraul
salocavs” Caenacvleba “Tora”. Tora (ebr.) – Zveli aRTqmis wignebia.
ebrauli salocavis sinonimad damkvidrebulia “sinagoga” – berZnuli
sityva – da niSnavs krebas, Sekrebas kultmsaxurebisaTvis, rac igives
aRniSnavda berZnul kerpTayvanismcemlobaSi. am saxeliT bunebrivad unda
monaTluliyo axalSobili ebrauli instituti elinur samyarosTan
uneblie da intensiur urTierTobaSi. berZnulma kulturam Semata
ebraul xelovnebas ara marto Tavisi saxeli, aramed garegnuli saxec da
mcxeTeli uriani Semdgom am saxiT ageben bagins “... da maT dReTa
SemeSurvnes friad huriani mcxeTelni Cemzeda dasces xe igi kilamoi,
15
romeli idga karsa zeda baginisasa, ebraeli abiaTaris piriT, romelic
iyo “pirvel mRdeli baginTa Sina huriaTasa mcxeTas.” (50)
“moqcevai qarTlisaiSi” moxsenebuli “stovasa baginisasa” ebraelTa
salocavi saxlis elinuri arqiteqturis niSnebze miuTiTebs, xolo
“pirvel mRdeli baginTa Sina huriaTasa mcxeTas” – saqarTvelos pirveli
qristianuli salocavis Casaxvaze mcxeTaSi.
“moqcevai qarTlisai” da mcxeTis galuTi gvianantikur xanaSi Zalian
sainrteresod aris ganxiluli g. lorTqifaniZisa da g. Yyifianis
erTobliv werilSi (40, 457-472).
qristianobam (mogvianebiT islammac) miiRo “sakrebulo saxli” –
salocavis instituti – Tavis ZiriTad organizaciul safuZvlad. am
safuZvelze aRmocendnen is didebuli taZrebi, romlebmac aRniSnes dro
da warmarTes ocsaukunovani civilizaciis sivrce. (15)
ebrauli salocavi Tavad droa, locvis procesi ritualia da misi
Catareba aucilebelia, Tundac “yovel adgilas” – mindorSi, ezoSi,
oTaxSi (sasurvelia erTsarTuliani).
aseTi Tavisufleba iTvaliswinebda diasporis “momTabare” pirobebs, rom
specialuri salocavi Senobis uqonlobas erTi dRiTac ar Seewyvita
maradiuli sulieri cxovrebis riTmi.
ebrauli salocavis Senoba salocavis institutis erT-erTi sasurveli
formaa da ara erTaderTi; is ufro interieria, vidre eqsterieri;
Sinaarsia, vidre formaa; saSualebaa, vidre mizani.
salocavebis eqsterierebs erTi mizani SemorCaT – droisa da adgilis
konteqstualizmi – morgeba. (15)
ebraul salocavTa eqsterierebis ekleqtika da stilTa simravle
gamowveulia diasporis gafantulobiT. sinagogis arqiteqtura unda
morgeboda im qveynebis da epoqis stils, sadac is Sendeboda. (il. 16, 17,
19)
salocavma umniSvnelovanesi roli iTamaSa ebraelTa cxovrebaSi,
gaaerTiana RvTismsaxureba, skola (ebr. “xeder”) da sazogadoebrivi
cxovreba.
16
sinagogis wyalobiT mravalsaukunovanma avbedobam ver daakargvina
ebraelobas erovnuli saxe.
salocavma Seucvala ebraelobas dangreuli wminda taZari, Seunaxa
xsovna, SeunarCuna rwmena da imedi momavlisa, samSobloSi dabrunebisa.
Znelia isaubro ebraul arqiteqturaze imave sazogado mniSvnelobiT,
rogorc egvipturze, berZnulze, Cinur-iaponurze, muslimurze, romlebmac
sakuTari arqiteqturuli Temebi daimkvidres, radgan sakuTar miwas
mowyvetili eri arqiteqturuli Temis “variaciebiT” kmayofildeba. es
siZnele Tavad arqiteqtiris fenomenSia.
sinagogis mSeneblobisas adgilmdebareobis SerCevas ZiriTadi
mniSvneloba eniWeba. Tu sinagoga israelSi Sendeba, misi sakurTxeveli
mimarTuli unda iyos ierusalimis mTavari taZrisken (axla godebis
kedeli), xolo diasporaSi sinagoga ierusalimisken unda “iyurebodes”.
(il. 18, 20, 21)
saqarTvelos ebraelTa materialuri kulturis Sesaxeb TiTqmis ar
arsebobs specialuri gamokvleva.
S. bostanaSvilma Tavis wignSi “ebrauli salocavebisa da sasaflaoebis
arqiteqtura saqarTveloSi” (15) pirvelad TanmimdevrobiT warmoaCina
saqarTveloSi arsebuli yvela sinagoga da saflavis qvebi.
amis garda arsebobs saqarTvelos ebraelobasTan dakavSirebuli saerTo
wyaroebi, romlebSic gabneulia metad sayuradRebo cnobebi, maT Soris
materialuri kulturis Sesaxeb.
ebraelTa dasaxlebebze miTiTebulia “qarTlis cxovrebaSi” (72) da
vaxuSti bagrationis “geografiul aRweraSi”. (73)
XIX s. saqarTvelos ebraelTa Sesaxeb vrceli istoriul-eTnografiuli
matiane dagvitova iehuda Cornim – ruseTis guberniis mkvidrma, romelmac
gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi imogzaura saqarTveloSi (76).
zaqaria WiWinaZis wignSi “qarTveli ebraelebi saqarTveloSi” (92)
moyvanilia Zalian mniSvnelovni cnobebi da avtori ganixilavs
ormocdaaTamde ebraul dasaxlebas saqarTveloSi. ebraelTa erT-erTi
didi namosaxlari urbnissa da mis mimdebare teritoriaze, rasac
17
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis masalebic adastureben gamoikvlia akademikosma
andria afaqiZem. (5)
TiTqmis yvela am wyaroebze daydrnobili monacemebia Tavmoyrili da
Seswavlili eldar mamisTvalaSvilis wignSi “qarTvel ebraelTa
istoria”. (42)
gansakuTrebulad avRniSnavdiT iren kornis seriozul da safuZvlian
kvlevas “iudaizmi xelovnebaSi” (163). wignSi mimoxilulia iudaizmis
evoluciuri ganviTareba sxvadasxva qveynebis diasporebSi, ganmartulia
iudaizmi da iudaikis mcneba. Aavtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs ebraul
kanonebze, wesebsa da tradiciebze, ebraelTa cxovrebis ZiriTad
etapebze, rac aisaxeba ritualebSi, religiur da istoriul
dResaswaulebze, ebraul simbolikaze. wignis ZiriTadi konteqsti
ukavSirdeba am Temebis asaxvas xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebSi,
risTvisac avtori sTavazobs mkiTxvels Zalian saintereso informatiul
Tu vizualur eqskurss.
18
Tavi I iudaizmis ganmarteba iudaizmi (ebr. יהדות - iahaduT) ebraeli eris religiaa, istoriaSi pirveli
monoTeisturi rwmena da antikuri xanidan SemorCenili erT-erTi
religia. iudaizmis doqtrina da istoria sxva monoTeistur, kerZod
samariul, qristianul da muslimanur religiaTa safuZvlebis
mniSvnelovani nawilia.
ukanaskneli daaxloebiT 2000 wlis manZilze iudaizmis praqtikuli
mimdevroba monoliTuri ar yofila: mas ar yolia centraluri sulieri
mmarTveloba; ara hqonia SemboWavi dogma.
iudaizms sapirispiro ideebisa da antagonisturi tendenciebis
urTierTqmedbis mudmivi SemoqmedebiTi Zieba axasiaTebs – eTikisa da
ritualis, universalizmisa da nacionalizmis, ebraeli xalxis, rogorc
RmerTis mier rCeulisa da yvela adamianis RmerTis winaSe
Tanasworobisa, piradi monaniebisa da erovnuli ganTavisuflebisa,
dakarguli uZvelesi samSoblosadmi istoriaSi uprecendento
erTgulebisa, iq dabrunebisaken ltolvisa da gandevnilobaSi
cxovrebisadmi Semgueblobisa.
miuxedavad amisa, yovel variaciaSi iudaizmi mWidrod dakavSirebuli
darCa ramdenime religiur principTan. maT Soris umniSvnelovanesia
erTaderTi, yovlismcodne, yovlisSemZle, yovlad mowyale Dda uxilavi
(transcendentuli) RmerTis rwmena, RmerTisa, romelmac samyaro Seqmna
da romelic ganagrZobs mis gangebas. Eebrauli azrovnebis mixedviT,
samyaros Semqmnelma RmerTma uZvelesi aRTqmiT kavSiri daamyara ebrael
erTan, roca maT Toris saxiT mis mier dadgenili kanonebi da mcnebebi
gauziara. Eebrauli RvTismsaxureba yvelaze did adgils uTmobs am
kanonebisa da mcnebebis Seswavlasa da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
ganxorcielebas ise, rogorc es religiis kanonikur wignebsa da rabinul
literaturaSia interpretirebuli. tradiciuli TvalsazrisiT, iudaizmi
ramodenime mniSvnelovani TvisebiT gansxvavdeboda misi warmoSobisas
19
arsebuli sxva religiuri tradiciebisagan. erTi aseTi Taviseburebaa
monoTeizmi: samyaros Semqmneli da kacobriobis gamkiTxavi RmerTis
rwmena. iudaizmis meore Tavisebureba misi mimdevrebisaTvis ToraSi
aRniSnul mcnebaTa Sesrulebis valdebuleba iyo. imdroindeli xalxebis
msgavsad ebraelebsac hqondaT taZari, sadac qurumebi RmerTisaTvis
msxverpls swiravdnen, magram es ar iyo ebrauli RvTismsaxurebis
erTaderTi saSualeba.
monoTeizmis aRmocenebis xana daaxloebiT Zv. w. meore aTaswleulia,
Tumca zusti periodi ar aris dadgenili mkvlevarebis mier.
orTodoqsaluri iudaizmis mixedviT, xalxuri masStabiT aseTi rwmenis
miRebis saTave ebraelebisaTvis aTi mcnebisa da Toris gacema iyo.
swored am saSualebiT ubrZana RmerTma ebraelebs mxolod misi
msaxureba, xolo sxva RvTaebaTa Tayvaniscema an maT xelovnur
gansaxierebaTa winaSe qedis moxra aukrZala. ToraSi Camoyalibebulia
iudaizmis ZiriTadi principebi: erTaderTi RmerTis arseboba,
maradiuloba, samyaros SemoqmedebaSi misi erTpirovnuli avtoroba da
misi gardauvali survilis gamoxatuleba istoriul movlenaTa svlaSi.
ebrauli TvalsazrisiT, aTi mcnebis gamo maT ekrZalebaT yoveli sxva
RmerTis, kerpis, sulisa Tu xatis msaxureba. iudaizmis Tanaxmad,
morwmune ebraelebi TviT RmerTis ormniSvnelovnad an samebad
warmodgenas Tvlian mwvaleblobad, romelic poliTeizms hgavs. RmerTis
unikalurobis idea Toris ZiriTadi principia. Aamis gamo, misi kanoniT
ebraelebs ekrZalebaT yoveli iseTi sagnis gakeTeba, an floba, romlis
winaSec adamians qedis moxra SeuZlia. Aam gagebiT, radgan RmerTi
uxilavia, adamianma ar unda moixaros qedi raime arsebis an sagnis
winaSe, rac Tavad araa RmerTi. (mimoxilulia ebrauli enciklopediis
masalebis safuZvelze. 138, t.VIII, 950-967)
Zvelad ebraelebsac hqondaT salocavi da msxverplSesawiravi taZari
ierusalimSi, sadac ZiriTadad dResaswaulebisas ikribebodnen. Qqohenebi
(qurumebi) wlis danarCen dReebSic asrulebdnen Toris kanonebiT
gansazRvrul yoveldRiur RvTismsaxurebas.
20
sxva religiebTan SedarebiT, iudaizmi RvTismsaxurebisadmi ufro
praqtikuli midgomiT gamoirCeva. ToraSi 613 micva (מצווה), anu RvTis
gankargulebaa mocemuli. micvebis Semsrulebeli morwmuneebi TavianT
yoveldRiur cxovrebas (xel-piris dabanasac ki) ritualuri wesebis
mixedviT warmarTaven. Mmicvebis Semsruleblebs iudaizmi gan-edens
(edemis baRs) an olam ha bas (momaval samyaros, e.i mesiis mosvlisas
mkvdreTiT aRdgomas) hpirdeba.
iudaizmis ganviTarebis tradiciuli Sexeduleba Toris Temaa
israelitTa (igive ebraelTa) urTierToba RmerTTan, rogorc es
gamoixata maT istoriaSi drois dasabamidan meore taZris periodamde
(daax. Zv. w. 350 wlamde). Ees urTierToba aRwerilia rogorc uwyveti
istoria, romlis ganmavlobaSi ebraelTa sulSi erTmaneTs eWideba
RmerTis rwmena da sxva RmerTebisadmi miziduloba. EebraelTa
istoriaSi iseTi mniSvnelovani pirovnebebi, rogorc abraami, iakobi da
mose, RmerTsac ki SeeWidnen ToraSi (abraami da iakobi RmerTs zogjer
gabedulad Seepasuxnen, xolo iakobi sizmarSi RmerTs fizikurad
SeebrZola).
“orTodoqsaluri iudaizmisa da morwmune ebraelTa azris mixedviT,
bibliuri patriarqi abraami pirveli ebraeli iyo. rabinuli
literaturis mixedviT man kacobriobaSi pirvelma uaryo
kerpTayvanismcemloba da monoTeizmi iqadaga. Sedegad, mas RmerTma
uricxvi Svili aRuTqva (dabadeba 15:5). Aabraamis pirveli Svili ismaeli
iyo, xolo meore vaJi – isaaki. isaakis SeZenisas RmerTma aRuTqva, rom is
gaagrZelebda abraamis sulier Sromas, xolo misi STamomavloba
egvipteSi gadaxvewisa da iqedan gamoxsnis Semdeg israelis miwas
daisakuTrebda. RmerTma isaakis Ze iakobi da misi Svilebi gvalviT
aiZula qanaanidan egvipteSi gadasuliyvnen, sadac mravali Taobis Semdeg
ebraelebi daimones. Mmonobisagan gamosaxsnelad RmerTma ebraelebs mose
mouvlina, egviptidan isini TviTon gamoiyvana, sinais mTaze maT aTi
mcneba da Tora uboZa da sabolood aRTqmul miwaze miiyvana. mTasTan,
RmerTis STagonebiT, mosem Tavisi Zma aaroni da misi vaJiSvilebi
qohenebad (qurumebad) daamtkica. isini sabolood ierusalimis taZarSi
21
msaxurebdnen. Aaaroni levitTa toms miekuTvneboda, xolo misi
STamomavlebi ukve aaronidebad moixsenebian da taZarSi mTavari qohenebis
misia ekisrebaT.“ (eleqtronuli ebrauli enciklopedia) (283-284)
mebrZol ebraelTa israelis miwaze dasaxlebis Semdeg moZravi RvTis
karavi (romelic RmerTma qurumobasTan erTad daawesa) SiloSi
damkvidrda 300 wliT. Aam drois manZilze RmerTma ers Rirseuli
Svilebi mouvlina, rogorc kacebi, aseve qalebic, Tavdamsxmel mterTa
winaaRmdeg xalxis asamxedreblad.
zogi mteri TviT RvTis gamogzavnili iyo codvebisaTvis xalxis
dasasjelad. Ees ambebi aRwerilia iesu naves Zisa da msajulTa wignebSi.
rac dro gadioda, eris sulieri done ufro da ufro qveiTdeboda, sanam
samagieros gadasaxdelad RmerTma filistimielebs SiloSi dadgmuli
RvTis karvis xelSi Cagdeba SeaZlebina. maSin ki ebraelma erma Seicno
sakuTari daknineba da samuel winaswarmetyvels sTxova tomTa
beladebisa Tu msaxurebis nacvlad misTvis mudmivi mefe amoerCia
(rogorc mezobel xalxebs hyavdaT). samuelma Seasrula es Txovna da
RmerTis dasturiT mefed airCia brwyinvale, magram Tavmdabali adamiani
– sauli. rodesac xalxis zegavleniT man samuelis gankarguleba
daarRvia, RmerTma winaswarmetyvels ubrZana, rom mis magier mefed
daviTi ekurTxevina. (es samuelis wignebSia moTxrobili).
rogorc ki daviT mefem Tavisi Zalaufleba ganamtkica, man naTan
winaswarmetyvels uTxra, rom RvTisaTvis mudmivi taZris aSeneba surs.
misi Rvawlis samagierod RmerTi Sehpirda daviTs, rom misi Svili
aagebda, xolo samefo gvirgvini arasodes gamoecleboda mis
STamomavlobas. TviT daviTma ver miiRo taZris aSenebis neba, radgan bevr
Sina omebSi monawileobda da RmerTs ar surda is mSvidobis simbolod
asagebi taZris mSeneblad ecno. pirveli taZari marTlac daviTis vaJma –
solomonma aago ierusalimSi, rogorc mefeTa wignebSia aRwerili.
solomonis sikvdilis Semdeg misi samefo orad gaiyo: israelis da
iudeis samefoebad. daaxlooebiT 200 wlis Semdeg kerpTmayvanismcemlobis
gavrcelebis gamo, RmerTma israelis samefo asureTs daapyrobina da misi
xalxi gadaasaxlebina.
22
samxreTSi, iudeis samefo, romlis dedaqalaq ierusalimSi taZari idga,
daviTis dinastiis samflobelod darCa. rodesac iudeaSi
kerpTayvanismcemloba ise momravlda, rogorc CrdiloeTSi, RmerTma es
samefo babilons daapryobina. Ddampyroblebma daangries taZari, romelic
410 weli idga, xolo iudevelebi babilonSi gadaasaxles. xalxs nugeSad
darCa RvTis aRTqma, rom isini 70 wlis Semdeg gamoixsnebodnen. Ees ambebi
moTxrobilia isaiasa da ieremias wignebSi.
70 wlis Semdeg RmerTma sparselebs ebraelebi ezras xelmZrvanelobiT
iudeaSi daabrunebina. repatriantebma taZari aages. Ees aRwerilia ezras
da neemias wignSi. M
meore taZari 420 weli idga, sanam Sina mtrobisTvis dasasjelad RmerTma
iudevelebs romaelebi ar Seusia. taZari romaelTa sardalma (Semdeg
imperatorma) titusma daangria. is dangreuli unda darCes, sanam RmerTi
mesiad ar moavlens daviTis STamomavalss, romelic israels daubrunebs
Zvel didebas da ierusalimis taZarsac aRaSenebs.
sinais mTaze miRebuli Tora moses xuT wigns moicavs. msajulTa, mefeTa,
winaswarmetyvelTa da JamTaRmricxvelTa wignebTan erTad, xuTwigneuli
daweril Toras Seadgens. Toris gankargulebaTa detalebs da
interpretacias, romelic RmerTma moses ar daawerina mTaze da mxolod
daazepirebina, zepiri Tora ( פה-תורה שבעל , Tora Se be al-pe) ewodeba. Mmeore
taZris dangrevamde, es Tora marTlac zepirad gadaecemoda Taobidan
Taobas, magram mxolod sasuliero wodebis adamianebs (qurumebs,
msajulebs, rabinebs). Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi, rodesac
diasporaSi ebraelTa devnam imata, zepiri tradiciis gawyvetis SiSiT,
rabinebma am Toris Cawera daiwyes da ase Seadgines miSna (משנה). momdevno
saukuneebSi, rodesac (me-7 saukunemde) TviT miSnis rabinuli
interpretacia mimdinareobda; miSnaSi mocemuli zepiri Toris rabinuli
ganxilva sxva wminda wignebSicaa.
Tora universalur WeSmaritebas Seicavs. Ees gamoixateba, erTis mxriv,
ucxoelTa iudaizmiT dainteresebis zrdaSi (berZenTa da romaelTa
nawili ebraelebs yvelaze “filosofiur” xalxad Tvlida, radgan maT
vizualurad warmoudgeneli RmerTi swamdaT). xolo meores mxriv,
23
ebraelTa mzard dainteresebaSi berZnuli filosofiiT, romelic
umaRlesi WeSmaritebis dadgenisken miiltvoda da amgvarad, SesaZloa,
monoTeizmis ideamdec miiyvana azrovneba (Tundac im gagebiT, rom “yvela
RmerTi erTia”).
Tora Sedgeba moses xuTi wignisgan, rac ebrauli bibliis xuTi pirveli
wigni iyo.
Tumca iudaizmi yovelTvis icavda sarwmunoebis ramdenime princips, mas
mainc ara aqvs yvela ebraelisadmi aucileblad misaRebi dogma. Ees
Tviseba, romelic iudaizms ukve 2000 weli axasiaTebs, aZnelebs
yovelgvar ganzogadoebas ebrauli Teologiis mimarT. Mmiuxedavad imisa,
rom zogjer calkeulma rabinebma an ebraulma mimdinareobebma miaRwies
Tanxmobas – mieRoT mtkice dogma, maT TiTqmis arasodes ar
eTanxmebodnen sxva rabinebi da jgufebi.
orTodoqsuli iudaizmis mixedviT, sarwmunoebis principTa Soris sami
iseTi mniSvnelovania, rom ebraelis mier maTi uaryofa Temidan mis
mokveTas (eqs-komunikacias) imsaxurebs, Tanac mesiis mosvlisas is
mkvdreTiT ver aRdgeba.
es sami principia:
RmerTis arseboba;
Toris RmerTisgan miReba;
RvTiuri msjavris arseboba.
am principTa uarmyofeli ebraeli afikorosad (urwmunod) iTvleba.
ebrauli kanonisa da halaxis (tradiciuli yofis) safuZveli Toraa
(moses xuTi wigni). rabinuli literaturis mixedviT, ToraSi RvTis 613
kanonia mocemuli. Aaqedan zogi mxolod mamakacebze an qalebze
vrceldeba, zogi mxolod Zveli sasuliero wodebis adamianebisTvis
(qurumebisa da levitebisaTvis) dadginda, zogi ki imaTTvis, vinc
israelis miwaze soflis meurneobas eweoda. Mmravali kanonis Sesruleba
mxolod ierusalimis taZris arsebobisas iyo SesaZlebeli. dRevandel
RvTismsaxurebaSi samasze nakleb kanons aqvs Zala. Aarsebobdnen
ebraelTa iseTi jgufebi (karaitebi da cedukebi), romelTa mtkicebiT
24
isini mxolod daweril Toras eyrdnobodnen RvTismsaxurebaSi, magram
ebraelTa umravlesobas swamda e. w. zepiri Torac.
rabinuli iudaizmi yovelTvis Tvlida, rom Tanaxis wignebi (dawerili
Tora) zepiri tradiciis paralelurad gadaecemoda Taobidan Taobas. Aam
Sexedulebis gasamarTleblad ebraelebi miuTiTeben TviT Toris
teqstze, sadac bevri sityva gaurkvevelia, xolo mravali religiuri
kanoni mocemulia auxsnelad, an mis Sesasruleblad saWiro darigebis
gareSe. ebraelTa mtkicebiT, es imas niSnavs, rom dawerili Toris
mkiTxvels uTuod unda scodnoda detalebi sxva, e. w. zepiri wyarodan.
radgan es paraleluri codna Tavdapirvelad zepir gadmocemas
warmoadgenda, mas zepiri Tora ( פה-תורה שבעל , Tora Se be al-pe) ewoda.
zepiri Tora miSnaSi da TalmudSi aRnusxuli ebrauli kanonebia.
ierusalimis meored aoxrebis Semdeg (70 w.) rabinebma zepiri tradiciis
gawyvetis SiSiT, zepiri Toris Cawera daiwyes. Cawerili masala me-3
saukunis dasawyisSi redaqtirebul iqna rabin iehuda hanasis mier.
zepiri Toris am pirvel kodeqss miSna (משנה) ewoda.
momdevno saukuneebSi im periodis brZenebma – amoraebma – miSnaSi
mocemuli zepiri Toris wesebs sakuTari interpretacia da komentarebi
daumates. Aam komentarebSi isini zogjer zepiri Toris im wesebsac
aRniSnavdnen, romlebic miSnaSi ar Sesula (aseT wess braiTa hqvia).
miSnaze damatebul rabinul diskusias gmara (גמרא) ewodeba. miSnasa da
gmaras erTad redaqtirebiT Talmudi (תלמוד) Sedgeba.
radgan antikuri xanis miwurulSi or did Temad iyvnen dayofilni
(umravlesoba babilonis diasporaSi cxovrobda, umciresobas ki
romaelTa mier dapyrobili israelis mkvidrni warmoadgendnen). ori
qveynis amoraebma cal-calke Seadgines Talmudebi. ierusalimis Talmudi
me-4 saukunis bolo mesamedSi redaqtirebul iqna rabin ioxanan bar
nafxas mier. me-5 saukunis miwuruls babilonis Talmudi iqna
redaqtirebuli. B
babilonis Talmudi ufro vrceli da avtoritetulia.
saerTod zepiri Tora udidesi avtoritetiT sargeblobs.
25
dawerili Toris sworad gasagebad aucilebelia zepir ToraSi mocemuli
axsnebi da miTiTebebi – dawerili Toris teqsti xandaxan gaurkveveli
Sinaarsisaa, xSirad ki misi kanonebi maT Sesasruleblad saWiro
ganmartebisa da darigebis gareaSea mocemuli; zogjer TviT Toris
teqstSi navaraudevia mis gasagebad aucilebeli infromaciis arseboba
codnis romelimelime gareSe wyaroSi.
radgan RmerTi usazRvrod brZenia, moses mier Cawerili Tora ki RmerTis
mier nakarnaxebi sityvebisgan Sedgeba, ar SeiZleba, rom am ToraSi iyos
Tundac erTi sityva, - romlis azri, an zusti mdebareoba teqstSi –
mxolod misi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT da winadadebaTa agebulebiT
aixsenbodes. Eebrauli kanonis Tanaxmad, adamiani maSin iTvleba
ebraelad, Tu misi mSobeli deda ebraelia, an Tu is TviTon morjuldeba
ebraelad, ebrauli wesis mixedviT; (Tanamedrove amerikel-ebraelTa
reformistuli da rekonstruqcionisturi moZraobebi ebraelad Tvlian
ebraeli mamisa da ara-ebraeli dedis pirmSosac, Tuki bavSvs mxolod
ebraul adaT-wesebs aswavlian). Cvens droSi, iudaizmis yovel ZiriTad
mimdinareobas Ria aqvs kari ebraelad morjulebis gulwrfelad
msurvelTaTvis (Tumca ebraelebi tradiciulad ar awarmoeben religiur
agitacias araebraelTa Soris).
26
iudaizmi xelovnebaSi.
zogadi istoriuli mimoxilva
iudaizmi msoflio xelovnebis istoriaSi, rogorc ukve avRniSneT,
sakmaod rTuli, ucnauri da saintereso movlenaa. Eebrauli
xelovnebis ganmarteba da garkveul stilistur CarCoebSi moqceva
faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia. rodesac ebraul xelovnebaze an Tundac
kulturaze vsaubrobT, moiazreba msoflio kultura da xelovneba.
istoriulad sabediswerod devnilma da mTels msoflioSi
ganfantulma erma, yvela am qveynis istoriasa da kulturaSi Tavisi
Rirseuli adgili daimkvidra da mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana da
amasTanave ra Tqma unda gverdi ver auara am qveynebis istoriasTan da
tradiciebTan asimilacias.
ebrauli xelovnebis istoria, iseve, rogorc iudevelTa religia, maTi
istoria da cxovreba moicavs uamrav geografiul adgilsa da
sxvadasxva drois sivrceebs. ebrauli samyaro uzarmazaria, ebraelebis
gafantvam mTel msoflioSi diasporas fenomenis warmoqmna gamoiwvia.
ebrauli xelovnebis samyaro iseve uzarmazaria, rogorc Tavad
ebraelebis samyaro. Ddiasporidan moyolebuli ebraelebi sxva
kulturaTa SemadgenlobaSi cxovrobdnen am qveynebis sazogadoebebis
moqalaqeTa gverdiT da maTi cxovrebiT, an TavianT izolirebul
sazogadoebebSi. iudaizmis gansakuTrebuli damaxasiaTebeli niSania
religiisa da xalxis midrekileba adaptaciasa da cvlilebisadmi. misi
wyalobiT iudaizmi mravali saukuneebis manZilze ara mxolod gadarCa
da SeinarCuna Tavisi ZiriTadi Tvisebebi, aramed xSir SemTxvevaSi
ganviTarda da aRmavloba ganicada. iudaizmi gamudmebiT moicavs im
sazogadoebisa da kulturis zegavlenas, romelSic uxdeba cxovreba.
diasporas arsebobis mravalsaukunovan istoriis manZilze da dRemde
sxvadasxva qveynebis da epoqaTa ebraelebs gansxvavebuli religiuri
27
adaT-wesebi, ritualebi Tu tradiciebi axasiaTebT, magram yvela isini
ebraelebi arian. ebraelTa xelovneba aseve sxvadsxva kulturaTa
zegavlenis qveS eqceva. iZulebiTma migarciam xelovnebis iseTi
formebi warmoSva, romlebic saocari mravalferovnebis miuxedavad,
tipiurad ebraulia. Cvenamde moRweuli ebrauli xelovnebis nimuSTa
umetesoba sakulto sagnebisa da samkaulebis saxiTaa SemorCenili.
ebrauli kanoni, tradiciebi, wesebi TiToeul ebraels yoveldRiur
cxovrebasa Tu dResaswaulebSi ritualebisa da wesebis dacvas
aiZulebs. xolo am wesebis aRsruleba funqcoonaluri, magram
amasTanave dekoratiuli nivTebis meSveobiT xdeba. ceremonialuri
xelovnebis upiratesobis wminda esTeTiurze kidev erTi mizezi Tavis
sawyiss bibliidan iRebs. Eebraelebi saukuneebis manZilze
ufiqrdebodnen meore mcnebis azrs ”ar Seiqmna kerpi da aranairi
gamosaxuleba, imisa, rac maRla caSia, rac qvemoT miwazea, da rac
wyalSi miwis qvemoTaa: ara Tayvanisce maT, arca msaxurebde maT…”
(gamosvla 20:4) saukuneebis manZilze sruliad icvleboda
Sexedulebani, gansakuTrebiT TviTon bibliaSi gamovlenili
winaaRmdegobebis safuZvelze. Ggamosvlis wignSi RmerTi moses taZris
Sesaxeb, romelic unda aSendes konkretul miTiTebebs aZlevs: “gaakeTe
oqrosagan ori Weduri qeruvimi, gaakeTe Tavsaxuris orive mxares…”
(gamosvla 25:18)
Semdeg RmerTi mimarTavs moses: “davniSne veseliili... STavabere
RvTiuri suli, sibrZne, gageba, qmedeba da yovelgvari xelovneba,
oqroTi, vercxliTa da spilenZiT muSaobisa,... qvebis gamoTla
Casasmelad da xis kveTa yovelgvari saqmisaTvis” (gamosvla 31:2-5)
iezekilis Tqmulebis Tanaxma, aRdgenili taZris xis mopirkeTebas
unda amSvenebdes…. .. TiToel qeruvims – ori saxe aqvs, erT mxares
palmisaken mimarTulia adamianis saxe, meore mxares palmisaken –
lomis saxe.;” (iezekili 41:18-19).
TiTqmis XX saukunemde iTvleboda, rom ebraelebi ar gamosaxavdnen
adamianis figurebs. Mmagram 30-ian wlebSi es warmodgena sruliad
Seicvala ferweruli freskebis aRmoCenis Semdeg III saukunis sinagogaSi
28
dura-evroposSi, eraySi. Aam aRmoCenam gamoiwvia mTlianad ebrauli
xelovnebis koncepciis gadafaseba. Kkargad Semonaxul freskebze uamravi
scenebia Toris Temaze, romelzec warmodgenilia adamianis figurebi
mTel simaRleSi (il. 1-4). Aam freskebze RvTis xelis gamosaxulebac ki
aris. palestinasa da mis midamoebSi sxva sinagogebSi aRmoCenilma
freskebma da mozaikebma daarwmuna mkvlevarebi, rom dura-evroposis
fenomeni gamonaklisi ar yofila. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT
imdroindel ebraul xelovnebas garkveuli zegavlenac ki hqonda
axladaarsebul qristianul xelovnebaze.
imdroindeli nagebi sinagogebis kedlebsa da iatakebze gamosaxulia
iudaizmTan dakavSirebuli simboloebi: menora (SvidsanTliani Sandali),
lulavi (palmis toti), etrogi (limonis nairsexeoba), romelic suqoTis
dResaswaulTan asociirdeba, iudas lomebi, Sofari (cxvris rqa) –
musikaluri instrumenti. igive simbolikas Zvel monetebze, Tasebsa da
zeTovan sanaTurebzec vawydebiT. sinagogis mozaikebze astrologiuri
kalendarickia gamosaxuli (il. 5). msgavsi freskebi gvxdeba agreTve VI-
VII saukuneebSic.
im dros ebraelebi adamianebis gamosaxvas xsnidnen meore mcnebis meore
nawiliT “ar eTayvano maT da ar emsaxuro maT...” (gamosvla 20:5). Ees imas
niSnavs rom akZalulia ara zogadad cocxali arsebebis gamosaxulebani,
aramed mxolod kerpTayvaniscemisaTvis Seqmnili kumirebi.
SuasaukuneebSi evropis qveynebSi sakmaod xSiria ebraelebis mier
Seqmnili ilustrirebuli feradi manuskriptebi. Eesaa bibliebi (Tora),
hagada (sederis teqsti), esTeris gragnili, qeTuboTi (saqorwilo
xelSekruleba).
zogierT SemTxvevaSi ebraeli mxatvrebi gamosaxavdnen adamianebis
figurebs, magram realuri saxeebis gareSe, zurgidan, an mosasxamebiT
dafarulebs. Ggermanul manuskriptebSi xSirad adamianis Tavebi
cxovelis an Citis Tavis gamosaxulebiT icvleboda. magaliTad cnobilia
1300 wels germaniaSi Seqmnili egred wodebuli “CitisTaviani hagada” (il.
6). Ees germaniaSi SemorCenili erT erTi uZvelesi manuskriptia,
romelSic adamianis figurebs Citis Tavebi agvirgvinebs. amiT mxatveri
29
Tavs aridebs realuri adamianebis gamosaxvas. sainteresoa, rom Citebs
Tavze konusuri cilindrebi axururavT, im droisaTvis es saerTod
miRebuli iyo ebrael mamakacebSi.
niSandoblivia, rom germanul, frangul, espanur Tu italiur
Suasaukunovan manuskriptebSi ebraelebi gamosaxuli arian im qveynisa da
epoqis Sesabamis samosSi da zogadad damaxasiaTebeli mxatvruli stiliT
(il. 7, 8). Zalian sainteresoa hamburgSi 1427 wels Txel pergamentze
Sesrulebuli manuskripti ”liturgiebis, wesebisa da saCivrebis krebuli”
(il. 9). Mmis erT erT gverdze magaliTad, gamosaxulia ebraeli qali,
romelic mikves wyalSia Casuli gansabanad, da meuRle ki sawolSi
elodeba. ucnauria Sua saukuneebisTvis da miT ufro ebraulisaTvmis
miniaturaze gamosaxuli SiSveli qalis figura.
rotSildis manuskriptis (1470 w. Crdilo italia) erT gverdze sakmaod
iSviaTi gamosaxulebaa, ebraeli mamkaci, romelic karebSi Sesvlisas
mezuzas exeba xeliT (il. 10).
ebraelebis umetesoba amagrebs mezuzas sacxovrebeli saxlis karebis
zRrublze, xolo morwmune ebraelebi yvela oTaxis karebis kideSi.
sityva “mezuzas” pirdapiri mniSvneloba swored karebis zRrublia,
romelic Semovida xmarebaSi, magram amasTanave aRniSnavs karebze
mimagrebul patara kolofs, sadac Toris gamonaTqvamebiani miniaturuli
pergamentis gragnilia moTavsebuli. sityva mezuzoTi (mezuzas
mravlobiTi ricxvi), bibliidan iRebs saTaveebs (meore kanoni 6:9): “da
dawere Seni saxli zRrublebze da Sen WiSkrebze”. Mmezuza
amavdroulad ebraelebisaTvis RvTis kanonebis Sexsenebacaa da danarCen
ebraelobasTan erTobis simboloa.
ebraelobis umravlesoba mezuzas ojaxuri kerisa da misi binadrebis
erTgvar damcvelad aRiqvams. msgavsi mosazreba Talmudis droidan
Caisaxa da Suasaukuneebis gavliT Tanamedroveebamde moaRwia.
rogorc wesi mezuzebi vercxlisagan, TiTberisagan da xisagan mzaddeba
da mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva, SedarebiT martivi da sadadan
dawyebuli mdidrulad morTulebamde. Mmecamete saukunidan, zoharis
droidan ("kabbalas”, ebrauli misticizmis Semadgeneli erT-erTi wigni).
30
sityva “Saddai” sityva “RmerTis” sinonimia. rogorc wesi am pergamentis
meore mxaresaa moTavsebuli da patara nasvretidan moCans. garda
sacxovrebelis karebebis zRrublebisa mezuzebs aTavseben sinagogebisa
da sxva Senobebis karebebzec israelsa da mTels msoflioSi. Mmezuzas
agreTve gulze dakidebuls atareben rogorc iudaizmis simbolos, an
zogjer rogorc bednierebis momtan Tilismas. mravali wlis manZilze
ebraelebi atarebdnen sxvadasxva tipis vercxlis amuletebs, romlebic
ubedurebisagan icavda. amuletze xSirad weria sityva “Sadai” romelic
avi Tvalisagan icavs. amJamad yvelaze gavrcelebuli Tilismebia
stilizirebuli sityva “hai” (sicocxle) da eqvsqimiani varskvlavi (magen
daviTi). rogorc wesi am amuletebs rogorc iudaizmis niSans atareben.
yvelaze uZvelesi daviTis varskvlavi pirveli saukuniTaa daTariRebuli
da galileis zRvis sanapiroze kapernaumis sinagogaSia aRmoCenili. Ees
varskvlavi saukuneebis manZilze gvxvdeba, magram mxolod XVII
saukunidan gaxda wminda ebrauli simbolo praRaSi. Mmagen daviTi
xSirad sakulto daniSnulebis sagnebis mosarTavad an rogorc
religiuri simbolika gamoiyeneba.
islamis qveynebSi mcxovrebi ebraelebi gacilebiT ufro didxans
aridebdnen Tavs adamianebis gamosaxulebebs. Mmanuskriptebis miniaturebi
Tu ritualuri daniSnulebis nivTebi abstraqtuli gamosaxulebebiT,
vaziTa da yvavilebiTaa morTuli.
Cvenamde moRweuli ebrauli xelovnebis nawarmoebTa umetesoba
ukanaskneli saukuneebiTaa daTariRebuli. TiTqmis yvela gavrcelebul
da miRebul ebraul simbolikasTan aris dakavSirebuli, agreTve xSiria
bibliuri scenebisa da citatebis gamoyeneba, dResaswaulebisa da
yoveldRiuri ritualebis amsaxveli suraTebi.
ebraul tradiciaSi xelovnebis sxva dargebze gacilebiT ufro gvian
qandakeba Semodis, romelic XVII-XVIII saukuneebamde TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba
(israelSi ki dRemde TiTqmis miuRebelia).
ferwerac daaxloebiT am dromde ar iyo identificirebuli iudaikasTan.
sxvadasxva qveynebSi ebrauli warmoSobis mxatvrebi, romlebic ar
emorCilebodnen miRebul religiur akrZalvas da xSirad ojaxis
31
winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, mainc irCevdnen xelovnebis dargs da amiT
ududesi wvlili Seitanes msoflio xelovnebis istoriaSi. SemdgomSi,
mogvianebiT ki ukve ebraeli mxatvrebi iudaikasac mimarTaven.
ebraeli xelovanebi mudmiv ZiebaSi, msoflio kulturaTa sxvdasxva
stilisa Tu modis ganuwyvetliv interpretirebaSi, qmnian TavianT
ganumeorebel xelovnebas. XX saukunis dasawyisSi mxatvarTa
SemoqmedebaSi didi aRmavloba iwyeba. Ees movlena aRmosavleT evropis
qveynebSi ebraelebis getoebidan gamosvlasa da xelovnebis TeoriebTan
uSualo gacnobasa da Sexebas ukavSirdeba. maTi xelovneba erTis mxriv
saerTo esTetiur tendecibs asaxavs da stilisturad TiTqosda
garkveuli mimdinareobebidan amovardnilic ar aris, magram Sinaarsisa
Tu siuJetis arCevis mxriv es xelovneba ukve gamokveTilad ebraulia.
ebrauli xelovnebis nebismieri mimoxilva garkveul wilad ebrauli
TvalsawieriT danaxuli msoflio xelovnebis mimoxilvaa.
mravalsaukunovani ebrauli xelovneba idealur SesaZleblobas iZleva
sxvadasxva droisa Tu qveynis kulturis mimarTulebebSi CavixedoT, da
amasTanave CavwvdeT wminda ebarul suliskveTebas, maT ritualebs,
sazrunavs, idealebs, dResaswaulebsa Tu yoveldRiur yofas.
