Leiden University, 16/11/2015 The Internet as a Field of War Anne Plouy Claerwen O’Hara Louis...
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Leiden University, 16/11/2015
The Internet as a Field of WarAnne PlouyClaerwen O’HaraLouis LéonetLucy Turner
Leiden University, The Netherlands
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Why?
• Military spending• Increase in attacks• Heightened vulnerability• Increase in number of vigilantes
• International Humanitarian Law is old
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Leiden University, 16/11/2015
Stuxnet: first 60th of Stuxnet binary
3
http://julianoliver.com/output/log_2012-11-12_19-56
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International Humanitarian Law (IHL)
1. Applicability2. Distinction3. Proportionality 4. Precaution
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Leiden University, 16/11/2015
Issue 1: Applicability of IHL
• International humanitarian law= law of armed conflict
• Governs cyber warfare
5
http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/185125-how-to-watch-
hacking-and-cyberwarfare-between-the-usa-and-china-in-real-
time
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Issue 1: Applicability of IHLArmed conflict:
•1) Armed force• Non-physical consequences
•2) International or non-international armed conflict
• Anonymity• Defies national boundaries
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Issue 2: Distinction
Key Points:
•Military/civilian objects•No indiscriminate attacks•Identification
MSF Hospital in Kunduz, Afghanistanwww.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/03/kunduz-charity-hospital-bombing-violates-international-law#img-2
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Issue 2: Distinction
Problems for Cyber Warfare:
• Internet as “Dual-purpose”• Viruses and Worms• Stuxnet – did it distinguish?• DDoS Attacks• IP addresses • Hackers as combatants?
Natanz Nuclear FacilityHamed Saber http://www.flickr.com/photos/hamed/237790717
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Issue 3: Proportionality
Civilians
Civilians Objects
Lawful
Objective
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Leiden University, 16/11/2015
Issue 3: Proportionality
10
ANTICIPATED
EXPECTED
MILITARY ADVANTAG
E
COLLATERAL DAMAGE
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Leiden University, 16/11/2015
Issue 3: Proportionality
Challenges Regarding Cyber Warfare:
• Physical Damage VS Loss of Functionality• Unexpected & Indirect Consequences
Reasonableness
“A Posteriori Evaluation”• Dual-Use Objects
Usability Ratio?
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Issue 4: Precaution
Legal Key Points:
• Definition
• Two parts obligation•Precaution in attack•Precaution against the effects of an attack
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Leiden University, 16/11/2015
Issue 4: Precaution
The “Perfect Weapon”:
- ‘Turn it off’
- Information needed to create a weapon
BUT• Testing • Suspend & Cancel the attack • Segregation & Protection
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Suggestions for the future?
• Modernizing the law• Limiters for worms and viruses• Internet as a global commons?
WarGames (1983)
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Questions?