LEIPER’S MODEL OF TOURISM SYSTEM

501: Tourism Business

SEM -1, STS MGU

APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF TOURISM

Institutional ApproachManagerial ApproachGeographical ApproachSociological ApproachHistorical ApproachEconomic ApproachInterdisciplinary ApproachSYSTEMATIC APPROACH

TWO ACADEMIC FIELD OF STUDIES (BUCK 1978)

Business Enterprise Camp

Charting Growth and Business Profits

Impact & Externalities Camp

Documenting Consequences of tourism Enterprise in the host Nation

Leipers Model

Reviews previous attempts to define TourismDevelops a new definitional FrameworkBridges gap between 2 Buck's camps

LEIPER'S MODEL

Based on Systems Approach, Neil Leiper suggested a model in 1979 which was later updated in 1990. The three Elements in Leipers Model:I. The Human Element: The TouristII. The Geographical Element: The Generating RegionThe Destination RegionTravel EnrouteIII. The Industrial Element

I. THE TOURISTFocal element of tourism. Has two components" a dynamic element - the j o u r n e y , and a static element - the stay" (Burkart & Medlik 1974).

Second concept defining tourists is that they are net consumers of economic resources within the regions visited.

Final concept is that their trips are circuits,returning to the points of origin.

From the circular pattern of their behaviour it is possible to isolate the geographical elements fundamental to the system.

Departing Tourists

Tourist Generating Region Transit Route

Returning Tourists

Tourist Destination Region

Push Factors

Pull Factors

The Geograpical Elements

Spatially, tourism involves three elements.

THE GEOGRAPICAL ELEMENTSI. Tourist generating regions

permanent residential bases of tourists

Has the basic geographical setting, together with the necessary behavioral factors pertaining to motivation termed as the " p u s h " factors (Dann 1977)

The generating region is the location of the basic market of the tourist industry, the source of potential tourism demand.

II. Transit routes

paths linking tourist generating regions with tourist destination regions, along with tourists travel. They include stopover points which might be used for convenience or because of the existence of attractions.

THE GEOGRAPICAL ELEMENTSIII. Tourist destination regions

Tourist destination regions can be defined as locations which attract tourists to stay temporarily,

In this context the attraction can be regarded as the anticipation by the tourist of some qualitative characteristic, lacking in the tourist generating region, which the tourist wishes to experience personally collectively known as the “p u l l” factors.

It is also the location of many parts of the tourist business: accommodation establishments, services, entertainment and recreational facilities.

THE INDUSTRIAL ELEMENT Consists of firms, Organisations and facilities intended to serve the specific needs and wants of tourists. Is divided into 6 functional sectors. Marketing: Travel Agencies, Tour operators, promotional travel writers and PublishersTourist Carriers: Air, rail, sea and road transportsAccommodation: Hotels, motels, homestays, resorts, guest housesAttractions – sights, events, activities providing experiential opportunitiesMiscellaneous Tourist Services: duty free soveniour shops, travel insurance agents, taxis etc, specialising in tourist marketTourism Regulations: Associations of firms as a sectoral, regional, governmental and non governmental bodies AND Vocational Education Institutions

LEIPER'S MODEL–DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION

ENVIRONMENTS: PHYSICAL, TECHNOLOGICAL,SOCIAL,CULTURAL, ECONOMIC, POLICTICAL

Departing Tourists

Tourist Generating Region Transit Route

Returning Tourists

Tourist Destination Region

Ticketing ServicesTour OperatorsTravel agentsMarketing & Promotional Activities

Channels of Transport and

Communication

AccommodationEntertainment IndustryTourist AttractionShoppingTourist Services

Push Factors

Pull Factors

APPLICATIONSAcademic: Serves as a reference point for general and specific studies; for designing curricula for program of vocational studies

Business: Tourist Industry Management, marketing planning for identifying spacial and functional elements.

As a guide for planning and assessing governmental policies in some areas of Tourism

Can serve as an analytical basis for creative policy formation in widely different situations.