32
Tavi II
Eebrauli diaspora saqarTveloSi
rogorc ukve avRniSneT, saqarTveloSi ebrauli diaspora erT erTi
uZvelesTagania da ebraelTa pirvel migracias ukavSirdeba Zv. w. VI
saukuneSi. saqarTveloSi ebraelebi pirveli taZris dangrevis,
ierusalimidan maTi gandevnis Semdeg gamoCndnen da qarTlSi dasaxldnen,
mcxeTis mamasaxlisisaTvis xarkis gadaxdis safasurad.
termini "huriani qarTvelni" (qarTveli ebraelebi) qarTuli enis
leqsikaSi V-IX saukuneebSi unda gaCeniliyo. XI saukunidan ixmareba
termini “qarTveli ebraelebi”, xolo XIX saukunis dasawyisidan is
masiurad damkvidrda, rac saqarTvelos ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi
Sesvlas ukavSirdeba.
e. mamisTvalaSvili (42) safuZvlianad mimoixilavs qarTvel ebraelTa
mTel mravalsaukunovan istorias da mis wignSi Zalian saintereso
faqtebi Tu hipotezebia moyvanili. misi naSromis safuZvelze gTavazobT
mcire istoriul eqskurss.
ebraelTa gansaxleba saqarTveloSi sxvadsxva periodSi gansxvavebuli
iyo. gvianfeodalur periodSi ebraelebi TiTqmis aRar cxovrobdnen
antikuri da adrefeodaluri gansaxlebis adgelebSi. maTi kvali zogjer
toponimebma Semogvinaxa. SegviZlia isev vivaraudoT, rodis moxda maTi
Casaxleba am Tanamedrove qalaqebSi, sadac gvianfeodalur periodSi ar
Candnen.
ebraelTa raodenoba saqarTveloSi cvalebadi iyo. mis periodul
Semcirebas qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri viTareba
ganapirobebda. am process saxelmwifos, eklesiis an qristiani
mosaxleobis mier gatarebuli raRac gansakuTrebuli RonisZiebebi ar
edo safuZvlad. misi mizezebi umTavresad qveynis tragikuli bediT iyo
ganpirobebuli. xSiri omebi, rasac Tan sdevda amowyveta da datyveveba,
33
epidemiebi, motaceba, sarwmunoebis Secvla... yvela am ubedurebas
ebraelebi qarTvel xalxTan erTad iziarebdnen da maTi Semcireba
qarTvelTa Semcirebis proporciuli iyo. feodalizmis epoqaSi ebrauli
mosaxleoba periodulad icvlida Tavis samosaxlos qveynis SigniT -
zogjer sakuTari surviliT, zogjer ZaldatanebiT. Zveli da gviandeli
xanis gansaxlebis adgilebis dadgena warmodgenas qmnis ebrauli
mosaxleobis dinamikaze da mis mizezebze. XIX s. dasawyisidan SeimCneva
ebraelebis gadasaxlebis tendencia soflebidan qalaqebSi. qarTuli
saistorio werilobiTi wyaroebi gansakuTrebul adgils miuCens
ebraelebs qarTlis gaqristianebis saqmeSi.
saqarTvelo ekuTvnis im rCeuli qveynebis ricxvs, romelTac bibliur
samyarosTan intensiuri urTierTobis pativi xvda wilad. uZvelesi
droidan qarTlSi damkvidrebuli Zlieri ebrauli diaspora iZleoda am
urTierTobebis saSualebas; mesianisturi ideebi, romlebsac ebraelebTan
erTad gaecno qarTveloba, kargi foni aRmoCnda qristianobis misaRebad.
swored ebraelebs ukavSirdeba udidesi qristianuli siwmindis - qristes
kvarTis saqarTveloSi Camotana. pirveli didi siwminde, romlis
siaxlovesac mcxeTaSi qristes kvarTi daikrZala, aris wm. elia
winaswarmetyvelis xaleni (mosasxami), romlis saqarTveloSi motanas,
aseve ebraelebs ukavSireben.
elia winaswarmetyvelis xaleni ramdenjermea naxsenebi Zvel aRTqmaSi:
pirvelad xaleni naxsenebia uflis gamocxadebis Jams, roca eliam
„daifara piri Tvisi xaleniTa“ (III mefeTa 19,13), da meored elisesTan
Sexvedris dros „...miiwia elia misa da daagdo xaleni igi misi mis zeda“
(III mefeTa 19,19). mesamed xsenebisas elia xaleniT ukve saswauls axdens:
„da moiRo eliam xaleni igi Tvisi... sca wyalsa... da ganipo wyali“ (IV
mefeTa 2,8), Semdeg, roca cad atacebuli elia gadmougdebs xalens
mowafes. amis Semdeg ukve elise axdens saswauls - igi iordanes wyals
Suaze gahyofs da ise gaivlis (IV mefeTa 2,14).
qarTuli wyaroebi elia winaswarmetyvelis xalenis saqarTveloSi,
kerZod mcxeTaSi yofnas adastureben: „moqcevaϧs“ mixedviT sidonias
Tavis mamis abiaTarisagan scodnia, rom uflis kvarTis dakrZalvis
34
adgili ormagi ZaliT iyo Semosili: qristes kvarTis dafvlamde
odesRac aq daumarxavT winaswarmetyvel elias xaleni (40, 461).
moqcevaϧSi orive siwmindis - rogorc qristes kvarTis, ise elias
xalenis adgilsamyofelis dasadgenad saWiroa eliozis saxlisa da
„mcire baginis“ lokalizeba. wyaros cnobiT „saxli eliozisi iyo
qalaqis dasavliT, wiaR moguTasa, xidsa zeda“ [1,130], es is xidia, romlis
Sesaxebac wm. nino ambobs: „moviwieniT mcxeTad qalaqad wiaR kerZo
moguTasa, xidsa zeda davdeqiT. muniT vxedavdi cecxlis msaxursa ersa
moguebasa da cdomasa Sina“ [1,115].
abiaTaris mier aRwerili „saxli eliozisi“ wm. ninos moRvaweobis Jams
friad didebul adgils“ [1,146] mdebareobda. igi qalaqis prestiJul
ubnad iTvleboda da swored amitom naTlavdnen aq didebulTa Svilebs,
ris gamoc warmarTuli toponimi „mogvTa“ Seicvala toponimiT „mTavarTa
sanaTloϧ“. eliozis saxlis mdebareobis Sesaxeb leonti mroveli
mxolod moqcevaϧs cnobebs imeorebs [4,101]. wyaros cnobiT ierusalimidan
dabrunebul eliozs kvarTi swored saxlSi moaqvs: „saxlad Cvenda“
ambobs sidonia. sidonia da abiaTari TavianT Tavs eliozis uSualo
Camomavlebad (igulisxmeba sagvareulos mixedviT) Tvlian. sidonia,
rodesac saubrobs eliozis mier kvarTis Camotanasa da mcxeTaSi
motanaze, ambobs: „elioz moiRo kvarTi... mcxeTad, saxlad Cvenda“ [1,129].
dasturdeba varaudi, rom „eliozis saxlis sagvareulo flobda
mRvdlobis uflebas STamomavlobiT“ [9,41] TviTn abiaTaric ambobs, rom
igi iyo „wiliT xuedrebuli mRvdeli“ abiaTari ki warmoSobiT beniaminis
cnobili tomidanaa. Amitom varaudoben, rom eliozic beniaminis toms
ekuTvnoda.
„moqcevaϧs“ daweris dros Zvelma mcxeTelebma albaT icodnen eliozis
saxlic da is „mcire baginic“, romelic eliozis saxlis maxloblad
mdgara. abiaTarisa da wmida ninos dros es uZvelesi nagobeba sul cota
samsaukunenaxevrisaa. aq unda yofiliyo is „samarxvoϧc“, romelSic
gadmocemiT dakrZaluli iyo elias xaleni, vinaidan mxolod baginSi
SeiZleboda yofiliyo sakurTxeveli, romlis „qvaTa Sina ulpolvelad“
35
ganisvenebda siwminde (unda SevniSnoT, rom moqcevaϧ-Si qva gamoiyeneba
samsxverplos sinonimad!). (40, 461)
samarxvos daniSnuleba ki Semdeg iyo: cnobilia, rom rogorc adre, ise
axlac, iudavelTa religiis mimdevrebi xmarebidan gamosul Toras
nawilebs, an sxva saritualo nivTebs an maT narCenebs wvaven an marxaven.
elinisturi xanidan moyolebuli am wesis gamo yvela sinagogasTan
arsebobda specialuri saTavso, sadac am nivTebs marxavdnen. swored am
samarxvos gverdiT idga eliozis saxlic. zogierTi mkvlevari miuTiTebs,
rom es samarxvoϧ eliozis saxlis sardafi unda yofiliyo. Tu es ase
iyo, maSin IV saukunisTvis es Senoba ukve dakargavda sacxovrebeli
saxlis funqcias. xolo sidonia da abiaTari cxovrobdnen saxlSi, sadac
Tavis droze eliozs kvarTi moutania - e.i. es ori sxvadasxva Senobaa -
eliozis saxli, sadac cxovreba ar Sewyvetila IV saukuneSic da
samarxvoϧ, romelsac miuRia mowesrigebuli arqiteqturuli forma da
gamxdara „mcire bagini“, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs mcxeTaSi „didi“,
Cveulebrivi baginis, am SemTxvevaSi sinagogis arsebobasac (40, 462-464). am
mcire baginis, anu samarxvoϧs gverdiT mdgara eliozis saxlic. swored
am baginis konsekrecia xdeba ninos mier. misi mdebareoba da
arqiteqturuli saxe xatovnad aris aRwerili wyaroSi: „xe igi kilamoϧ
amSvenebda mas, rameTu gardaeTxna rtoni misni yovelsa mas stovasa
baginisasa“. stova, igive stoa antikur arqiteqturaSi iyo grZeli
galerea, portiki, romlis erT-erT grZiv mxares svetebis rigi gasdevda.
„rogorc Cans, stoas arqiteqturuli formis gamoyeneba sinagogaSi
miuTiTebs mis kavSirs elinisturi xanis arqiteqturasTan. varaudoben,
rom ieruslimis taZari, romelic romaelebma daangries 70 wels, swored
aseTi xuroTmoZRvruli tipis iyo [8,142]. amrigad, mcxeTaSi, msgavsad
diasporis sxva qveynebisa, arsebobda „savsebiT profesiuli epoqis
Sesatyvisi da saerTaSoriso standartebis ariqiteqtura, rac asaxavda,
rogorc mcxeTis, ise masSi mosaxle ebrauli Temis kulturuli
cxovrebis saerTo dones“. sainteresoa, rom berZeni avtorebis
TxzulebebSi „stoa“ bazilikis sinonimadac ixmareba [17,82-83]. amdenad,
SeiZleba vivaraudoT mcxeTaSi uZvelesi bazilikuri Senobis arsebobac.
36
am adgilze, e.i. Zveli mcxeTis dasavleT nawilSi mtkvris piras axla
mcire calnaviani eklesiis usaxo naSTia SemorCenili. kedlis
aRmosavleTis fragments etyoba, rom misi wyoba araerTgzis Seicvala.
masSi gamoyenebulia antikuri xanis kvadrebic. dRes am adgils friad
STambeWdavi saxeli „geTsimania“ hqvia. kedeli, romelic SemorCenilia,
Zalian adreuli da ganadgurebuli eklesiis fuZezea amoyvanili. mis
wyobaSi gamoCnda uadresi siriuli eklesiebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
dabali, yovelmxriv profilebuli kankelis filebi, romelic IV
saukunes Tu ara V saukunes ganekuTvneba. gamokveTilia „tradiciuli“
suraTic. adreqristianuli eklesia, kvlav winare qristianuli nagebobis
naSTebzea daSenebuli [13,23]. aq sadRac, qalaqis dasavleT nawilSi,
mogvTa karTan, mtkvris napiras, mcire samlocvelosTan (baginTan),
mcxeTel huriaTa garemoSi iyo eliozis saxli. (40, 458-461).
mravlismTqmelia TavisTavad is faqti, rom ebrauli diaspora TaobaTa
manZilze inaxavda xsovnas, rogorc winaswarmetyvel elias xalenis, ise
qristes kvarTis mcxeTaSi motanisa da misi adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb. am
siwmindeebis mcxeTaSi arsebobas gansakuTrebiT wm. nino aqcevs
yuradRebas, vinaidan orive siwmide simbolurad asaxavs or epoqas: - wm.
elia winaswarmetyvelis xaleni - Zvel aRTqmas, qristes kvarTi - axal
aRTqmas. orive siwmindis simboluri daniSnuleba xdeba eris cnobierebis
ziareba maradiulobasTan, riTac, bunebrivia, moxda saqarTvelos
eklesiis gansakuTrebulobis xazgasmac. unda aRvniSnoT, rom rogorc
qristes kvarTis, ise wminda elia winaswarmetyvelis xalenis mcxeTaSi
arseboba swored maSin gacxadda, rodesac qarTli udidesi arCevanis
winaSe dadga. igi an warmarTuli kerpebis erTguli unda darCeniliyo, an
mowinave qristianuli ideebi eRiarebina. saWiro iyo, qarTlis
mosaxelobas erwmuna, rom qristianobis qadageba SemTxveviTi movlena ki
ar iyo, aramed am siwmindeebis aq arseboba mianiSnebda am qveynis
RvTivrCeulobaze, SemTxveviTi arc is iyo, rom qarTvel ebraelebs -
„huriaTa qarTvelTa“ qarTulma istoriulma tradiciam gansakuTrebuli
statusi SeunarCuna - isini arian marTlebi, maT amoicnes mesia da ar
gaisvares xeli wminda sisxliT.
37
qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, me-6 saukuneSi aRiniSneba
bizantiidan ebraelebis migracia dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
TbilisSi ebraelebis gamoCena me-9 saukuneSi abu-imran musa (moSe) az-
zafaranis mier sektis Camoyalibebas da mis babilonidan TbilisSi
Camosvlas ukavSirdeba. Mman saxeli gaiTqva rogorc abu-imran aT-
Tiflisi, Tiflisis sektam da 300 wels iarseba. adreSuasaukuneebSi
qarTveli ebraelebi ufro iranis ebraelobasTan iyvnen kavSirSi.
cnobebis mixedviT me-12 s. saqarTveloSi ufro rabanistuli da ara
karaimuli iudaizmi iyo gavrcelebuli.
marko polo, romelmac 1272 w. TbilisSi imogzaura, aRniSnavs, rom
mxolod mcireoden ebraelebs Sexvda. Eebraelobis nawili
monRolebismier dabyrobilil aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelodan
dasavleTisaken gadasaxlda, sadac axali Temebi Seqmnes. 14 s. ebrauli
Temi gagraSi moixsenieba, am periodSi iq mecnieri filologi rabi iehuda
ben iakobi moRvaweobda, romelmac dawera ivriTis gramatikis Sesaxeb.
saqarTveloSi monRolTa Semosevebis Semdeg ebraelobis nawili
saqarTvelodan sxva qveynebSi gadasaxlda, xolo qarTvel ebraelTa
ZiriTadi nawili ymebaT gadaiqca. Semonaxulia istoriuli cnobebi
qarTvel ebraelTa batonymur mdgomareobis Sesaxeb 500 wlis manZilze.
15-16 s. ebraelTa batonymobis procesis daCqareba mtrul Semosevebs
ukavSirdeba. Ees mdgomareoba me-19 s. meore naxevramde grZeldeboda.
saqarTveloSi batonymobis gauqmebam (1864-71) da maT Soris ebraelebis
ganTavisuflebam gamoiwvia maTi urbanizaciis procesi da ebrauli Temis
struqturis saboloo Camoyalibeba. qalaqebSi ebrauli mosaxleoba
garkveul ubnebSi mkvidrdeboda da qalaqis eg nawili ebraul kvartalad
gadaiqceoda. me-19 s. saqarTveloSi ruseTis imperiidan aSkenazi
ebraelebi Semodian, Tumca mxolod me-19 saukunis bolosken gamyarda
urTierToba qarTvel da aSkenaz ebraelTa Soris.
38
qarTvel ebraelTa ganaTlebis saqmeSi Zalian mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seitana litvelma rabi abraam ha-levi xvolesma (1857-1931), romelic 1890-
an ww. q. cxinvalis mTavar rabinad airCies. 1906 w. xvolesma gaxsna
saqarTveloSi pirveli Talmud-Tora skola, da male gogonebis
swavlebac SemoiRo. 1902 w. TbilisSi gaixsna skola qarTvel ebraelTas
bavSvebisTvis, sadac ivriTs vilnodan mowveuli pedagogebi aswavlidnen.
me-19 saukunis bolodan saqarTveloSi aSkenaz ebraelebma Camoayalibes
sionisturi wreebi. Mme-6 sionistur kongresSi (1903 w. bazelSi) rabinma
daviT baazovma miiRo monawileba, mis saxels ukavSirdeba saqarTveloSi
sionisturi moZraobis dasawyisi, rasac xels uwyobda orTodoqsalur
liderTa - xaxmebis da agreTve moZraoba xabadis gzavnilebis aqtivoba,
romelic 1916 wlidan aRiniSneboda.
saqarTvelodan pirveli alia (istoriul samSobloSi dabruneba) erec-
israelSi 1863 wlidan daiwyo da me-20 s. dasawyisisTvis iq 400 qarTveli
ebraeli iyo dasaxlebuli.
saqrTveloSi wiTeli armiis Semosvlis Semdeg 1921 w. daiwyo
mosaxleobis masobrivi gaqceva. Eemigrantebis am did talRaSi moxvdnen
daaxloebiT 1500-2000 qarTveli ebraeli, maTgan ZiriTadi nawili
palestinaSi dasaxlda, danarCeni ki stambulSi, sadac 1880 wlidan
arsebobda qarTvel ebraelTa Temi. 1921 wels erec israelSi qarTvel
ebraelTa raodenobam 1700 miaRwia.
saqarTvelos gasabWoebis dasawyisSi ZiriTadi principi emyareboda
adgilobrivi da maT Soris religiuri tradiciebisadmi pativiscemas,
amitom xelisufleba TiTqmis ar ereoda ebraul religsiur sakiTxebSi,
sinagogebi agrZelebdnen funqcionirebas, iseve rogorc sionisturi
moZraoba da sionisturi skola.
1924 wels saqarTveloSi antisabWouri da antirusuli ajanyebis CaxSobis
Semdeg xelisuflebis politika sagrZnoblad gamkacrda da aRikveTa
legaluri da naxevradlegaluri sionisturi moRvaweoba.
39
ekonomikis dargSi sabWoTa organoebis qmedebebma qarTveli ebraeli
msxvili Tu mcire movaWreebi bankrotobamde miiyvanes. Mmas Semdeg, rac d.
baazovma da n. elaSvilma xelisuflebisgan uari miiRes neba daerToT
ebraelebisaTvis soflis meurneobiT dakavebuliyvnen, maT moiTxoves
palestinaSi gaSvebis nebarTva. 200 ojaxidan 18 dakmayofilda da 1925
wels maT datoves saqarTvelo.
1926 wlidan xelisuflebis qmedebebi mimarTuli iyo ebraelebis CarTvaSi
qarxnebis muSebaT, samrewvelo kooperativebSi da ebrauli
kolmeurneobebis SeqmnaSi. 1928 wels Seiqmna pirveli ebrauli
kolmeurneoba “wiTeli gora”, xolo 1933 wlisTvis ukve 15 aseTi
kolmeurneoba arsebobda, romelSic 2314 adamiani iyo gaerTianebuli .
qarTvel ebraelTa kolmeurneobebi im qalaqebTan Tu dasaxlebebTan
axlos iqmneboda, sadac cxovrobda ebrauli mosaxleoba. 1938 w. am
kolmeurneobebis ZiriTadi nawili daiSala da mxolod “wiTeli gora ”
arsebobda 70-ani ww. Ddasawyisamde.
1928 w. Seiqmna agreTve Rarib ebraelTa damxmare komiteti, romelic
asaqmebda ebraelebs sxvadasxva kooperativebSi.
1927 w. xelisuflebis mier Seiqmna ebrauli skolebi, sadac aswavlidnen
qarTul enaze, gaixsna biblioTekebi, axalgazrduli klubebi. 1933 w.
TbilisSi berias saxelobis muSa ebraelTa kulturis saxli gaixsna da
amave wels saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi.
sabWoTa xelisufleba iyenebda ebraul skolebsa da kulturis saxlebs
ZiriTadaT antireligiuri RonisZiebebis Casatareblad.
1937-1938 ww. sabWoTa xelisuflebis gankargulebiT cxinvalSi
daapatimres da Semdeg yovelgvari gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlos gareSe
cixeSi mokles 9 xaxami, maT Soris ori aSkenazi. 1938 w. daapatimres da
aseve cixeSi mokles gercel baazovi, sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutanes
rabin daviT baazovsac, romelic Semdeg cimbirSi 10 wliT gadasaxlebiT
Seicvala. Mmxolod ebraelTa muzeumi funqcionirebda 1951 wlamde, Tumca
40
1948 wels daapatimres misi erT erTi direqtori aaron krixeli da
Semdeg ukve muzeumic daixura rogorc sionizmis kera.
eqvsdRiani omis Semdeg saqrTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebis
Soris yvelaze aqtiurad CaerTo demonstraciebSi da peticiebis
xelmowerebSi israelSi gamgzavrebis uflebis mosapoveblad.
1969 wlis 6 agvistos 18 qarTveli ebraelis werili gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciaSi gaigzavna. werilSi isini TxovniT mimarTavdnen
gaeros moexdina zewola sabWoTa xelisuflebaze, raTa maT ojaxebs
israelSi gamgzavrebis ufleba moepovebinaT. es iyo pirveli sabuTi,
romelmac safuZveli Cauyara aliis moZraobas mTels sabWoTa kavSirSi.
msoflio sazogadoebaSi am Zalzed gaxmaurebulma faqtma moaxdina didi
rezonansi da mas mohyva 1971 wlidan qarTvel ebraelTaTvis masobrivi
alia israelSi. 1970 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi 43 aTasi ebraeli
cxovrobda, xolo 70-ani wlebis bolos moxda ebrauli mosaxleobis
daaxloebiT 70% repatriacia israelSi.
41
saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli
muzeumi da misi koleqcia
saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi TbilisSi
1933-1951 wlebSi funqcionirebda.
rogorc ukve avRniSneT zemoT, saqarTveloSi mravalsaukunovani
ebrauli diasporis arsebobis miuxedavad, ar yofila misi istoriisa Tu
kulturis samecniero Seswavlis precendenti da mxolod muzeumis
daarsebam Cauyara amas safuZveli.
1932 wels saqarTvelos Rarebkomis (Rarib ebraelTa damxmare komiteti)
dadgenilebis safuZvelze saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-
eTnografiuli muzeumi Tbilisel da leningradel mecnier
TanamSromelTa erToblivi ZalisxmeviT daarsda.
Tavidan muzeumi Seiqmna rogorc mxolod samecniero dawesebuleba, mas
ar hqonda koleqcia. muzeumma bina jer 1 maisis quCaze arsebul
ebraelTa kultbazis SenobaSi daido, xolo 1940 wlidan – ivaniZis
(amJamad anton kaTolikosis) quCaze mdebare 1896 wels agebuli Zveli
sinagogis gumbaTian SenobaSi (il. 22). ebraelTa muzeumis daarsebamde
yofil sinagogaSi berias sax. kulturis saxlic ki mdebareobda.
ebrauli kulturis Semswavleli mecnierebis “iudaikis” mixedviT
ebrauli salocavebis genezisi babilonelTa mier “pirveli taZris”
dangrevas (586 Zv. w. aR.) ukavSirdeba. taZari ebraelTa mesame mefem –
daviTis Zem, solomonma aaSena sionis mTaze. mas solomonis taZari
ewoda. (solomonis mefobis dasawyiss 971 an 987 wliT (Zv. w. aR.)
gansazRvraven).
“pirveli” – taZris gviani saxelwodebaa, ufro gvian ki ebraeli xalxis
cnobierebaSi sionis mTa RmerTs ganasaxierebs, taZari – RmerTis saxls.
taZari mravalgzis aRsdga da Seilaxa, da bolos romis imperatorma
titus vespasianem daangria qristes Sobidan 70 wels.
taZari (“saxli RvTisa”, “saxli rCeuli”, “saxli siwmindisa” – ebraulad
“beT hamikdaS”) upirvelesad iyo umaRlesi erovnuli siwminde – mas
42
“ierusamalimis taZari” Seerqva, aRTqmis kidobnis sacavi, sadac inaxeboda
sjulis ficari da sxva siwmindeni.
taZari darCa ebraelTa erTianobis da RmerTTan kavSiris simbolod.
salocavi – salocavebi – (ebr. “beT haqneseT” – “saxli sakrebulo” –
Sdr. E”eklesia”) – diasporis fenomenia. pirveli salocavi babilonis
tyveobaSi unda gaCeniliyo. saqarTvelos ebrauli salocavebis
winamorbednic am “pirvelTa” ricxvs unda ganekuTvnebodnen. maT Sesaxeb
SemogvrCa ramdenime mniSvnelovani cnoba.
“Satberdis krebulSi” moxsenebulia ebrauli salocavi – “bagini
huriaTa”. ufro gviandel qarTul wyaroebSi “bagins” da “ebraul
salocavs” Caenacvleba “Tora”. Tora (ebr.) – Zveli aRTqmis wignebia.
saqarTveloSi ebraelebiT dasaxlebul yvela regionSi Sendeboda
sinagogebi. DdRemde mxolod me-19 s. Aagebuli sinagogebia SemorCenili.
vinaidan ebrauli muzeumi sinagogis SenaobaSi iyo ganTavsebuli, mokled
mimovixilavT TbilisSi arsebul sinagogegbs. (51, 346-347)
“uriebi Zveladganve aq mravlad scxovrobdnen. XII s-Si maTi ricxvi
erTob didi iyo”. XIXs. damdegs ki erTob Semcirda, rac damudmebulma
omebma gamoiwvies. Tbilisel ebraelTa ricxvi SemdgomSi axalcixidan
gadmosulma ebraelebma Seavses, maTve aaSenes is nageboba, romelic dRes
qarTvel ebraelTa moqmedi salocavia. Aamitom am sinagogas
“axalcixelebis salocavis” saxeli SemorCa (il. 23). “axalcixelebis
salocavis” momijnaved funqcionirebda kidev erTi sinagoga –
“cxinvalelebis salocavi”, romelic dResdReobiT sacxovrebel saxlad
gamoiyeneba. igi ebraelobas CamoerTva 1953w.
meore moqmedi sinagogaa e.w. “aSkenazebis salocavi” (aSkenazebi – evropis
gavliT Semosuli ebraelebi).
TbilisSi aris yofili sinagogebis kidev ori kapitaluri Senoba,
“aSkenazebis salocavis” saxelwodebiT.
erTi yofili salocavi mdebareobs pirveli maisis q. N10. (yofili
kaTolikeTa quCa) da aSenebulia 1886 w. mWidro minaSenebSi moqceuls
SemorCa erTi “sakuTari fasadi” – Seulesavi aguris da gamokveTili
romanuli stilis.
43
1932 w. am SenobaSi bina daido saqarTvelos Rarib ebraelTa damxmare
komitetis kulturis bazam. Aiqve daarsda saqarTvelos ebraelTa
istoriul-eTnografiuli seqcia, romelic 1933 w. gadakeTda
damoukidebel muzeumad da gadavida “gumbaTian” sinagogaSi.
ebrauli kulturuli bazis gauqmebis Semdeg (1938w.), am SenobaSi
sxvadasxva organizaciebi funqcionirebda; gadaakeTes da gamoiyenes
klubad; 1988-90w. funqcionirebda “metexis Teatri”. amJamad moqmedebs
“samefo ubnis Teatri”.
meore sinagogis Senoba mdebareobs ivaniZis q. N.3 (anton kaTalikosis
quCaze) da agebulia 1896 w. Senoba gumbaTiania, Seulesavi aguris wyobiT.
rogorc irkveva, mas sakmaod didi da maRali salocavi darbazi hqonia,
romelic dRes sam sarTulad da oTaxebadaa dayofili. aq ebraeli
jariskacebi loculobdnen“ (15, 57-58).
am SenobaSi 1934-51 wlebSi ganTavsda saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-
eTnografiuli muzeumi, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda aron krixeli, xolo
1948 wlidan ilia papismedovi. 1951 w. Senoba CamoerTvaT ebraelebs;
gadakeTda jer saerTo sacxovreblad, xolo 1977 w. masSi kulturis
muSakTa kvalifikaciis asamaRlebeli kursebi funqcionirebda. 1991
wlidan aq isev ebrauli muzeumia aRdgenili, romelic daviT baazovis
saxels atarebs, magram Senobis savalalo, avariuli mdgomareobis gamo,
muzeumis koleqciebis aq ganTavseba da gamofena SeuZlebelia.
xuTive es nageboba qalaqis Zvel istoriul zonaSi mdebareobs da
faqtobrivad erTi quCis – leseliZis quCis (yofili Rvinis rigi) RerZzea
akinZuli.
rogorc ukve avRniSneT, muzeumis koleqciis Sesagroveblad 1933-1936
wlebSi, ebraelebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionebSi moewyo
eTnografiuli eqspediciebi. muzeumis TanamSromlebi iZiebdnen
saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriis, kulturisa da yofis amsaxvel
eqsponatebs. Segrovda uamravi Canaxati, fotoebi, erovnuli kostumebi,
aqsesuarebi, amuletebi, folkloruli masala, sakulto, religiuri da
sxva mravali yofiTi nivTi. eqspediciaSi monawile mowveuli qarTveli
mxatvrebi adgilze afiqsirebdnen ebraelTa tipaJebsa da maTi cxovrebis
44
amsaxvel detalebs da Semdeg ukve muzeumSi Camotanil nivTebis
safuZvelze qmnidnen ebrauli yofisa Tu religiur-ritualuri Sinaarsis
suraTebs. 1937 wels moewyo permanentuli eqspozicia ~saqarTvelos
ebraelTa Zveli da axali yofa~. saerTod muzeumSi sami ZiriTadi
ganyofileba iyo: istoriuli, eTnografiuli da Tanamedrove
socialisturi mSeneblobis amsxveli masalebi.
muzeumis direqtorebi am wlebis ganmavlobaSi iyvnen a. kulijanovi, a.
krixeli da i. papismedovi.
muzeumis direqciam TanamSromlobisaTvis cnobili mecnierebi moiwvia. n.
berZeniSvili, g. Citaia, S. Cxetia, S. amiranaSvili, s. iordanaSvili, l.
meliqseT-begi da sxv. MmaTive daxmarebiT momzadda muzeumis axalgazrda
mecnier TanamSromelTa jgufi.
muzeumis saxviTi xelovnebis koleqciaSi sxvadasxva avtorTa
assamocdaaTamde ferweruli da grafikuli namuSevaria. am koleqciis
ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens TviTnaswavli ebraeli mxatvris Salom
koboSvilisa da cnobili qarTvelo mxatvris daviT gvelesianis
namuSevrebi, aqve inaxeba metrevelis, cimakuriZis, zaaliSvilis,
abramiSvilis, exiskielis, gabroilovis da ramodenime ucnob mxatvarTa
namuSevrebic.
Eebrauli muzeumis koleqciis eqsponatebis CamonaTvali
sainventaro wignebSi
samuzeumo nomeri nivTis dasaxeleba
1 dana 2 masalebi 3 kacea spilenZis 4 kacea spilenZis 5 sacecxluris Tavi-jvriT 6 sasunebeli Tunuqis 7 saswori, liTonis 8 seferToris xelis gamosaxuleba 9 dana Soxetis 10 beWedi TiTbris
45
11 sadgisi xis tariT 12 sadgisi xis tariT 13 sadgisi xis tariT 14 Taji seferToris, zanzalakebiT 15 Taji seferToris, zanzalakebiT 16 Taji seferToris, zanzalakebiT 17 Taji seferToris, zanzalakebiT 18 Taji seferToris 19 vaza saqorwilo, liTonis 20 sasanTle (xanuqa) 21 dana 22 dana miniaturuli 23 dana Zvlis tariT
24 spilos figura liTonis 35 beWedi rabinisa 26 ierusalimis taZris gamosaxuleba,
xis 27 amuleti ebrauli warweriT
28 religiuri dafa-kalendari
29 jami spilenZis
30 jami spilenZis, samkiTxao 31 dana jeviCi
32 dafa qristianuli xatebiT 33 dana winadacveTis
qsovilebis fondi
# nivTis dasaxeleba 1. axaluxi 2. axaluxi 3. axaluxi 4. axaluxi 5. axaluxi 6. Coxa 7. Coxa 8. gujani 9. zubuni 10. zubuni 11. zedatani 12. zedatani 13. zedatani
46
14. zedatani 15. zedatani 16. zedatani 17. qvedatani 18. qvedatani 19. qvedatani 20 qvedatani 21. kaba (qalis) 22. mosasxami 23. oqros kaba 24. oqros kaba 25. oqros kaba 26. perangi 27. perangi 28. perangi 29. perangi 30. perangi 31. perangi
32. samgloviaro samoseli
33. samgloviaro samoseli 34. baRdadi
35. baRdadi
39. Sarfi 40 Sarfi 41. Sarfi 42. xilabandi 43. Tavsakravi 44. Tavsakravi 45. Tavsakravi
46. Tavsakravi
47. Tavsakravi 48. Tavsakravi 49. Tavsakravi 50 Tavsakravi 51. Tavsakravi
52. Tavsakravi
53. Tavsakravi 54. Tavsakravi 55. kopi 56. Cixti
57. Cixti-kopi 58. kopi
59. Cixti 60. windebi
61. windebi
47
62. windebi 63. fexsacmeli 64. Custi 65. kaba (seferTorisa)
66. kaba 67. kaba
68. kaba 69. kaba 70. kaba
71. kaba 72. kaba
73. kaba
74. kaba
75. kaba 76. Semosaxvevi 77. stolla 78. stolla 79. stolla
80. sisiti
81/ sisiti 82. sisiti
83. bude (savarcxlis) 84. bude (sisitis)
85. bude (sisitis) 86. bude (afikofmanis) 87. bude (Tefelinis) 88. bude (sisitis)
89. bude (sisitis) 90. qisa (Tefelinis) 91. qisa (Tefelinis)
samecniero damxmare fondi
# nivTis dasaxeleba
1. Salom koboSvilis portreti
2. ebraelTa ubani axalcixeSi 3. sidonias saflavi mcxeTaSi 4. gvalvis winaaRmdeg
48
5. legenda lailaSis bibliis Sesaxeb
6. Zveli ebraelis tipi 7. mkurnaloba breTis bibliiT 8. Zveli ebraelis tipi 9. ebraelis tipi 10. ebraelis tipi 11. axalcixeli ebraelis
uZvelesi saflavi 12. cxinvaleli ebraelis tipi 13. yvelis damzadeba ebrauli
wesiT 14. ebraeli qali Cixti-kopiT 15. ebraeli moxucis tipi 16. mlocvelis tipi 17. axalcixeli ebraelis tipi 18. ebraeli mamakacis tipi 19. moxuci ebraeli qalis tipi 20. ebraeli qaliSvilis tipi 21. bavSvi akvanSi 22. bogereTi-simwifis niSani 23. patarZali 12 wlis asakSi 24. patarZali
25. dedofali 26. jadoqari 27. mamlis gadafrena 28. mefe-dedoflis Semotareba 29. daniSvnis wesebi ebraelebSi
30. wiTelaTi daavadebuli
31. onis ebraelebis Sexvedra akakisTan
32. zeimi miZRvnili akakisadmi onSi
33. zeimi miZRvnili akakisadmi lailaSi
34. pioneri qaliSvili formiT 35. ebraeli gzaSi 36. stalinirSi
(cxinvali)ebraelTa saxli istoriul WrilSi
37. ebraelTa sacxovrebeli nagebobebi das. saqarTveloSi
38. saxli stalinirSi (cxinvali)
39. axalcixeSi ebraelTa
49
kvartali 40. winadacveTa sinagogaSo 41. qorwinebis aqtis wakiTxva
42. ganqorwineba mazlTan 43. ganqorwineba col-qmars
Soris 44. dedoflis xelebis SeRebva
iniT
ucnobi avtori
# nivTis dasaxeleba 1. qorwinebis aqti 2. axalcixeli ebraeli
dedoflisadmi Sesawiri Zvirfasi nivTebi
3. kabalulis TamaSi 4. patarZali daCoqili 5. moxuci puriT 6. wiTelebiT avadmyofis winaSe 7. xederi ebraelTa religiuri
saswavlebeli 8. xederi religiuri saswavlebeli 9. suramis religiuri procesis gamo
cimbirSi gadasaxlebuli 10. adgili, sadac aRmoCnda stela
mxeTaSi 1872 wels ebraul-arabuli warweriT
11 cxinvaleli ebraelis tipi 12. qaliSvilis portreti 13. qalis portreti 14. Salom koboSvilis dakrZalva 15. karaqis SedRveba 16. mesxeT-javaxeTis ebrauli
mosaxleobis moZraobis sqema 17. qarTlis ebraelTa mosaxleobis
moZraobis sqema 18. ficruli saxli (axalcixe) 19. moxuci ebraeli 20. kurtnis kompleqti 21. babilonis da asiriis mefe
sabrZolo etliT 22. sabrZolo etli
23. semitTa sanimuSo ornamenti
50
24. qsovilze ornamenti
25. kacis portreti
26. plakati "rani viyaviT"
27. kurtnis kompleqti
sxva avtorebi
# nivTis dasaxeleba 1. petrovi-saeklesio samonastro
yma ebraeli 2. petrovi-ebraelis tipi 3. astaxiSvili-bibliis ydis
reproduqcia 4. S. zaaliSvili-ebraeli boxCiT 5. S. zaaliSvili-ebraeli cxenze 6. S. abramiSvili-axalcixeli
ebraelis tipi 7. S. metreveli-vaWris ojaxi da
bavSvi 8. S. metreveli-ebraeli qali
xelis wisqvilze fqvavs xorbals
9. S. metreveli- ebraeli mwyemsi qali
10. a. cimakuriZe-saCivari mefe erekle II-sTan
11. exiskieli-malkuTi, monanieba 12. gabroilovi-ebraeli xurjiniT 13. S. metreveli-kabalulis TamaSi 14. gabroilovi-kabalulis TamaSi 15. Cudecki-enis moWris ceremonia 16. miansarevi-kacis portreti
saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis arqivi
51
Tavi III
Salom koboSvili
pirveli ebraeli mxatvari saqarTveloSi TviTnaswavli ebraeli mxatvaris Salom koboSvilis Semoqmedeba TiTqmis
ucnobi da Seuswavleli iyo. aTwleulebis manZilze misi namuSevrebi,
iseve rogorc ebrauli muzeumis koleqciis sxva eqsponatebi miviwyebuli
da ucnobi iyo ara mxolod damTvalierebelTaTvis, aramed
specialistebisaTvisac.
Salom koboSvilis namuSevrebis saxiT Cven SemogvrCa mdidari da
Zelze saintereso eTnografiuli masala qarTvel ebraleTa yofis, maTi
adaT-wesebis, sacxovrebeli interieris, Cacmulobisa Tu tipaJebis
Sesaswavlad.
Cven TvalnaTliv warmogvidgeba ebraeli xalxis yofa lxinSi Tu
gaWirvebaSi, maTi yoveldRiuri cxovreba, mniSvnelovani movlenebi,
damaxasiaTebeli ritualebi, tradiciebi da religiuri dResaswaulebi,
romlebic qarTvelma ebraelobam ase saTuTad atara da Semoinaxa
mravali saukunis manZilze. zogierTi maTgani dRes ukve aRar sruldeba,
xolo koboSvilis namuSevrebis saxiT SemogvrCa ebrauli sulis
brwyinvale matiane.
Salom koboSvilis Semoqmedeba mdidari da mravalferovania. igi
muSaobda rogorc grafikaSi da akvarelSi, aseve ferweraSi.
Salom koboSvili daibada 1876 wels qalaq axalcixeSi Raribi morwmune
ebraelis ojaxSi. Salomi 8 wlis asakSi miabares saswavleblad xederSi
(ebraul religiur saswavlebelSi) rabinTan. magram man ver gauZlo
iqaur mkacr kanonebs da swavlas Tavi daaneba. wera_kiTxva TviTon
iswavla quCis warwerebiT. 12 wlis Salomi mamidasTan baTumSi
gaagzavnes. mas biZasTan SuadRisas sadili miqonda xolme. gzaze
liTografiis stamba iyo, romelTanac biWi uamrav dros atarebda da
Tvals adevnebda qvaze xatvis process. Ppirvelad maSin daiwyo Salomma
xatva, da liTografiaSi momuSave mxatvris wabaZviT, xan feskian Turqs
52
xatavda, xan yabalaxian aWarels, xan ki romelime saxlis TeTr kedels
naxSiriT aaWrelebda. rodesac biZam bavSvis gatacebis Sesaxeb gaigo,
stambis patrons moelaparaka Salomis ufasod Segirdad ayvanis Taobaze.
magram mSoblebma rogorc ki Seityves es ambavi, Svils religiuri
mosazrebidan gamomdinare, aukrZales mxatvrobis Seswavla da isev
axalcixeSi daabrunes. (56, 85).
koboSvils bavSvobidan uwevda mZime fizikuri Sroma.
Salomi Sav muSad muSaobda borjomis rkinis gzis mSeneblobaze 1894-1895
wlebSi, Semdeg ki baqoSi sxvadasxva vaWarTan noqrad (gamyidvelad).
1908-09 w. Salomi yurbaTad (axalcixidan sxva qveyanaSi mojamagired an
samuSaos saZebnelad wasuli kaci) dadis sxvadasxva qalaqebSi. igi xan
Sua aziaSia, piatigorskSi, rostovSi, baTumsa da TbilisSia.
ilia papismedovi Tavis werilSi “TviTnaswavli mxatvari S. koboSvili da
misi Semoqmedeba” (56, 86) aRniSnavs: “TbilisSi yofnisas, rogorc Salomi
gadmoscems, igi Rvinis erT sardafSi SemTxveviT Sexvda niko firosmans,
romelic am dros sazandarsa da medaire qals xatavda. ramdenime xnis
Semdeg igi SaiTan-bazarSi, abdul badias traqtirSi meored Sexvda
firosmans da gaecno mas. Salomma raRaca patara suraTi daxata fanqriT
da nikos aCvena. niko Sepirda, rom cota xnis ganmavlobaSi ferebiT
xatvas Seaswavlida mas da orive erTad imuSavebdnen, magram maTi
Sexvedra da Salomis mier mxatvrobis dawyeba ratomRac ar moxerxda”.
Salomi xan noqrad muSaobda, xan eqspeditorad kooperatiul da
saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi. cxovrobda TbilisSi meuRlesTan da 8
SvilTan erTad. xolo 61 wlis asakSi, 1936 w. S. koboSvilma saqarTvelos
ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumSi darajad daiwyo muSaoba.
Salomi imdenad miizida mxatvrebis namuSevrebma, rom Tavadac aisrula
bavSvobis ocneba da Seudga xatvas. man jer ubralo fanqriT daiwyo
patara siuJetebis xatva, Semdeg akvarelze gadavida, da bolos zeTis
saRebavebsac daeufla. saocaria, rom kacma, romelmac 61 wlis asakSi
daiwyo xatva, SeZlo gaecocxlebina qarTvel ebraelTa yofis mTeli
epoqa, misi damaxasiaTebeli niSanTvisebebiT.
53
Salom koboSvili 1941 wels gardaicvala. mTeli misi SemoqmedebiTi gza
mxolod sam weliwads moicavs. miT ufro gasaocari da sainteresoa misi
pirovneba da xelovneba.
rodesac vsaubrobT S. koboSvilze, igi upirveles yovlisa, aRiqmeba,
rogorc mxatvari-primitivisti; magram am primitivSi vlindeba didi
profesionalizmi samyaros Taviseburi, uSualo aRqmiT.
Salom koboSvili xatavs upretenziod, TavisTvis, cxovrebis uSualo,
bavSvuri aRqmiT, rogorc firosmani. Mman swored rom bavSvobis
ganuxorcielebeli ocneba aixdina xatviT, da erTxel rom aiRo xelSi
fanqari da funji, xelidan aRarc gauSvia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom koboSvili, albaT isev Tavisi bavSvobis ocnebidan
gamomdinare, zogierTi gamonaklisis garda (ebrael kolmeurneTa
muSaobis scenebi, Solom aleixemi, stalinis portreti), TiTqmis ar
xatavs mis Tanamedrove cxovrebas, ar xatavs naturidan. mis mexsierebaSi
iRviZebs bavSvobis da ymawvilobis miviwyebuli mogonebebi, XIX saukunis
bolos axalcixis cxovreba, sadac man bavSvoba gaatara da sadac igi
TbilisSi dasaxlebis Semdeg aRarc dabrunebula. odesRac nanaxi da
gancdili naTlad da xatovnad gadmoiRvara mis namuSevrebSi. Salom
koboSvilma aRadgina im epoqis axalcixel ebraelTa sxvadasxva fenis
warmomadgenelTa yofa, maTi cxovreba da adaT-wesebi, sacxovrebeli
interierebi, WurWeli, Cacmuloba, damaxasiaTebeli sakravi instrumentebi
da sxva.
rac firosmanis Semoqmedebam Seasrula qalaquri cxovrebis sulisa da
aromatis gadmocemSi, TiTqmis igive misia SeiZleba daekisros Salom
koboSvilis namuSevrebs qarTvel ebraelTa provincialuri cxovrebis
asaxvaSi. am konteqstSi SeiZleba am ori TviTnaswavli mxatvris Sedareba,
xolo forosmanisagan gansxvavebiT Salom koboSvili Tavis cxovrebis
sul sami wlis manZilze iyo mxatvari. drois am mokle monakveTSi misma
Semoqmedebam swrafi evolucia gaiara, igi yalibdeba, viTardeba da
Tavisebur profesionalizms iZens. aqamdec mxatvari TviTon mivida.
rogorc misi qaliSvilebi ixseneben, Saloms ar hyolia arc
54
maswavlebeli da arc wamqezebeli. igi mxolod Tavis intuicias da
Tandayolil niWs miendo. es evolucia naTlad Cans mis namuSevrebSi.
pirveli namuSevrebi Salom koboSvilma 1937 wels fanqriT daxata. xolo
1938 wels igi qmnis akvarelur namuSevrebs. koboSvilis pirveli
suraTebis mxatvruli gaformeba Zalian primitiulia, sustia fanqriT
naxati, perspeqtiva da proporciis kanonebi darRveulia, magram
miuxedavad amisa, suraTis damaxasiaTebeli eTnografiuli momentebi,
mTavari sagnebi da detalebi ise mkafiodaa xazgasmuli da bunebrivad
ganlagebuli, rom mayurebels SeuZlia gamosaxulze warmodgena Seeqmnas.
am TvalsazrisiT gvinda SevaCeroT yuradReba 1938 w. Seqmnil namuSevarze
“Saqar-puri” (86, il. 2), aq vxedavT koboSvilis SemoqmedebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel yofisa da nivTebis gadmocemas. “Saqar-puri” anu sityvis
gatana ewodeba sapatarZlos mSoblebis ojaxSi gamarTul niSnobas,
sadac qadis msgavsi tkbili namcxvari ojaxur samyaros, xolo Saqris
mozrdili Tavi tkbili cxovrebis simboloebia. niSnobis dasrulebisas
Saqris naWrebi stumrebs urigdebodaT.
mxatvari cdilobs sazeimo ganwyobileba gadmosces. Mmovlenis
mniSvnelobaze patara magidaze centrSi gamoyofili Saqris didi Tavi
miuTiTebs. kompozicia da moqmed pirTa moZraobebi zedmiwevniT
dekoratiulia, Tumca aq ukve SeimCneva garkveuli miRwevebi, rogorc
saerTo ganaTebaSi, aseve ferSi. aq ZiriTadi arsi siuJetis mniSnelobaa,
zustad araa cnobili rodis Seqmna mxatvarma am suraTis meore varianti
(86, il. 1), magram naTelia, rom ufro mogvianebiT. siuJeti igivea, xolo
kompozicia da personaJebi gacilebiT ufro bunebrivad arian
warmodgenilni. suraTis detalebi naklebadaa damuSavebuli, magram am
eskizurobis meSveobiT masSi meti sicocxlea Semotanili, rasac xels
uwyobs agreTve oTaxis Tanabari ganaTeba, igi savsea sinaTliT, Suq-
Crdilebis ganlagebac ufro bunebrivia da akvarelis teqnika
srulyofiladaa gamoyenebuli, Tumca pirvel variantSi ferebi ufro
xasxasaa.
55
saqorwino Temaze Salom koboSvili, garda “Saqar-purisa”, ramodenime
suraTs qmnis: “saqorwino kabis gamoWra” (86, il. 3), “dedoflis wayvana
abanoSi” (86, il. 4), “jeizi-mzisTvis aRwera”(86, il. 8), “ajla” (86, il. 9).
SevCerdebiT “dedoflis wayvanaze abanoSi”. saqorwino samzadisis erT-
erTi aucilebeli nawili iyo dedoflis ganbana mikveSi (saritualo
abanoSi). patarZali uamravi qalisa da kacis TanxlebiT mihyavdaT mikveSi
tebilis ritualis (wyliT savse auzSi samjer Cayuryumalaveba)
gansaxorcieleblad. mas aSuRebi sazisa da Wianuris dakvriT miuZRodnen.
aSuRebs mihyvebodnen patara biWebi sabanao WurWliTa da boxCaSi
gamokruli sanovagiT, maT ki _ patarZlis dobilebisa da naTesavebis
amala.
es saintereso wes-Cveuleba qorwinebis win patarZlis ritualur abanoSi
“mikveSi” wayvanisa brwyinvaled aqvs aRbeWdili mxatvars. Aaxalcixis
ebraelTa ubnis erTi mosaxvevidan gamodis procesia, romelsac aSuRebi
sazisa da Wianuris dakvriT win miuZRvian. patarZali Ria feris
tanisamosiT gamoirCeva. qalebs mravalferovani CarCafebi (mandilebi)
aqvT wamosxmuli da saxeebi naxevradD uCanT. suraTi gvizidavs Tavisi
dinamiuri kompoziciiT, mxatvruli silamaziT, ferTa JReradobiTa da
daxvewilobiT. Ees koboSvilis erT erTi saukeTeso namuSevaria.
aqve gvinda SevaCeroT yuradReba patara, magram saocrad daxvewil da
natif naxatze – “axalcixeli ebraeli patarZali” (86, il. 5), romelic
Sesrulebulia Savi tuSiT da feradi fanqrebiT. Bbrwyinvaledaa
warmodgenili ebraeli qalis tipaJi, xolo tansacmeli mxatvruli
gemovnebiT, gasaocari sizustiTa da ornamentaciis Rrma codniTaa
gadmocemuili.
aq, iseve rogorc feradi fanqrebiT Sesrulebul naxatSi “axalcixel
ebrael qalTa xelsaqme” (86, il. 33) qalTa morTulobidan, axalcixel
ebraelTa warsuli saukunis, SeZlebuli fenis mdidruli tansacmeli da
samkauli gvecema TvalSi. Tavisi niSandoblivi ornamentebis dacviT,
gulmodgined da moxdenilad daxatuli kabis zubuniT (zedatansacmliT),
gamWvirvale da haerovani mandiliT, gamokveTili sayureebiTa da
gulmkerdze Camokidebuli yelasabamiT. Mmxatvruli ostatobiT
56
Sesrulebis garda, es namuSevrebi eTnografisa da kostumis
istorikosisaTvis warmoadgens mdidar da Zvirfas masalas.
daxvewilobiT gamoirCeva 1940 wels akvareliT, guSiTa da tuSiT
Sesrulebuli „axalcixeli ebraeli nefe“ da guaSiT Sesrulebuli
axalcixeli ebraeli patarZali. Aam suraTebSic sainteresod da
detalurad aris gadmocemuli Cacmuloba, romelic TiTqmis ar
gansxavdeba mamakacis tradiciuli qarTuli samosisagan.
1939 wlidan koboSvilma Tavisi pirveli Tema adamianis cxovrebis
pirveli ciklidan daiwyo. “bavSvis dabadeba” (86, il. 10) – ase uwoda man
Tavis suraTs. Ggamosaxulia cxovrebis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani
da sasixarulo momenti da aqac Semotanilia yofiTobis elementebi.
suraTze mocemul adamianebSi da sagnebSic TiTqmis zustadaa daculi
SinaarsTan dakavSirebuli eTnografiuli motivebi.
mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT suraTi kargadaa Sesrulebuli, koloriti
Tbili da sasiamovno ferebiTaa Sexamebuli. Bbunebrivia Suq-Crdilebis
ganawilebac. aq erTi patara detalia aRsaniSnavi, saerTo mxiarul
ganwyobilebaSi TiTqos da mzec monawileobas iRebs. igi Tbil sxivebs
hfens mwoliares da mTel oTaxSi, bunebrivi ganaTeba Semoaqvs.
Semdeg cikls koboSvilis SemoqmedebaSi warmoadgens qalis cekvis Tema.
man Seqmna am siuJetze ramodenime namuSevari: “saivo”- ferxuli, “saivo”-
xorumi (akvarelSi), xolo mogvianebiT feradi fanqrebiT daxatuli
“saivo”- xorumi. (86, il. 34-37)
am suraTebSi tansacmlisa da samkaulis mdidari arCevania asaxuli.
mocekvaveTa cocxali mimoxvra da zogi maTganis gamokveTili, momRimare
saxe kargadaa damuSavebuli. cekva-TamaSSi monawile axalgazrdobas
leCaqebi aqvs mosxmuli, mandilosnebs ki – CarCafebi. cekvas mamakacebi
da bavSvebic eswrebian, magram rogorc wesi isini ganze arian
gadamdgarni. Aam namuSevarSi igrZnoba ukve Camoyalibebuli mxatvris
xelwera, igi sakmaod kargad flobs rTul mravalfigurovan
kompozisiac, icavs masStabebs, proporciebs da perspeqtivas. “saivo” –
xorumis scenebisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac figurebi ufro statiuria.
ferxulSi gvxiblavs cocxali cekvis dinamika. sainteresoa kompoziciuri
57
gadawyveta, romelsac mayurebeli TiTqosda Sehyavs suraTis sivrceSi.
fonad, rogorc yovelTvis gamoyenebulia sacxovrebeli saxlebi,
tradiciuli mesxur-javaxuri nagebobebi. aq ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos
mxatvrobis maRali done qsovilis faqturis gadmocemaSi Tu feradovani
gamis SeqmnaSi, gansakuTrebiT ferxulSi, funjis mozaikuri monasmebi
suraTis sibrtyes xaliCisebur elfers aZlevs.
1939 w. Sesrulebuli sxva namuSevrebidan avRniSnavT „dvacatniks“ (86, il.
43), „axalcixis bazari“ (86, il. 44), sadac mxatvari gamodis ebrauli
kvartalidan. Zalian sainteresoa „Worikana qalebi“ (86, il. 30), „mdidari
ebraelis coli midis abanoSi“ (86, il. 31), sadac mkafiod ikveTeba
socialuri kontrasti.
religiuri dResaswaulebis Temazea Sesrulebuli suraTi “misionerebis
kurTxeva. suqoTis dResaswauli” (86, il. 15), romelic sainteresoa Tavisi
SinaarsiT. suqoTis dResaswauli 7 dRis manZinze aRiniSneba da amisaTvis
specialurad aigeba „suqa“, rac ivriTadan karavs niSnavs.
es dResaswaulis mTavari adgilia. rogorc wesi suqas sinagogis
teritoriaze mcenareebisagan ageben da sxvadasxva xiliTaa morTuli.
suraTze aRbeWdilia suqaSi ieruslimidan Camosuli misionerebis
kurTxevis momenti. XIX s. miwuruls – XX s. dasawyisSi ierusalimidan
sxvadasxva qveynebSi gzavnidnen misionerebs, romlebic sinagogebisaTvis
Sesawiravs agrovebdnen.
sinagogas ebraelebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT diasporaSi cxovrebisas,
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. sinagogis erT erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqcia
Toris gragnilebis Senaxvaa. sefer Tora aRTqmis kidobanSi inaxeba,
romelic ierusalimisaken mimarTuli kedlis pirdapiraa ganTavsebuli.
saukuneebis manZilze sinagogas, garda religiurisa, kidev sxva
mniSvneloba da datvirTva eniWeba. sinagoga aramxolod salocavia,
aramed ebraeli xalxis ZiriTadi TavSeyris adgili da garda amisa,
saganmanaTleblo centricaa. koboSvilis SemoqmedebaSi sinagogis
religiuri skolis “xederis” Temac aisaxa ramodenime suraTSi.
miTumetes, rom es uSualod mis bavSvur mogonebebs da pirad
gamocdilebas ukavSirdeboda. Ees mogonebebi arc Tu sasiamovnoa,
58
Salomma ramdenjerme asaxa sakuTari dasjis scena: “malkuti –
ritualuri rozgebi” (86, il. 22); “falaxa” (86, il.19); “xederi – ebrauli
religiuri saswavlebeli” (86, il. 18). sinagogis ciklSi kidev ramdenime
suraTia gaerTianebuli: “xeremi - anaTema” (86, il. 24) – asaxavs scenas,
rodesac ebrauli Temis erT erTi wevri anaTemas gadaecema. Toris
kanonebis sistematuri da uxeSi darRvevisaTvis ebrauli Temis sami
kacisagan Semdgari sasamarTlo, „beT-dani“, sajarod xsnis sisits da
amiT am mamakacs sinagogaSi Semosvlis da jamaaTis (ebrauli Temi)
wevrobis ufleba CamoerTmeva. sinagogaSi dasjis sakmaod ucnauri
scenebia “codvis gamosyidva 40 rozgiT” da “haTara – codvis Sendoba”
(86, il. 20, 21). Mmsgavsi dasjis scenebi aratipiuria iudaizmisaTvis da
savaraudoT mxolod AaxalcixeSi iyo gavrcelebuli, rac aRmosavlur,
da SesaZloa garkveul wilad musulmanur gavlenasac ukavSirdeba.
saerTod axalcixel ebraelTa tradiciebi sakmaod gamoirCeva sxva
regionebSi mcxovreb qarTvel ebraelTa wes-Cveulebebisagan, iseve
rogorc gansxvavebulia maTi Cacmulobac.
koboSvilis SemoqmedebaSi gamoiyofa religiuri dResaswaulebis,
ritualuri scenebis, sinagogis, vaWrobis Tematikaze Seqmnili ciklebi.
am ciklebSi gaerTianebul TiToeul suraTs gansakuTrebuli
Sinaarsoblivi datvirTva gaaCnia. qvemoT ufro dawvrilebiT
SemogTavazebT namuSevrebis siuJetebis ganmartebas.
1940 w. Sesrulebulia “samRebro iaraRebi” (86, il. 40); “Solom aleixemis
cxedari” (86, il . 48); “ymebis masobrivi gayidva” (86, il. 46); “ymis gayidva
feodalis mier” (86, il. 47); “qaravani” (86, il. 45). es namuSevrebi Zalze
mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa, miTumetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
koboSvili TviTnaswavli mxatvaria da mTeli misi nayofieri
SemoqmedebiTi gza mxolod sam weliwads moicavs.
koboSvili Tavis SemoqmedebaSi asaxavs xelosnobis Temas, “samRebro
iaraRebi” erT erTi gviandeli namuSevarTagania, ufro adre ki man
daxata suraTebi “mekurtneebi” da “samRebroSi”. xelosnoba qarTvel
ebraelebSi ZvelTaganve iyo gavrcelebuli. Tumca iseTi masStabebi,
rogorc ruseTSi arasodes hqonia. gvianfeodalur xanaSi ebrauli
59
mosaxleobis umniSvnelo nawili misdevda mRebrobas da matylis darTvas.
XVIII s. meore naxevridan aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ebraul mosaxleobaSi
Cndebian xarazebi. XIX s. bolos da XX s. dasawyisSi aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos ebrauli mosaxleobis nawili misdevs keramikul warmoebas.
axalcixeSi da bevr sxva qalaqebSi ebraelebi muSaobdnen Savi, wvetiani
Custebis mkeravebad, iSviaTad zeinklebad, mWedlebad, kurtnis
mkeTeblebad. ebraelTa es saqmianobac erTgvar vaWrobasTan iyo
dakavSirebuli _ xelosani ebraeli Tavis nawarms TviTonve hyidda.
koboSvilis Semoqmedebas, rogorc Janris, aseve koloritis mxriv
Tavisebureba da gamorCeuli xelwera axasiaTebs.
kontrastuli da kaSkaSa feradovani gama gansakuTrebul mimzidvelobas
aniWebs koboSvilis namuSevrebs da gaJRenTilia aRmosavluri suliTa da
koloritulobiT. 1940 wels saqarTvelos ebraelaTa istoriul-
eTnografiulma muzeumma moawyo Salom koboSvilis personaluri
gamofena, romelmac didi mowoneba daimsaxura, xolo muzeumis gauqmebis
Semdeg mxatvris namuSevrebi dakargulad iTvleboda, Tumca mTeli am
wlebis manZilze isini muzeumis fondebSi inaxeboda. dResdReobiT isini
daculia (rogorc saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli
muzeumis sxva eqsponatebis ZiriTadi nawili) saqarTvelos erovnuli
muzeumis s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumis fondebSi.
koboSvilis namuSevrebis saxiT ebrauli yofisa, Tu eTnografiis
Sesaswavlad umdidresi ganZi gagvaCnia, xolo Tavad koboSvili -
pirveli didi erovnuli mxatvari.
Salom koboSvilis katalogi:
Salom koboSvilis yvela namuSevari Sesrulebulia 1937-1940 wlebSi.
namuSevrebTan miTiTebulia TariRebi, romlebic moyvanilia papismedovis
mier Sedgenil ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumSi mowyobil
koboSvilis namuSevarTa gamofenis katalogSi.
suraTebis saxelwodebis zusti warmomavlobis dadgena ver moxerxda,
vinaidan gamofena moewyo Salom koboSvilis sicocxleSive, vivaraudeT,
rom saxelwodebebi masTan SeTanxmdeboda, amitom mogvyavs 1940 wlis
60
gamofenis katalogis Sesabamisad, xolo zogierTi sainventaro wignebSi
dafiqsirebuli saxelwodebebis Sesabamisad.
Salom koboSvili iyenebda sxvadasxvagvar xelmoweras, amitom katalogSi
warmodgenilia misi xelmowerebic.
2006 wels Salom koboSvilis gamofenis momzadebasa da katalogis
publikaciasTan dakavSirebiT fondebSi daculi namuSevrebi Tavidan iqna
atributirebuli da identificirebuli. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis
S. amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis muzeumis yofil teqnologiuri
kvlevis laboratoriaSi, sadac imJamad vmuSaobdi, ganyofilebis
gamgesTan, xelovnebaTmcodne n. elizbaraSvilTan da fizikos-teqnolog
e. mesropianTan erTad CavatareT Salom koboSvilis oci namuSevris
kompleqsuri teqnologiuri gamokvleva: binokularul mikroskopSi,
ultraiisferi luminescenciiT, calkeuli fragmentebis
makrofotogadaReba Semdgomi analiziT, gakeTda ferweruli tiloebis
rentgenogramebi.
miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze gamoikveTa Salom koboSvilis
mxatvruli xelweris garkveuli Taviseburebani. Cvens mier SeirCa da
gamokvleva Cautarda yvelaze tipiur namuSevrebs, amitom es monacemebi
damaxasiaTebelia yvela danarCeni suraTebisaTvisac. qvemoT moviyvanT
koboSvilis ferweruli da grafikuli teqnikisTvis damaxasiaTebel
zogad monacemebs. (ix. ilustraciebis danarTi)
ferweris teqnologia:
tilo odnav gawebovnebulia webos da TeTras nareviT. zevidan xatavs
zeTis saRebavebiT. ferweruli fena Zalian Txelia, zogan vlindeba
tilos struqtura. odnav korpusulad ideba funjiT TeTra. ferebi
lokaluria, TeTras iyenebs lesirebis magivrad da agreTve nakecebis
modelirebisas. zogan tanisamosze sinaTlis aTinaTebi gakeTebulia
Txlad gazavebuli TeTraTi, TiTqmis araa damfaravi pastozuri
monasmebi.
61
rogorc wesi xelmowera gakeTebulia jer kidev svel ferwerul fenaze.
feradi grafikis teqnologia:
naxati keTdeba jer Zalian wvrili fanqriT, Semdeg zogan es naxati
meordeba tuSiT da kalmiT (mag. ~axalcixeli ebraeli patarZali~),
Seferadebulia feradi fanqriT. gaferadebuli gamosaxuleba
Semovlebulia grafitis fanqris konturiT, rac gamosaxulebas
moculobas aniWebs da avlens qsovilis saxesa da teqsturas.
zogan abrisi mocemulia naxatiT wvrili fanqriT, Semdeg gamoyenebulia
guaSi, xolo calkeuli xazebi konturebis da naoWebis gamosavlenad
Sesrulebulia tuSiT da kalmiT, calkeuli nawilebi ki grafitis
fanqriT.
ferad fanqarTan rogorc wesi gamoyenebulia grafitis fanqaric.
Sereuli teqnikisas _ zogan iyenebes akvarels, guaSs, grafitis fanqars
da tuSs.
guaSiT Sesrulebuli umetesi namuSevari zevidan dafarulia laqis
feniT.
am teqnologiuri monacemebis safuZvelze kidev erTxel mogveca
SesaZlebloba gadagvemowmebina koboSvilis namuSevrebis atribuciebi da
Segvejerebina 1940 wlis ebrauli muzeumis “SromebSi” (56, 109) i.
papismedovis mier moyvanil koboSvilis namuSevrebis siasTan, romlic
warmodgenili iyo koboSvilis personalur gamofenaze. Aam siaSi misi 50
namuSevaria. Ggamofena mis sicocxleSive moewyo, amitom aq CamoTvlili
namuSevrebi namdvilad koboSvilis mier aris Sesrulebuli, Tumca es ar
aris muzeumis koleqciaSi arsebuli yvela suraTi, vinaidan koboSvili
sicocxlis bolomde xatavda da, marTalia mas Semdeg weliwadze
naklebi icocxla, magram mainc sakmaod nayofieri iyo misi momdevno
Semoqmedebac. Aatribuciisas pirvel rigSi vxelmZRvanelobdiT
papismedovis mier moyvanili siiTa da koboSvilis mier xelmowerili
suraTebiT, xolo danarCenis identificirebisas, garda vizualuri
xelwerisa, Zalian mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda Cvens mier Catarebuli
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teqnologiuri kvelvis Sedegebi. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom koboSvili
araprofesionali mxatvaria da arasdros ar Seuswavlia xatva, misi
namuSevrebis gamokvlevam gamoavlina sakmaod saintereso, misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli xelwera da xatvis proncipi.
ebrauli muzeumis koleqciaSi koboSvilisa da daviT gvelesianis
namuSevrebis garda, kidev ramodenime mxatvris suraTebia, maT Soris
zogierTi ucnobi mxatvris. sainventaro wignebSi arazusti monacemebi iyo
dafiqsirebuli, amitom warmoiqmna koboSvilisa da sxva mxatvrebis
namuSevrebis xelaxali atribuciis aucilebloba. Amis Sedegad
koboSvilis dadasturebuli yvela 55 namuSevari gamoifina 2006 wels i.
griSaSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis istoriis muzeumSi (qarvaslaSi) mis
personalur saiubileo gamofenaze da Sevida katalogSi.
Salom koboSvilis namuSevrebis sia:
1. Saqar-puri
2. Saqar-puri
3. saqorwino kabis gamoWra
4. dedoflis wayvana abanoSi
5. axalcixeli ebraeli nefe
6. axalcixeli ebraeli patarZali
7. axalcixeli ebraeli patarZali
8. ~jeizi~ _ mziTvis aRwera
9. ~ajla~ _ saqorwino sareceli
10. bavSvis dabadeba
11. bavSvis wayvana windasacveTad sinagogaSi
12. frinvelebis dakvla religiuri wesiT
13. qalebis banaoba ~mikveSi~
14. ritualuri daniSnulebis qoxi
15. misionerebis kurTxeva (suqoTis dResaswauli)
16. misioneri yidis ierusalimis miwas
63
17. ebraelTa kvartali axalcixeSi
18. ~xederi~ _ ebrauli religiuri saswavlebeli
19. “falaxa”
20. codvis gamosyidva 40 rozgiT
21. ~haTara~ _ codvis Sendoba
22. “malkuti” – ritualuri rozgebi
23. religiuri saswavlebeli sinagogaSi
24. “xeremi” - anaTema
25. seferToris gamotana sinagogaSi
26. TxovniT ~breTis bibliisadmi~
27. ~breTis bibliisadmi~ Tayvaniscemis momenti
28. eqimbaSTan
29. Sesalocad eqimbaSTan
30. Worikana qalebi
31. mdidari ebraelis coli midis abanoSi
32. ~finjraoba~ _ qalTa TamaSi
33. axalcixel ebrael qalTa xelsaqme
34. cekva ~saivo~ _ ferxuli
35. cekva ~saivo~ _ xorumi
36. cekva ~saivo~ _ xorumi
37. cekva ~saivo~ _ xorumi
38. mekurtneebi
39. samRebroSi
40. samRebro iaraRebi
41. sovdagari ebraeli
42. mdidari sovdagris coli
43. ~dvacatniki~
44. axalcixis bazari
45. qaravani
46. ymebis masobrivi gayidva
47. ymis gayidva feodalis mier
48. Solom aleixemis cxedari
64
49. Solom aleixemis portreti
50. stalinis portreti
51. ebrael kolmeurneTa saerTo ubani (eskizi)
52. mosavlis Cabareba ebrael kolmeurneTa mier
53. ebraeli kolmeurneebi Sin brundebian
54. kolmeurneebi yanaSi
55. tyis mcevelebi
65
Tavi IV
qarTvel ebraelTa kultura da yofa
eqsponatebis sia. (87)
am TavSi warmovadgenT yvela im eqsponats, romelic aRnusxulia
katalogSi “maradiuli cecxli. qarTvel ebraelTa kultura da yofa”
(87) da aseve eqsponirebuli iyo amave saxelwodebis gamofenaze 2008 w.
i. griSaSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis istoriis muzeumSi (qarvasla).
gamofenis momzadebis procesSi moxda eqsponatebis Seswavla, xelaxali
atribucia. TiToeuli maTgani daeqvemdebara restavraciasa da
konservacias, umetesobas Seecvala saTauri. qvemoT warmogidgenT sias
ukve axali monacemebis Sesabamisad, katalogSi dabeWdili
TanmimdevrobiTa da numeraciiT.
katalogis gamocemis Semdeg kidev ufro detalurad Seviswavle ebrauli
koleqcia da aq moyvanili zogierTi monacemebi dazustda, SesaZlebeli
gaxda maTi atribucia da daTariReba, amitom aqve, mivuTiTebT axal
informaciasac.
es samecniero kvlevisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani axali monacemebia, maTi
dadgena moxda ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze Seswavlili mdidari
paraleluri masalis safuZvelze, rogorc literaturul wyaroebsa da
iudaikis Temisadmi miZRvnili mravalricxovani saitebisa da auqcionebis
daTvalierebiT, aseve (rac yvelaze nayofieri da mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda),
sxvadasxva qveynebSi ebrauli koleqciebis uSualo Seswavlisa da
analogiur eqsponatebTan SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze.
dekoratiuli, religiuri, ritualuri daniSnulebis nivTebis atribucia
daemyara umdidresi analogiuri masalis uSualo gacnobas florenciis,
Tel avivis, ierusalimis, berlinis, londonis, parizis, praRis ebraul
muzeumebSi.
ukanaskneli atribuciebidan gamomdinare, Seicvala eqsponatebis
daTariReba. naSromSi warmodgenili eqsponatebi cota scdeba
disertaciis Tavdapirvel saTaurs da asaxavs iudaizms saqarTvelos ara
66
mxolod me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, aramed me-19 saukunidan. Ees
gadaTariReba exeba mxolod eTnografiul masalas, religiuri da
ritualuri daniSnulebis nivTebs.
Tematikis specifikadan da nivTebis mravalferovnebidan gamomdinare,
eqsponatebi gamofenazec da Sesabamisad katalogSic Sinaarsoblivad iyo
ganlagebuli da erTgvar Tematur ciklebad erTiandeba.
gamofenazec da katalogSic Salom koboSvilisa da daviT gvelesianis
Semoqmedeba ar aris gamijnuli da Sinaarsobrivi principiTaa agebuli.
aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedvaT imisa, rom koboSvili TviTnaswavli mxatvari
iyo, xolo daviT gvelesiani profesionali, maTi namuSevrebis erTad
gamofena xels ar uSlis TiToeulis TviTmyofadobis aRqmas. rogorc
ukve avRniSneT, Salom koboSvilis Semoqmedeba scdeba mxolod mxatvrul
Rirebulebas da mis stilistur Sefasebas. is sruliad fasdaudebelia
Tavisi SinaarsiT. Ggarda amisa, gvelesianisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic
ebrauli muzeumis xelmZRvanelobis SekveTiT xatavda, koboSvili Tavis
namuSevrebSi aqsovs uSualo emociebsa da gancdebs, romlebic mis
cxovrebas da warsulis mogonebebs ukavSirdeba, is Tavad iyo yvela im
movlenis momswre da Tanamonawile, rac asaxulia mis naxatebSi.
erT erTi yvelaze saintereso cikli qorwinebas ukavSirdeba, romelsac
ebraelis cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. qorwinebis
Temaze mTeli rigi namuSevrebi aqvT Seqmnili Salom koboSvils da
daviT gvelesians. maT namuSevrebSi asaxulia qorwinebis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani etapebi. eqsponatebis anotaciebi da siuJetis ganmarteba
Tan erTvis qvemoT warmodgenil sias. Qqorwinebis cikli iwyeba niSnobis
sceniT. qorwinebis TemasTan dakavSirebuli yvela scena gansakuTrebuli
sadResaswauli elferiT gamoirCeva. „Saqar puri. sityvis gatana“ – ase
ewodeba Salom koboSvilis mier Seqmnil suraTs, romelic asaxavs
niSnobis scenas. Kkompozicia oTaxis centrSi, patara dabali magidis
garSemoa ganlagebuli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mcxovreb ebraelebs
gansxvavebuli saqorwino tradiciebi aqvT, qeTuba yvelasaTvis mTavaria.
igi qaRaldze an pergamentze dawerili, mxatvrulad gaformebuli
67
erTgvari saqorwino xelSekrulebaa. am tradicias fesvebi uxsovari
droidan Caeyara. TviTon qorwinebis ceremonia tardeba xufis qveS.
tradiciulad xufa abreSumis an xaverdis qsovilis didi naWeria,
romelic oTx svetzea gadafenili an oTx adamians uWiravs nefe-
patarZlisa da maT mowmeTa Tavze qeTubis wakiTxvis dros.
xufis qveS sasiZo sapatarZlos Tavisad acxadebs. Oori mowmis
TandaswrebiT siZe beWeds ukeTebs patarZals da tradiciul sityvebs
umeorebs “am beWdiT Sen me meZRvnebi mosesa da israelis kanoniT.
terminiT “kiduSini” Talmuduri literatura qorwinebis aqts aRnisnavs.
qorwinebis mizania miuZRvnas coli, mis erTaderT qmars. sityva kiduSini
warmoiSveba fuZidan, romelic “siwmindes” aRniSnavs, rac Rvinis
kurTxeviT gamoixateba. Aamitom xSirad specialur Tasebs iyenebdnen,
Rviniani TasiT kiduSs langriT miarTmevdnen, rac movlenas ufro metad
sadResaswaulo elfers matebs.
Tavis ZiriTadi principebisadmi erTguli, iudaizmi cdilobs xorcisa da
instinktebis sulierebamde ayvanas da kiduSinis aqtiT nakurTxi qali
ojaxSi ebrauli tradiciis mcveli xdeba. Uudavoa, rom swored ojaxuri
cxovrebis simtkicis wyalobiT ebraelebi amden Zaladobasa da
ubedurebas uZlebdnen.
beWdis simboluri gamoyeneba Zveli droidan momdinareobs. gansakuTrebiT
bevrma beWedma 16 saukunidan moaRwia. gamorCeulad daxvewilia italieli
ostatebis namuSevrebi, sxvadasxva formiTa da ornamentebiT
mopirkeTebuli. beWdis Sida mxridan rogorc wesi amotvifrulia sityvebi
“mazal tov”. Bbabilonuri tyveobis epoqidan moyolebuli ebraelebi
dainteresebulni iyvnen astrologiiTa da Tanavarskvlavedebis
gavlenaze, amitom imedovnebden, rom “mazal tovis” (ivriTze sityva
“mazal”- bednierebas, beds, varskvlavs niSnavs) bednieri
Tanavarskvlavedi maT qorwinebas icavda.
mijnurebs Soris urTerTobis erT erTi lamazi tradicia saCuqrebis
mirTmevaa. Ees tradicia uxsovari droidan modis da amis Sesaxeb
bibliaSic aris moxsenebuli. uZvelesi magaliTia eliezeri, romelmac
68
Tavisi batonis saxeliT rebekas, samkaulebi, samajurebi da beWdebi
miarTva (Талмуд. Киддушин, 50 б. Бава Батра, 146 а)
Zalian gavrcelebuli saCuqaria locvaTa krebuli, romelic rogorc
wesi sagngebod ibeWdeboda, da lamzad da mdidrulad iyo gaformebuli.
yda italiaSi vercxlisagan mzaddeboda, holandiasa da germaniaSi kus
javSnisgan an spilos Zvlisagan, vercxlis an oqros filigranis
SesakravebiT. italiuri ydebis umetesoba XVIII saukunisaa da rokokos
stilSia Sesrulebuli da sagvareuli RerbebiTaa gaformebuli,
yvavilebis da foTlebis ornamentiTaa gaformebuli. zogjer gerbebi
nefe patarZlis saxelebiTa an qorwinebis TariRiTaa Secvlili.
beWdisa da saCuqrebis garda patarZali saqorwilod iRebs agreTve
qeTubas, saqorwino kontraqts, romelSic sasiZo valdebulebas iRebs
uzrunvelyos coli sacxovrebliT, Caacvas, arCinos da pativi sces mas,
“rogorc Rirseul ebrael qmars” Seefereba.
rac Seexeba ganqorwinebas ebraul tradiciaSi iniciativa qmars ekuTvnis.
colis uflebebi qeTubis aqtSia daculi da ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi
iTvaliswinebs colisaTvis fulad anazRaurebas da agreTve
memkvidreebisaTvis garantirebul materialur mzrunvelobas.
qeTubis aqti aTaswleulebis manZilze icavs colis legalur statuss,
romelsac qmari xels awers ori mowmis TandaswrebiT.
uZvelesi saqorwino kontraqti “assuanur papirusebs” Sorisaa
aRmoCenili (daaxloebiT 500 w. Zv w.). masSi CamoTvlili ramodenime
punqti qeTubis dRevandel formaSicaa gamoyenebuli.
garda punqtebis da valdebulebebis CamonaTvalisa, qeTuba warmoadgens
garkveul wilad xelovnebis nimuSsac, imdenad mdidruladaa
gaformebuli. qeTubis dekortiul morTulobas garda wminda esteTiuri
datvirTvisa varaudoben, rom kidev erTi funqcia akisria, ar misces
saSualeba mogvianebiT Caematos rame ukve arsebul kontraqtSi.
ilustrirebuli qeTubebi savaraudod jer kidev Talmudis periodidanaa
cnobili, rodesac teqstebi arameul enaze iwereboda.
69
elinisturi periodis Talmudis teqstebSi naxsenebia wiTel pergamentis
qaRaldze oqros asoebiT Sesrulebuli xelnawerebi. rogorc Cans mag
dros ukve cnobili iyo ilustrirebuli qeTubebi.
qeTuba kerZo da arareligiuri, arasakraluri mniSvneliobis sabuTia,
amitom mis mimarT iseT pativiscemas ar gamoxatavdnen, rogorc bibliuri
an sxva religiuri xasiaTis xelnawerebis mimarT. Aamitom isini xSirad
nadgurdeboda an xelmeored sxva miznebisTvis iyenebdnen. Zveli droidan
arc Tu bevri qeTubaa SemorCenili. uZvelesi me-11 saukunisaa. Sua
saukuneebSi Sesrulebul zogierT qeTubaze adamianis figurebia
gamosaxuli.
1. xanuqis sasanTle sinagogis. spilenZi, xe. H – 108, L – 57. (sm)
muzeumis sainventaro wignSi ar iyo zustad gansazRvruli am eqsponatis
daniSnuleba, warmomavloba, ar iyo daTariRebuli.
savaraudoT sinagogisaTvis gankuTvnili (sakmaod didi zomisa da mZimea)
xanuqis Sandalia, Tumca am Sandlis daniSnuleba mainc ar aris
bolomde gasagebi. Sandalze amJamad 6 sasanTlea SemorCenili, xanuqis
Sanadals 9 unda qondes, rogorc wesi 8 erT rigSi, xolo 1 calke
gamoyofili. Aam Sandalis sam safexurze ki dakarguli sasanTleebis
CaRrmavebebis mixedviT, ufro meti sasanTle unda yofiliyo, rac
gamoricxavs Sandlis xanuqis dResaswaulisas gamoyenebas (SedarebisTvis
ix. xanuqis Sandali, il 89). savaraudoT es sinagogis Sandalia. Mmisi
dekoridan da stilidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is aSkenazuri
warmomavlobisaa, ruseTidan an poloneTidan Semotanili da me-19
saukunis meore naxevriT SeiZleba daTariRdes.
Sandalze tipiuri reliefuri gamosaxulebania, ebrauli warwerebiT,
lomebiT (ierusalimis simbolo), zeda nawilSi ki aTi mcnebis Tavze
mtredebs niskartebiT gvirgvini ukaviaT.
70
2. cicitis CanTa. xaverdisa da bambis qsovili, oqromkedi. H – 62,5,
L – 41,8 (sm)
lurji xaverdisa, swori, erT mxares oqromkediT amoqargulia gvirgvini,
eqvsqimiani varskvlavi. sarCuli TeTri bambis qsovilis udevs.
ciciti saritualo foCebiani samosia, romelsac mamakacebi atareben.
ciciti (ִציִצּיֹות ,ִציִצית,) bibliur ivriTSi qsovilis foCs niSnavs. Eebraeli
mamakacis samosze cicits ritualuri daniSnuleba gaaCnia. cicitis
tarebis mcneba cifrebis wignSia moTxrobili (15:38-41). Bბibliuri teqstis
Tanaxmad, ciciti samosis oTxive kuTxeSi unda gaukeTdes da TiToeul
konaSi cisfrad SeRebili Zafi unda daerTos. “da geqnebaT is cicitSi,
da daxedavT mas da gagaxsendebaT uflis yvela mcneba da aRasrulebT
maT...” (15:39). TalmudSi cicits specialuri traktati eZRvneba.
morwmune ebraeli Mmamakacebi da biWebi cicits tansacmlis qveS atareben,
tradiciisamebr dRemde aucilebelia, rom cicitis foCebi Candes samosis
kideebidan.
cicitis garda, aseT CanTebs taliTisaTvis iyenebdnen.
taliTi (ַטִּלית) – ebrauli ritualuri mosasxami, romelic marTkuTxa
TeTri qsovilisagan (Sali, bamba, abreSumi) mzaddeba. kideebSi ramodenime
cisferi, lurji an Savi zoli aqvs Caqsovili. iudaizmSi locvis dros
mamakacisaTvis taliTis mosxma Toris miTiTebebis siwmindeSi Semosvasa
da RmerTis nebisadmi simbolur damorCilebas gulisxmobs.
cicitis CanTa muzeumis sainventaro wignSi ar iyo daTariRebuli.
xaverdis qsovilze oqromkediT damaxasiaTebeli gamosaxulebaa
amoqarguli: magendaviTi SuaSi ebrauli warweriT da mcenareuli
ornamentebiT. mis zeda qimze lomebs gvirgvini uWiravT. Sesrulebis
stilidan gamomdinare, cicitis CanTa me-19 saukunis meore naxevriT
SeiZleba daTariRdes.
3. kalendari. fraJe, Wedva. H – 29,5
dafis qveda nawilSi, SuaSi oTkuTxa liTonis kolofSi Calagebulia
Svidi liTonis firfita ebrauli warwerebiT. (sm)
71
Tora-Sildi, erTgvari religiuri dResaswaulebis kalendaria, is
rogorc wesi Tavsdeba sefer Toris gragnilze, SeiZleba masze iyos
gadakiduli, an zevidan ikideba, mis qveda nawilSi patara fanjaraa
amoWrili, romelSic calke liTonis warwerebiani firfitebia
moTavsebuli. TiToeulze religiuri dResaswaulis saxelwodebaa. Toris
kiTxvisas, kalendarzec Sesabamisad icvleba firfitebi.
sainventaro wignSi ar weria warmomavloba da Seqmnis TariRi. evropuli
ceremonialuri atributikis sxva nimuSebTan Sedarebis safuZvelze,
savaraudoT Cveni muzeumis Tora-Sildi ukrainuli an polonuri
warmoSobis SeiZleba iyos da me-19 saukunis SuaTi daTariRdes.
4. baRdadi. abreSumis qsovili, xelis dazgaze naqsovi. 84X85.
i .griSaSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis istoriis muzeumi (Tim)
5. qirmanSali. Salis qsovili, nabeWdi. 150X150. (Tim)
6. boxCa. bambisa da abreSumis qsovili, xelis dazgaze naqsovi. 72X72.
(Tim)
7. Tavsakravi Cixtisa. xaverdisa da abreSumis qsovili, oqromkedi,
reliefuri namagri siTvi. 51X3,5. (Tim)
Cixtis Tavsakravebi Zalian mravalferovnadaa warmodgenili ebrauli
muzeumis koleqciaSi. Qqalaqeli qarTveli ebareli qalis samosi me-19
saukunis meore naxevarsa da me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi
eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiT TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba qarTveli qalis
samosisagan, gamonakliss axalcixuri Cacmuloba warmoadgens,
romelSic aRmosavluri zegavlena Warbobs.
koleqciaSi warmodgenili Cixtis Tavsakravebi sainventaro wignSi ar
aris daTariRebuli, katalogშi mxolod ramodenime gvaqvs
warmodgenili, rogorc Cans isini sxvadasxva fenis warmomadgenel
qalbatonebs ekuTvnoda, razec qsovili da naqargi metyvelebs da
72
TiToeuli maTgani gansxvavebuli droiT SeiZleba daTariRdes, me-19
saukunis meore naxevridan me-20s. dasawyisis farglebSi.
8. Tavsakravi Cixtisa. xaverdisa da bambis qsovili, sxepla, malaTini,
oqromkedi, reliefuri namagri siTvi. 49X3,5. (Tim)
9. Tavsakravi Cixtisa. xaverdis qsovili, abreSumis Zafi, namagri siTvi,
kvanZuri naqargoba. 55X3,5. (Tim)
10. Tavsakravi Cixtisa. xaverdis qsovili, abreSumis Zafi, kvanZuri da
ormxrivi siTvi. 55X3,5. (Tim)
11. Tavsakravi Cixtisa. xaverdis qsovili, bambis Zafi, naqargoba. 45X3.
(Tim)
12. Tavsdakravi Cixtisa. xaverdis qsovili, oqromkedi, reliefuri
namagri siTvi. 46X5. (Tim)
13. buzmenti, sartyeli. abreSumisa da mitklis qsovili, oqromkedi,
ormxrivi siTvi. H – 203, L – 7,1. (sm)
buzmenti qarTveli ebraeli qalis samosis damaxasiaTebeli aqsesuaria.
სainventaro wignSi ar iyo daTariRebuli. stiliT me-19 saukunis boloTi
SeiZleba daTariRdes.
14. sartyeli (fragmenti). farCa, marmaSis qsovili, oqromkedi,
reliefuri namagri siTvi. H – 74, L – 16,5. (sm)
sartyeli, farCis, TeTri, erT totiani. sartyelze oqromkediT
stilizebuli yvavil-foTlovani mcenarea gamoyvanili. sarCulad TeTri
marmaSi udevs.
msgavsi sartyeli wyvilad amSvenebda qalis qvedakabis kalTas da
Tavisuflad eSveboda kabis TiTqmis mTels sigrZeze. Mme-19 s. meore
naxevri.
73
15. elemi. xaverdisa da rifsis qsovili, oqromkedi, buzmenti, namagri
da kvanZuri siTvi. H – 30. (Tim)
erTgvari mokle ჟileti. Aanalogiuri dekoratiuli samosi berlinis
ebraul muzeumSia daculi da atributirebulia rogorc ebrauli
saqorwilo samosis aqsesuari. სavaraudod, saqarTveloSic igive
daniSnuleba unda qonoda da SეiZleba evropidan yofiliyo Semotanili
me-19 saukuneSi.
16. zedakaba (iCluRi). farCa, abreSumis da narmis qsovili, oqromkedi,
xelis dazgaze naqsovi, Wviruli naqargoba. H – 60. (Tim)
wiTeli farCis; usayelo, grZeli saxeloebiT, saxeloebi majasTan
Sexsnili, gawyobilia Savi abreSumis yaiTniT; sarCuli TeTri narmis.
17. windebi bavSvis. Salis ZafiT naqsovi, windis CxirebiT. H – 26. (sm)
18. a. perangi qalisa. mitklis qsovili, maqmani, xelis dazgaze naqsovi.
H – 59. (sm)
b. Sarfi. abreSumis saxiani qsovili, xelis dazgaze naqsovi. H – 200,
L – 54. (sm)
g. qvedakaba. abreSumisa da mitklis qsovili, foCi. H – 95. (sm)
qveda tani, abreSumis, Sindisferi, grZeli. qvedatani xuTi iribad aWrili
naWrisagan Sedgeba: ukan kalTaSi kabis Sesakravidan bolomde Cagdebulia
ori iribad aWrili naWeri. qvedatanis boloze irgvliv Semovlebulia
foCi, sarCuli _ yavisferi mitklis.
aseTi samosi ZiriTadaT Tbiliseli ebraeli qalebisaTvis iyo
damaxasiaTebeli me-19-20 ss. Mmijnaze. rogorc ukve avRniSneT, me-19 s.
dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi aSkenazi ebraelebis migracia aRiniSneba,
ZiriTadaT ruseTidan, ukrainidan, litvidan, poloneTidan, ebraeli
qalaqeli qalis samosSi am periodidan vrceldeba evropuli Cacmulobis
stilic.
74
19. d.gvelesiani. ebraeli patarZali. qaRaldi, akvareli. 45X28. (sm)
aq gvelesianis mier warmodgenilia axalcixeli ebraeli patarZali, am
regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebel aRmosavlur samosSi. axalcixeli
ebraealebi, rogorc ukve avRniSneT, gamoirCeodnen CacmulobiTa Tu
ritualebiT. axalcixeSi sapatarZlo kaba mkveTri ferebiT gamoirCeoda
20. S. koboSvili. axalcixeli ebraeli patarZali. qaRaldi muyao,
feradi fanqari, grafiti, tuSi. 26,5X14,5. (sm)
21. windebi. abreSumisa da bambis Zafi, windis CxirebiT naqsovi
(daSibuli). mcenareuli da geometriuli ornamentiT, feradi Zafebi.
H – 45. (Tim)
22. fexsacmeli qalisa. xaverdisa da tilos qsovili, lanCi, tyavi,
oqromkedi, reliefuri namagri siTvi. (sm)
fexsacmeli, sosanis feri, xaverdis, Ziri lanCis, yeliani, qusliani,
oqromkediT naqargi. fexsacmlis yelis gverdebze tyavis qsovilia
Cakerebuli, sarCulad tilos sqeli qsovili udevs.
qalis saqorwino fexsacmeli, damaxasiaTebelia axalcixel
ebraelTaTvis.
23. oqrokaba (qalis saqorwino tansacmeli). farCa, oqroqsovili,
abreSumisa da narmis qsovili, Semkulia yanaozis qobiT, xelis
dazgaze naqsovi.
H – 124. (Tim)
zedatani - oqrokaba, wiTeli farCisa, win bolomde Caxsnili; ikvreba
yaiTnis RilebiT da yulfebiT; saxeloebi boloSi Caxsnilia da
gawyobili Savi abreSumis CafariSiT da yaiTniT; sarCuli _ narmisa.
24. axaluxi qalisa. farCa, abreSumisa da bambis qsovili, yaiTani, xelis
dazgaze naqsovi. H – 140. (Tim)
75
axaluxi, Sav-iasamnisferi zoliani abreSumis satinisa, maRalsayeloani;
grZeli SeWrili yoSiani saxeloebiT; gawyobilia Savi abreSumis
yanaoziT da CafariSiT, TeTri bambs sarCuliT.
25. oqrokaba (qalis saqorwino tansacmeli). farCa, abreSumisa da narmis
qsovili, yaiTani, xelis dazgaze naqsovi. H – 132. (Tim)
26. S. koboSvili. cekva saivo (qalTa jgufuri cekva). qaRaldi,
guaSi, akvareli. 49,5X59. (sm)
27. S. koboSvili. cekva saivo (qalTa jgufuri cekva). 1940. muyao,
feradi fanqari. 19X24,5. (sm)
28. zedakaba. abreSumisa da bambis qsovilebi, abreSumis Zafi, CafariSis
firfitebiT qsova, ormagi siTvi, xelis dazgaze naqsovi. H – 55.
(Tim)
zedatani mwvane abreSumis, majasTan gaganierebuli saxeloebiT, ikvreba 9
RiliT, mxrisTavebi da napirebi morTulia foCiani abreSumis CafariSiT.
29. zedakaba (iCluRi). abreSumisa da bambis qsovili, yaiTani, oqromkedi,
liToni, xelis dazgaze naqsovi, namagri da kvanZura siTvi. H – 61.
(Tim)
qarTveli ebraeli qalis nacionaluri Casacmeli; saxeloebi grZeli,
majasTan Caxsnili; gawyobili sirmis CafariSiT da yaiTniT, sarCuli
CiTis.
30. abanos qoSi qalisa. xe, sirmis CafariSi, xeze kveTa, qvilTis teqnika.
H – 23,5. (Tim)
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31. abanos qoSi qalisa. xe, sadafi, tyavi, selis qsovili, vercxlmkedi,
inkrustacia, namagri siTvi, xeliT nakeTi. H – 23,5. (Tim)
abanos qoSebi, qusliT, damzadebulia erTi mTliani xisagan, Semkulia
sadafis rombebiT, tyavis TasmiT.
32. qoSi qalisa. xaverdisa da maudis qsovili, tyavi, oqromkedis
yaiTniT, namagri siTvi. H – 28. (Tim)
qoSebi, xaverdis, sosanisferi, naqargi oqros yaiTniT, tyavis ZiriT,
sarCuli maudis.
33. qoSi qalisa. xaverdi, tyavi, oqromkedi, xeliT nakeTi. H – 22,5. (Tim)
qoSebi, xaverdis, muqi Sindisferi, qusliT, Wvintiani cxviriT.
34. S. koboSvili. cekva saivo (qalTa jgufuri cekva). qaRaldi,
akvareli, guaSi. 33X44. (sm)
35. S. koboSvili. Saqar-puri. sityvis gatana. qaRaldi, guaSi. 30,5X40.
(sm)
Saqar-puri anu sityvis gatana ewodeba sapatarZlos mSoblebis ojaxSi
gamarTul niSnobas, sadac qadis msgavsi tkbili namcxvari ojaxur
samyaros, xolo Saqris mozrdili Tavi tkbili cxovrebis simboloebia.
niSnobis dasrulebisas Saqris naWrebi stumrebs urigdebodaT.
36. vaza saqorwilo. fraJe, Wedva. H – 20,2, d – 19. (sm)
37. zedakaba. farCa, yalamqari, sirmis TafariSi, oqromkedi, xaverdula
Zafi, dazgaze naqsovi, namagri siTvi. H – 62. (Tim)
axaluxi, mwvane farCis, qalis; yoSiani saxeloebiT, napirebze
Semokerebulia sirmis TafariSi, sarCuli yalamqarisa.
77
38. nimuSi farCisa. xelis dazgaze naqsovi. 84X56. (Tim)
39. S. koboSvili. saqorwino kabis gamoWra. 1939. qaRldi, guaSi. 38X47,5.
(sm)
40. S. koboSvili. dedoflis wayvana abanoSi. 1939. qaRaldi, akvareli.
31,5X41,5. (sm)
saqorwino samzadisis erT-erTi aucilebeli nawili iyo dedoflis
ganbana mikveSi (saritualo abanoSi). patarZali uamravi qalisa da kacis
TanxlebiT mihyavdaT mikveSi tebilis ritualis (wyliT savse auzSi
samjer Cayuryumalaveba) gansaxorcieleblad. mas aSuRebi sazisa da
Wianuris dakvriT miuZRodnen. aSuRebs mihyvebodnen patara biWebi
sabanao WurWliTa da boxCaSi gamokruli sanovagiT, maT ki _ patarZlis
dobilebisa da naTesavebis amala.
41. gadasafarebeli. mitklis qsovili, bambis zafi, maqmani, naqargoba,
dazgaze naqsovi. (Tim)
42. patarZlis pirsaxoci. mitklis qsovili, naqsovi maqmani, abreSumis
Zafi, ormagi siTvi. (Tim)
43. mandili. abreSumis qsovili, xelis dazgaze naqsovi. 90X90. (Tim)
44. TavSali. abreSumis Zafi, badiseburi naqsovi. H – 123, L – 120. (sm)
wiTeli abreSumis, badiseburi naqsovi, oTxkuTxedi, Tavisive Zafis
arSiiTa da foCiT Semovlebuli. napirebze oTxive mxares jvrebia
amoqarguli.
45. baRdadi. abreSumis qsovili, dazgaze naqsovi. H – 74, L – 67. (sm)
abreSumis mwvane foni, zed wiTeli da yviTeli feris saxiT. napirebi
Semocrecili aqvs.
78
46. S. koboSvili. axalcixeli ebraeli patarZali. qaRaldi, muyao,
guaSi. 35X17. (sm)
47. S. koboSvili. axalcixeli ebraeli nefe. 1940. qaRaldi, akvareli,
guaSi, tuSi. 38,5X25. (sm)
48. S. koboSvolo. jeizi _ mziTvis aRwera. 1939. tilo, zeTi. 44X53,5. (sm)
qorwilis wina dReebSi patarZlis mSoblebis ojaxSi xdeboda misi
mziTvis aRwera da Sefaseba. xuTSabaTs qorwinebis win, naSuadRevs,
patarZlis ojaxSi miwveuli mosamarTle, rabini da xaxami qeTubis
(saqorwino xelSekrulebis) meore gverdze mziTvis nusxas Camowerdnen.
am dros stumrebi saCuqrebs miarTmevdnen patarZals da isinic mziTvis
saerTo ricxvs emateboda. damswre sazogadoebis winaSe gaSlili iyo
mTeli mziTvi da fasdeboda TiToeuli nivTi. Semdeg qeTubis meore
gverdze Camowerdnen yvela am nivTsa da maTs Rirebulebas. bolos, mTel
mziTvs did boRCebSi gamohkravdnen, SamaSebs (sinagogis mcvelebs)
ahkidebdnen da nefis saxlSi agzavnidnen. nefe SamaSebs Sesabamis
gasamrjelos aZlevda.
49. xelsaxoci (SabaTis sufris kurTxevisas purze gadasafarebeli).
abreSumis qsovili, abreSumis Zafi, oqromkedi, namagri siTvi. H – 47,
L – 44,5. (sm)
xelsaxoci, abreSumis, ruxi feris, oTxkuTxa, ruxi da vardisferi
ZafebiT naqargi. garSemo ruxi feris sirma narevi maqmani aqvs
Semovlebuli.
xelsaxoci G(puris gadasafarebeli) dekoratiuli xelsaxoci (qsovili),
romelsac SabaTis sufris kurTxevisas afarebdnen mownul mrgval purs
– xalas. Zveli meTalmudeebi SabaTs patarZals adarebdnen. Ddalocvis
79
Semdeg xalas sazeimod “aTavisuflebdnen samosisagan”, rogorc
patarZals. Mmsgavsi gadasafareblebi, rogorc wesi, damSvenebulia
mravalferovani naqargobiT, sakulto sagnebis gamosaxulobebiT, puris
dalocviT.
50. bude Tefilinis. maudisa da bambis qsovili, bambis Zafi, oqromkedi,
namagri siTvi. HH – 20, L – 28. (sm)
wiTeli maudis, zed feradi ZafebiT aris naqargi yvavilebi da eqvs
qimiani varskvlavi. garSemo oqromkedis maqmani aqvs Semovlebuli sam
napirze wiTeli abreSumis Zafis funjebi hkidia. budis zurgi Wreli da
sqeli bambis qsovilisaa.
Tefilini tyavis patara kolofebs warmoadgens, romelic moicavs oTx
amonarids Toridan. mamakacebi locvis dros imagreben tefilins Sublze
da mklavze. inaxaven budeebSi an vercxlis kolofebSi.
51. bude savarcxlis. farCa, abreSumis qsovili, oqromkedi, kilitebiT
naqargoba, namagri siTvi. (sm)
napirebze Semoyolebuli aqvs cisferi zonari. naqargia oqromkediT da
kilitebiT. sarCuli vardisferi abreSumis aqvs.
52. axaluxi bavSvisa. abreSumisa da bambis qsovili, liToni, Wedva,
xelis dazgaze naqsovi. (Tim)
53. zedakaba. farCa, abreSumis qsovili, maqmani, oqromkedi, xelis
dazgaze naqsovi, namagri siTvi. H – 64. (sm)
zedatani, farCis, wiTeli, saxiani, win Caxsnili, yurTmajiani saxeloebiT,
mxrebi gaukeravi aqvs, gverdebze bartyebi aqvs Cagdebuli da Sexsnilia.
zurgze zedatani siganezea gakerili. gulispirze oqromkedis zonaris da
80
maqmanis arSia mihyveba, saxeloc oqromkedis arSiiT da maqmaniT aris
Semkuli. saxeloebs wiTeli abreSumis sarCuli udevs, zedatani ruxi
zoliani qsovilia.
54. d. gvelesiani. patarZlis xelebis SeRebva iniT. tilo, zeTi.
93,6X124,6. (sm)
55. d. gvelesiani. xufa _ saqorwino rituali. tilo, zeTi. 70,3X100,5. (sm)
ebrauli qorwinebis ceremonia tardeba xufis qveS. tradiciulad xufa
abreSumis an xaverdis qsovilis didi naWeria, romelic oTx svetzea
gadafenili an oTx adamians uWiravs nefe-patarZlisa da maT mowmeTa
Tavze qeTubis wakiTxvis dros.
xufis qveS sasiZo sapatarZlos Tavisad acxadebs. Oori mowmis
TandaswrebiT siZe beWeds ukeTebs patarZals da tradiciul sityvebs
umeorebs “am beWdiT Sen me meZRvnebi mosesa da israelis kanoniT.
terminiT “kiduSini” Talmuduri literatura qorwinebis aqts aRnisnavs.
qorwinebis mizania miuZRvnas coli, mis erTaderT qmars. sityva kiduSini
warmoiSveba fuZidan, romelic “siwmindes” aRniSnavs, rac Rvinis
kurTxeviT gamoixateba. Aamitom xSirad specialur Tasebs iyenebdnen,
Rviniani TasiT kiduSs langriT miarTmevdnen, rac movlenas ufro metad
sadResaswaulo elfers matebs.
Tavis ZiriTadi principebisadmi erTguli, iudaizmi cdilobs xorcisa da
instinktebis sulierebamde ayvanas da kiduSinis aqtiT nakurTxi qali
ojaxSi ebrauli tradiciis mcveli xdeba. Uudavoa, rom swored ojaxuri
cxovrebis simtkicis wyalobiT ebraelebi amden Zaladobasa da
ubedurebas uZlebdnen.
56. qamari qalisa. vercxli, firuzi, lali, liTonze Wedva (cvara,
Wviruli). H - 68. (Tim)
qamari liTonis, firuzebiT Semkuli, TerTmetmaliani, aJuruli
ornamentiT.
81
57. saaTi jibisa. ebrauli ciferblatiT. Mmeore mxares moses
gamosaxulebiT. dabali sinjis vercxli, qarxnuli nakeToba. (Tim)
sainventaro wignSi ar iyo daTariRebuli, daaxloebiT me-20-s dasawyisi
58. d. gvelesiani. nefe-dedoflis Semotareba sinagogaSi. qaRaldi,
akvareli. #32,5X25. (sm)
59. gabroilovi. kabaluli _ patarZlis cekva. tilo, zeTi. 53,3X66,8.
(sm)
60. S. koboSvili. ajla _ saqorwino oTaxi. 1939. tilo, zeTi. 45,5X59.
(sm)
ajilaki anu ajla mesxur-javaxuri darbazis erT-erT kuTxeSi xaliCebiT
damSvenebuli, nefe-dedoflisaTvis gankuTvnili ficruli an
qsovilebisagan gakeTebuli patara, momaRlo oTaxi iyo masSi
ganTavsebuli taxtiT. oTaxis Sesasvlels sinagogidan motanili
ramdenime moqarguli farda hqonda Camofarebuli.
ajlas mowyobis tradicia dakavSirebulia mxolod axalcixesTan da
gavrcelebuli iyo, rogorc ebraelTa, aseve qarTvelTa Soris. ajilaki,
ajla, mesxur-javaxuris darbazis erT-erT kuTxeSi saqorwilod
gamarTuli, xaliCebiT damSvenebuli nefe-dedoflisaTvis gankuTvnili
taxti iyo. axalcixel ebraelebTan ajla SeiZleba yofiliyo ficruli
an qsovilisgan gakeTebuli. ~xufis~ (qorwilis) Semdeg nefes Sehyavda
dedofali trapezTan axlos midgmul patara oTaxSi (ajlaSi), romelic
kaTedrisebr iyo amaRlebuli da romelsac sinagogidan motanili
ramdenime moqarguli farda hfaravda; Sig Casvamdnen dedofals, mefe
ukan brundeboda da kaTedraze dgeboda. am dros rabi damswre
sazogadoebasTan erTad mReroda.
61. naznazi. nimuSi abreSumisa. oqroqsovili, xelis dazgaze naqsovi.
225X35. (Tim)
82
62. oqrokaba (qalis saqorwino tansacmeli). oqroqsovili, narma,
oqromkedi, abreSumis Zafi, xelis dazgaze naqsovi, namagri siTvi.
H – 140. (sm)
oqroqsovili, mwvane foniT, fabrikuli, win gaxsnilia da akeria sami
Ril-kilo, gujastiani da bartyeb Cayenebulia, yurTmajian saxeloebze
oqromkediT narevi grexili Zafis arSia aqvs Semovlebuli, sayeloze da
kalTebze - wiTeli abreSumisa. sarCulad udevs TeTri narma.
63. muTaqis piri. bambisa da abreSumis qsovili, ormagi siTvi, jejimi.
sxvadasxva feris zolebiT, Semkulia yanaoziT. 100X40. (Tim)
64. baRdadi, abreSumis qsovili, nabeWdi. 85X85. (Tim)
65. fuTa abanosi. abreSumis qsovili, xelis dazgaze naqsovi. 220X90.
(Tim)
66. S. koboSvili. bavSvis dabadeba. 1939. qaRaldi, guaSi. 38X52. (sm)
67. S. koboSvili. bavSvis windasacveTad wayvana sinagogaSi.
1939. tilo, zeTi. 50,5X43. (sm)
ebraelTaTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani tradiciaa biWis dabadebis
merve dRes sinagogaSi winadacveTis ritualis sazeimod Catareba,
romelic ebraeli xalxis RmerTTan kavSirs ganasaxierebs.
68. baliSis piri. xaverdis, abreSumisa da tilos qsovili, kiliti,
oqromkedi, sirmisa da xaverdula Zafi, oqromkedis grexiluli.
56X50,5. (sm)
baliSis piri, xaverdis, lurji; oTxkuTxovani, kilitebiT, oqromkediT,
sirmiT da xaverdis ZafebiT stilizebuli mcenareebia amoqarguli. SuaSi
Cayenebulia salaTis feri abreSumis naWeri, romelic Salis feradi
ZafiTa da oqromkediTaa naqargi. baliSis pirs garSemo oqromkedisa da
yviTeli Zafis grexili aqvs Semovlebuli. baliSis piris zurgi lurji
tilos qsovilisaa.
83
69. baliSis piri. xaverdisa da tilos qsovili, oqromkedis
grrexilula, namagri mZivebi, aplikacia, sirmis Zafi. 62X44.
(sm)
xaverdis, lurji, oTxkuTxovani, romelzec oqromkediTa da cisferi
mZivebiT Semkuli TeTri yvavilebia aplikaciis saxiT dakerebuli, SirmiT
amoqargulia varskvlaviseburi figura. baliSis pirs garSemo
oqromkedisa da yviTeli Zafis grexili aqvs Semovlebuli. baliSis piris
zurgi lurji tilos qsovilisaa.
70. dana. foladi, rqa, xaverdi. H – 21,5. (sm), budis sigrZe _ 22,5 sm.
danas piri foladis aqvs, tari rqisa, dana inaxeba Sindisfer
xavedgadakrul sarCulian budeSi.
71. dana windasacveTi. foladi, Zvali. H - 17,3. (sm)
dana, foladis piriT, yviTeli feris Zvlis tariT, wveri wakveTili aqvs.
windasacveTi dana - ritualuri daniSnulebis danas iyenebda moxeli
(adamiani, romelic asrulebs windacveTis rituals).
72. dana Soxetis. foladi, Zvali. H – 18,7. (sm)
dana foladis piriT, Zvlis tariT, wveri wakveTili aqvs.
Soxeti – (damkvleli) specialurad momzadebuli piri, romelsac
miRebuli aqvs religiuri wesebis dacviT frinvelis an saqonlis
dakvlis ufleba. ebraelTaTvis sakvebad vargisad iTvleboda mxolod
Soxetis mier dakluli qaSeri xorci.
73. dana Soxetis. foladi, Zvali. H – 31. (sm)
dana , foladis piriT, TeTri Zvlis tariT, bolo wakveTili aqvs.
84
74. dana windasacveTi. foladi, xe. H – 13,2. (sm
dana rkinis piriT, brtyeli, nawilobriv tyavgadakruli, xis
mrgvalTaviani saxeluriT
75. d. gvelesiani. windacveTa sinagogaSi
76. d. gvelesiani. locva sinagogaSi. tilo, zeTi. 70X100,3. (sm)
77. faroxeTi _ seferToris karadis farda. xaverdis, satinisa da
mitklis qsovili, oqromkedi, namagri siTvi. 144X124. (sm)
fardis xaverdis pirze amoqargulia oqromkediTa da sirmiT lomebi,
orTaviani frinveli, xis toti, yviTeli ZafiT fardaze daqargulia
ebrauli warwera. sam gverdze oqromkediT naqsovi arSia aqvs
Semovlebuli Tavze fardis Camosakideblad liTonis xuTi rgoli aqvs
dakerebuli. fardis sarCuli orgvari qsovilisaa cisferi satinisa da
salaTisferi mitklisa.
faroxeTi – seferToris karadis (e.w. aRTqmis kidobanis) fardaa,
romelic gamoyobs „wminda adgils“ (ha-kodeS) „wmindaTa wmindasagan“
(kodeS-ha-kodaSim). tradiciulad diasporaSi sinagoga samxreTiskenaa
orientirebuli, xolo misi Sesasvleli ierusalimisaken. salocavis
darbazis centrSi “Tebaa” aRmarTuli, xolo Sesasvlelis mopirdapire
mxares ukana kedlis centrSi “aharon-ha-kodeSi” – wminda karadaa
ganTavsebuli, sadac sefer Torebi (Toris gragnilebi) inaxeba.
faroxeTi ToraSicaa moxseniebuli rogorc farduli, damzadebuli
lurji, iasamnisferi an alisferi qsovilisagan da moqarguli
qerubimebiT oqros sakidebiT oqroTi mopirkeTebul oTx svetze
damagrebuli, romelic gamoyobs wminda adgils wmindaTa wmindasagan.
(გამოსვლა 26:31-33)
sxva atributebis msgavsad, aRTqmis kidobanis farda, rogorc wesi,
saCuqrad gadaecema sinagogas, rogorc Semowiruloba raime
mniSvnelovani TariRis aRsaniSnavad da umetes wilad xeliTaa
moqarguli.
85
sxvadasxva epoqebsa da sxvadasxva qveynebis diasporebSi gansxvavebuli
stilis faroxeTebs vxvdebiT, magram, rogorc wesi, faroxeTi mzaddeba
Zvirfasi qsovilisagan (xaverdi, abreSumi, ufro iSviaTad seli, bamba) da
oqromkediT, vercxlmkediT da abreSumis ZafebiTaa moqarguli.
sainteresoa, rom Cven muzeumSi daculi faroxeTebi ori gansxvavvebuli
tipis dekoriTaa morTuli, Tumca stilisturad orive aSkenazuri
warmomavlobisaa da me-XIX saukuneSia damzadebuli.
evropul tradiciaSi Zalian gavrcelebuli iyo aseTi tipis
gamosaxulebani, gvirgvini, romelic miuTiTebs seferToris gvirgvinze,
lomebs (ierusalimis simbolo) moses aTi mcneba uWiravT, arwivebs kidev
erTi gvirgvini da qvemoT menora – sinagogis simbolo.
78. faroxeTi _ seferToris karadis farda. abreSumis qsovili, farCa,
oqromkedi, abreSumis Zafi, namagri siTvi. 186X113. (sm)
farda, abreSumis, TeTri, oTxkuTxovani, SuaSi sigrZeze gakerili.
fardaze oqromkediTaa da feradi ZafebiT amoqargulia yvavilebi,
svetebi, TaRi, napirebze oqromkedis ornamentovani arSia Semosdevs. sam
nawiburze yviTeli Zafis foCi aqvs gamobmuli. sarCuli TeTri farCisa
udevs.
am faroxeTze, winasagan gansxvavebuli, magram iudaikaSi aseve
gavrcelebuli dekoria: stilizirebuli oTxi sveti, romelic TaRiviT
ikvreba da mcenareuli da yvavilebis motivebiT mdidruladaa
ornamentirebuli. faroxeTi aSkenazuri warmomavlobisaa, XIX s. Ppirveli
naxevriT davaTariReT.
79. S. koboSvili. xeremi _ anaTema. qaRaldi, guaSi, laqi. 50X36. (sm)
80. d. gvelesiani. anaTemis Semdeg. tilo, zeTi. 50,1X40. (sm)
81. S. koboSvili. malkuti _ saritualo rozgebi. 1939. tilo, zeTi.
70X100,5. (sm)
86
10-12 wlamde bavSvs xederSi (sinagogasTan arsebuli religiuri
saswavlebeli) xaxami aswavlida locvebs. urC moswavleebs Toris
maswavlebeli rozgebiT sjida amxanagebis TandaswrebiT.
82. S. koboSvili. codvis gamosyidva 40 rozgiT. qaRaldi, guaSi. 37X30.
(sm)
83. S. koboSvili. haTara _ codvis Sendoba. qaRaldi, guaSi, laqi. 37X32.
(sm)
84. S. koboSvili. religiuri saswavlebeli sinagogaSi. qaRaldi, guaSi.
30X40. (sm)
85. S. koboSvili. misionerebis kurTxeva (suqoTis dResaswauli). 1938.
qaRaldi, guaSi, laqi. 30,5X41. (sm)
suqoTis (suqa _ ivriT. karavi) SviddRianis dResaswauli moses mier
egviptedan gamoyvanili ebraeli xalxis udabnoSi xetialisa da im
karvebis simboloa, romlebSic isini ormoci wlis manZilze
cxovrobdnen. suqa igeba sinagogis ezoSi da irTveba simboluri
mcenareebiTa da xiliT.
86. ibriRi (wylis saweso-saritualo WurWeli). spilenZi, Wedva. H -38,3.
(sm)
dabali fexiT, mrgvali, maRali, mucliT. muclis zeda nawilidan tuCi
(wurwuma) adis. ibriRis yeli Suisken viwrovdeba, tavi ki momrgvalebuli
aqvs. saxeluris erTi bolo ibriRis yelis pirzea mimagrebuli, meore
mucels uaxlovdeba, magram zedapirs ar exeba. saxeluris Tavze
damagrebulia ibriRis wvetiani saxuravi. ibriRi mTlianad
ornamentirebulia.
87. Tungi. spilenZi, Wedva. H – 35. (Tim)
87
88. ibriRi. spilenZi, Wedva. H – 39,2. (sm)
maRali fexiT, mrgvali mucliani, mucelze tuCi (wurwuma) aqvs
damagrebuli. yeli Suis qveviT daRarulia, saxeluri ibriRis yelis
pirzea damagrebuli, meore bolo ki mucelze. saxelurs zeviT ibriRis
wvetiani saxuravi uerTdeba.
89. sasanTle xanuqis. fraJe, Wedva. H – 28,5, L – 23 (sm)
xanuqis Sandalze tradiciuli reliefuri gamosaxulebaa, SuaSi menora,
romelic orive mxridan finikis palmebiTa da lomebiTaa Semkuli,
zevidan yurZnis mtevnian vazis rtoebs gvirgvini amSvenebs.
sainventaro wignSi Sandali ar iyo daTariRebuli. stilistikidan da
damaxasiaTebeli gamosaxulebidan gamomdinare, xanuqia aSkenazuri
warmomavlobisaa (polonuri an litvuri) da XIX saukuniT TariRdeba.
uZvelesi xanuqiebi makabielTa epoqis Semdgom periods miekuTvneba da
warmoadgens gamomwvari Tixis rvabudian sanaTurs. Mmasze rogorc wesi
gamosaxuli iyo an taZari, an menora.
cxra sanTliani Sandali, romelic menoris saswaulis simboloa, erT
erTia im ori mTavari morTulobisagan, romelTa saxecvlilebis mowmeni
vxdebiT ori aTasi wlis manZilze. Mmeore TviT taZris gamosaxulebaa,
romelic xanuqis dResaswaulis saxelwodebas ukavSirdeba, anu “wminda
adgilis kurTxeva”. Aam ori simbolos – cecxli da arqiteqtura -
cvlilebebs xangrZlivi istoria. Oorive motivi ucvleli rCeboda, Tumca
icvleboda xanuqiis forma da sxvadasxva epoqaTa Tu qveynis stils
asaxavda.
diasporaSi Seqmnili yvelaze uZvelesi sakulto sagnebi, romlebic
Cvenamde movida arauadres meTormete saukuniTaa daTariRebuli.
uZvelesi sagania xanuqia, romelic marTkuTxa marmarilosaganaa
gamoTlili. fiTilisTvis gankuTvnili 8 bude romanuli stilis
kolonadas warmoqmnis, maTze aRmarTuli fanjris formis CaRrmavebiTaa
88
dagvirgvinebuli. Qqveda nawilSi amokveTilia orstrofiani teqsti
ivriTze Toridan: “mcneba ars lampari da darigeba” (igavni, Tavi 6, 23).
90. d. gvelesiani. xanuqis sanTlebis kurTxeva. tilo, , zeTi.
61,1X47,3. (sm)
xanuqa erT-erTi uZvelesi istoriuli dResaswaulia. Mmeore taZris
periodSi, Zv. w. aR. II saukuneSi israeli berZnebma daibyres. maT ara
mxolod politikuri damoukidebloba daukarges ebraelebs, aramed
cdilobdnen TviT ebrauli sulis mTavari arsis – sarwmunoebis
ganadgurebas da surdaT ebraelebi kerpTayvanismcemel elinebaT
gadaeqciaT. berZnebi cdilobdnen rwmenas aecdinaT ebraelebi,
aeZulebinaT uari eTqvaT SabaTis da qaSruTis dacvaze, Toris
Seswavlaze. taZarSi ki TavianTi kerpebis qandakebebi aRmarTes. Eebraeli
xalxi daTrgunuli iyo da amavdroulad ajanyebis naperwkalic
Rvivdeboda. Qqalaq modiinSi qoenebis (taZris msaxurTa) ojaxma daiwyo
ajanyeba sityvebiT “vinc RmerTiskenaa – is Cemsken”. ajanyebas SeurTda
yvela, vinc suliT Zlieri iyo da ar undoda ebrauli tradiciebis
ganadgurebas Segueboda. araTanabar brZolaSi ebraelebma daamarcxes
mravalricxovani mteri. ebrauli ajanyebuli jaris saTaveSi idga mamaci
meomari iehuda makabi (aqedanaa saxelwodeba makabielTa) da ukavSirdeba
makabielTa gamarjvebas, rodesac maT Zv. w. 165 wels selevkidebis mier
dapyrobili ierusalimis taZari daibrunes. berZnebis mier wabilwul
taZarSi mxolod erTi dRis samyofi wminda zeTi iyo darCenili,
romliTac menoras (taZris SvidsanTlian Sandals) anTebdnen. Aaxali
zeTis gamosaxdelad ki rva dRe iyo saWiro. moxda saswauli da
sanTlebi zustad rva dRe ar Camqrala. amitom xanuqas sinaTlis
dResaswaulsac uwodeben. tradiciulad xanuqiaze (cxrasanTlian
Sandalze) rva dRis ganmavlobaSi anTeben sanTlebs (erTi damxmare
sanTliT yovel dRe TiTo sanTels amateben).
xanuqis dResaswaulis warmoSobis istoria sxvadasxvagvarad aris
interpretirebuli Talmudsa da makabielTa wignSi.
89
Talmudiseuli versiis Tanaxmad, saswauli menoris anTebisas moxda.
amitom xanuqis dResaswauli 8 dRe aRiniSneba da anTebuli Sandali
fanjris rafaze idgmeva, rom auwyos samyaros momxdari saswaulis
Sesaxeb.
91. Sandali. liToni, Wedva. H – 13. (Tim)
92. S. koboSvili. saritualo daniSnulebis oTaxi. qaRaldi, guaSi.
32X42. (sm)
ebraelTa istoriuli dResaswaulis _ fesaxis Casatareblad sagangebod
dasufTavebul oTaxSi inaxeba am dReebisaTvis gankuTvnili sursaT-
sanovage da WurWeli.
93. d. gvelesiani. hagada. fesaxis Rame. tilo,zeTi. 65,2X50,1. (sm)
fesaxis rvadRiani dResaswauli ukavSirdeba moses mier ebraelebis
gamoyvanas egviptidan, sadac isini oTxaswlian monobaSi imyofebodnen. am
dResaswauls gansakuTrebuli datvirTva aqvs da eris gaTavisuflebis
simboloa. fesaxis pirvel Rames sruldeba sederis rituali
(sadResaswaulo simboluri vaxSmis kurTxeva).
94. S. koboSvili. frinvelis dakvla religiuri wesiT. 1940. tilo, zeTi.
70,5X101. (sm)
qafaris Semovleba da qaTmis dakvla ori urTierTdakavSirebuli
ritualia. religiuri dResaswaulis _ iom-qifuris - codvebis mitevebis
dRis win morwmune ebraelebi monaniebis mizniT valdebuli arian Tavze
Semoivlon qafara – qaTami, ris Semdegac mas xaxams an Raribebs aZleven.
ebraelTaTvis sakvebad vargisad iTvleboda mxolod Soxetis _
damkvlelis mier religiuri wesebis dacviT dakluli frinvelisa Tu
saqonlis xorci. frinvelisa da saqonlis dakvla SeeZlo specialurad
saamisod momzadebul pirs, romelsac miRebuli hqonda Soxetad
muSaobis ufleba.
90
95. d. gvelesiani. Soxeti _ frinvelis dakvla. qaRaldi, akvareli.
44X65. (sm)
96. baRdadi. abreSumis qsovili, xelis dazgaze naqsovi, nabeWdi. 75X70.
(Tim)
97. S. koboSvili. seferToris gamotana sinagogaSi. qaRaldi, guaSi.
26,5X40,5. (sm)
suqoTis dResaswaulis bolo dRe simxaToris dResaswaulis aRniSvniT
gvirgvindeba. am dRes, Toris bolo furclis wakiTxvisTanave sinagogis
mrwamsis kidobnidan (sinagogis kedelSi CaSenebul ierusalimisaken
mimarTuli seferToris Sesanaxi karadidan) gamoaqvT seferTorebi
(Toris gragnilebi), sazeimod Semoatareben da Semdeg erTi wliT kvlav
aRTqmis kidobanSi inaxaven. Aam sazeimo ceremoniis dros seferTorebi
simReris TanxlebiT moaqvT da damswre sazogadoebas ufleba aqvs xeliT
Seexos am siwmindes, xolo seferTorebis ESemotarebis pativi Temis
yvelaze Rirseul da gamorCeul wevrebs ergebaT wilad.
98. kaba seferTorisa (sakulto daniSnulebis). farCa, mitklis qsovili,
yaiTani, oqromkedi, dazgaze naqsovi. 57X36. (sm)
farCis, Sindisferi, saxiani, swored Sekerili, Tavze yviTeli foCi aqvs
Semovlebuli, zed erTi samxare aqvs dakerebuli. erT mxares oqromkediT
naqsovi zonaris eqvs qimiani varskvlavia dakerebuli. varskvlavis qimebi
funjebiT bolovdeba, sarCulad TeTri mitkali udevs.
99. seferTora. (sm)
seferTora (Toris gragnili) sinagogis yvelaze wminda nivTia. rogorc
wesi, seferTora Semosilia sagangebod misTvis gankuTvnili Toris
samosiT an Tavsdeba stilizebul tomaraSi da Tavze adgamen gvirgvins.
91
100. gvirgvini seferTorisa. spilenZi, Wedva. H _ 44. (sm)
maRali, mrgvali formis, zanzalakebiani, dafanjruli da reliefurad
ornamentirebuli. rimonim (seferToris damagvirgvinebeli) – ebr. sityva
broweulis mravlobiT ricxvia , ris formasac waagavda Tavdapirvelads
gvirgvini.
101. gvirgvini seferTorisa. spilenZi, Wedva. H – 44,4. (sm)
maRali, mrgvali formis, dafanjruli da ornamentirebuli, aqvs
zanzalakebi.
102. gvirgvini seferTorisa. spilenZi, Wedva. H – 38. (sm)
maRali, mrgvali formis, samefo jiRis msgavsi, zanzalakebiT da
reliefuri ornamentebiT Semkuli, dafanjruli. Tavze eqvsqimiani
varskvlavi aqvs damagrebuli
103. gvirgvini seferTorisa. fraJe, Wedva. H _ 32,5. (sm)
gvirgvinis tani dafanjruli da ornamentirebuli aqvs, zanzalakebiani,
Tavze arwivis gamosaxulebaa damagrebuli. gvirgvini simbolurad xazs
usvams Toris sidiadesa da mniSvnelobas. gvirgviniT Toris Semkobis
tradicia Sua saukuneebidan iwyeba. gvirgvini xSirad mdidrulad
dekorirebulia WedurobiT ebraul motivebze, warwerebiT, zoomorfuli
gamosaxulebebiTa da ornamentebiT.
gvirgvini simbolurad xazs usvams Toris sidiadesa da mniSvnelobas.
gvirgviniT Toris Semkobis tradicia Sua saukuneebidan iwyeba. igi
xSirad mdidrulad dekorirebulia WedurobiT ebraul motivebze,
warwerebiT, reliefebiTa da ornamentebiT. xolo masze mimagrebuli
zanzalakebi, Toris gadaadgilebisas mis gamoCenas axmovaneben.
92
104. S. koboSvili. breTis bibliis Tayvaniscema. qaRaldi, guaSi,
akvareli. 40X60. (sm)
pergamentze xelnaweri Sua saukuneebis breTis saswaulmoqmedi bibliis
kulti ukavSirdeba breTel ebraelebs. misi dakargvis Semdeg
Tayvaniscemis sagani gaxda nabeWdi biblia, romelic avaliSvilebs
ekuTvnoda. 1856-1870 wlebSi breTidan ebraelTa suramSi masobrivi
gadasaxlebisas igi avaliSvilebisagan davaraSvilebis gvaris
warmomadgenlebs SeusyidiaT, amitom breTis biblias davaraanT an
suramis bibliasac uwodebdnen. igi ebara sinagogis erT-erT msaxurs,
romelic mnaxvelTa Tu avadmyofTa mosvlisas, maT Tvalebs axuWvinebda,
bibliaze xels gadaasmevinebda an striqons waukiTxavda da misi
saswaulmoqmedi Zalis rwmenis gamo es Tavisebur mkurnalobad
iTvleboda.
Salom koboSvili igonebda: ~borjomidan, sadac mojamagired viyavi,
axalcixeSi dedis sanaxavad wavedi. dedas gaexarda Cemi naxva da miTxra:
kargia, rom moxvedi; didi xania, rom niaTad maqvs suramis bibliis naxva.
am kviraSic sizmari vnaxe, sizmars ki, Svilo ver getyvio. borjomisken
gavemgzavreT; borjomSi deidac SemogvierTda. iq sanTlebi Camoasxes da
erTad CavediT. suramSi davaraSvilebis saxlSi mivediT. iq Tora esvena
tiloze, baRdadgadafarebuli. kandeli enTo, rom mivediT, sanTlebi
amoviReT, zogi avanTeT, zogic berikacs gadaveciT. dedaCemma raRac
nivTi Seswira, deidaCemma ki kacis Tavze TeTri baRdadi, Cven daCoqili
viyaviT Toris win. dedaCemi cremlebiT exveweboda. wamosvlisas kidev
vemTxvieT~ (36, 139-140)
105. S. koboSvili. TxovniT breTis bibliisadmi. muyao, tuSi, fanqari.
23,5X30,5. (sm)
legenda ~breTis bibliis Sesaxeb~
~breTis bibliis~ kulti sofel breTis ebraelebs ukavSirdeba. XVIII
saukunidan breTis biblia ekuTvnoda avaliSvilebs, romelTac hyavdaT
rogorc qarTveli ise ebraeli ymebi. ~breTis bibliis~
93
saswaulmoqmedebaze mravali legenda Tu gadmocema arsebobs. droTa
ganmavlobaSi biblia mTlianad saqarTvelos ebraelTa Tayvaniscemis
sagnad iqca. iuda Cornis (1835-1880) gadmocemiT, masTan ebraelebis garda
qarTvelebsac mihqondaT Sesawiri da gankurnebas evedrebodnen. biblias
ymaTa dasaficebeli sakulto mniSvnelobac hqonda.
igi pergamentze xeliT iyo dawerili, hqonda tyavgadakruli yda da
Seicavda 452 furcels.
XIX saukunis meore naxevridan dakarguli Sua saukuneebis droindeli
xelnaweri bobliis funqcias nabeWdi biblia asrulebda.
106. d. gvelesiani. mkurnaloba breTis bibliiT. xe, zeTi. 61,3X40,3. (sm)
107. d. gvelesiani. gvalvis sawinaaRmdego locva. qaRaldi, akvareli.
27,7X41. (sm)
108. d. gvelesiani. legenda lailaSis bibliis Sesaxeb. . tilo, zeTi.
30X43,3 (sm)
lailaSis biblia xelnaweri Toraa komentarebiTa da feradi
geometriuli dekoriT (amJamad daculia xelnawerTa institutSi, iseve,
rogorc breTis biblia). xelnaweri Sesrulebulia pergamentze da misi
teqsti moicavs Zveli aRTqmis xuTwigneulsa da mazoraxs.
paleografiuli analizis safuZvelze xelnaweri X-XI saukuneebiT
daTariRda. Kkonsonantaluri teqstis damwerlobis TvalsazrisiT,
lailaSis biblia dRes cnobil xelnawerTa Soris erT-erTi saukeTesoa.
igi daTariRebulia X saukunis dasasruliTa da XI dasawyisiT, xolo
misi nawili SesaZloa XII saukuniT daTariRdes. Tora sxvadasxva xeliTa
da, savaraudod, sxvadasxva dros iwereboda palestinaSi, egviptesa da,
SesaZloa, sparseTSic. savaraudod swored am romelime qveynidan
ebraelTa migraciisas moxvda saqarTveloSi.
mas breTis bibliis msgavsad saswaulmoqmed Zalas miawerdnen da
eTayvanebodnen ebraelebic da qarTvelebic. legendis Tanaxmad
lailaSis biblia saqarTveloSi angelozebma frTebiT moitanes.
94
109. boxCa. bambisa da satinis qsovili, nabeWdi, dazgaze naqsovi. 85X80.
(Tim)
110. boxCa. farCa, abreSumis qsovili, xelis dazgaze naqsovi. 84X56.
(Tim)
111. S. koboSvili. mdidari ebraelis coli midis abanoSi. 1940. qaRaldi,
guaSi, xe, laqi. 39,5X53,5. (sm)
112. S. koboSvili. qalebis banaoba mikveSi. qaRaldi, guaSi. 27X40. (sm)
mikveSi – sinagogasTan arsebul saritualo daniSnulebis abanos
wminda wyalSi xdeboda qalebis ganbanva-ganwmenda.
mikve (pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT dagrovil (wyals) niSnavs, ritualuri
uwmindurobisgan ganbanisaTvis (tebila) gankuTvnil wylis rezervuars.
mikve sinagogasTan arsebuli ritualuri abanoa, romlis daniSnuleba ara
mxolod higienuri sisufTavis dacvaa, aramed ritualuri ganwmendaa.
amitom mikveSi winaswar dabanilebi Sedian.
ukanasknel dros mikve ZiriTadaT qalebisTvisaa gankuTvnili, upirveles
yovlisa patarZlis qorwilis win ganwmendis ritualuri daniSnuleba
akisria da agreTve gaTxovili qalebisTvis yovelTviuri ganwmendis
rituals warmoadgens. Mmikves wminda wyalSi CayvinTva sulier
sisufTavesTanaa asociirebuli.
113. S. koboSvili. Worikana qalebi. 1939. qaRaldi, guaSi. 40,5X38. (sm)
114. S. koboSvili. misioneri yidis ierusalimis miwas. 1938. qaRaldi,
guaSi. 22,5X18,5 (sm)
XIX s-is miwurulsa da XX s-is damdegs ierusalimidan sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi agzavnidnen Saliaxebs (misionerebs). ierusalimis Rarib
ebraelTa daxmarebisa da sinagogebisaTvis fulis Segrovebis mizniT
zogierTi misioneri hyidda ierusalimis wminda miwas ebraelTa Soris.
95
115. S. koboSvili. eqimbaSTan. qaRaldi, akvareli, guaSi. 21X27. (sm)
116. S. koboSvili. Sesalocad eqimbaSTan. qaRaldi, guaSi, tuSi. 26,5X32.
(sm)
TviTnaswavli ebraeli mxatvari Salom koboSvili warmoSobiT
axalcixidan iyo da misi namuSevrebis siuJetebi asaxavs XIX saukunis
miwurulis axalcixel ebraelTa yofas da cxovrebas. suraTze
„Sesalocad eqimbaSTan“, asaxulia amuletiT Selocvis scena. axalcixel
ebraelTa Soris saxalxo mkurnalebi ZiriTadaT qalebi iyvnen, Tumca
zogjer xaxamic mkurnalobda. eqimbaSi upirveles yovlisa RmerTs
sTxovda avadmyofis gankurnebas. maT Rrmad swamdaT, rom yovel
daavadebas Tavisi angelozi hyavda, amitom mkurnalobas am angelozis
mimarT locviT iwyebdnen. gansakuTrebul daavadebebs umTavresad
locvebiTa da amuletebiT mkurnalobdnen. Aamuletebic Sesabamisi
warwerebiT iyo Semkuli da sxvadasxva damcavi daniSnuleba gaaCnda.
Selocvil amulets eqimbaSi avadmyofs atanda da mas is gamudmebiT
unda etarebina.
ebraeli xalxis istoriaSi amuletis (arabulidan - sakidi) gamoyenebas
Zveli tradicia gaaCnia, miuxedavad imisa, rom ebrauli religiuri kanoni
RmerTisa da raime simboloebis gamosaxulebas krZalavs. rogorc wesi
amuletebze ubedurebisgan damcavi magiuri teqstebi da niSnebia
moTavsebuli. Zalian xSirad figurirebs sityva „Sadai“ (RmerTis erT
erTi saxeli), romelic avi Tvalisagan icavs mis mflobels, amitom
amuletebs zogjer Sadaisac uwodeben.
magen daviTis gamosaxulebiani amuletiT ulocavs eqimbaSi koboSvilis
mier Sesrulebul suraTzec.
117. amuleti. vercxli, serdoliki. 3,5X4,5. (sm)
serdolikze gakeTebuli warweris mixedviT, gamoiyeneboda orsuli
qalebisTvis muclis moSlis winaaRmdeg. amuleti (arab. - sakidi).
96
amuletebis gamoyebnebas Zveli tradicia aqvs. rogorc wesi, maTze
ubedurebisagan damcavi magiuri teqstebia moTavsebuli. Zalian xSirad
figurirebs sityva Sadai, romelic icavs mis mflobels. amitom
amuletebs zogjer Sadaisac uwodeben. saukuneebis manZilze mravali
tipis amuleti iyo gavrceelbuli da TiToeuls gansakuTrebuli
simboluri datvirTva axasiaTebda. gamosaxulebis garda, xSirad
amuletis Sinaars masze moTavsebuli warwerebi ganmartavs, zogi orsul
qals da mSobiares icavs, zogi mgzavrobaSi myof adamians, an zogadad
avi Tvalisgan damcavia. TilismebaT xSirad mezuza, menora, moses aTi
mcneba da bolo dros yvelaze popularuli – stilizirebuli sityva
„hai“ (sicocxle) da magen daviTi gamoiyeneba. am amuletebs rogorc
iudaizmis niSans atareben. M
118. amuleti. vercxli, amotvifruli warweriT. 7X6. (sm)
119. amuleti (Sadai). liToni, xaverdi. amotvifruli warweriT. (sm)
warmoadgens liTonis Txel firfitas ebrauli warweriT. damagrebulia
Sindisfer xaverdis qsovilze.
120. S. koboSvili. finjraoba _ qalebis TamaSi. 1940. qaRaldi, feradi
fanqari. 40,5X51,5. (sm)
121. boxCa. bambisa da CiTis qsovili, qvilTis teqnika. 85X80. (Tim)
122. d. gvelesiani. mewvrilmane soflad. tilo, zeTi. 70,3X100,3. (sm)
123. S. koboSvili. qaravani. 1939. tilo, zeTi. 52X66. (sm)
XIX s-is pirvel naxevarSi SeZlebuli axalcixeli vaWari
ebraelebisaTvis saxmeleTo gzebze gadaadgilebis saSualeba iyo
aqlemebisa da cxenebis qaravnebi. maT mihyvebodnen Calvadrebi (aqlemebisa
da cxenebis patronebi) da qaravanbaSi (qaravnis winamZRoli).
97
124. S. koboSvili. ebraeli sovdagari. qaRaldi, akvareli, guaSi, tuSi.
28X16. (sm)
feodelur xanaSi saqarTvelos ebraelTa ZiriTad saqmianobas vaWroba
warmoadgenda. XIX s. meore naxevris masalebis mixedviT, aReb-micemobaSi
Cabmuli mTeli ebraeloba SeiZleba sam fenad daiyos: msxvili vaWrebi
(sovdagrebi), saSualo vaWarTa fena da wvrili movaWreni. es
ukanasknelni egreT wodebuli ~mesofleebi~ movaWreTa did umravlesobas
Seadgendnen.
suraTze gamosaxuli sovdagari Cacmulia sadad, magram mdidrulad,
bordosferi axaluxi, vercxlis qamari, buzmentSemovlebuli yavisferi
Coxa, qamarSi gayrili abreSumis baRdadi, romlis bolo Coxidan moCans,
wvetiani waRebi da bolos sovdagris xelSi damaxasiaTebeli rokiani
joxi _ am kacis socialur saxesa da ekonomikur siZlieres
gagrZnobinebT.
125. S. koboSvili. mdidari ebraeli sovdagris coli. qaRaldi, muyao,
akvareli, guaSi, tuSi. 24X15. (sm)
126. S. koboSvili. dvacatniki. qaRaldi, guaSi, laqi. 46X36. (sm)
axalcixeli wvrili movaWreni kardakar vaWrobdnen qalaqSi,
gansakuTrebiT, mis ganapira ubnebSi. zogi maTgani mxolod moxeleebs,
umTavresad, samxedro mosamsaxureebs aZlevda saqonels nisiad. isini
xelfass 20 ricxvSi iRebdnen, ris gamoc nisiad movaWreebs
dvacatnikebs uwodebdnen.
127. S. koboSvili. axalcixis bazari. 1940. qaRaldi, guaSi. 38X52. (sm)
128. S. koboSvili. ymebis masobrivi gayidva. 1940. tilo, zeTi. 70X101.
(sm)
98
istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT feodalur saqarTveloSi yma ebraeli
mebatonis sakuTreba iyo. batons SeeZlo misi gayidva, gaCuqeba, mziTvad
gataneba Tu sxvagvarad gasxviseba. 1940. tilo, zeTi.
129. d. gvelesiani. Salom koboSvilis portreti. 1940. tilo, zeTi.
70X101. (sm)
130. d. gvelesiani. ebraeli. qaRaldi, akvareli. 35X25,5. #7-98/7 (sm)
131. d. gvelesiani. ebraeli mamakaci. qaRaldi, akvareli. 34X27. (sm)
132. d. gvelesiani. moxuci ebraeli. qaRaldi, fanqari. 34X30. (sm)
133. d. gvelesiani. ebraeli qalis portreti. qaRaldi, akvareli. 32X17
(sm)
134. d. ermakovis foto. ebraeli TxiliT. (efa)
135. d. ermakovis foto. ebraeli wyvili. (efa)
136. d. ermakovis foto. ebraeli. Txilis gamyidveli. (efa)
137. d. ermakovis foto. ebraeli. (efa)
138. d. ermakovis foto. axalcixeli ebraeli. (efa)
139. d. ermakovis foto. ebraeli sasomxeTidan. (efa)
140. d. ermakovis foto. rabini. imereli ebraeli. (efa)
141. ucnobi avtoris foto. ebraeli. (sm)
142. d. ermakovis foto. axalcixe. Zveli qalaqis ebrauli nawili.
(efa)
99
143. d. ermakovis foto. quTaisi. somxuri eklesia rionis piras da
qalaqis ebrauli nawili. (efa)
144. d. ermakovis foto quTaisi. ebrauli ubnis saerTo xedi.
(efa)
miRebul SemoklebaTa ganmarteba
sm _ simon janaSias saxelobis saqaarTvelos muzeumi
Tim _ ioseb griSaSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis istoriis muzeumi
(qarvasla)
efa _ dimitri ermakovis fotoarqivi
100
Tavi V
ebraul religiur-ritualur siuJetebze Seqmnili namuSevvrebisa
da artefaqtebis Sinaarsis gamnmarteba
mezuza da amuletebi
sityva “mezuzas” pirdapiri mniSvneloba karebis zRrublia, romelic
Semovida xmarebaSi, magram amasTanave aRniSnavs karebze mimagrebul
patara kolofs, sadac Toris gamonaTqvamebiani miniaturuli pergamentis
gragnilia moTavsebuli. sityva mezuzoTi (mezuzas mravlobiTi ricxvi),
bibliidan iRebs saTaveebs (meore kanoni 6:9): “da dawere Seni saxli
zRrublebze da Sen WiSkrebze”. teqsti pergamentis mxolod erT mxaresaa
dawerili da amasTan erTad, damweri - soferi mkacrad icavs garkveul
wesebs, romlis Sesrulebis gareSe mezuza ar iTvleba qaSrad da misi
gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba. Mmezuzis teqsti Seicavs RmerTis erT erT
saxels – “Sadai”, romelic ase iSifreba: “israelis karebTa mcveli”. anu
mezuza icavs ebrauli saxlis Sesasvlels, saxls yovelgvari
ubedurebisgan, mtrisgan, magram garda am Rirseuli funqciisa, mezuzas
sxva, kidev ufro didi mniSvnelobac aqvs. rambavi aRniSnavs, rom saWiroa
Zalian didi yuradRebiT movekidoT mezuzis mcnebis Sesrulebas, rac
yvelasaTvis maradJams aucilebelia saxlSi Sesvlis Tu gamosvlis dros.
adamiani Tvals mohkravs Tu ara mezuzas, xeliT emTxveva da kocnis,
masSi iRviZebs siyvaruli uflisadmi.
ebraelobis umravlesoba mezuzas ojaxuri kerisa da misi binadrebis
erTgvar damcvelad aRiqvas. msgavsi mosazreba Talmudis droidan Caisaxa
da Suasaukuneebis gavliT Tanamedroveobamde moaRwia.
rogorc wesi mezuzebi vercxlisagan, latunis da xisagan mzaddeba da
mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva, SedarebiT martivi da sadadan dawyebuli
mdidrulad morTulebamde. Mmecamete saukunidan, zoharis droidan
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("kabbalas”, ebrauli misticizmis Semadgeneli erT-erTi wigni). sityva
“Saddai” sityva “RmerTis” sinonimia. rogorc wesi pergamentis meore
mxaresaa moTavsebuli da patara nasvretidan moCans. Ggarda
sacxovrebelis karebis zRrublisa, mezuzebs aTavseben sinagogebisa da
sxva Senobebis karebebzec israelsa da mTels msoflioSi. Mmezuzas
agreTve gulze dakidebuls atareben rogorc iudaizmis simbolos, an
zogjer rogorc bednierebis momtan Tilismas. Mmravali wlis manZilze
ebraelebi atarebdnen sxvadasxva tipis vercxlis amuletebs, romlebic
ubedurebisagan icavda maT. Aamuletze xSirad weria sityva “Sadai”
romelic avi Tvalisagan icavs.
magen daviTi
amJamad yvelaze gavrcelebuli Tilismebia stilizurebuli sityva “hai”
(sicocxle) da eqvsqimiani varskvlavi (magen daviTi). rogorc wesi am
amuletebs rogorc iudaizmis niSans atareben. magen daviTi (daviTis
fari) – ori Tanabari samkuTxedisagan Semdgari geksogramaa.
Tavdapirvelad igi ufro internacionaluri simbolo iyo da gvxvdeba
Zvel indoeTSi, mogvianebiT ki axlo aRmosavleTsa da evropaSi.
brinjaos saukunidan (Zv. w.a. 4 aTaswleulis bolo – 1 aTaswleulis
dasawyisi) geksagrama, iseve rogorc pentagrama dekoratiuli da magiuri
daniSnulebiT sakmaod xSirad gamoiyeneboda bevr sruliad gansxvavebul
teritoriebze, magaliTad rogorc mesopotamiis semitebsa, aseve
britanebis keltebs Soris.
ebrauli religiuri kanoni RmerTisa da raime simboloebis
gamosaxulebas krZalavs, amitom magen daviTi TalmudSi ar aris
moxseniebuli. misi gamoCena Talmudis epoqaSi naklebad warmosadgenia,
Tumca axlaxans tarenteSi (samxreT italia) misi gamosaxuleba III
saukunis saflavis qvaze aRmoaCines. Yyvelaze uZvelesi daviTis
varskvlavi Zv w. a. VIIEsaukuneSi sidonSi aRmoCenil ebarul beWedzea,
romelic vinme ieoSua ben ieSaiaus ekuTvnoda. xolo momdevno, pirveli
saukuniTaa daTariRebuli da galileis zRvis sanapiroze kapernaumis
sinagogaSia aRmoCenili. aq sinagogis dekorSi gamoyenebulia rogorc
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geksagrama, aseve pentagrama da svastikis msgavsi simboluri niSani.
Tumca am periodSi is ar asociirdeba iudaikasTan. Yyvela droSi wminda
ebraul simbolod menora – taZris Sandali – iTvleboda. garkveul
wilad swored menoraa ebraelobis ganmasxvavebeli niSani. Tuki mis
gamosaxulebas vxdebiT Zvel samarxebze, es maT ebraul; warmomavlobaze
miuTiTebs.
pirvelad magen daviTi me-12 saukunis SuaSi, iehuda gadasis mier “eSkol
a-kofer”-Sia naxsenebi. savaraudoT im dros magen daviTi amuletebze
gamosaxul niSans warmoadgenda. Mmagiaur papirusebze ufro xSirad
pentagramebi da varskvlavebia gamosaxuli, sadac RmerTis saxelebia
Cawerili. (39)
rogorc Cans, magen daviTma farTo gavrceleba kabbalidan hpova.
pentagramas sxvagvarad Slomos (solomonis) beWeds uwodeben da aseve
Talismanadaa miCneuli. Hhenris mosazrebiT indusebma es simbolo
semitebisagan miiTvises (40), Tumca saxelwodeba mis ebraul an semitur
warmomavlobas ver amtkicebs. indusebi “damcavad” geksagramebsac
iyenebdnen. SesaZlebelia, sinagogebSi mas mezuzis dekorad iyenebdnen.
Tavad saxelwodeba daviTis fari, mis “damcvel” Zalaze miuTiTebs. XIII-
XIV ss. Evropul (Tavidan germaniis) sinagogebSi Mmagen daviTi pirvelad
gamoiyenes rogorc ornamenti, Semdeg manuskriptebSic gamoCnda.
amave epoqaSi amuletbsa da mezuzebze iyenebdnen rogorc ornaments da
gvian SuasaukuneebSi kabalis ebraul teqsatebSi dekoratiuli
daniSnulebiT
karl VI (1354 w.) praRis ebraelebs daviTis farisa da solomonis beWdis
gamosaxulebiani wiTeli droSa aCuqa. wiTel droSaze, romliTac
ebraelebi mefe maTe ungrels xvdebodnen, ori pentagrama da ori oqros
varskvlavi iyo gamosaxuli (41). Mmagen daviTi agreTve Temis oficialur
beWeds amSvenebda. ebraelebi aseve iyenebdnen pentagramas, romelic
SeiZleba vnaxoT 1073 wlis erT xelnawerSi (faqsimilie seder eliahu
rabba ve-seder eliahu zuta) (42)
es varskvlavi saukuneebis manZilze gvxvdeba, magram mxolod XVII
saukunidan gaxda wminda ebrauli simbolo praRaSi. Mmagen daviTi
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xSirad sakulto daniSnulebis sagnebis mosarTavad an rogorc
religiuri simbolika ise gamoiyeneba.
eqvsqimian varskvlavs iyenebdenen ebraul niSnad stambaSi da
sagvareulo Rerbebis Semadgenel nawilad. Mmagen daviTs gamosaxuleba
gvxvdeba rogorc dekoratiuli elementi sinagogebSi, wignebSi,
oficialur beWdebze, religiur da yofiT nivTebze, MmogvianebiT (XVII-
XVIII ss.) Mmagen daviTi moraviisa da avstriis, Semdeg ki italiisa da
niderlandebis ebraelTa yofaSi Semovida. mogvianebiT aRmosavleT
evropis ebraul TemebSic gavrcelda.
ebraul saflavis qvebze magen daivTs mxolod XVIII saukunis bolodan
gamosaxaven.
1779 wlidan magen daviTi ukve rogorc specifiuri ebrauli simbolo
antisemitur karikaturebSi figurirebs.
XIX saukuneSi emansipirebulma ebraelebma magen daviTi erovnul
simbolod airCies da mas igive datvirTva mieca, rac qristianebisTvis
jvris tarebas.
sworeT am periodSi eqvsqimiani varskvlavi msoflios praqtikulad yvela
ebrauli Temis mier iqna miRebuli da yvelaze gavrcelebul simbolod
iqca sinagogebSi, ebraul dawesebulelbSi, Zeglebze, saflavis qvebze,
beWdebze, sabuTebis blankebze, yofiTi da religiuri daniSnulebis
sagnebze, faroxeTebze.
magen daviTis simbolos zusti warmomavloba ucnobia.
erT erTi versiiT es TeTri liliaa, romelsac magen daviTis formis
gaSlili eqvsi foToli aqvs da ebraeli xalxis simboloa. Mmefe
solomonis “qebaTa qebaSi” lilia ase moixsenieba: “me – Saronis narcisi,
mdeloebis lilia. rogorc liliaa ekalTa Soris, ise Cemi mijnuria sxva
qalwulTa Soris” (qebaTa qeba.2:1-2)
ebraeli mkvlevari uri ofiri varaudobs, rom daviTis varskvlavis
warmoSoba ukavSirdeba taZris menoras. misi Svidi Sandlis qveS
ganlagebulia yvavili (5). uri ofiri Tvlis, rom es yvavili aris TeTri
lilia, romelic formiT waagavs magen daviTs (7). Sandali iseTnairad
iyo ganTavsebuli yvavilis centrSi, rom qurumi anTebda cecxls TiTqos
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da magen daviTis SuagulSi. ebraelebis udabnoSi momTabare cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi menora mdebareobda skiniaSi, xolo Semdgom ierusalimis
taZarSi, meore taZris dangrevamde. misi azriT amiT aixsneba magen
daviTis siZvele da mniSvneloba.
legendis Tanaxmad, magen daviTi gamosaxuli iyo mefe daviTis meomarTa
farze. meore versiis Tanaxmad, farebi damzadebuli iyo tyavisagan da
magrdeboda gadajvaredinebuli formis foladis firfitebiT.
mesame versiis Tanaxmad (8), TviTon farebi iyo eqvswaxnagovani. yovlad
dasaSvebia, rom magen daviTi iyo mefe daviTis xelmowera, radgan aso
“daleTs” Zvel ebraul damwerlobaSi hqonda samkuTxedis forma, saxeli
ivriTze ki Sedgeba oTxi “daleTisagan” (9). amave dros, ramodenime
wyaroze dayrdnobiT vigebT, rom misi piradi xelmowera Seicavda ara
varskvlavis, aramed mwyemsis kverTxis da gudis gamosaxulebas.
arsebobs versia, romlis Tanaxmadac, cru mesia daviT alroi iyo swored
is, vinc me-12 saukuneSi gadaaqcia solomonis beWdis magiuri simbolo
magen daviTis simbolod (darqmeuli mis sapativsacemod) da is gaxada
Tavisi modgmis sagvareulo simbolo.
geqsogramis yvelaze gavrcelebuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad, is warmoadgens
mamakacis (zemoT mimarTuli samkuTxedi) da qalis (qvemoT mimarTuli
samkuTxedi) sawyisebis Serwymasa da Sexebas (10).
Zvelad miiCnevdnen, rom magen daviTi ganasaxierebs oTxive stiqias: zemoT
mimarTuli samkuTxedi ganasaxierebs cecxlis da haeris stiqiebs, xolo
qvemoT mimarTuli samkuTxedi - wyals da miwas. sxva versiis Tanaxmad,
samkuTxedis zeda kuTxe ganasaxierebs cecxls, xolo danarCeni ori
(marcxena da marjvena) - wyals da haers. sxva samkuTxedis kuTxeebi,
mimarTuli erTi kuTxiT qvemoT, Sesabamisad: mowyalebas, mSvidobas
(simSvides) da madlierebas. aseve magen daviTi warmoadgens cis sawyisis
Serwymas, romelic miiswrafis miwisaken (qvemoT mimarTuli samkuTxedi
(10).
erT-erTi ganmartebis Tanaxmad, daviTis eqvsqimiani varskvlavi
ganasaxierebs RvTis mmarTvelobas: dedamiwaze, zecaSi da samyaros
oTxive kuTxeSi - CrdiloeTSi, samxreTSi, aRmosavleTSi da dasavleTSi
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(11). (saintereso faqti: ivriTze sityvebi “magen daviTi” Sedgeba aseve
eqvsi asosgan).
kabalis mixedviT, magen daviTi aireklavs Svid qveda sefirots. eqvsive
samkuTxedi miuTiTebs TiToeul sefirotze, xolo eqvsqimiani Suaguli-
sefir “malquTze”.
e. esasis mixedviT, es simbolo ganasaxierebs msoflios eqvs dReSi
Seqmnis models. ori samkuTxedi - ori mimarTuleba.
samkuTxedi, mimarTuli wveriT maRla: zeda wertili miuTiTebs uzenaesze
da rom is erTaderTia. am wertilis ori ganStoeba, marjvniv da marcxniv
miuTiTebs Seqmnis procesSi warmoqmnil sxvadasxvaobebze - borotebasa
da sikeTeze. daviTis varskvlavis meore samkuTxedis wveri mimarTulia
dabla. ori erTmaneTisgan daSorebuli wveridan gamosuli xazebi
erTdeba mesame qveda wverSi. swored amaSi mdgomareobs adamianis
arsebobis mizani - harmoniulad SeiTavsos samyaroSi arsebuli
“marjvena“ da “marcxena” mxareebi (12).
arsebobs magen daviTiT suqas morTvis tradicia - karvis, romelSic
ebraelebi cxovroben suqoTis dResaswaulis dros. suqaSi gamofenili
varskvlavis eqvsi qimi Seesadageba eqvs Zvirfas stumars, romlebic
stumrobdnen ebraul suqas suqoTis dResaswaulis pirveli eqvsi dRis
ganmavlobaSi: abraams, isaaks, iakobs, moses,Aaarons da iosebs. maT yvelas
aerTianebs meSvide stumari - TviT mefe daviTi (11).
magen daviTs aqvs 12 waxnagi, rac Seesabameba israelitTa 12 toms,
romlebzedac mefobda daviTi da romlebic aRdgenilni iqnebian mefe
daviTis pirdapiri memkvidris - mesiis mosvlisTanave.
gamoCenili germanel-ebraeli filosofosi franc rozencveigi Tavis
mTavar filosofiur naSromSi “gadamrCeneli varskvlavi” (1921w.)
gvTavazobs magen daviTis sakuTar axsnas. is ganixilavs magen daviTs
rogorc RmerTis, adamianebis da samyaros urTierTobis simbolur
gamoxatvas.
misi azriT samkuTxedi, romelic mdebareobs safuZvelSi, ganasaxierebs
sam ZiriTad sagans, romlebsac Seiswavlis filosofia: RmerTs, adamians
da samyaros. meore asaxavs iudaizmis pozicias am elementebisadmi da maT
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urTierTgavlenas – qmnileba (RmerTsa da samyaros Soris), gulaxdiloba
(RmerTsa da adamians Soris) da ganwmenda (adamiansa da samyaros Soris).
am samkuTxedebis erTmaneTze dawyobiT warmoiqmneba “xsnis varskvlavi”.
kidev erTi versia, romelic gvixsnis daviTis varskvlavis agebulebas,
mdgomareobs SemdgomSi - ori samkuTxedis SeerTeba, romlebic asaxaven
mosaxleobis masebis gadanawilebas (samkuTxedi zeviT) mmarTvelobas da
simdidres (samkuTxedi qveviT).
roTSildebis ojaxma, romelmac miiRo sagvareulo tituli 1817w., CarTes
magen daviTi TavianT sagvareuli gerbSi.
ebrauli warmoSobis germaneli poeti henrix haine 1840 wlidan sakuTari
xelmoweris nacvlad germanul gazeT “augsburger algemaine caitung”
Tavisi statiebis qveS svamda geqsogramas.
1879 wels sankt-peterburgSi ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis mier
mowveuli iqna rabinebis didi simpoziumi, sadac maT dausves Svidi
kiTxva iudaizmis sawyisebis Sesaxeb. erT-erTi kiTxva iyo magen daviTis
mniSvnelobaze.
1897 wels pirvelma sionisturma kongresma miiRo sionisturi moZraobis
droSis proeqti, romlis SuagulSi ganTavsebuli iyo magen daviTi da
romelic dRes cnobilia, rogorc israelis saxelmwifoebrivi droSa.
Teodor herclma, sionisturi moZraobis liderma, Tavis wignSi “ebrauli
saxelmwifo” SemogvTavaze gansxvavebuli versia: TeTri droSa, romlic
centrSic iqneboda Svidi oqrosferi varskvlavi, oRond misi winadadeba
miRebuli ar iqna, im mizeziT, rom droSas aklda ebrauli simboloebi.
imave wels eqvsqimianma varskvlavma daamSvena Jurnal “di veltis”
garekani, romelsac gamoscemda hercli.
nacistebs miuZRviT didi “wvlili” imaSi, rom eqvsqimiani varskvlavi
samudamodaa dakavSirebuli ebraelebTan. evropis bevr qalaqebsa da
qveynebSi nacisturi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi ebraelebis
ganmasxvavebel niSnad irCevdnen swored yviTel magen daviTs. es emblema
ganasxvavebda ebraelebs adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan da warmoadgenda
maT TvalSi damamcirebel daRs. garda amisa daviTis varskvlavi
nacistur banakebSi gamoiyeneboda rogorc ganmasxvavebeli niSani
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tyveebis garkveuli kategoriisaTvis. amave dros amerikasa da inglisSi
magen daviTs ganixilavdnen rogorc iudaizmis simbolos, analogiurs
qristianuli jvrisa, da am mizeziT gamosaxavdnen magen daviTs
mokavSireebis rigebSi daRupuli ebraeli meomrebis saflavebze, iseve,
rogorc qristianebis saflavebze - jvrebs.
daviTis yviTeli varskvlavi ori cisferi zolis fonze, SuaSi TeTri
zoliT warmoadgenda ebrauli brigadis emblemas, romelic meore
msoflio omis dros iyo britanuli armiis nawili. SesaZloa, rom am
simbolos avtorebs surdaT gadaeqciaT nacistebis yviTeli varskvlavi
siamayis sagnad.
israelis saxelmwifos daarsebis Semdeg sionisturi moZraobis droSa,
romlis SuagulSi gamosaxulia cisferi magen daviTi, gaxda
saxelmwifoebrivi droSa (13).
israelis droebiTma mTavrobam miiRo droSis da gerbis komisiis
gadawyvetileba da daamtkica is 1948 wlis 28 oqtombers. ase gaxda
daviTis cisferi varskvlavi israelis saxelwifos simbolo. amave dros
gerbis saxiT arCeuli iyo ufro autentiuri da Zveli ebrauli emblema -
menora, taZris Sandlis gamosaxuleba.
mikve
mikve (pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT dagrovil (wyals) niSnavs, ritualuri
uwmindurobisgan ganbanisaTvis (tebila) gankuTvnil wylis rezervuars).
mikve sinagogasTan arsebuli ritualuri abanoa, romlis daniSnuleba ara
mxolod higienuri sisufTavis dacvaa, aramed ritualuri ganwmendaa.
amitom mikveSi winaswar dabanilebi Sedian.
cnobebi da kanonebi mikves Sesaxeb jer kidev ToraSia moxseniebuli.
SemdgomSi mikves kanonebi TalmudSi traktatSia Tavmoyrili da agreTve
sxva TalmudisSemdgom literaturaSi ganixileba.
mikveSi ganbana bibliaSi miTiTebuli SemTxvevebisa da ritualuri
siwmindis darRvevis SemTxvevebisas aris dawesebuli.
taZris dangrevis Semdeg mamakacebis ganbana aucileblobas kargavs.
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meore taZris epoqaSi mikveSi ganbana farTo masebisaTvis iyo
savaldebulo da mas ierusalimis droebiTi mmarTveli ucxoeli mefeebic
ki aRiaraebden. ierusalimSi sadResaswaulod Camosul piligrimTaTvis
mravalricxovani mikveebi igeboda da taZarSi Sesvlamde yvelasTvis
savaldebulo iyo mikveSi ganbana. Mmeore taZris epoqis mikves
arqeologiuri gaTxrebi (mag. kumranSi, masadaze, herodionSi) adasturebs,
rom Tanamedrove mikve miSnas da Talmudis droindeli mekves yvela
damaxasiaTebel niSnebs inarCunebs. Mmikve yvela droisa da qveynis
ebrauli Temisa da sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawilia da rogorc wesi
sinagogasTan arsebobs. M
mikve uSualod miwaze igeba da dauSvebelia mza blokebis gamoyeneba,
misi iataki da kedlebi wyals ar unda uSvebdes, arc Semomavals, arc
gamdinares. masSi mxolod mdgari wyali unda iyos. mikveSi minimaluri
savaldebulo wylis raodenoba 40 sea (750 litri). 40 sea sxvadasxva
gamoTvlebis Tanaxma daaxloebiT 250-dan 1000 litramdea. wvimis wyliT
an bunebrivi wyarodan (niadagidan) unda iyos Sevsebuli, Semdeg ki
SeiZleba nebismieri sxva wylis damateba. Mmikves Yyvelaze gavrcelebuli
konstruqcia Sedgeba wylis dasagrovebeli rezervuarisgan (rogorc wesi
- auzisagan), sadac milebiT 40 sea wvimis wyali Caedineba (ZiriTadaT
saxuravidan) da wyali Semdeg emateba qalaqis wyalmomaragebis
sistemidan.
ukanasknel dros mikve ZiriTadaT qalebisTvisaa gankuTvnili, upirveles
yovlisa patarZlis qorwilis win ganwmendis ritualuri daniSnuleba
akisria da agreTve gaTxovili qalebisTvis yovelTviuri ganwmendis
rituals warmoadgens. Mmikves wminda wyalSi CayvinTva sulier
sisufTavesTanaa asocirebuli.
mikveSi ganbana miTiTebulia ganwmendis mizniT, qalebisTvis mSobiarobis
Semdeg an yovelTviuri ciklis dasrulebis Semdeg. agreTve iudaizmSi
gadasvlisTvis. zogierTi TemisaTvis ganbana sulieri ganwmendis
saSualebas warmoadgens, magaliTad SabaTis dadgomamde, dResaswaulebis
da marxvis win, gansakuTrebiT iom-qifurisaTvis. mikves agreTve
araebraelebis mier gakeTebuli WurWlis gasavlebad iyeneben.
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kabalistebisTvis da xasidebisTvis yoveldRiuri locvis “Saxaritis” win
aucilebelia mikveSi ganbana.
germaniaSi mikves uZvelesi nangrevebi me-12 saukuniT TariRdeba (kiolni,
1170 w.) vormSSi mikve warmoadgens miwisqveSa nagebobas, romelTanac
Cayavs 19 safexurs da kidev 11 safexuri – wyalSi Casasvlelad. Aasevea
agebuli mikve qairoSi da “tifereT israelis” sinagogis sardafSi
ierusalimis Zvel qalaqSi.
sainteresoa, rom uZvelesi droidan mikveSi ganbanis ritualis higienur
mxares didi yuradReba eTmoboda. ezras dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, qalebs
mikveSi ganbanis win Tavi unda daebanaT. Sua saukuneebSi mikves
umetesoba abanos funqciasac iTavsebda. es imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom
ebraelebs qristianebTan erTad mdinareebSi banaoba ekrZalebodaT.
Tanamedrove mikveSi calke saabazano oTaxebia, sadac qalebi banaoben, da
wesrigdebian, es erTgvari momzadebaa mikveSi ganbanis win, rac TaviT
CayvinTvasac iTvaliswinebs.
ganbanva (ְטִביָלה, tebila, zusti mniSvnelobiT “CayvinTva”, “Cafloba”),
ritualuri sisufTavis aRsadgeni Cveulebaa, im SemTxvevebisaTvis,
rodesac aucilebelia ritualuri sisufTave da ganwmenda. Aamitom
ganbanis win aucilebelia winaswar banaoba.
ganbana sxva uZvelesi religiebisTvisac iyo damaxasiaTebeli, sxvadasxva
formiT is Tavis mniSvnelobas qristianobaSi da islamSic inarCunebs.
iudaizmSi garkveuli mimdinareobebi ganbanas gansakuTrebiT did
mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen.
ebraul tradiciaSi sami tipis ganbana arsebobs: sruli, xel-fexis da
xelebis ganbana.
adamianis an sagnis ganbana ganwmendisaTvis unda Catardes an maim xaimSi
(“cocxal wyalSi”), anu mdinaris, bunebrivi wyaros an zRvis wyalSi, an
mikveSi. GgansabaniAadamiani an sagani fizikurad ukve sufta unda iyos da
wyali sxeulis an sagnis mTel zedapirs unda exebodes. tradiciuli
gaxda samjeradi ganbana. sruli ganbana xuTwigneulSi ritualuri
uwmindurobis umetess SemTxvevebSia dadgenili. gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba ganbanas taZris msaxurebisaTvis hsqonda, vinaidan taZarSi
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msaxurebis aRvlenisas da “wminda” sakvebis miRebisas ganwmendilebi unda
yofiliyvnen. taZarSi Sesvlac ki mxolod ritualurad ganwmendili
adamianebisaTvis iyo dasaSvebi. Ffarisevlebs Soris ritualuri
sisufTavis dacva Cvevad gadaiqca. sruli ganbanva agreTve iudaizmSi
gadasvlis ceremoniis nawils warmoadgens.
Sua saukuneebidan moyolebuli levitebi ganbandnen xelebs qoenebs
locva-kurTxevis dawyebamde, amitom xelebis ganbanvis sura gaxda
levitebis heraldikuri simbolo da xSirad gamoisaxeboda maTi saflavis
qvaze. xelebis ganbanva saWiroa bevr sxva SemTxvevaSic-zogjer higienuri
TvalsazrisiT, zogjerac crurwmenis gamo.
gansakuTrebul rituals ganekuTneba sagnebis ganbanva. samzareulos da
sasadilos metalis da minis nivTebi (arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba
keremikul da faifuris WurWelze). ganbanili unda iyos mikveSi, axali
WurWelic ki, Tu is SeZenilia araebraelisgan, radgan arsebobs didi
albaToba imisa, rom es nivTi exeboda araqaSer sakvebs. aseT ganbanvas
Tan axlavs benediqcia.
sinagoga (berZn.: συναγωγή, translit. synagogē, „yriloba, TavSeyra“; בית
beiT Tfila, „locvis תפילה בית or שול ;“beiT qneseT, „TavSeyris saxli כנסת
saxli“; אסנוגה, esnoga) — ebrauli salocavi adgili.
sinagogas, rogorc wesi, aqvs erTi vrceli darbazi locvebisaTvis, mcire
oTaxebi saswavleblad da xSirad sazogadoebrivi darbazi da ofisebi.
zogierTs aseve calke oTaxi aqvs Toras saswavlod, romelsac beiT
midraS-s uwodeben — מדרש בית (beiT midraS, „swavlis saxli“).
sinagoga warmoiqmna palestinaSi (Zv. w. IV s), egvipteSi (Zv. w. III s).
ierusalimis taZris dangrevis (ax. w. 70 w.) da diasporis (palestinis
farglebs gareT ebrauli koloniebi) gafarToebis Semdeg sinagogebi
arsdeba yvelgan, sadac ki ebraelebi cxovroben.
sinagogaSi asruleben RvTismsaxurebas, kiTxuloben da komentarebs
ukeTeben bibliasa da Talmuds, marTaven ritualur trapezebs. Sua
saukuneebSi vinc iudeur dogmebs gadauxvevda, sinagogidan gankveTdnen
(magaliTad: uriel akosta, spinoza).
111
sinagogis arqiteqturuli kompozicia da dekori ZiriTadad
mavritanulia, Tumca ufro xSirad Seesabameba im qveynisa da epoqis
arqiteqturul stils, sadac Sendeba.
menora (ebr. ְמנֹוָרה — menora, "ganaTebeli") — oqros Svidtotiani
ganaTebeli (SvidsanTela), romelic bibliis Tanaxmad mdebareobda
skiniaSi. mere gadmoitanes ierusalimSi ierusalimis meore taZris
dangrevamde, aris iudaizmis erT erTi uZvelesi atributi. menora
gamosaxulia israelis saxelmwifo gerbze.
rimonim (seferToris damagvirgvinebeli) – ebr. sityva broweulis
mravlobiT ricxvia , ris formasac waagavda Tavdapirvelads gvirgvini.
broweulis simbolika ganpirobebulia misi feriT, formiTa da Sinagani
struqturiT, romelic ganasaxierebs mravlobis da mravalferovnebis
erTobisa da erTianobis princips. Zvel berZnul tradiciaSi
nayofierebis, ayvavebisa da ojaxuri cxovrebis simboloa.
finikielabTan broweuli sicocxlis simboloa da mzis RmerTis
atributia. Broweuli moixseneba aRmosavluri tradiciis zogierT wminda
wignSi da agreTve bibliaSi, sadac silamazis saxierebad da samyaros
mTlianobis simbolodaa warmoCenili.
broweuls samkurnalo Tvisebebic gaaCnia, ris gamoc man “RvTaebrivi”
nayofis statusi miiRo.
iudaistur xelovnebaSi broweuli – Secnobis da sicocxlis xis
simboloa. xe, romlis fesvebi Rrmad miwaSia, xolo totebi cisken aris
mimarTuli, bevr kulturaSi samyaros RerZis simboloa, romelic
aerTianebs cas da miwas. Eebraul tradiciaSi Secnobis xe da sicocxlis
xe arsebobs. RmerTma isini edemas baRSi moaTavsa. Sxavdasxva legendebSi
Secnobis xe identificirebulia rogorc leRvis xe, vaSlis xe,
broweuli, etrogi (limnis magvari citrusis nayofi). cnobilia
akrZaluli nayofis “Secnobis” mravali interpretacia: moraluri
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kanonebi, seqsualuri, racionaluri, inteleqtualuri codna.
qristianobisgan gansxvavebiT, iudaizmi adamis da evas codvas ara
akrZaluli nayofis Secnobis xidan gasinjvaSi, aramed RmerTis nebis
darRvevaSi xedavs.
Talmudistur literaturaSi sicocxlis xes erTazrovani ganmarteba ar
eZleva. Aapokriful wyaroebSi es zeTisxilis xea. midraSSi aRwerilia,
rom is edemis baRis centrSi idga da mTels edems Crdilavda. Mis
mwvervals didebis 7 Rrubeli faravda, xolo mis nayofs gemosa da
aromatis 15 aTasi elferi dahkravs. tradicia zeTis xilis xes Toras
ukavSirebs. Locvis Tanaxmad, Tora - sicocxlis xea maTTvis, vinc
“maszea SeWidebuli”, da “Cvens Soris arsebul maradiul sicocxles”
warmoadgens. xis RerZs, romelzec Toris gragnilia daxveuli, aseve
sicocxxlis xes uwodeben. Aam RerZebis kideebs agvirgvinebs broweulis
formis “rimonimi”.
droTa ganmavlobaSi Toris gragnilis xis RerZebis forma garTulda.
adreulebi mzaddeboda xilis, kerZod broweulis formis, taZris
svetebis msgavsi. mogvianebiT sityva “rimon” (broweuli) Toris RerZis
nebismier gvirgvins aRniSnavda. aseTi morTulobani ara mxolod
broweulis, aramed sxva xilis, gvirgvinis, gumbaTis formis mzaddeboda.
cnobilia vercxlis rimonimebi vaSlis, mavritanuli TaRebis, samiarusian
samrekloebis, yvavilebis Taigulis, samsarTuliani koSkis formis. XV s.
sicialiaze kvadratul koSkebis formis rimonimebsa da Tora-Sildis
firfitebze patara zanzalakebis mimagrebis wesi damkvidrda. Ees wesi
gavrcelda da dRemde populiaruli mTels evropaSi. zanzalakebis
melodiuri xma Toris SeswavliT gamowveli sixarulis simboloa da
mlocvelebs Toris moaxloebas acnobebs da pirveli TaZris
RvTismsaxurTa samoselis kideebze mimagrebuli zanzalakebis xmas, raTa
ismodes is wminda adgilas RvTis winaSe.
broweuli SemTxveviT ar iyo arCeuli Toris gragnilis mosarTavad,
saukuneebis manzilze is Zalze popularuli motivi iyo ebraul
dekoratiul xelovnebaSi. taZris kapitelebze broweulebi da liliebi
113
iyo gamosaxuli. Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, solomon mefis gvirgvinsac
broweulis forma qonda. Bbroweulis gamosaxuleba Zvel monetebzec
xSirad gvxvdeba.
midraSis mtkicebiT broweulis marcvlebis raodenoba 613-ia, rac Toris
mcnebaTa ricxvs Seesabameba. Bbroweuli mWidro kavSirSia roS-a-Sanas
dResaswaulTan, da ara mxolod imitom, rom weliwadis am dros
mwifdeba, nayofis “gvirgvini” ebrauli axali wlis erT erT centralur
TemasTan – mefobasTan da mesiis mosvlasTan asociirdeba. monaniebis
dReebSi ebraelebi ufals mimarTaven locviT, rom maTi keTili
saqcielni iseTive mravalricxvovani iyos, rogorc broweulis
marcvlebi. Bbroweulis nayofi erec-israelis erT erTi Svidi simboluri
mcenareTagania.
finikis palma
TanaxSi erec-israeli moxseniebulia rogorc miwa, romelic rZiTa da
TafliT moedineba. Aaq moyvanil strofebSi TaflSi finikis serofi
igulisxmeba. Lamazma formam da simaRlem palma popularul da motivad
iqca xelovnebasa da literaturaSi. Ppalmis foTlebs triumfalur
msvlelobisas iyenebdnen, palmis reliefi ki SeiZleba vnaxoT rogorc
taZarSi, aseve sinagogebSi. Eebrauli saxelmwifos dapyrobis Semdeg
romaelebi monetebze palmis qveS traurSi mjdom qals gamosaxavdnen –
es damarcxebuli iudeis simbolo iyo. Bbibliur periodSi palma
silamazis, sinatifisa da nayofierebis simboloa.
ebraul tradiciaSi lulavs – palmis rtoebi gauSleli foTlebiT –
atareben sinagogaSi msvlelobis dros rogorc erT erT im oTxi
simboluri mcenareTagans, romelsac suqaSi anTavseben. vinaidan palma
mTlianad gamoyenebadia (finikebi sakvebad gamoikeneba, foTlebi da xe ki
mSeneblobaSi), rabinebi ebrael xalxs palmas adarebdnen da
amtkicebdnen, rom israelis xalxis Soris ar arian uvargisebi (“bereSit
raba”, 41:1). Ffinikis palmisa da misi foTlebis gamosaxuleba _
samarTlianobis simboloa.
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vazis lerwi uZvelesi droidan dRemde israelis cxovrebSi
umniSvnelovaness rols asrulebs da nayofierebiT, faqizi gemoTi,
romlisganac maRali xarisxis Rvinos amzadeben. Llerwi yovelTvis
aZlevda adamians sakvebs, Rvinos, mzisgan TavSesafars.
pirvelad vazi, rogorc kulturi mcenare, bibliaSia naxsenebi noesTan
dakavSirebiT, roca udidesi warRvnis Semdeg noem miwisa damuSaveba
daiwyo da vazi gaaSena. (“bereSiTi”, 9:20-21, 24)
yurZnis mtevani – “gefeni” – mesamea mcenareTa Svid saxeobas Soris,
romlebic israelis miwis nayofierebis simboloa (“dvarimi”, 8:8).
yurZeni mravalricxovani STamomavlobis simboloa. saqorwino
kontraktze _ “qeTubaze” _ xSirad gamosaxaven yurZnis mtevans fsalmunis
Semdegi strofidan gamomdinare: “colio Seni, rogorc vazis lerwami
nayofieria” (“Teilimi”, 128:3)
Citebi, romlebic yurZnis marcvlebs Wamen, im sulis simboloa, romelic
maradiul sicocxles eziara. Eelinizirebulma ebraelebma es motivebi
sinagogebis mozaikebidan, samarxebisa da sarkofagebis ornamentebidan
gadmoiRes. SesaZloa es gamosaxulebebi sikvdilis Semdeg sicocxlis
imedis simbolos ganasaxierbdnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi am simboloebma
dakarga religiuri Sinaarsi da mxolod Cveulebriv dekoratiul
elemntebaT iqca. yurZnis mtevani _ mosavlis simboloa, agreTve
dalocvis simbolo _ kiduSi, amitom xSirad Rvinis Tasebsa da SabaTis
sxva sagnebze gamosaxaven. suqaSi mosarTavad yurZnis mtevnebs iyeneben.
yurZeni an qiSmiSi, erec-israelis nayofierebis erT erTi Svidi
simboluri mcenareTaganaa, romelic Tu-bi-SvaTis sadResaswaulo sufris
aucilebeli nayofia.
yvavilebi silamazis da aromatis wyalobiT bevr kulturaSi sakulto
simboloebad da dekoris popularul elementad iqca. TanaxSi
moxsienebuli yvavilebi erec israelis uZvelesi mcenareebia, magram maTi
saxelwodebebi yovelTvis ar Seesabameba analogiuri dasaxelebis
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Tanamedrove mcenareebs. magaliTad, “SoSana”, Cveulebrivad iTargmneba
rogorc vardi an lilia, Tumca es sityva SeiZleba agreve niSnavdes
“SroSana”, “giacinti”, “krokusi”, “narcisi” bibliaSi yvavilebis
saxelwodebebi xSirad silamazis, aromatis, sicocxlis warmavalobis,
sinazisa da saswaulis simboloebia. taZarSi yvavilebs gamosaxavdnen
wminda WurWelze, avejze, agreTve gvirgvinze.
Zvel droSi yvavilebis gvirgvins atarebnen qalwulebi, patarZlebi da
sasiZoebi, saomar moqmedebebSi gamarjvebulebi; yvavilebisgan amzadebnen
zeTs,romelic gamoiyeneboda taZarSi msaxurobisas. gvirgvinebs idgavdnen
suqoTSi sadResaswaulo msvlelobis monawileebi.zogoerT ebraul tomSi
yvavilebis gvirgvins Tavze adgavdnen mSoblebs,rodesac isini aTxovebnen
an aqorwinebdnen bolo Svils.
Savoutis dResaswaulis dros sinagogis yvavilebiT morTva simbolurad
asaxavs ebraelTa TavSeyras sinais mTasTan- “saqorwino” saCuqris, Toras
misaRebad. arsebobs legenda,romlis Tanaxmadac Toras gadacemis dRes
sinais mTa daifara yvavilebiT.
amerikasa da israelSi sinagogaSi damkvidrda xufas, suqas,aseve bimas
morTva yvavilebiT,roca tardeba bar da baT-micva,an raime
gansakuTrebuli RmerTmsaxureba. saxlebSi yvavilebi amSveneben magidebs
SabaTs da sadResaswaulo dReebSi. israelis veluri yvavilebi gaxdnen
erec-israelis silamazis da nayofierebis simbolo.
ToraSi SoSana (vardi) qaluri silamazis sinonimia. “simReraTa
simReraSi” satrfo ekalTa Soris SoSanas edreba. vinaidan Talmudistur
literaturaSi “simReraTa simRera” interpretirebulia rogorc
siyvarulis alegoria RmerTsa da israels Soris, es yvavilic ebraeli
xalxisa da misi RmerTan kavSiris simboloa. vardi xSirad moixsenieba
miSnaSi. igi asociirebs SavuyoTis dResaswaulTan, romelic droiT mis
yvavilobas emTxveva, xolo vardis kvirti, romelic idealur yvavilad
ifurCqneba, sinais mTaze Toris Cuqebis simboloa.
ebraelebis sikvdilisagan xsnisa da mterze gamarjvebis istoria,
romelic moTxrobilia “megilaT esTerSi”, babilonis samefos dedaqalaq
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SoSanaSi. Eetyoba sityvebis “SoSan” da “SoSana” Tanxmovneba akavSirebs
vards furimis dResaswaulTan. Aam dResaswaulisas vardebiT rTaven
sinagogebs, furimis WurWlis ornamentebSia gamoyenebuli d asxva
dekoratiuli elementebi.
“zoaris” wignSi naTqvamia, rom 13-furcliani vardis msgavsad, RvTaebrivi
gulmowyalebis 13 atributi moicavs ebrael xalxs. vardi xalxuri
Semoqmedebis ritualuri sagnebis, surnelovani kolofebisa da qeTubebis
popularul motivad iqca.
tirifi
Zvel babilonSi ,evfratis napirebze devnili ebraelebi gaWirvebis Jams
mRerodnen: “tirifebze CamovkideT Cveni kinorebi,radganac Cveni
damtyvevevblebi iTxovdnen simReras da Cveni damcineblebi-garTobas.
rogor vimReroT saRmrTo simRera ucxo miwa-wyalze?”(137 fsalmuni).
kinora-aris musikaluri instrumenti,romelic waagavs arfas. kinoras
gamosaxuleba tirifze gaxda me-9 avis simbolo(TiSa be-av) da
gamoxatavda mwuxarebas taZris dangrevis gamo. gamoTqma “mtirala
tirifi” aseve asaxavs kavSirs tirifsa da glovas Soris.
midraSSi oTxi saxeobis mcenareTa da israelis xalxis Sorisaa
gavlebuli paraleli.
midrasma Caatara Sedareba israelis oTx mcenares da mosaxleobas
Soris da adarebs tirifs im ebraelebs,romlebmac ar ician Tora da ar
sCadian keTil saqmeebs.
tirifi upirveles yovlisa asocirdeba wyalTan. isaias
winaswarmetyvelebis mixedviT: “aRmocendebian isini(iakobis STamomavlebi)
balaxsa Soris,rogorc tirifi wylis dinebaSi”. xoSan-rabaTze-suqoTis
dResaswaulis meSvide dRes-tirifis xeebs aclian totebs da urtyaven
miwas. TalmudSi naTqvamia,rom am dRes “wydeba msoflios bedi-miewodeba
Tu ara mas wyali”(anu ramdenad nayofieri zamTari iqneba
miwaTmoqmedebisTvis erec-israelSi).
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vaSli
Zvel droSi vaSli iyo gavrcelebuli ornamentuli siuJeti. idealuri
formis,tkbili gemosi da aromatis wyalobiT is gaxda silamazis,sitkbos
da imedis simbolo. rZeSi amovlebuli vaSli aris ebrauli axali wlis-
roS-xa_Sanis mTavari elementi da gvevlineba imedis da baraqiani
“tkbili” axali wlis simbolod.
aqeda
mravali saukunis manZilze aqeda iyo ebrauli xelovnebis popularuli
motivi. icxakis msxverplTSewirva xSirad iyo gamosaxuli danis tarze
da langarze,romliTac mihyavdaT Cvili moelTan. es gamosaxuleba
asaxavs mSoblebis imeds, rom maTi Svilis winadacveTa utoldeba
avraamis mier Tavisi Svilis msxverplad Sewirvas.
kibe
msoflios mraval kulturaSi arsebobs warmodgena mbrunav
RerZze,romelic aerTianebs or samyaros(cas da miwas). kibe aris simbolo
vertikaluri kavSiris-an adamianis sulieri amaRleba,an zeciuri
madli,gardamosuli adamianebze.udavoa,rom kibe,romelic iakobma naxa
sizmarSi aris ebrauli kulturis yvelaze cnobili kibe: “da daesizmra
mas:ai kibe dgas miwaze,xolo misi kide cas swvdeba..da ia RvTis
angelozebi adian am kibeze” (“bereSiTi” 28:12) iakobis sizmarSi nanaxi
kibe,iseve rogorc ebrauli tradiciis bevri sxva kibe aris
antropomorfuli azrovnebis gardasaxva abstraqtulSi.
tradiciis mixedviT zogierTi aSkenaziuri tomis warmomadgenlebi iom-
kipuris win miirTmeven halas gamomcxvari kibiT,niSnad imisa,rom maTi
locva Sesmenili iqneba zecaSi.Savoutze kibe halaze ganasaxierebs
moses,romelic adis sinaize Toras misaRebad.
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hasidebi aRiqvaven kibis gamosaxulebas rogorc sulieri ganviTarebis
simbolos: sulieri TavSekavebulobis miRweviT adamiani adis siwmindis
safexurebiT maRla.
saswori
saswori-Zalian Zveli simboloa,savaraudod warmoSobilia
mesepotamiidan.is warmoadgens kavSirs danaSaulsa da sasjels Soris.
dabalansirebuli saswori metyvelebs harmoniasa da Tanasworobaze.
zodiaqos meSvide niSani-libra (23 seqtemberi-21 oqtomberi)-rogorc wesi
gamoisaxeba sasworis saxiT. xSirad zodiaqos es niSani gamosaxulia
SiSveli adamianis saxiT,romelsac xelSi uWiravs horizontalur RerZze
gawonasworebuli saswori. elinizmis epoqaSi ebraul sinagogebSi
iatakze SexvdebodiT sasworis mozaikur gamosaxulebebs. berZnebi
ukavSirebdnen am simbolos astras-samarTlianobis qalRmerTs. Cven
droSi saswori aseve aris kanonis da samarTlis simbolo.
ebrauli axali weli - roS-ha-Sana - aRiniSneba TiSras meSvide Tves da
ganmsWvalulia samarTlianobis motivebiT,romlebsac ganasaxierebs
saswori. sadResaswaulo liturgiaSi asaxulia saRvTo sasworze
dadebuli adamianTa qcevis Tema.
“aron-xa-kodeSi” - Toras gragnilis Sesanaxi karada
“aron-xa-kodeSi”(qivoTi)-“wminda karada”-nivTi,romelsac aqvs rogorc
gamoyenebiTi,aseve simboluri mniSvneloba,aris sinagogas ganuyofeli
atributi. masSi inaxeba Toras gragnilebi,iseve,rogorc odesRac
kidobanSi inaxeboda aRTqmis furclebi.Tavdapirvelad karada iyo
gadasatani,Semdeg mas aSenebdnen sinagogas kedelSi. odiTganve aron-xa-
kodeSi ganlagebulia ierusalimisken mimarTul kedelze,xolo Tavad
ierusalimSi- taZris mTaze. aron-xa-kodeSi karibWe ganasaxierebs
gzas,romelsac mivyavarT TorasTan da
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RmerTTan.
wminda karadis damzadebis tradiciebSi sxvadasxva ornamentebis gaCena
metyvelebs sxva xalxebis kulturis SemoWraze da gavlenaze ebrael
xalxze.
me-18 saukunis germaniaSi karadebi mzaddeboda baris
stiliT:svetebiT,frontonebiT da larnakebiT. aRmosavleT evropis
sinagogobSi qivotebi mzaddeboda gansxvavebuli maneriT-masze
gamosaxuli iyo lomebi,arwivebi da irmebi. zogierTi
qivoti,gansakuTrebiT me-19 saukunis amerikaSi, mzaddeboda mavritanul
stilSi: gumbaTebiT da geometriuli ornamentiT dafaruli TaRebiT.
miuxedavad gansxvavebuli dekoratiuli morTulobisa karadebs aqvT
erTnairi funqciuri datvirTva. rogorc wesi is dafarulia amoqarguli
CamosafarebliT-“paroqeTi”. xSirad mis win an ukan ganlagebulia kari.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi paroqetis win aTavseben naWris zols,romelic
mogvagonebs kidobanis Tavsaxurs-“kaporets”. aharon-xa-kodeSis klasikuri
dekoris elementebia-sjulis ficari,ori aRrialebuli
lomi,TaRebi,portali,karibWe,gvirgvini,menora,eqvsqimiani varskvlavi.
faroxeTi – seferToris karadis (e.w. aRTqmis kidobanis) fardaa,
romelic gamoyobs „wminda adgils“ (ha-kodeS) „wmindaTa wmindasagan“
(kodeS-ha-kodaSim). tradiciulad diasporaSi sinagoga samxreTiskenaa
orientirebuli, xolo misi Sesasvleli ierusalimiskenaa mimarTuli.
salocavis darbazis centrSi “Tebaa” aRmarTuli, xolo Sesasvlelis
mopirdapire mxares ukana kedlis centrSi “aharon-ha-kodeSi” – wminda
karadaa ganTavsebuli, sadac sefer Torebi (Toris gragnilebi) inaxeba.
paroxeti ToraSicaa moxseniebuli rogorc farduli, damzadebuli
lurji, iasamnisferi an alisferi qsovilisagan da moqarguli
qerubimebiT oqros sakidebiT oqroTi mopirkeTebul oTx svetze
damagrebuli, romelic gamoyobs wminda adgils wmindaTa wmindasagan.
(გამოსვლა26:31-33)
sxva atributebis msgavsad, aRTqmis kidobnis farda, rogorc wesi,
saCuqrad gadaecema sinagogas, rogorc Semowiruloba raime
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mniSvnelovani TariRis aRsaniSnavad da umetes wilad xeliTaa
moqarguli.
sxvadasxva epoqebsa da sxvadasxva qveynebis diasporebSi gansxvavebuli
stilis paroxetebs vxvdebiT, magram, rogorc wesi, paroxeti mzaddeba
Zvirfasi qsovilisagan (xaverdi, abreSumi, ufro iSviaTad seli, bamba) da
oqromkediT, vercxlmkediT da abreSumis ZafebiTaa moqarguli.
sainteresoa, rom Cven muzeumSi daculi paroxetebi ori gansxvavvebuli
tipis dekoriTaa morTuli, Tumca stilisturad orive aSkenazuri
warmomavlobisaa da me-XIX saukuneSia damzadebuli.
evropul tradiciaSi Zalian gavrcelebuli iyo aseTi tipis
gamosaxulebani, gvirgvini, romelis miuTiTebs seferToris gvirgvinze,
lomebs (ierusalimis simbolo) moses aTi mcneba uWiravT, arwivebs kidev
erTi gvirgvini da qvemoT menora – sinagogis simbolo. meore paroxetze
gansxvavebuli, magram aseve gavrcelebuli dekoria: stilizirebuli oTxi
sveti, romelic TaRiviT ikvreba da mcenareuli da yvavilebis motivebiT
mdidruladaa ornamentirebuli.
solomonis taZari (ebr.: המקדש בית, beiT hamikdaS), aseve pirveli taZari,
bibliurad pirveli ebrauli taZari ierusalimSi. taZari locvebisa da
msxverplSerwirvis umTavresi adgilis daniSnulebas asrulebda. taZris
mSenebloba dasrulda Zv. w. X saukuneSi. taZari, romelic 410 weli idga,
babilonelebma gaanadgures Zv. w. 586 wels. Mmefe nabuqodonosorma
daibyro ierusalimi, xolo iudevelebi babilonSi gadaasaxla. Mmeore
taZris mSenebloba daaxloebiT Zv. w. 350 w. Dasrulda. meore taZari 420
weli idga. a. w. 70 wels romaelma imperatorma titusma daangria meore
taZari da daibyro ierusalimi, rasac mohyva 2000 wliani iZulebiTi
migracia. taZari dangreuli unda darCes, sanam RmerTi mesiad ar
moavlens daviTis STamomavalss, romelic israels daubrunebs Zvel
didebas da ierusalimis taZarsac aRaSenebs. Aaxlandeli “godebis
kedeli” ierusalimSi – solomonis taZris EerTaderTi gadarCenili
kedelia. is uwmindes adgilad iTvelba da masTan mTeli msifliodan
Camosuli piligrimebi loculoben.
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monoTeizmi (berZn. μόνος = erTaderTi da θεός = RmerTi), erTRmerTianoba,
ama Tu im religiaSi erTaderTi RmerTis arseboba, upirispirdeba
poliTeizms, mravalRmerTianobas. formalurad monoTeisturad iTvleba
iudaizmi (iahve), qristianoba (mamaRmerTi), islami (alahi), magram
sinamdvileSi es arc erT religiaSi ar xorcieldeba. TviT iudaizmi uZv.
warsulSi mravalRmerTiani yofila (uZv. bibliuri RmerTi "elohim" –
"RmerTebi", teqstSi SemorCa). qristianuli sameba samsaxovania. islamSic
– muhamedi. iudevelTa da islamis sarwmunoebas SemorCaT tomTa
RmerTebis rwmenac. zigmund froidma Tavis antireligiur pamfletSi
"mose da monoTeizmi" (1950) aseTi idea wamoayena: mose faraonis msaxuri
iyo.
faraonma exnatonma scada egvipteSi erTi RmerTis – atonis kultis
SemoReba. mis reformas win aRudga qurumoba da rogorc ki faraoni
mokvda, mzis RmerT atonis saqmec dasrulda. mosem scada es idea
ebraelebSi ganexorcielebina, magram xalxma is mokla, Tumca Semdeg
inana, mose mainc gaaRmerTeso. es saintereso idea mxolod varaudebs
eyrdnoba, froidi grZnobs amas da miuTiTebs: dasabuTeba Cems SromaSi
"totemi da tabu" movaxdineo. igulisxmeba misi "oidiposis kompleqsi",
Svilebis mier mamis mokvla, mere sinanuli, mamis gaRmerTeba da mis
saxelze cxovelis totemad gamocxadeba. fsiqoanalizis aseTi gziT
cxadia monoTeizmi ver aixsneba, sakmarisi argumentaciis ararsebobis
gamo.
formebi
monoTeizmis ramdenime forma arsebobs, maT Soris:
Teizmi - terminia, romelic miuTiTebs RmerTisa an RvTaebrivi arsebis
arsebobisadmi rwmenaze.
deizmi - monoTeizmis forma, romlis rwmeniT erTi RmerTi arsebobs.
Tumca, deizmi uarhyofs ideas, rom es RmerTi msoflios ganagebs.
maSasadame, raime saxis RvTiuri gamocxadeba SeuZlebelia da RmerTis
arsSi Cawvdena mxolod meditaciiTa da samyaros bunebaze dakvirvebiT
aris SesaZlebeli. deisti amgvarad uarhyofs saswauls da religiur
teqstebs, rogorc raime RvTiuri codnis wyaros.
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monistiuri Teizmi - monoTeizmis tipia hinduizmSi. Teizmis es tipi
gansxvavdeba semituri religiebisgan vinaidan is efuZneba panTeizms,
monizms da amave dros moicavs piradi RmerTis, rogorc universaluri,
omnipotenturi uzenaesi arsebis koncefcias. monisturi monoTeizmis
mimdevari skolebia ramanuja an viSiStadvata, romelic aRiarebs, rom
samyaro RmerTis nawilia, an naraiana, penenTeizmis forma, Tumca maTi
rwmeniT uzenaes arsebaSi da dvataSi suli mravlobiTi formiTaa.
panTeizmis mixedviT samyaro TviT aris RmerTi. transcendenturi
uzenaesi RvTaebis arseboba bunebisgan gancalkevebiT uarhyofilia.
imisda mixedviT Tu rogor gavigebT amgvar rwmenas, panTeizmi SeiZleba
aTeizmis, deizmisa an Teizmis nawilad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
panenTeizmi, an monisturi monoTeizmi - Teizmis forma, romlis mixedviT
RmerTi Seicavs, Tumca identuri ar aris samyarosi. erTaderTi RmerTi
aris yovlisSemZle da yovlismomcveli, xolo samyaro ki RmerTis
nawilia, da is erTsadaimave dros imanenturi da transcendentria.
substanciuri monoTeizmi - zogierTi afrikuli religiebis safuZvelia,
romlis mixedviT bevri RmerTi aris erTi ZiriTadi substanciis mravali
forma da rom es ZiriTadi substancia Tavad aris RmerTi. es Sexeduleba
emsgavseba qristianuli samebis koncefcias, romelSic sami substancia
erTis nawilia.
iudaizmi (ebr. יהדות - iahaduT) ebraeli eris religia; istoriaSi
aRnusxuli pirveli monoTeisturi rwmena da antikuri xanidan
SemorCenili erT-erTi religia. iudaizmis doqtrina da istoria
mniSvnelovani nawilia sxva monoTeistur, kerZod: samariul, qristianul
da muslimanur religiaTa safuZvlebisa.
ukanaskneli daaxloebiT 2000 wlis manZilze iudaizmis praqtikuli
mimdevroba monoliTuri ar yofila: mas ara hyolia centraluri
sulieri mmarTveloba; ara hqonia SemboWavi dogma. miuxedavad amisa,
yovel variaciaSi iudaizmi mWidrod dakavSirebuli darCa ramodenime
religiur principTan, romelTagan umniSvnelovanesia erTaderTi,
yovlismcodne, yovlisSemZle, yovlad mowyale da uxilavi
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(transcendentuli) RmerTis rwmena; RmerTisa, romelmac samyaro Seqmna
da romelic ganagrZobs mis gangebas. ebrauli azrovnebis mixedviT
samyaros Semqmnelma RmerTma uZvelesi aRTqmiT kavSiri daamyara ebrael
erTan, roca maT Toris saxiT mis mier dadgenili kanonebi da mcnebebi
gauziara. ebrauli RvTismsaxureba yvelaze did adgils uTmobs am
kanonebisa da mcnebebis Seswavlasa da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
ganxorcielebas ise, rogorcaa interpretirebuli religiis kanonikur
wignebsa da rabinul literaturaSi.
ebraeli, romelic wyvets ebrauli ojaxis CveulebaTa Sesrulebas, mainc
ebraelad iTleba. Eebrauli kanoniT, arc is ebraeli unda gamoakldes
ers, vinc ebrauli rwmenis principebs uaryofs da agnostikurad, an
aTeisturadaa ganwyobili. Aamave kanoniT, sxva sarwmunoebis mimRebi
ebraelic ki ebraelad iTvleba, Tumca aseT SemTxvevaSi adamiani kargavs
yovelgvar statuss ebraul TemSi.
ebrauli filosofia filosofiuri disciplinisa da ebrauli Teologiis
gadajvaredinebas warmoadgens. Sua saukuneebis ebrael filosofosTa
ricxvs miekuTvnebian saadia gaoni, Slomo ibn gabiroli, iehuda halevi,
moSe ben maimoni, levi ben gerSomi. ebraelTa ganaTlebis moZraobam (me-18
saukunis miwurulidan me-19 saukunis 80-ian wlebamde) didi cvlilebebi
moaxdina ebraul filosofiaSi. es cvlilebebi gamoxates mogvianebiT
Tanamedrove xanis filosofosebma martin buberma, franc rozencvaigma,
mordexai kaplanma, abraham joSua heSelma, vil herbergma, imanuel
levinasma, riCard rubinSteinma, emil fakenhaimma, iosef soloveiCikma.
ukanaskneli ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi ebraelebi ramdenime
mimdinareobad daiyvnen. TiToeul maTgans sxvanairad esmis Tu ra unda
iyos ebraelisaTvis aucileblad misaRebi rwmenis principebi da rogor
unda icxovros adaminma ebraelad. Ggarkveulwilad, am doqtrinulma
gansxvavebebma ganxeTqileba Camoagdes maT Soris. miuxedavad amisa,
garkveul donemde ebrauli erToba SenarCunda; konservatori
ebraelisaTvis, magaliTad ar iqneba uCveulo orTodoqsalur an
reformistul sinagogaSi ilocos.
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orTodoqsaluri iudaizmis Tanaxmad, Tora RmerTma Seqmna, Semdeg ki
moses ukarnaxa, da amitom Toris kanonebi damavalebeli da ucvlelia.
orTodoqs ebraelebs Sulxan aruxi (zepiri kanoni) ebrauli kanonis
saboloo kodifikaciad miaCniaT. isini agreTve amtkiceben, rom Cveni
drois orTodoqsaluri iudaizmi ganaTlebis moZraobamde arsebuli
iudaizmidan uSualod gamomdinareobs. orTodoqs ebraelTa umravlesoba
ebrauli Teologiis erT-erT formas aRiarebs, romelic moSe ben
maimonis sarwmunoebis camet princips eyrdnoba. orTodoqsalur
ebraelobas araformalurad ori stilis morwmuneebi Seadgenen; maT
Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi mizezia ori midgomisa, romelsac
Tanamedrove orTodoqsaluri iudaizmi ansaxierebs cal-calke.
filosofiurad, es ori jgufi TanamedroveobasTan Seguebis da
azrovnebis ara-ebraul disciplinaTa mniSvnelobis sakiTxebSia
SeuTanxmebeli. Ppraqtikul sferoSi am ori jgufis ebraelebi Cacmis
stiliT da religiuri wesebisaTvis Tavgamodebis doniT gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisagan. Tanamedrove OorTodoqsaluri iudaizmi tradiciuli
ebraelobis farTod gavrcelebuli formaa. igi pativs scems istoriul
tradiciebsa da wesebs, tradiciulad swams RmerTi da eweva
RvTismsaxurebas, magram amasTanave afasebs ganaTlebasa da mecnierebas.
xareduli iudaizmi Zlier konservatuli formaa. mas zogjer ultra-
orTodoqsulsac uwodeben. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom xareduli iudaizmis
ramdenime jgufi (rogorc lubaviCuri xasidebisa) Tanamedrove
orTodoqsebisaviT eTviseba modernizacias, xaredebis umravlesoba
Tanamedrove materialur kulturas mxolod RmerTisaTvis ukeTesi
samsaxuris gawevis saSualebad Tvlis, xolo Tanamedrove sulier
kulturas araviTar angariSs ar uwevs. Kkonservatuli iudaizmis
mixedviT, ebrauli kanoni ucvleli ar yofila – igi yovelTvis cvalebad
pirobebTan SeguebiT viTardeboda; konservatori ebraelebis azriT, Tora
RmerTisagan STagonebul winaswarmetyvelTa mier dawerili saRvTo
sabuTia, magram isini uaryofen orTodoqsalur Sexedulebas, rom Tora
RmerTma moses ukarnaxa. konservatuli iudaizmi zepir Torasac saRvTod
da damavalebelad miiCnevs, magram uaryofs misi kanonebis zog
125
orTodoqsalur interpretacias. Pprogresuli iudaizmi mravali
moZraobisgan Sedgeba, romlebsac ramdenime Qqveynis ebraelTa Soris
mravali mimdevari hyavT.
reformistuli iudaizmi, romelsac zog qveyanaSi liberalurs an
progresulsac uwodeben, me-19 saukunis germaniaSi warmoiSva ganaTlebis
moZraobis gavleniT. sxva mimdinareobebisgan misi gansxvavebuli Tvisebaa
imis uaryofa, rom ebrauli kanonebis Sesruleba aucilebeli religiuri
valdebulebaa. reformistebis azriT, iudaizmis sakiTxebSi
gacnobierebuli TiToeuli ebraeli unda sargeblobdes avtonomiiT.
reformistebi ebrauli tradiciis individualurad SeTvisebas moiTxoven
da ara dadgenili wesebiT RvTismsaxurebas. sabolood, reformistebma
ebraeloba dasaxes mxolod religiad, da ara erovnebad an kulturad.
reformistebma agreTve uaryes ToriT nakarnaxevi ritualuri wesebi da
yofacxovrebis SemboWavi, Torisave bevri amkrZalavi kanoni. samagierod,
reformistebma xazi gausves winaswarmwtyvelTa mowodebas zneobriv
sispetakisaken. reformistulma iudaizmma Tavisi locvanic gamouSva
diasporis qveynebis enebze. Bbolo dros, bevrma reformistulma Temma
aRadgina ebraul enaze locvis tradicia da bevri maTgani morwmuneebs
mouwodebs ramdenadme daicvan ebrauli kanonebi.
rekonstruqcionisturi iudazmi Tavdapirvelad filosofiur
mimdinareobad warmoiSva me-20 saukunis konservatori rabinis mordexai
kaplanis mier. Aam moZraobis mizania iudaizmis xelaxali interpretacia
Tanamedrove kulturasTan mis Sesafaseblad.
humanisturi iudaizmi patara arareligiuri moZraobaa, romlis
mtkicebiT ebrauli vinaoba maTi istoriiTa da kulturiT ganisazRvreba,
da ara wminda teqstebiT.
orTodoqs ebraelTa umravlesoba adamianis ebraelobas sazRvravs ara
imiT, Tu romeli mimdinareobas miekuTvneba, aramed imis mixedviT, Tu
ramdenad axlosaa misi RvTismsaxurebis wesebi maT wesebTan. orTodoqs
ebraelTa azriT, ebraeli, romelic ar asrulebs SabaTis, iom-tovebis
(wminda dReebis), qaSruTisa da ojaxuri siwmindis kanonebs, morwmuned ar
126
unda CaiTvalos; nebismier ebraels, romelic Tundac mxolod am
kanonebs Seasrulebs, isini RvTis msaxurad da morwmuned CaTvlian.
iudaistika aris disciplina, romelic Seiswavlis da ikvlevs iudaizms,
anu israelis xalxis istorias, kulturasa da rwmenas. am kvlevebSi
mTavari amosavali wertili aris ebrauli werilobiTi Zeglebis
filologiuri analizi. rogorc cnobilia, es wyaroebi sxvadasxva enaze
(ebrauli, arameuli, iudeo-arabuli, idiSi, ladino, iudeo-sparsuli
iqmneboda. wyaroTa filologiuri damuSavebis, masalebis Seswavlas da
kvlevas ganagrZoben im meTodebiT, romlebsac filosofiis fakultetis
specialobebze gamoiyeneben.
iudaistika filologiuri da kulturul-istoriuli TvalsazrisiT
iziarebs da iTvaliswinebs ebraelobis swavlebaTa tradiciebs, magram
arsebobs erTi metad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba, rac iudaistikas rogorc
akademiuri samecniero dargs gamoarCevs iudaizmis swavlebaTagan;
iudaizmi iyo ebrauli swavleba ebraelobaze da ebraelTaTvis, rasac am
xalxis identobis, TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis saqmeSi ganuzomeli
mniSvneloba hqonda. miuxedavad amisa, Tanamedrove iudaistika cdilobs
neitralur poziciebze mdgomma mecnierulad ikvlios sxvadasxva
problematuri sakiTxi. swored am mizezis gamo aris xSirad iudaistika
dasavleTis universitetebis filosofiuri, saistorio Tu
kulturologiuri fakultetebis nawili da ara Teologiurisa. ase
axerxebs iudaistika Tavidan aicilos konfesiuri SezRudvebi, an
iudaizmis rogorc mxolod religiad ganxilva.
am samecniero dargis arsebobis gamarTleba aris isic, rom es dargi
dakavebulia sferoTi, romelsac sxva dargebi (semitologia, istoria,
filosofia) ar ikvleven da kerZod; iudaizmi gare gavlenaTa pasiuri
obieqti ki ar iyo, aramed adamianuri kulturis aqtiuri, qmediTi nawili,
romelic samecniero kvlevis TvalsazrisiT metad sainteresoa. mxolod
amgvari centrirebiTaa SesaZlebeli iudaizmis rogorc am
mravalwaxnagovani kulturuli fenomenis ukeT Secnoba.
127
ebraistika dakavebulia ebrauli enisa da kulturis SeswavliT.
ebraistikis damfuZneblad miiCneven germanel humanists iohanes roixlins
(1455 - 1522), romelic 1480 wlidan kabalis SeswavliT iyo dakavebuli. man
Seiswavla ebrauli ena da 1506 „Zveli ebrauli enis gramatika“ gamosca.
Zvelebraistika
Zvelebraistika ikvlevs e.w. klasikur ebrauls rogorc Zveli israelis
enas da Zvel aRTqmas Zveli welTaRricxvis II aTaswleulidan vidre
daaxl. Cv. welTaRricxvis 200-mde.
samaritanistika aris ebraistikis erT-erTi dargi, romelic
samaritanelTa enisa da kulturis SeswavliTaa dakavebuli.
diaspora berZnuli warmoSobisa sityvaa da "gabnevas" niSnavs. diasporas
iwvevs iZulebiTi gadasaxleba, genocidis safrTxe, ekonomikuri da
geografiuli faqtorebis zemoqmedeba. Tavdapirvelad termin ”diasporas”
iyenebdnen palestinis gareT mcxovrebi ebraelebis mimarT, gansakuTrebiT
mas Semdeg, rac samSoblodan gandevnes jer babilonis mefe
nabuqodonosor II-m (Zv.w. VI s.), Semdeg romaelebma ax.w. I-II ss-Si.
SemdgomSi igi gavrcelda sxva eTnikuri (mag. somxebi, irlandielebi,
Cinelebi) da religiuri (mag. pirveli qristianebi) erTobebis mimarTac.
Tanamedrove politikur mecnierebaSi cneba ”diaspora” aRniSnavs
eTnikuri umciresobis jgufs, romelic gadasaxlda, cxovrobs da
moRvaweobs mimReb qveyanaSi, amasTan aqvs Zlieri sentimentaluri da
materialuri kavSirebi warmoSobis qveyanasTan. diaporis problema
warmoadgens saSinao politikis obieqts da saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa
subieqts, romelic qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikis
SemakavSirebuli Zafia.
akademiur kvlevebs diasporis sakiTxze safuZveli Caeyara XX s-is me-2
naxevarSi, romlebic ZiriTadad Seexeboda im droisaTvis cnobil
istoriul diaporebs. maT ricxvs miekuTvneboda:
ebrauli diaspora: israelis saxelmwifos Seqmnis Semdeg misi
teritoriis gareT darCenili ebrauli mosaxleoba.
128
afrikuli diaspora: afrikis kontinentidan gamoyvanili monebis
STamomavalni.
palestina (ber.: Παλαιστίνη, ebr.: פלשתינה palesTina, arab.: فلسطين filastin
an falastin, ix. agr. qanaaneli) erT-erTi istoriuli saxelia miwisa
xmelTaSua zRvasa da md. iordanes Soris, ramdenime mosazRvre
teritoriebTan erTad aRmosavleTiTa da samxreTiT. regionis
saxlwodeba warsuli sami aTaswleulis ganamvlobaSi gansxvavebuli
formebiT arsebobda.
ebraelebi eZaxian am teritorias Tavis bibliur saxel "erec israel"
.adgili, sadac israelis samefo Seiqmna ,("ישראל ארץ")
ebraelebi - semituri modgmis xalxi. raodenoba - 13,62 mln, maT Soris
aSS-Si - daaxl. 6 mln, israelSi - 4 mln, ruseTis federaciaSi - 551 aT.
saxelebi: TviTwodeba - iehudim, idn; frangulad - Juifs; rusulad - Евреи.
ena: ebraelTa didi nawili laparakobs im qveynis enaze, sadac cxovroben.
ebraelTa nawili laparakobs agreTve ebraul enebze - ivriti, idiSi da
sxva.
morwmuneebi: ZiriTadad iudevelebi. diasporaSi isini gayofili arian
aSkenazebad da sefardebad.
babiloni iyo antikuri imperiis, mesopotamiis dedaqalaqi, romlis
nangrevebi dResac dgas iranSi, qalaq al hillahSi, baRdadidan
samxreTiT, 85 kilometrSi. erTaderTi, rac dRes am qalaqs gvaxsenebs , es
aris tigrissa da evfrats Soris mesopotamiis noyier miwaze mdgari
talaxis agurebiT naSeni Senobebis nangrevebi. istoriuli wyaroebi
gvamcnoben, rom babiloni, daarsebuli Zv. w-iT me-3 aTaswleulis
dasawyisSi, Tavidan patara qalaqi iyo, romelic ayvavda pirveli
dinastiis aRzevebis dros. Zv. w-iT 2300 wels is xdeba wminda qalaqi, Zv.
w-iT 612 wels ki sataxto qalaqi. babilonis kiduli baRebi Svidi
saocrebidan erT-erTia. qalaqis saxeli babiloni aris berZnuli
varianti aqaduri babilusi, rac niSnavs " RmerTebis karibWes.
nabuqodonosor II babilonis mefe. mefobis wlebi: Zv. w. 605 - Zv. w. 552.
129
fesaxi (ivriTi, idiSi: ֶּפַסח ) anu qarT. paseqi aris udidesi ebrauli da
samariuli dResaswauli, romelic aRiniSneba yovelwliurad ebrauli
kalendaris nisanis Tvis me-15-e dRidan 21-e (22-e) dRis CaTvliT.
dResaswaulis TariRi Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso kalendariT moZravia
da martSi an aprilSi aRiniSneba. fesaxi aris erT-erTi sami
piligrimuli dResaswaulidan. igi eZRvneba uflis mier ebraelTa
gamoxsnas egviptelTa monobidan, pirvelSobil yrmebis gadarCenas (rasac
win uZRvoda RvTis risxva egviptelTa mimarT) da antikuri eviptidan
ebraelTa gamosvlas. sauflo dResaswaulze (israelSi Svid da israelis
gareT rva dRis manZilze) ebraelebi icaven marxvas ufuari puris kveriT.
Zveli aRTqmis wigni gamosvla mogviTxrobs, egvipteSi saSinlad
iCagreboda ebraeli xalxi. ufalma maT gansaTavisufleblad mravali
niSani da aTi seni mouvlina egviptes. magram faraons guli
gasastikebuli qonda. maSin ufalma egviptelebs mouvlina RvTis risxva -
pirvelSobilTa mokvdineba. ebraelebi gafrTxilebulebi iyvnen, saxlis
Sesasvlel karze niSani daedoT batknis sisxliT. am niSnis mqone kars
sikvdilis angelozi gverd aaridebda da seni maT ar Seexeboda[4].aseTi
gansasjelisagan Tavzardacemulma faraonma ebraelebs neba darTo
egviptidan wasuliyvnen. ganTavisuflebuli ebraelebi ise Cqarobdnen,
rom puris afuebas aRar daelodnen, ufuari comisagan xmiadi kverebi
daacxes da sagzlad waiRes. amitom fesaxis dReebSi, rodesac ixsenieben
pirvelSobil yrmaTa xsnas, monobisagan ganTavisuflebasa da egviptidan
gamosvlas, ar Wamen afuebul purs. amis gamo dResaswauls meorenairad
"ufuarobis dResaswauls" uwodeben (ַהַּמּצֹות ַחג - hag ha’macoT)[5] [6] am
dResaswaulis uSualo simbolo da aucilebeli atributia ufuari puris
kveri - xmiadi, romelsac maca ewodeba.
Tora (הרות) -- ebraulad swavleba, darigeba, kanoni. Tora aris Tanaxis
.nawili, romelic qristianuli bibliis Zvel aRTqmas Seesabameba (ך"נת)
Tora Sedgeba moses 5 wignisagan:
dabadeba Genesis (bereSiT תישארב) - moses I wigni
gamosvlaTa Exodus (SemoT תומש) - moses II wigni
130
levitelTa Lexitikus (vaikra ארקיו) - moses III wigni
ricxvTa Numeri (bemidbar רבדמב) - moses IV wigni
meore rjulisa Deuteronomium (dvarim םירבד) - moses V w
zepiri Tora ( פה-תורה שבעל , Tora Se'be'al-pe), miSnaSi da TalmudSi
aRnusxuli ebrauli kanonebia. ebraelTa azriT, TanaxTan (ebraul
bibliasTan) erTad, RmerTma moses zepiri Torac uZRvna sinais mTaze,
nakarnaxeb-Cawerili bibliis kanonebis ganmartebis mizniT. mas Semdeg
zepiri Tora marTlac zepirad gadaecemoda ebraelTa sasuliero
wodebis Taobebs, pirvel saukunemde.
ierusalimis meored aoxrebis Semdeg (70w.) rabinebma, zepiri tradiciis
gawyvetis SiSiT, zepiri Toris saxiT mocemuli wesebis Cawera daiwyes.
Cawerili masala me-3 saukunis dasawyisSi redaqtirebul iqna rabin
iehuda hanasis mier. zepiri Toris am pirvel kodeqss miSna(משנה) ewodeba.
momdevno saukuneebSi, im periodis brZenma rabinebma - amoraebma - miSnaSi
mocemuli zepiri Toris wesebs sakuTari interpretacia da komentarebi
daumates. am komentarebSi isini zogjer zepiri Toris im wesebsac
aRniSnavdnen, romlebic miSnaSi ar Sesula (aseT wess braiTa hqvia).
miSnaze damatebul rabinul diskusias gmara (גמרא) ewodeba. miSnasa da
gemaras erTad redaqtirebiT Talmudi (תלמוד) Sesdgeba.
radgan antikuri xanis miwurulSi ebraelebi or did Temad iyvnen
gayofilni (umravlesoba babilonis diasporaSi cxovrobda, umciresobas
ki romaelTa mier dapyrobili israelis mkvidrni warmoadgendnen), ori
qveynis amoraebma cal-calke Seadgines Talmudebi. ierusalimis Talmudi
me-4 saukunis bolo mesamedSi redaqtirebul iqna rabin ioxanan bar
nafxas mier. me-5 saukunis miwurulSi babilonis Talmudi redaqtirebul
iqna ori amoras mier, romlebic cnobilni arian mxolod maTi piradi
saxelebiT - aSi da rabina. babilonis Talmudi ufro vrceli da
avtoritetulia.
saerTod, zepiri Tora udidesi avtoritetiT sargeblobs. zepiri Toris
TalmudebSi redaqtirebis Semdeg, - dawerili Toris kanonTa sruliad
uSualo interpretacia (e.i. zepiri Toris safuZvelze misi TalmudSi
131
ganxilvis gauTvaliswinebloba ), an dawerili Toris teqstebis mxolod
maTi literaturuli SinaarsiT axsna - mkrexelobad iTvleba.
marTlmadidebel ebraelTa azriT, zepiri Toris saWiroeba ori
mizezidan gamomdinareobs:
dawerili Toris sworad gasagebad aucilebelia zepir ToraSi mocemuli
axsnebi da miTiTebebi - dawerili Toris teqsti xandaxan gaurkveveli
Sinaarsisaa, xSirad ki misi kanonebi maT Sesasruleblad saWiro
ganmartebisa da darigebis gareSea mocemuli; zogjer TviT Toris
teqstSi navaraudebia mis gasagebad aucilebeli informaciis arseboba
codnis romeliRac gareSe wyaroSi.
radgan RmerTi usazRvrod brZenia, moses mier Cawerili Tora ki RmerTis
mier nakarnaxebi sityvebisagan Sesdgeba, ar SeiZleba, rom am ToraSi iyos
Tundac erTi sityva, - romlis azri, an zusti mdebareoba teqstSi -
mxolod misi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT da
winadadebaTa agebulebiT aixsnebodes. aTi mcneba - aTi umTavresi kanoni
(wesi), romelic Zveli aRTqmis xuTwigneulis Tanaxmad Tavad RmerTma
misca mose winaswarmetyvels sinas mTaze (Zveli aRTqma, gamosvlaϧ , 19:10-
25).
bibliis qarTuli kanonikuri teqstis Tanaxmad me var ufali RmerTi
Seni, da ara iyvnen Senda RmerTni ucxoni, Cemsa gareSe.
ara hqmne Tavisa Senisa kerpi, arca yovladve msgavsi, raodeni ars caTa
Sina ze, da raodeni ars qveyanasa zeda qve, da raodeni ars wyalTa Sina
qveSe qveyanisa: ara Tayvani-sce maT, arca msaxurebde maT.
ara moiRo saxeli uflisa RvTisa Senisa amaosa zeda.
moixsene dRe igi SabaTi da wmida-hyav igi: eqvs dRe iqmode, da hqmne maT
Sina yovelive saqme Seni, xolo dRe igi meSvide SabaTi ars uflisa
RvTisa Senisa.
pativ-ec mamasa Sensa da dedasa Sensa, raTa keTili geyos Sen da
dRegrZel iyo qveyanasa zeda.
ara kac-hkla.
132
ar imruSo.
ar iparo.
ara cili-swamo moyvassa Sensa wamebiTa cruiTa.
ara guli giTqmides colisaTvis moyvasisa Senisa, ara guli giTqmides
saxlisaTvis moyvasisa Senisa, arca yanisa misisa, arca karaulisa misisa,
arca yovlisa sacxovarisa misisa, arca yovlisa misTvis, raica iyves
moyvasisa Senisa.
Zveli aRTqmis (39 wigni) didi nawili dawerilia Zvel ebraul enaze.
mxolod zogierT, SedarebiT gviandel wignSi (ezrasi da danielisa),
gvxvdeba mcire CanarTi arameul enaze. zveli aRTqma Sedgenilobis mxriv
metad sxvadasxvagvarovani krebulia; Seicavs istoriul dokumentebs,
xalxur miTebisa da legendebis Canawerebs, sxvadasxva epoqisa da
socialur fenaTa msoflmxedvelobis amsaxvel iuridiul dokumentebs,
gansxvavebul religiur kultebTan dakavSirebuli ritualebis amsaxvel
teqstebs, religiisa da lirikuli poeziis
nimuSebs. am nairgvari masalis Sekreba, redaqcia da kanonizacia
mWodrod ukavSirdeba Zvel ebraul monoTeisturi religiur koncefciis
Camoyalibebasa da ganvitarebas. saboloo saxe ebraulma Zvelma aRTqmam
sakmaod gvian miiRo. misi kanonizacia daiwyo babilonis tyveobis Semdeg
- Zv. w. V saukunisa da damTavrda daaxloebiT ax. w. II saukuneSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Zveli aRTqmis redaqtorebi teqstis gaerTianebisas
cdilobdnen mTlianad moeSalaT pirvandeli sxvaobani, wigns mainc
axasiaTebs Sinaarsobrivi, enobriv-stilisturi da janrobrivi siWrele.
xSiria rogorc Sinaarsobrivi, aseve faqtobrivi Secdomebi da
winaaRmdegobebi. Zvel aRTqmas ebraulad erTiani saTauri ara
aqvs, igi sam nawilad iyofa. pirvels ewodeba kanoni (ebr. Tora), mis
Sedgenas tradicia moses miawers, Sedgeba xuTi wignisagan (dabadeba,
gamosvlaTa, levitelTam, ricxvTa da meore sjuli); meore nawilia
winaswarmetyvelni; masSi Sedis wignebi - isu navesi, msajulTa, samoelis
pirveli da meore wigni (qarTulad mefeTa pirveli da meore), mefeTa
pirveli da meore (qarTulad mefeTa mesame da meoTxe) wigni, esaiasi,
133
ieremiasi, ezekielisa da 12 mcire winaswarmetyvelisa - osiasi, ioelisa,
amosisa, obadiasi, ionasi, miqeasi, naumisa, ambakumisa, sofoniasu, angeasi,
zaqariasi da malaqiasi. mesame nawilSi, romelsav ebraulad dawerilebi
ewodeba, Sedis fsalmunni, solomonis igavebi, iobis wigni, qebaTa qeba,
ieremias godeba, eklesiaste da wignebi esTerisa, danielisa, ezrasi,
neemiasi da neStTa (pirveli da meore). qronologiuri zRvari Zveli
aRTqmis calkeul nawilebs Soris metad didia.
Tora (תורה) -- ebraulad swavleba, darigeba, kanoni. Tora aris Tanaxis
.nawili, romelic qristianuli bibliis Zvel aRTqmas Seesabameba (תנ"ך)
Tora Sedgeba moses 5 wignisagan:
dabadeba Genesis (bereSiT בראשית) - moses I wigni
gamosvlaTa Exodus (SemoT שמות) - moses II wigni
levitelTa Lexitikus (vaikra ויקרא) - moses III wigni
ricxvTa Numeri (bemidbar במדבר) - moses IV wigni
meore rjulisa Deuteronomium (dvarim דברים) - moses V wigni
zepiri Tora ( פה-תורה שבעל , Tora Se'be'al-pe), miSnaSi da TalmudSi
aRnusxuli ebrauli kanonebia. ebraelTa azriT, TanaxTan (ebraul
bibliasTan) erTad, RmerTma moses zepiri Torac uZRvna sinais mTaze,
nakarnaxeb-Cawerili bibliis kanonebis ganmartebis mizniT. mas Semdeg
zepiri Tora marTlac zepirad gadaecemoda ebraelTa sasuliero
wodebis Taobebs, pirvel saukunemde.
ierusalimis meored aoxrebis Semdeg (70w.) rabinebma, zepiri tradiciis
gawyvetis SiSiT, zepiri Toris saxiT mocemuli wesebis Cawera daiwyes.
Cawerili masala me-3 saukunis dasawyisSi redaqtirebul iqna rabin
iehuda hanasis mier. zepiri Toris am pirvel kodeqss miSna(משנה) ewodeba.
momdevno saukuneebSi, im periodis brZenma rabinebma - amoraebma - miSnaSi
mocemuli zepiri Toris wesebs sakuTari interpretacia da komentarebi
daumates. am komentarebSi isini zogjer zepiri Toris im wesebsac
aRniSnavdnen, romlebic miSnaSi ar Sesula (aseT wess braiTa hqvia).
134
miSnaze damatebul rabinul diskusias gmara (גמרא) ewodeba. miSnasa da
gemaras erTad redaqtirebiT Talmudi (תלמוד) Sesdgeba.
radgan antikuri xanis miwurulSi ebraelebi or did Temad iyvnen
gayofilni (umravlesoba babilonis diasporaSi cxovrobda, umciresobas
ki romaelTa mier dapyrobili israelis mkvidrni warmoadgendnen), ori
qveynis amoraebma cal-calke Seadgines
Talmudebi. ierusalimis Talmudi me-4 saukunis bolo mesamedSi
redaqtirebul iqna rabin ioxanan bar nafxas mier. me-5 saukunis
miwurulSi babilonis Talmudi redaqtirebul iqna ori amoras mier,
romlebic cnobilni arian mxolod maTi piradi saxelebiT - aSi da
rabina. babilonis Talmudi ufro vrceli da avtoritetulia. saerTod,
zepiri Tora udidesi avtoritetiT sargeblobs. zepiri Toris
TalmudebSi redaqtirebis Semdeg, - dawerili Toris kanonTa sruliad
uSualo interpretacia (e.i. zepiri Toris safuZvelze misi TalmudSi
ganxilvis gauTvaliswinebloba ), an dawerili Toris teqstebis mxolod
maTi literaturuli SinaarsiT axsna - mkrexelobad iTvleba.
marTlmadidebel ebraelTa azriT, zepiri Toris saWiroeba ori
mizezidan gamomdinareobs:
dawerili Toris sworad gasagebad aucilebelia zepir ToraSi mocemuli
axsnebi da miTiTebebi - dawerili Toris teqsti xandaxan gaurkveveli
Sinaarsisaa, xSirad ki misi kanonebi maT Sesasruleblad saWiro
ganmartebisa da darigebis gareSea mocemuli; zogjer TviT Toris
teqstSi navaraudebia mis gasagebad aucilebeli informaciis arseboba
codnis romeliRac gareSe wyaroSi.
radgan RmerTi usazRvrod brZenia, moses mier Cawerili Tora ki RmerTis
mier nakarnaxebi sityvebisagan Sesdgeba, ar SeiZleba, rom am ToraSi iyos
Tundac erTi sityva, - romlis azri, an zusti mdebareoba teqstSi -
mxolod misi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT da winadadebaTa agebulebiT
aixsnebodes.
135
fesaxi anu paseqi , iseve rogorc SavouTi da sukoTi miekuTvneba sam
piligrimul dResaswauls (SaloS regalim), rodesac istoriuli
tradiciis Tanaxmad, morwmuneebi locviT msvlelobas awyoben da
moilocaven ierusalimis taZars. analogiur momlocvelTa msvlelobas
awyoben samaritelebi im gansxvavebiT, rom am msaxurebaSi mxolod
mamakacebi monawileoben da moilocaven gerizimis mTas.
hamoed” (ebr. המועד חול). diaspora 8 dRis ganmavlobaSi zeimobs.
Zveli aRTqmis Tanaxmad, fesaxi aRiniSneba ebrauli kalendris mixedviT
nisanis Tvis 15 ricxvSi, savsemTvareobisas. amisi Sesabamisi
samaritielebisa da karaitebisaTvis aris abibis Tvis 15 ricxvi. es
gazafxulis dResaswaulia, romelic gazafxulis buniaobis Semdeg dgeba.
Zveli ebrauli tradiciiT nisanis Tvis dadgomis niSani iyo qeris
momwifeba. Tu qeri ar damwifda, maSin nakiani Tve adaris meore Tve unda
daematos kalendars. bolo 12 saukunis manZilze kalendari
maTematikurad
gamoiTvleba.
fesaxis anu paseqis dResaswaulis pirveli da meSvide dRe uqmea, ikiTxeba
locvebi, mzaddeba sadResaswaulo kerZebi. Sualed dReebs ewodebaT
”xol xda im mizeziT, rom Sors mcxovreb ebraels sakmarisi dro
hqonoda ierusalimis taZarSi wasasvlelad.
karaitebi da samaritielebi ebrauli kalendrisagan gansxvavebul
kalendars iyeeben da maTi paseqis TariRi odnav gansxvavebulia.
magaliTad, 2009 wels ebrauli kalendaris nisanis Tvis 15 ricxvi
Seesabameba 9 aprils, xolo samaritiuli da karaituli abibis Tvis 15
Seesabameba 11 aprils. karaitebi da samaritielebi paseqis Svid dRes
erTnairad aRniSnaven da mTeli dResaswaulis ganmavlobaSi miirTmeven
aufuebul purs.
adaT-wesi
136
ფესახის სუფრა
Singamomcxvari Smura maca
paseqis anu fesaxis dResaswauli uflis mier dadgenili wesiT
aRinniSneba, romelic aRwerilia xuTwigneulSi. nisanis 10-Si batkani an
kravi unda sagangebod unda gadairCes, 14-Si unda daiklas, Seiwvas da
unda miirTvan 15-Si saRamos. amasTan momzadebuli unda iyos ufuari
xmiadebi - maca da mware mwvanili - marori. gamTeniisas saWmlis narCenebi
unda daiwvas. es aris msxverplSewirva.
paseqis rituali bibliis garda aRwerilia Zv.w.a. V saukunis egviptur
papirusebze e.w. arameul papirusebSi; herodes periodis flaviusis da
filonis xelnawerebSi.
fesaxi anu paseqi pirvelad naxsenebia Zveli aRTqmis xuTwigneulSi,
gamosvlaSi. sityvis mniSvnelobaze ramdenime ganmarteba arsebobs.
yvelaze gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad fesax niSnavs gverdis
aridebas da xazs usvams faqts,rom sikvdilis angelozma gverdi aarida
ebraelTa saxlebs da RvTis risxva maT ar SeexoT. es ganmarteba
mocemulia ZvelberZnul septuagintaSi.
amave mosazrebas eyrdnoba paseqis inglisuri saxelwodeba Passover ing.
passover (passed over). es termni pirvelad gamoyenebulia bibliis
uiliam tindaliseul Targmansa da inglisis mefis jeimz I stiuartis
versiaSi.
137
meore mosazrebiT, fesax ganimarteba rogorc frTebiT dagifarav da am
zmnis msgavsebas zmnasTan, romelic gamoyenebulia esaias
winaswarmetyvelebis 31:5 frazaSi [12].
mesame mosazrebiT, fesax aRniSnavs batkans, kravs. aqedan momdinaerobs
fraza korban fsax (ivriTi: "zvaraki" קרבן), rac qarTulad sazvarake
kravs niSnavs. 10 nisans SeirCeva sazvarake kravi, 14-15 nisanis saRamoebs
Soris periodSi daikvleba, Seiwveba da 15 nisans daisis Semdeg fesaxis
wes-ganrigis mixedviT miirTmeva. sazvarake kravi - korban fsax, ufuari
puris xmiadi - maca da mware mwvanili - maror sadResaswaulo sufris
aucilebeli atributi da pirdapiri simboloebia.
fesaxis wes-ganrigiT sazvarake kravi unda mietanaT karavSi, mogvianebiT
ki ierusalimis taZarSi. sazvarake kravi moixsenieba 14 nisanis dilis
locvisa da RvTismsaxurebis dros. vinaidan fesaxis kravi wminda
Sesawiria, misi kerZiT ar SeiZleba gaumaspinZldnen iudaizmis umecar da
uwmindur adamianebs, gandgomilebs, msaxurebsa da winadaucveTelebs[13].
kavSiri axal aRTqmasTan
fesaxis anu paseqis dResaswaulze ieso qriste gaemarTa ierusalimSi, ise
rogorc uflis mer dadgenili wesi moiTxovda. ierusalimelebi mas
palmis rtoebiT miegeben. dResaswaulis dReebSi aRsrulda
winaswarmetyveleba, Ze RvTisa gasces, Seipyres, gansajes, jvars acves,
xolo sami dRis Semdeg igi mkvdreTiT aRedgina. bzoba, vnebis kvira da
brwyinvale qristianuli dResaswauli aRdgoma kalendarulad
dakavSirebulia fesaxis dResaswaulTan. marTlmadidebluri qristianuli
sarwmunoeba aRdgomas aRniSnavs fesaxis dResaswaulis Semdeg. saaRdgomo
sufris erT-erTi Semadgenelia afuebuli namcxvari ”saaRdgomo pasqa”.
saaRdgomod Sewiruli kravi simboloa im msxverplisa, rac gaiRo ieso
qristem.
↑Zveli aRTqma, levianni 23:5-6 - pirvel Tves, Tvis meToTxmete dRes
uflis paseqia. amave Tvis meTxuTmete dRes sauflo xmiadobis
dResaswaulia. Svid dRes ufuari kverebi WameT.
↑ ricxvni 28:17 - am Tvis meTxuTmete dRes dResaswaulia: Svid dRes
xmiadebi unda iWamos.
138
↑ ricxvni 33:3 - ramzesidan gaemgzavrnen pirveli Tvis meTxutmete dRes;
paseqis meore dRes gavidnen israelianebi gabedulad mTeli egviptis
Tvalwin.
↑ gamosvla 12:13 - sisxli gqondeT niSnad saxlebze, sadac cxovrobT;
davinaxav sisxls da gverds agivliT. ar mogekarebaT damRupveli seni,
roca egviptelTa Semusvras daviwyeb.
gamosvla 12:17 - daicaviT ufuaroba, radgan swored am dRes gamoviyvane
Tqveni mxedroba egviptis qveynidan; daicaviT es dRe Taobidan TaobaSi
samaradiso wesad.
↑ lev. 23:6, ricx. 28:17, ricx. 33:3.
↑ ↑ gamosvla, XII Tavi.
↑ esaia 31:5 rogorc Citi bartyebs, ase daifaravs cabaoT ufali
ierusalims, daifaravs da ixsnis, moufrTxildeba da gadaarCens.
↑ gamosvla 12:43-48.
paseqis anu fesaxis dResaswauli uflis mier dadgenili wesiT
aRinniSneba, romelic aRwerilia xuTwigneulSi. nisanis 10-Si batkani an
kravi unda sagangebod unda gadairCes, 14-Si unda daiklas, Seiwvas da
unda miirTvan 15-Si saRamos. amasTan momzadebuli unda iyos ufuari
xmiadebi - maca da mware mwvanili - marori. gamTeniisas saWmlis narCenebi
unda daiwvas. es aris msxverplSewirva[11].
paseqis rituali bibliis garda aRwerilia Zv.w.a. V saukunis egviptur
papirusebze e.w. arameul papirusebSi; herodes periodis flaviusis da
filonis xelnawerebSi.
saxelwodeba
fesaxi anu paseqi pirvelad naxsenebia Zveli aRTqmis xuTwigneulSi,
gamosvlaSi. sityvis mniSvnelobaze ramdenime ganmarteba arsebobs.
yvelaze gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad fesax niSnavs gverdis
aridebas da xazs usvams faqts,rom sikvdilis angelozma gverdi aarida
139
ebraelTa saxlebs da RvTis risxva maT ar SeexoT. es ganmarteba
mocemulia ZvelberZnul septuagintaSi.
amave mosazrebas eyrdnoba paseqis inglisuri saxelwodeba pasover ing.
passover (passed over). es termni pirvelad gamoyenebulia bibliis
uiliam tindaliseul Targmansa da inglisis mefis jeimz I stiuartis
versiaSi.
meore mosazrebiT, fesax ganimarteba rogorc frTebiT dagifarav da am
zmnis msgavsebas zmnasTan, romelic gamoyenebulia esaias
winaswarmetyvelebis 31:5 frazaSi [12].
mesame mosazrebiT, fesax aRniSnavs batkans, kravs. aqedan momdinaerobs
fraza korban fsax (ivriTi: "zvaraki" קרבן), rac qarTulad sazvarake
kravs niSnavs. 10 nisans SeirCeva sazvarake kravi, 14-15 nisanis saRamoebs
Soris periodSi daikvleba, Seiwveba da 15 nisans daisis Semdeg fesaxis
wes-ganrigis mixedviT miirTmeva. sazvarake kravi - korban fsax, ufuari
puris xmiadi - maca da mware mwvanili - maror sadResaswaulo sufris
aucilebeli atributi da pirdapiri simboloebia.
fesaxis wes-ganrigiT sazvarake kravi unda mietanaT karavSi, mogvianebiT
ki ierusalimis taZarSi. sazvarake kravi moixsenieba 14 nisanis dilis
locvisa da RvTismsaxurebis dros. vinaidan fesaxis kravi wminda
Sesawiria, misi kerZiT ar SeiZleba gaumaspinZldnen iudaizmis umecar da
uwmindur adamianebs, gandgomilebs, msaxurebsa da winadaucveTelebs[13].
kavSiri axal aRTqmasTan
fesaxis anu paseqis dResaswaulze ieso qriste gaemarTa ierusalimSi, ise
rogorc uflis mer dadgenili wesi moiTxovda. ierusalimelebi mas
palmis rtoebiT miegeben. dResaswaulis dReebSi aRsrulda
winaswarmetyveleba, Ze RvTisa gasces, Seipyres, gansajes, jvars acves,
xolo sami dRis Semdeg igi mkvdreTiT aRedgina. bzoba, vnebis kvira da
brwyinvale qristianuli dResaswauli aRdgoma kalendarulad
dakavSirebulia fesaxis dResaswaulTan. marTlmadidebluri qristianuli
sarwmunoeba aRdgomas aRniSnavs fesaxis dResaswaulis Semdeg. saaRdgomo
sufris erT-erTi Semadgenelia afuebuli namcxvari ”saaRdgomo pasqa”.
140
saaRdgomod Sewiruli kravi simboloa im msxverplisa, rac gaiRo ieso
qristem.
sqolio
↑ Zveli aRTqma, levianni 23:5-6 - pirvel Tves, Tvis meToTxmete dRes
uflis paseqia. amave Tvis meTxuTmete dRes sauflo xmiadobis
dResaswaulia. Svid dRes ufuari kverebi WameT.
↑ ricxvni 28:17 - am Tvis meTxuTmete dRes dResaswaulia: Svid dRes
xmiadebi unda iWamos.
↑ ricxvni 33:3 - ramzesidan gaemgzavrnen pirveli Tvis meTxutmete dRes;
paseqis meore dRes gavidnen israelianebi gabedulad mTeli egviptis
Tvalwin.
↑ gamosvla 12:13 - sisxli gqondeT niSnad saxlebze, sadac cxovrobT;
davinaxav sisxls da gverds agivliT. ar mogekarebaT damRupveli seni,
roca egviptelTa Semusvras daviwyeb.
gamosvla 12:17 - daicaviT ufuaroba, radgan swored am dRes gamoviyvane
Tqveni mxedroba egviptis qveynidan; daicaviT es dRe Taobidan TaobaSi
samaradiso wesad.
↑ lev. 23:6, ricx. 28:17, ricx. 33:3.
↑ The Samaritans' Passover sacrifice by Amnon K'fir
↑ Ancient Samaritan sect marks Passover sacrifice near Nablus Haaretz 01.05.2007
↑ lev. 23:4
↑ Stephen Jones (1996) Secrets of Time.
↑ gamosvla, XII Tavi.
↑ esaia 31:5 rogorc Citi bartyebs, ase daifaravs cabaoT ufali
ierusalims, daifaravs da ixsnis, moufrTxildeba da gadaarCens.
↑ gamosvla 12:43-48.
141
xanuqa erT-erTi uZvelesi istoriuli dResaswaulia. Mmeore taZris
periodSi, Zv. w. aR. II saukuneSi israeli berZnebma daibyres. maT ara
mxolod politikuri damoukidebloba daukarges ebraelebs, aramed TviT
ebrauli sulis mTavari arsis – sarwmunoebis ganadgureba da cdilobdne
ebraelebi kerpTayvanismcemel elinebaT gadaeqciaT. berZnebi cdilobdnen
rwmenas aecdinaT ebraelebi, aeZulebinaT uari eTqvaT SabaTis da
qaSruTis dacvaze, Toris Seswavlaze. taZarSi ki TavianTi kerpebi
qandakebebi aRmarTes. Eebraeli xalxi daTrgunuli iyo da amavdroulad
ajanyebis naperwkalic Rvivdeboda. Qqalaq modiinSi qoenebis (taZris
msaxurTa) ojaxma daiwyo ajanyeba sityvebiT “vinc RmerTiskenaa – is
Cemsken”. ajanyebas SeurTda yvela, vinc suliT Zlieri iyo da ar undoda
ebrauli tradiciebis ganadgurebas Segueboda. araTanabar brZolaSi
ebraelebma daamarcxes mravalricxovani mteri. Ebaruli ajanyebuli
jaris saTaveSi idga mamaci meomari iehuda makabi (aqedanaa saxelwodeba
makabielTa) yvela da ukavSirdeba makabielTa gamarjvebas, rodesac maT
Zv. w. 165 wels selevkidebis mier dapyrobili ierusalimis taZari
daibrunes. berZnebis mier wabilwul taZarSi mxolod erTi dRis samyofi
wminda zeTi iyo darCenili, romliTac menoras (taZris SvidsanTlian
Sandals) anTebdnen. Aaxali zeTis gamosaxdelad ki rva dRe iyo saWiro.
moxda saswauli da sanTlebi zustad rva dRe ar Camqrala. amitom
xanuqas sinaTlis dResaswaulsac uwodeben tradiciulad xanuqiaze
(cxrasanTlian Sandalze) rva dRis ganmavlobaSi anTeben sanTlebs (erTi
damxmare sanTliT yovel dRe TiTo sanTels amateben).
xanuqis dResaswaulis warmoSobis istoria sxvadasxvagvarad aris
interpretirebuli Talmudsa da makabelTa wignSi.
Talmudiseuli versiis Tanaxmad, saswauli menoris anTebisas moxda.
Aamitom xanuqis dResaswauli 8 dRe aRiniSneba da da anTebuli Saldami
fanjris rafaze idgmeva, rom auwyos samyaros momxdari saswaulis
Sesaxeb.
uZvelesi xanuqiebi makabielTa epoqis Semdgom periods miekuTvneba da
warmoadgens gamomwvari Tixis rvabudian sanaTurs. Masze rogorc wesi
gamosaxuli iyo an taZari, an menora.
142
rva sanTliani Sandali, romelic menoris saswaulis simboloa, erT
erTia im ori mTavari morTulobisagan, romelTa saxecvlilebis mowmeni
vxdebiT ori aTasi wlis manZilze. Mmeore TviT taZris gamosaxulebaa,
romelic xanuqis dResaswaulis saxelwodebas ukavSirdeba, anu “wminda
adgilis kurTxeva”. Aam ori simbolos – cecxli da arqiteqtura -
cvlilebebs xangrZlivi istoria. Oorive motivi ucvleli rCeboda, Tumca
icvleboda xanuqiis forma da sxvadasxva epoqaTa Tu qveynis stils
asaxavda.
diasporaSi Seqmnili yvelaze uZvelesi sakulto sagnebi, romlebic
Cvenamde movida arauadres meTormete saukuniTaa daTariRebuli.
uZvelesi sagania xanuqia, romelic marTkuTxa marmarilosaganaa
gamoTlili. fiTilisTvis gankuTvnili 8 bude romanuli stilis
kolonadas warmoqmnis, maTze aRmarTuli fanjris formis CaRrmavebiTaa
dagvirgvinebuli. Qqveda nawilSi amokveTilia orstrofiani teqsti
ivriTze Toridan: “mcneba ars lampari da darigeba” (igavni, Tavi 6, 23).
იომ-ქიფური
moris gotlibi, ebraelebi loculoben sinagogaSi iom-
qifuris dRes, vena, 1878.
iom-qifuri (ivr. ִּכּפּור יֹום, sityvasityviT «mitevebis dRe», iTargmneba
rogorc «gamosyidvis dRe», «gankiTxvis dRe») — iudaizmSi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani da wminda dResaswauli; marxvis, aRsarebisa da codvebis
mitevebis dRe; aRiniSneba ebrauli TiSris Tvis meaTe dRes da monaniebis
aTi dRis dasasrulia.
143
iom qifuris dRe mitevebisa da sulieri amaRlebis mwvervalia, romelic
ebraul erze 40 dRis ganmavlobaSi gamgeblobs. 40 dRian pirveli 30 dRe
elulis Tves miekuTvneba. Ees aris periodi, rodesac yoveli adamiani
valdebulia daufiqrdes, CauRrmavdes, gaiTviTcnobieros sakuTari
cxovebis gavlili da gasavleli, labirinTebiTa da Sinagani sulis
WidiliT garemosili cxovrebis gza. Semdgomi 10 dRe ki – Sinagani
TrTolvis, SiSis da monaniebis periodia, dro, rodesac codvilma
Svilebma bodiSi unda movuxadoT “mSobel mamas”.
iom qifuri – wminda dRea, Tora brZanebs: “ar arsebobs israelis Svili,
romelsac TeSubis, gamCenisken mobrunebis unari ar Seswevs”. roS
haSanasa da iom qifurs Soris 10 dRis intervalSi yovel ebraels
qristianTa umravlesoba iom-qifurs, rogorc «mitevebis», «gamosyidvis»,
«gankiTxvis» dRes ar aRniSnavs, radganac igi axal aRTqmaSi ar
moixsenieba. Tumca swavlulebi da Teologebi pouloben mWidro kavSirs
«iom-qifuris» mniSvnelobasa da qristes samsjavroze wardgomis dRes
Soris, romelsac momavalSi moelian qristianebi.
marTlmadideblur religiaSi iom-qifuris dRes Seesabameba ori dRe:
jvarTamaRlebis wina dRe, romelic aseve seqtemberSi aRiniSneba mZime
marxviTa da locviT, Tumca es dRe fiqsirebuli TariRia. am or
religiur TariRs Soris kavSiris realobas bevri Teologi aRniSnavs.
didi paraskevi - vnebis kviris paraskevi, rodesac marTlmadidebeli
qristianebi ixseneben ufal ieso qristes jvarcmis dRes , rodesac iesom
gamoisyida kacobriobis codvebi. marTlmadideblebi am dRes mkacrad
marxuloben da loculoben.
nisani (Tve) (ebr. נִיָסן ebrauli kalendaris samoqalaqo wlis meSvide Tve
(merve Tve nakian wlebSi) da religiuli wlis pirveli Tve. saxelwodeba
momdinareobs babilonidan. ToraSi da Zveli aRTqmis qarTul
TargmanebSi nisanis Tves ewodeba «abibi» (an avivi), rac niSnavs qeris
TavTavis mwifobis dros. esTeris wignSi ki ukve gvxvdeba «nisani». es Tve
dgeba gazafxulis buniaobis Semdeg da grigorianuli kalendaris
mixedviT marts an aprils Seesabameba
144
nisanis dResaswaulebi
14 nisani - marxva pirvelSobilTa xsnisaTvis (Tu SabaTi dRe daemTxveva -
12 nisani)
15-21 nisani - fesaxi (damatebiT 22 nisani ebrauli diasporisaTvis)
27 nisani - iom haSoa (Tu SabaTis daemTxva - 26 an 28 nisani)
mniSvnelovani TariRebi
7 nisani (1273 Zv.w.) - mstovrebi ierixonSi
moses gardacvalebidan (7 adari) 30 dRis Semdeg ieso naves Zem ori
mstovari gaagzavna mdinare iordanes gayolebiT ierixonisaken. mzveravebs
unda moegrovebinaT informacia, romelic saWiro iyo wminda saomari
moqmedebebisaTvis. ierixonSi maT daexmaraT iq mcxovrebi qali raxabi.
10 nisani (1274 Zv.w.) - miriamis gardacvaleba
moses da miriami gardaicvala 126 wlis asakSi, 2487 wels ebrauli
kalendriT, egviptidan gamosvlidan 39 wlis Semdeg da 1 wliT adre,
vidre ebraeli xalxi wminda miwaze dabrundeboda.
10 nisani (1273 Zv.w.) - mdinare iordanes gadalaxva
ieso naves Zis mstovrebi dabrundnen ierixonidan. israelebi daiZrnen,
maT winaSe iordane gaipo, ise rogorc wiTeli zRvis wyali gaipo 40
wlis winaT egviptidan gamosuli maTi mamebis winaSe (ieso 4)
15 nisani (1713 Zv.w.) - isaakis dabadeba
ufalma Sesmina abraamis locva da saras SeeZina vaJi isaaki(dabadeba 21:1-
6)
15 nisani (1313 Zv.w.) - gamosvla
ufalma egviptelTa monobidan gaanTavisufla ebraeli xalxi da moses
winamZRolobiT wminda miwisaken daabruna.
26 nisani (1245 Zv.w.) - ieso naves Zis gardacvaleba
ieso naves Ze (1355-1245 Zv.w.) iyo ebraelTa winamZRoli moses Semdeg , igi
SeuZRva wminda miwaze ebrael xalxs.
28 nisani (1273 Zv.w.) - ieriqionis dacema
145
israelis xalxma wminda miwaze daibruna pirveli qalaqi - ierixoni,
cixe-galavaniT iyo gamagrebuli. Svidi dRis ganmavlobaSi ebraelebi
mwyobrad uvlidnen gars qalaqis kedlebs da ukravdnen sayvirebs -
sofars. meSvide dRes qalaqis galavani Camoingra. (ieso .6)
ebrauli kalendris Tveebi
TiSrei | xeSvani | qislevi | teveTi | Svati | adari | nisani | iari | sivani |
Tamuzi | avi | eluli
მოსე (ებრ.: מֶֹשה მოშე; არაბ.: موسى, მუსა) — ბიბლიის მიხედვით, ძვ. ებრაელთა
სჯულმდებელი და წინასწარმეტყველი, განმათავისუფლებელი და ბელადი.
udidesi winaswarmetyvelis wodeba israelis Zvel istoriaSi
mimagrebuli aqvs moses. igi ara marto ebraeli eris damfuZnebeli iyo
rogorc naciis, aramed misi kanonmdebeli, mRvdeli da RmerTTan
Suamavali. albaT yvelaze kargad is cnobilia Tavisi xalxis
zebunebrivi gamoyvaniT monobidan egvipteSi C.w.-mde 13-e saukuneSi.
moses Tanaxmad, samyaro 10 mcenabaze aris damokidebuli. romlebganac
adamianis qcevis sabaziso wesebi gamodis. misi cxovrebis istoria
pirveladaa aRwerili bibliis wign "eqsodSi", Tumca arsebobs agreTve
mniSvnelovani miTiTebebi wignebSi "cifrebi", "levitusi" da "deuterumi".
dRes iudaizmis religia mxolod ibliis am xuT wignzea dafuZnebuli
(romlebsac xSirad moses wignebs eZaxian). maT hqvia Tora, kanonis
wignebi.debatebi moses cxovrebis irgvliv, misi rolis israelis
warsulSi, misi avtorobis bibliis pirvel xuT wignze, mZvinvarebs
mecnierTa Soris ukve mravali mravali dekadis ganmavlobaSi. simarTle
146
albaT arasdros ar gairkveva. isini vinc biblias sityva-sityviT igeben,
Tvlian, rom yvelaferi moseze naTqvami aris absoluturi istoriuli
simarTle. xolo swavlulebi da istirikosi kritikebi Tvlian, rom
wignSi SemdgomSi bevri legendaruli, fantastikuri Caiwera. isini
agreTve daJinebiT amboben, rom, igi ver miiwerda wignebs. am
dapirispirebaSi upiratesoba aqvT swavlulebs, radganac maT daamtkices,
rom biblia Sedgeba ramdenime gaerTianebuli teqstisgan.
ებრაული ერის წარმომავლობა
Tavis moqmedebebSi mosem israelisgan cota madloba daimsaxura. xalxi
mudam Cioda da janydeboda. sinais udabnos gaWirvebam gaxada isini
msurvelebi raTa egvipteSi dabrunebuliyvnen. isini ise Sors wavidnen,
rom daiwyes axalgazrda xaris Tayvani,
romelic savaraudod iyo gakeTebuli kirqvisgan da ara oqrosgan,
rogorc eqsodi gveubneba. amis gamo RmerTs maTi mitoveba surda, Tumca
mose Seevedra RmerTs mas misi xalxis qcevis patieba.
moses sabolood mihyavda misi xalxi iordanis mdinaris aRmisavleTi
napiriT pirdapir maT dapirebul miwasTan. misi bolo oficialuri
brZaneba iyo sinais SeTanxmeba 40 wliani rTuli mgzavrobis Semdeg.
Semdeg igi pisgahis mTaze avida .am mTidan RmerTma misca mas nebarTva
raTa daenaxa dapirebuli miwa, Tumc ar misca mas nebarTva iq wasvlis.
igi gardaicvala mTaze. ebraelebs igi Semdgom ar daunaxavT, arc
dakrZalvis adgilia cnobili. xalxis mitovebamde man Tavis Semcvlelad
joSua daniSna.
147
biblia (berZn. Bbiblia – sityvasityviT wignebi) - iudaisturi da
qristianuli religiebis "saRvTo" wignebis krebuli. Sedgeba Zveli da
axali aRTqmisagan. qristianoba cnobs bibliis orsave nawils. iudaizmi
ki mxolod Zvel aRTqmas.
Zveli aRTqmis (39 wigni) didi nawili dawerilia Zvel ebraul enaze.
mxolod zogierT, SedarebiT gviandel wignSi (ezrasi da danielisa),
gvxvdeba mcire CanarTi arameul enaze. zveli aRTqma
Sedgenilobis mxriv metad sxvadasxvagvarovani krebulia; Seicavs
istoriul dokumentebs, xalxur miTebisa da legendebis Canawerebs,
sxvadasxva epoqisa da socialur fenaTa msoflmxedvelobis amsaxvel
iuridiul dokumentebs, gansxvavebul religiur kultebTan
dakavSirebuli ritualebis amsaxvel teqstebs, religiisa da lirikuli
poeziis nimuSebs. am nairgvari masalis Sekreba, redaqcia da kanonizacia
mWodrod ukavSirdeba Zvel ebraul monoTeisturi religiur koncefciis
Camoyalibebasa da ganvitarebas. saboloo saxe ebraulma Zvelma aRTqmam
sakmaod gvian miiRo. misi kanonizacia daiwyo babilonis tyveobis Semdeg
- Zv. w. V saukunisa da damTavrda daaxloebiT ax. w. II saukuneSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Zveli aRTqmis redaqtorebi teqstis gaerTianebisas
cdilan mTlianad moeSalaT pirvandeli sxvaobani, wigns mainc axasiaTebs
Sinaarsobrivi, enobriv-stilisturi da janrobrivi siWrele. xSiria
rogorc Sinaarsobrivi, aseve faqtobrivi Secdomebi da winaaRmdegobebi.
Zvel aRTqmas ebraulad erTiani saTauri ara aqvs, igi sam nawilad iyofa.
pirvels ewodeba kanoni (ebr. Tora), mis Sedgenas tradicia moses miawers,
Sedgeba xuTi wignisagan (dabadeba, gamosvlaTa, levitelTam, ricxvTa da
meore sjuli); meore nawilia winaswarmetyvelni; masSi Sedis wignebi -
isu navesi, msajulTa, samoelis pirveli da meore wigni (qarTulad
mefeTa pirveli da meore), mefeTa pirveli da meore (qarTulad mefeTa
mesame da meoTxe) wigni, esaiasi, ieremiasi, ezekielisa da 12 mcire
winaswarmetyvelisa - osiasi, ioelisa, amosisa, obadiasi, ionasi, miqeasi,
148
naumisa, ambakumisa, sofoniasu, angeasi, zaqariasi da malaqiasi. mesame
nawilSi, romelsav ebraulad dawerilebi ewodeba, Sedis fsalmunni,
solomonis igavebi, iobis wigni, qebaTa qeba, ieremias godeba, eklesiaste
da wignebi esTerisa, danielisa, ezrasi, neemiasi da neStTa (pirveli da
meore). qronologiuri zRvari Zveli aRTqmis calkeul nawilebs Soris
metad didia.
149
daskvna
1995 wels Salom koboSvilis namuSevrebma gamoiwvia avtoris
daintereseba iudaikiT da misi Semoqmedebis Seswavlam, Tematikidan
gamomdinare, moiTxova siuJetebis ganmarteba. iudaikis sakiTxebSi ufro
Rrma wvdomam gaafarTova avtoris interesi da garkveul wilad ubiZga
sadisertacio Temis arCevisaken. Salom koboSvilis namuSevrebi ebrauli
koleqciis nawils warmoadgens da mis SemoqmedebaSi asaxuli kostumebi,
ritualuri, religiuri Tu yofiTi daniSnulebis nivTebi inaxeba amave
muzeumis fondebSi. sainventaro wignebSi Cawerili monacemebi xSir
SemTxvevaSi gadamowmebas saWiroebda da am garemoebam kidev ufro
gaaRviva mTlianad ebrauli koleqciis Seswavlisa da xelaxali
atribuciis logikuri survili.
es samecniero kvlevisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani axali monacemebia, maTi
dadgena moxda ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze Seswavlili mdidari
paraleluri masalis safuZvelze, rogorc literaturul wyaroebsa da
iudaikis Temisadmi miZRvnili mravalricxovani saitebisa da auqcionebis
daTvalierebiT, aseve (rac yvelaze nayofieri da mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda),
sxvadasxva qveynebSi ebrauli koleqciebis uSualo Seswavlisa da
analogiur eqsponatebTan Sedarebis safuZvelze.
dekoratiuli, religiuri, ritualuri daniSnulebis nivTebis atribucia
daemyara umdidresi analogiuri masalis uSualo gacnobas florenciis,
Tel avivis, ierusalimis, berlinis, londonis, parizis, praRis ebraul
muzeumebSi.
ukanaskneli atribuciebidan gamomdinare, Seicvala eqsponatebis
daTariReba. naSromSi warmodgenili eqsponatebi cota scdeba
disertaciis Tavdapirvel saTaurs da asaxavs iudaizms saqarTvelos ara
mxolod me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, aramed me-19 saukunidan. Ees
gadaTariReba exeba mxolod eTnografiul masalas, religiuri da
ritualuri daniSnulebis nivTebs.
150
sadisertacio naSromSi aRnusxulia ebrauli koleqciebis mniSvnelovani
nawili. avtoris mier moxda maTi atribucia, Seswavla da Temis
specifikidan gamomdinare, koleqciis eqsponatebis aRwerisas,
TandarTulia maTi Sinaarsis, simbolikisa da terminologiis
ganmartebani.
naSroms Tan erTvis agreTve ZiriTadi terminologiis mokle leqsikoni,
gamoyebenuli literaturis CamonaTvali, avtoris mier gamocemuli sami
ilustrirebuli katalogi (romlebSic warmodgenilia ebrauli muzeumis
ganxiluli koleqcia), damatebiTi ilustraciebis albomi.
rogorc avRniSneT, Tema ara mxolod mecnieruli, aramed praqtikuli
mniSvnelobiTa da aqtualurobiTac gamoirCeva. Aamaze metyvelebs ukve
ganxorcielebuli sami gamofena TandarTuli katalogebiT, danarCenis
eqsponatebis dagegmili restavracia da ebrauli muzeumis mudmivi
eqspoziciis aRorZinebis perspeqtiva.
aTwleulebis manZilze es saocari koleqcia sacavebSi iyo ganTavsebuli
da ucnobi iyo ara mxolod farTo sazogadoebisaTvis, aramed
specialistebisTvisac ki. Eeqsponatebi sakmaod dazianebuli iyo im
wlebSi saerTo samuzemo fondebis mZime pirobebis gamo. 2005 wels
saqarTvelos erovnul muzemSi mopovebul grantis safuZvelze
SesaZlebeli gaxda Tavi momeyara adre Catarebuli samecniero
kvlevisaTvis Ppirveli ebraeli mxatvris Salom koboSvilis namuSevarTa
albomis publikaciisaTvis da 2006 wels saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi
Salom koboSvilis 130 wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT movawyeT misi
personaluri gamofena da gamoica sruli katalogi. Salom koboSvili
pirveli ebraeli mxatvaria saqarTveloSi da misi saocari biografiis
wyalobiT sruliad gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs. man 61 wlis
asakSi daiwyo xatva da misi moRvaweoba mxolod sam weliwads gagrZelda
(mis gardacvalebamde), magram am mokle drois manZilzec man moaxerxa
qarTvel ebraelTa yofis saocari dokumentur-TxrobiTi matiane Seeqmna.
2008 wels saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis
daarsebidan 75 welTan da israelis saxelmwifos damoukideblobis 60
wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda meore gamofenis
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momzadeba, romelic mieZRvna mTlianad ebrauli muzeumis koleqcias da
asaxavda qarTvel ebraelTa kulturasa da yofas da agreTve gamoica am
gamofenis sruli katalogi.
2010 wels saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis mier mesame ebrauli proeqti
ganxorcielda, romelic mieZRvna saqarTveloSi ierusalimis ben cvi
institutis mier organizebul saerTaSoriso ebraul istoriul seminars.
gamofenasTan dakavSirebiT gamoica katalogic. wina ori gamofenisagan
gansxvavebiT, am ukanasknelze garda ebrauli muzeumis koleqciisa,
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis fondebSi daculi, qarTvel ebraelTa
istoriis amsaxveli uZvelesi eqsponatebic iyo warmodgenili.
am sami proeqtis saSualebiT, mravali wlis manZilze miviwyebuli
eqsponatebi TiTqosda gacocxlda da specialistebisa da farTo
sazogadoebis didi interesi daimsaxura.
upirveless yovlisa am proeqtebis ganxorcielebis wyalobiT
SesaZlebeli gaxda ebrauli muzeumis koleqciis mniSvnelovani nawilis
Seswavla, atribucia, movla da mowesrigeba. Ees exeba ara mxolod
ferwerasa da grafikas, aramed kostumebs, qsovilebs, sxvadasxva tipisa
da daniSnulebis religiur Tu ritualur artefaqtebs. Gam gamofenebze
warmodgenili yvela eqsponati daeqvemdebara restavraciasa da
konservacias. gansakuTrebiT savalalo mdgomareobaSi qsovilebi iyo,
nawili, rac gamoifina, SeiZleba iTqvas am etapze gadarCenilia, xolo
danarCens esaWiroeba saswrafo konservacia da restavracia, rac uaxloes
momavalSi Cveni ZiriTadia mizania. vimedovnebT, rom male ebrauli
koleqcia sruli saxiT iqneba mowesrigebuli da Tavis Rirseul adgils
daikavebs saqarTvelos kulturis istoriaSi, rogorc misi sinTezuri da
ganuyofeli nawili.
am TvalsazrisiT, Tema ara mxolod mecnieruli, aramed praqtikuli
mniSvnelobiTa da aqtualurobiTac gamoirCeva.
1995 wels sworeT Salom koboSvilis namuSevrebma gamoiwvia avtoris
daintereseba da misi Semoqmedebis Seswavlam, Tematikidan gamomdinare,
moiTxova siuJetebis ganmarteba. iudaikis sakiTxebSi ufro Rrma wvdomam
gaafarTova avtoris interesi da garkveul wilad ubiZga sadisertacio
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Temis arCevisaken. Salom koboSvilis namuSevrebi ebrauli koleqciis
nawils warmoadgens da mis SemoqmedebaSi asaxuli kostumebi, ritualuri,
religiuri Tu yofiTi daniSnulebis nivTebi inaxeba amave fondebSi.
sainventaro wignebSi Cawerili monacemebi xSir SemTxvevaSi gadamowmebas
saWiroebda da am garemoebam kidev ufro gaaRviva mTlianad ebrauli
koleqciis Seswavlisa da xelaxali atribuciis logikuri survili.
koboSvilis Semoqmedeba scdeba mxolod mxatvrul-stilistur CarCoebs.
mas gacilebiT ufro seriozuli da mniSvnelovani Sinaarsoblivi
datvirTva gaaCnia. misi Semoqmedeba garkveul Tematur ciklebad SeiZleba
daiyos. TiToeuli maTgani qarTvel ebraelTa yofiT, religiur Tu
ritualur cxovrebas ukavSirdeba, iseve, rogorc ebraul Tematikaze
Seqmnili daviT gvelesianis namuSevrebic, xolo muzeumis sxva
eqsponatebi xels uwyobs ufro TvalnaTliv warmoaCino saqrTvelos
ebrauli diasporis istoria, eTnografia, kultura.
erT erTi umniSvnelovanesi qorwinebis ciklia, romelSic
gaerTianebulia koboSvilis da gvelesianis am Temaze Seqmnili suraTebi
da agreTve saqorwilo samosi da am TemasTan dakavS
irebuli sxva eqsponatebi. Semdeg religiuri dResaswaulebis, sinagogis,
ritualuri Tu yofiTi scenebis, vaWrobis Temis amsaxveli ciklebi.
maTi detaluri ganxilva saSualebas gvaZlevs ebrauli muzeumis
koleqciis safuZverlze warmovaCinoT sadisertacio naSromis Tema –
iudaizmi saqarTvelos xelovnebaSi.
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danarTi ganmartebiTi leqsikoni
amuleti (arabulidan - sakidi) - gamoyenebas Zveli tradicia gaaCnia,
miuxedavad imisa, rom ebrauli religiuri kanoni RmerTisa da raime
simboloebis gamosaxulebas krZalavs. rogorc wesi amuletebze
ubedurebisgan damcavi magiuri teqstebi da niSnebia moTavsebuli.
saukuneebis manZilze mravali tipis amuleti iyo gavrceelbuli da
TiToeuls gansakuTrebuli simboluri datvirTva axasiaTebda.
gamosaxulebeis garda, xSirad amuletis Sinaars masze moTavsebuli
warwerebi ganmartavs, zogi orsul qals da mSobiares icavs, zogi
mgzavrobaSi myof adamians, an zogadad avi Tvalisgan damcavia.
TilismebaT xSirad mezuza, menora, moses aTi mcneba da bolo dros
yvelaze popularuli - stilizirebuli sityva „hai“ (sicocxle) da magen
daviTi gamoiyeneba. am amuletebs rogorc iudaizmis niSans atareben. M
aharon-ha-kodeS – wminda karadaa, sadac sefer Torebi (Toris
gragnilebi) inaxeba. tradiciulad diasporaSi sinagoga samxreTiskenaa
orientirebuli, xolo misi Sesasvleli ierusalimiskenaa mimarTuli.
salocavis darbazis centrSi “Tebaa” aRmarTuli, xolo Sesasvlelis
mopirdapire mxares ukana kedlis centrSi “aharon-ha-kodeSi”, romelic
faroxeTiT (farda) aris gamoyofili.
ajla (ajilaki) - mesxur-javaxuri darbazis erT-erT kuTxeSi xaliCebiT
damSvenebuli, nefe-dedoflisaTvis gankuTvnili ficruli an
qsovilebisagan gakeTebuli patara, momaRlo oTaxi iyo masSi
ganTavsebuli taxtiT. oTaxis Sesasvlels sinagogidan motanili
ramdenime moqarguli farda hqonda Camofarebuli. ajla mxolod
axalcixisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli da gavrcelebuli iyo, rogorc
ebraelTa, aseve qarTvelTa Soris.
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bagini huriaTa - ebrauli salocavi Zvel mcxeTaSi (gvianantikuri xanis
sinagoga)
beT hamikdaS - taZari (“saxli RvTisa”, “saxli rCeuli”, “saxli
siwmindisa”
beT haqneseT – salocavi – “saxli sakrebulo”, diasporis fenomenia.
briT mila – windacveTa, iudaizmisadmi kuTvnilebis simbolo.
broweuli - erec-israelis erT erTi Svidi simboluri mcenareTagania.
midraSis mtkicebiT broweulis marcvlebis raodenoba 613-ia, rac Toris
mcnebaTa ricxvs Seesabameba, amitom broweuli SemTxveviT ar iyo
arCeuli Toris gragnilis mosarTavad, romlis saxelwodeba – rimonim –
ivriTze sityva broweulis mravlobiTi ricxvia. saukuneebis manzilze is
Zalze popularuli motivi iyo ebraul dekoratiul xelovnebaSi.
broweulis simbolika ganpirobebulia misi feriT, formiTa da Sinagani
struqturiT, romelic ganasaxierebs mravlobis da mravalferovnebis
erTobisa da erTianobis princips. iudaistur xelovnebaSi broweuli –
Secnobis da sicocxlis xis simboloa. xe, romlis fesvebi Rrmad miwaSia,
xolo totebi cisken aris mimarTuli
gmara (גמרא) - me-3 saukunis kodeqsSi “miSnaSi” mocemuli zepiri Toris
wesebs momdevno saukuneebSi brZenma rabinebma - amoraebma – sakuTari
interpretacia da komentarebi daumates. am komentarebSi isini zogjer
zepiri Toris im wesebsac aRniSnavdnen, romlebic miSnaSi ar Sesula
(aseT wess braiTa hqvia). miSnaze damatebul rabinul diskusias gmara
ewodeba.
diaspora - berZnuli warmoSobisa sityvaa da "gabnevas" niSnavs. ebraelebi (iehudim)- semituri modgmis xalxi. raodenoba - daaxloebiT 14
mln.
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ebraelTa nawili laparakobs im qveynis enaze, sadac cxovroben.
ebraelTa didi nawili laparakobs agreTve ebraul enebze - ivriti,
idiSi da sxva. sarwmunoeba –iudaizmi. diasporaSi ebraelebi gayofili
arian aSkenazebad da sefardebad.
ebraistika - dakavebulia ebrauli enisa da kulturis SeswavliT.
ebraistikis damfuZneblad miiCneven germanel humanists iohanes roixlins
(1455 - 1522), romelic 1480 wlidan kabalis SeswavliT iyo dakavebuli. man
Seiswavla ebrauli ena da 1506 „Zveli ebrauli enis gramatika“ gamosca.
ebrauli diaspora - israelis saxelmwifos Seqmnis Semdeg misi
teritoriis gareT darCenili ebrauli mosaxleoba.
ebrauli kalendris Tveebi - TiSrei | xeSvani | qislevi | teveTi | Svati |
adari | nisani | iari | sivani | Tamuzi | avi | eluli
erec israel ("ישראל ארץ") – palestinis teritoriis bibliuri
saxelwodeba, miwa, sadac israelis samefo Seiqmna
esTeris gragnili vazis lerwi - uZvelesi droidan dRemde israelis cxovrebSi
umniSvnelovaness rols asrulebs. pirvelad vazi, rogorc kulturi
mcenare, bibliaSia naxsenebi noesTan dakavSirebiT. yurZnis mtevani –
“gefeni” – mesamea mcenareTa Svid saxeobas Soris, romlebic israelis
miwis nayofierebis simboloa (“dvarimi”, 8:8). yurZeni mravalricxovani
STamomavlobis simboloa. saqorwino kontraktze _ “qeTubaze” _ xSirad
gamosaxaven yurZnis mtevans. yurZnis mtevani _ mosavlis simboloa,
agreTve dalocvis simbolo _ kiduSi, amitom xSirad Rvinis Tasebsa da
SabaTis sxva sagnebze gamosaxaven. suqaSi mosarTavad yurZnis mtevnebs
iyeneben
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zepiri Tora (פה-שבעל תורה, Tora Se'be'al-pe) - miSnaSi da TalmudSi
aRnusxuli ebrauli kanonebia. ebraelTa azriT, TanaxTan erTad, RmerTma
moses zepiri Torac uZRvna sinais mTaze, nakarnaxeb-Cawerili bibliis
kanonebis ganmartebis mizniT. mas Semdeg zepiri Tora marTlac zepirad
gadaecemoda ebraelTa sasuliero wodebis Taobebs, pirvel saukunemde.
ierusalimis meored aoxrebis Semdeg (70w.) rabinebma, zepiri tradiciis
gawyvetis SiSiT, zepiri Toris saxiT mocemuli wesebis Cawera daiwyes.
Cawerili masala me-3 saukunis dasawyisSi redaqtirebul iqna rabin
iehuda hanasis mier. zepiri Toris am pirvel kodeqss miSna(משנה) ewodeba.
momdevno saukuneebSi, im periodis brZenma rabinebma - amoraebma - miSnaSi
mocemuli zepiri Toris wesebs sakuTari interpretacia da komentarebi
daumates. am komentarebSi isini zogjer zepiri Toris im wesebsac
aRniSnavdnen, romlebic miSnaSi ar Sesula (aseT wess braiTa hqvia).
miSnaze damatebul rabinul diskusias gmara (גמרא) ewodeba. miSnasa da
gemaras erTad redaqtirebiT Talmudi (תלמוד) Sesdgeba.
Talmudi (תלמוד) - miSnasa da gmaras erTad redaqtirebuli kodeqsi.
Tora (תורה) -- ebraulad swavleba, darigeba, kanoni. Tora aris Tanaxis
.nawili, romelic qristianuli bibliis Zvel aRTqmas Seesabameba (ך"תנ)
Tora Sedgeba moses 5 wignisagan:
dabadeba Genesis (bereSiT בראשית) - moses I wigni
gamosvlaTa Exodus (SemoT שמות) - moses II wigni
levitelTa Lexitikus (vaikra ויקרא) - moses III wigni
ricxvTa Numeri (bemidbar במדבר) - moses IV wigni
meore rjulisa Deuteronomium (dvarim דברים) - moses V wigni
Tora-Sildi - religiuri dResaswaulebis kalendaria, is rogorc wesi
Tavsdeba sefer Toris gragnilze, SeiZleba masze iyos gadakiduli, an
zevidan ikideba, mis qveda nawilSi patara fanjaraa amoWrili, romelSic
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calke liTonis warwerebiani firfitebia moTavsebuli. TiToeulze
religiuri dResaswaulis saxelwodebaa. Toris kiTxvisas, kalendarzec
Sesabamisad icvleba firfitebi.
iom-qifuri (ivr. ִּכּפּור יֹום, sityvasityviT «mitevebis dRe», iTargmneba
rogorc «gamosyidvis dRe», «gankiTxvis dRe») — iudaizmSi erT- erTi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani da wminda dResaswauli; marxvis, aRsarebisa da
codvebis mitevebis dRe; aRiniSneba ebrauli TiSris Tvis meaTe dRes da
monaniebis aTi dRis dasasrulia.
iudaistika - disciplina, romelic Seiswavlis da ikvlevs iudaizms, anu
israelis xalxis istorias, kulturasa da rwmenas. am kvlevebSi mTavari
amosavali wertili aris ebrauli werilobiTi Zeglebis filologiuri
analizi. rogorc cnobilia, es wyaroebi sxvadasxva enaze (ebrauli,
arameuli, iudeo-arabuli, idiSi, ladino, iudeo-sparsuli iqmneboda.
iudaistika filologiuri da kulturul-istoriuli TvalsazrisiT
iziarebs da iTvaliswinebs ebraelobis swavlebaTa tradiciebs.
iudaizmi (ebr. יהדות - iahaduT) - ebraeli eris religia; istoriaSi
aRnusxuli pirveli monoTeisturi rwmena da antikuri xanidan
SemorCenili erT-erTi religia. iudaizmis doqtrina da istoria
mniSvnelovani nawilia sxva monoTeistur, kerZod: qristianul da
muslimanur religiaTa safuZvlebisa.
iudaizmi mWidrod dakavSirebulia ramodenime religiur principTan,
romelTagan umniSvnelovanesia erTaderTi, yovlismcodne, yovlisSemZle,
yovlad mowyale da uxilavi (transcendentuli) RmerTis rwmena. ebrauli
RvTismsaxureba yvelaze did adgils uTmobs Toris da Talmudis
kanonebisa da mcnebebis Seswavlasa da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
ganxorcielebas.s
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kabbala - ebrauli misticizmis Semadgeneli erT-erTi wigni lulavi – palmis rto. ebraul tradiciaSi lulavs – palmis rtos
gauSleli foTlebiT – atareben sinagogaSi msvlelobis dros, rogorc
erT-erT im oTxi simboluri mcenareTagans, romelsac suqaSi anTavseben.
vinaidan palma mTlianad gamoyenebadia (finikebi sakvebad gamoiyeneba,
foTlebi da xe ki mSeneblobaSi), rabinebi ebrael xalxs palmas
adarebdnen da amtkicebdnen, rom israelis xalxis Soris ar arian
uvargisebi (“bereSit raba”, 41:1). finikis palmisa da misi foTlebis
gamosaxuleba _ samarTlianobis simboloa.
magen daviTi (eqvsqimiani varskvlavi) - dRes yvelaze gavrcelebuli da
iudaizmis umTavress simbolod aRiarebuli „daviTis varskvlavi“ an
„daviTis fari“, rogorc mas xSirad moixsenieben, Tavdapirvelad ufro
internacionaluri simbolo iyo da gvxvdeba Zvel indoeTSi, mogvianebiT
ki axlo aRmosavleTsa da evropaSi.
magen daviTi TalmudSi ar aris moxseniebuli.
geqsograma (eqvsqimiani varskvlavi) saukenenbis manZilze gvxvdeba, magram
mxolod XVII saukunidan iqna aRiarebuli wminda ebraul simbolod
praRaSi. Mmagen daviTi xSirad sakulto daniSnulebis sagnebis
mosarTavad an rogorc religiuri simbolika ise gamoiyeneba.
ebraul saflavis qvebze magen daivTs mxolod XVIII saukunis bolodan
gamosaxaven.
malkuti _ saritualo rozgebigamoiyenebdnen codvis gamosyidvisas maca - ufuari xmiadebi kveri, romelsac fesaxis, paseqis dResaswaulis
dros 8 dRis ganmavlobaSi puris magivrad miirTmeven. Mmaca egviptidan
gamosvlisas siCqareSi qvaze gamomcxvari ufuari puris simboloa.
menora (ebr. ְמנֹוָרה — menora, "ganaTebeli") — SvidsanTliani Sandali,
oqros Svidtotiani ganaTebeli (SvidsanTela), romelic bibliis Tanaxmad
159
mdebareobda skiniaSi. mere gadmoitanes ierusalimSi ierusalimis meore
taZris dangrevamde, aris iudaizmis erT erTi uZvelesi atributi. menora
gamosaxulia israelis saxelmwifo gerbze.
mezuza - sityva “mezuzas” pirdapiri mniSvneloba karebis zRrublia. is
aRniSnavs karebze mimagrebul patara kolofs, sadac Toris
gamonaTqvamebiani miniaturuli pergamentis gragnilia moTavsebuli.
sityva mezuzoTi (mezuzas mravlobiTi ricxvi), bibliidan iRebs
saTaveebs (meore kanoni 6:9): “da dawere Seni saxlis zRrublebze da Sen
WiSkrebze”. Mmezuza amavdroulad ebraelebisTvis RvTis kanonebis
Sexsenebacaa da danarCen ebraelobasTan erTobis simboloa. Eebraelebi
mezuzas ojaxuri kerisa da misi binadrebis erTgvar damcvelad aRiqvas .
msgavsi mosazreba Talmudis droidan Caisaxa da Suasaukuneebis gavliT
Tanamedroveebamde moaRwia.
mikve - mikve sinagogasTan arsebuli ritualuri abanoa, romlis
daniSnuleba ara mxolod higienuri sisufTavis dacvaa, aramed
ritualuri ganwmendaa. amitom mikveSi winaswar dabanilebi Sedian.
cnobebi da kanonebi mikves Sesaxeb jer kidev ToraSia moxseniebuli.
SemdgomSi mikves kanonebi TalmudSi traktatSia Tavmoyrili da agreTve
sxxva TalmudisSemdgom literaturaSi ganixileba.
ukanasknel dros mikve ZiriTadaT qalebisTvisaa gankuTvnili, upirveles
yovlisa patarZlis qorwilis win ganwmendis ritualuri daniSnuleba
akisria da agreTve gaTxovili qalebisTvis yovelTviuri ganwmendis
rituals warmoadgens. Mmikves wminda wyalSi CayvinTva sulier
sisufTavesTanaa asociirebuli.
miSna (משנה)– zepiri Toris pirveli kodeqsi. ierusalimis meore taZris
dangrevis Semdeg (70w.) rabinebma, zepiri tradiciis gawyvetis SiSiT,
zepiri Toris saxiT mocemuli wesebis Cawera daiwyes. A Cawerili masala
160
me-3 saukunis dasawyisSi redaqtirebuli iqna rabin iehuda hanasis mier da
am kodeqss miSna ewoda.
nisani - ebr. נִיָסן ebrauli kalendaris samoqalaqo wlis meSvide Tve da
religiuli wlis pirveli Tve. saxelwodeba momdinareobs babilonidan.
ToraSi da Zveli aRTqmis qarTul TargmanebSi nisanis Tves ewodeba
«abibi» (an avivi), rac niSnavs qeris TavTavis mwifobis dros. esTeris
wignSi ki ukve gvxvdeba «nisani». es Tve dgeba gazafxulis buniaobis
Semdeg da grigorianuli kalendaris mixedviT marts an aprils
Seesabameba. Aam Tvis 15 ricxvs modis fesaxis dResaswauli.
oqrokaba - qalis saqorwino tansacmeli, Zvirfas parCaze, abreSumis an
atlasis qsovilze oqromkediT naqargi axaluxi. umetesad
damaxasiaTebeli iyo axalcixel ebraelTaTvis.
rimonim (seferToris damagvirgvinebeli) – ebr. sityva broweulis
mravlobiT ricxvia, ris formasac waagavda Tavdapirvelad gvirgvini.
Tradiciulad rimonimis formis gamoyeneba ukavsirdeba broweulis
nayofis marcvlebis raodenobas, romelic ToraSi 613 micvis tolia.
gvirgvini simbolurad xazs usvams Toris sidiadesa da mniSvnelobas.
gvirgviniT Toris Semkobis tradicia Sua saukuneebidan iwyeba. igi
xSirad mdidrulad dekorirebulia WedurobiT ebraul motivebze,
warwerebiT, reliefebiTa da ornamentebiT. xolo masze mimagrebuli
zanzalakebi, Toris gadaadgilebisas mis gamoCenas axmovaneben.
samaritanistika - ebraistikis erT-erTi dargi, romelic samaritanelTa
enisa da kulturis SeswavliTaa dakavebuli.
sederi - sadResaswaulo simboluri vaxSmis kurTxevis rituali,
romelic fesaxis pirvel Rames, hagadis dros sruldeba.
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seferTora - Toris gragnili. “sefer” – ivriTidan wigns niSnavs.
seferTora sinagogis yvelaze wminda nivTia. rogorc wesi, seferTora
Semosilia sagangebod misTvis gankuTvnili Toris samosiT (kabiT) an
Tavsdeba stilizebul tomaraSi da Tavze adgamen gvirgvins.
simxaT-Tora - suqoTis dResaswaulis bolo dRe simxaT-Toris
dResaswaulis aRniSvniT gvirgvindeba. am dRes, Toris bolo furclis
wakiTxvisTanave, sinagogis aharon-ha-kodeSidan (seferToris Sesanaxi
karadidan) gamoaqvT seferTorebi (Toris gragnilebi), sazeimod
Semoatareben da Semdeg erTi wliT kvlav aRTqmis kidobanSi inaxaven.
sinagoga (berZn.: συναγωγή, translit. synagogē, „yriloba, TavSeyra“; כנסת בית
beiT qneseT, „TavSeyris saxli“; שול or ילהתפ בית beiT Tfila, „locvis
saxli“; אסנוגה, esnoga) — ebrauli salocavi adgili.
sinagoga warmoiqmna palestinaSi (Zv. w. IV s), egvipteSi
(Zv. w. III s). ierusalimis taZris dangrevis (ax. w. 70 w.) da diasporis
(palestinis farglebs gareT ebrauli koloniebi) gafarToebis Semdeg
sinagogebi arsdeba yvelgan, sadac ki ebraelebi cxovroben.
solomonis taZari (ebr.: המקדש בית, beiT hamikdaS), egreT wodebuli
pirveli taZari - pirveli ebrauli taZari ierusalimSi. taZari
bibliurma mefe solomonma, daviTis Zem, israelis mesame mefem aago.
taZris mSenebloba Zv. w. X s. dasrulda. taZari locvebisa da
msxverplSerwirvis umTavresi adgilis daniSnulebas asrulebda.
babilonelma mefe nabuqodonosorma Zv. w. 586 w. daibyro ierusalimi da
daangria taZari.
taliTi (ַטִּלית) – ebrauli ritualuri mosasxami, romelic marTkuTxa
TeTri qsovilisagan (Sali, bamba, abreSumi) mzaddeba. kideebSi ramodenime
cisferi, lurji an Savi zoli aqvs Caqsovili. iudaizmSi locvis dros
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mamakacisaTvis taliTis mosxma Toris miTiTebebis siwmindeSi Semosvasa
da RmerTis nebisadmi simbolur damorCilebas gulisxmobs.
faroxeTi – seferToris karadis (e.w. aRTqmis kidobanis) fardaa,
romelic gamoyobs „wminda adgils“ (ha-kodeS) „wmindaTa wmindasagan“
(kodeS-ha-kodaSim). “aharon-ha-kodeSi” – wminda karadaa, sadac sefer
Torebi (Toris gragnilebi) inaxeba. Aam karadas faravs faroxeTi.
faroxeTi ToraSicaa moxseniebuli rogorc farduli, damzadebuli
lurji, iasamnisferi an alisferi qsovilisagan da moqarguli
qerubimebiT, oqros sakidebiT oqroTi mopirkeTebul oTx svetze
damagrebuli, romelic gamoyobs wminda adgils wmindaTa wmindasagan.
(გამოსვლა26:31-33)
fesaxi (paseqi) - rvadRiani dResaswauli ukavSirdeba moses mier
ebraelebis gamoyvanas egviptidan, sadac isini oTxaswlian monobaSi
imyofebodnen. am dResaswauls gansakuTrebuli datvirTva aqvs da eris
gaTavisuflebis simboloa. fesaxis pirvel Rames sruldeba sederis
rituali (sadResaswaulo simboluri vaxSmis kurTxeva).
finikis palma - TanaxSi erec-israeli moxseniebulia rogorc miwa,
romelic rZiTa da TafliT moedineba. Aaq moyvanil strofebSi TaflSi
finikis serofi igulisxmeba. Llamazma formam da simaRlem palma
popularul motivad aqcia xelovnebasa da literaturaSi. palmis
foTlebs triumfalur msvlelobisas iyenebdnen, palmis reliefi ki
SeiZleba vnaxoT rogorc taZarSi, aseve sinagogebSi. bibliur periodSi
palma silamazis, sinatifisa da nayofierebis simboloa.
qeTuba (qeTuboTi) - qaRaldze an pergamentze dawerili, mxatvrulad
gaformebuli erTgvari saqorwino xelSekrulebaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mcxovreb ebraelebs gansxvavebuli saqorwino
163
tradiciebi aqvT, qeTuba yvelasaTvis mTavaria. am tradicias fesvebi
uxsovari droidan Caeyara.
qoeni
yvavilebi - silamazis da aromatis wyalobiT sakulto simboloebad da
dekoris popularul elementad iqca. TanaxSi moxsienebuli yvavilebi
erec israelis uZvelesi mcenareebia, magram maTi saxelwodebebi
yovelTvis ar Seesabameba analogiuri dasaxelebis Tanamedrove
mcenareebs. magaliTad, “SoSana”, Cveulebrivad iTargmneba rogorc vardi
an lilia, Tumca es sityva SeiZleba agreve niSnavdes “SroSana”,
“giacinti”, “krokusi”, “narcisi”. bibliaSi yvavilebis saxelwodebebi
xSirad silamazis, aromatis, sicocxlis warmavalobis, sinazisa da
saswaulis simboloebia. taZarSi yvavilebs gamosaxavdnen wminda
WurWelze, avejze, agreTve gvirgvinze.
Sadai - “Saddai” sityva “RmerTis” sinonimia. mravali wlis manZilze
ebraelebi atarebdnen sxvadasxva tipis vercxlis amuletebs, romlebic
ubedurebisagan icavda. amuletze xSirad weria sityva “Sadai” romelic
avi Tvalisagan icavs. amJamad yvelaze gavrcelebuli Tilismebia
stilizirebuli sityva “hai” (sicocxle) da eqvsqimiani varskvlavi (magen
daviTi). rogorc wesi am amuletebs rogorc iudaizmis niSans atareben.
Saliaxi (misioneri)- XIX s-is miwurulsa da XX s-is damdegs
ierusalimidan sxvadasxva qveyanebSi agzavnidnen misionerebs. ierusalimis
Rarib ebraelTa daxmarebisa da sinagogebisaTvis fulis Segrovebis
mizniT. zogierTi misioneri hyidda ierusalimis wminda miwas ebraelTa
Soris an kurTxevisTvis iRebdnen gasamsjelos.
Saqar-puri – qarTvel ebraelTa niSnobis ceremonia
164
Sofari – sasule ritualuri musikaluri sakravi, damzadebuli
specialurad damuSavebuli Txis an cxvris rqisagan. gamoirCeva maRali
Zlieri JReradobiT.
Soxeti – (damkvleli) specialurad momzadebuli piri, romelsac
miRebuli aqvs religiuri wesebis dacviT frinvelis an saqonlis
dakvlis ufleba. ebraelTaTvis sakvebad vargisad iTvleboda mxolod
Soxetis mier dakluli qaSeri xorci.
ciciti - saritualo foCebiani samosia, romelsac mamakacebi arateben.
ciciti (ִציִצּיֹות ,ִציִצית,) bibliur ivriTSi qsovilis foCs niSnavs. Eebraeli
mamakacis samosze cicits ritualuri daniSnuleba gaaCnia.
Zvelebraistika - ikvlevs e.w. klasikur ebrauls, rogorc Zveli israelis
enas da Zvel aRTqmas Zveli welTaRricxvis II aTaswleulidan.
xanuqa - erT-erTi uZvelesi istoriuli dResaswaulia. Mmeore taZris
periodSi, Zv. w. aR. II saukuneSi israeli berZnebma daibyres. maT ara
mxolod politikuri damoukidebloba daukarges ebraelebs, aramed TviT
ebrauli sulis mTavari arsis – sarwmunoebis ganadgureba da
cdilobdnen ebraelebi kerpTayvanismcemel elinebaT gadaeqciaT. xanuqis
dResaswauli ukavSirdeba makabielTa gamarjvebas, rodesac maT Zv. w. 165
wels selevkidebis mier dapyrobili ierusalimis taZari daibrunes.
berZnebis mier wabilwul taZarSi mxolod erTi dRis samyofi wminda
zeTi iyo darCenili, romliTac menoras (taZris SvidsanTlian Sandals)
anTebdnen. Aaxali zeTis gamosaxdelad ki rva dRe iyo saWiro. moxda
saswauli da sanTlebi zustad rva dRe ar Camqrala. amitom xanuqas
sinaTlis dResaswaulsac uwodeben tradiciulad xanuqiaze
(cxrasanTlian Sandalze) rva dRis ganmavlobaSi anTeben sanTlebs (erTi
damxmare sanTliT yovel dRe TiTo sanTels amateben).
xeremi _ anaTema
165
xufa - abreSumis an xaverdis qsovilis didi naWeria, romelic oTx
svetzea gadafenili an oTx adamians uWiravs nefe-patarZlisa da maT
mowmeTa Tavze qeTubis wakiTxvis dros. tradiciulad ebrauli
qorwinebis ceremonia tardeba xufis qveS.
jeizi _ mziTvis aRweris ceremonia
hagada – fesaxis (paseqis) pirvel Rames sruldeba sederis rituali
(sadResaswaulo simboluri vaxSmis kurTxeva).
haTara _ codvis Sendoba
166
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