Legislation Energy Efficiency Chiller · PDF file · 2015-04-07Energy Efficiency &...

Legislation

Energy Efficiency

&

Chiller Developments

Andrew Keogh

‘F’ Gas Directive

• To be carried out by Accredited Companies / Certified Personnel

• Inspection Frequency

• Leaks must repaired ASAP

• Re-inspection mandatory after one month

• 3 clear inspections and period doubled

Leakage Inspections

24> 300 kg

12> 30 kg

11> 3 kg

With Leak

Detection

Without Leak

Detection

Refrigerant

Charge

• Records for each system with charge > 3 Kg

• Mandatory recovery of refrigerants

• Mandatory certification of all technicians

• Refrigerant only sold to certified personel

Other Requirements

Passed into law spring 2006

Effective July 2007

Last chance for HFC’s

Energy Performance of Buildings Directive

Performance Objectives (Air Conditioned Buildings)

Improvement Renewables

TER = Cnotional x (1 - 0.2) x (1 - 0.1) = 0.72

• Limits to extent improvements can be offset by use of renewables

• No obligation to incorporate renewables

• London target of 20% renewables

• For buildings > 1000 m2 consider:

– CHP

– Renewables

– District schemes

– Heat Pumps

EPBD

Renewables

High Capacity

Difficult to dispose of waste

Limited application

Open Loop

Ground Source

Low Capacity

Multiple boreholes / large area

No abstraction

Closed Loop

Ground Source

High capacity

Two boreholes but widely separated

Possible circuiting

Re-injection Loop

Ground Source

• 100 kW heating demand

• 85% o/all efficiency

• @ £0.025 / kwHr

• Cost is £2.94 / Hr

• CO2 emissions

– 22.8 kg / hr

• 100 kW heating demand

• System COP of 3.5

• @ £0.075 / kWHr


• CO2 emissions

– 12.05 kg / Hr

Ground Source

Environmental and Economic Advantages

• 100 kW cooling demand

• A/C chiller IPLV 4.2

• @ £0.075 / kwHr


• CO2 emissions

– 10.0 kg / hr

• 100 kW cooling demand

• W/C chiller IPLV of 5.5

• @ £0.075 / kWHr


• CO2 emissions

– 7.67 kg / Hr

Ground Source

Environmental and Economic Advantages

Evaporator

Plate HX’er

To LoadFrom Load

Heating

Condenser

Ground Source

Evaporator

Plate HX’er

To LoadFrom Load

Condenser

Cooling

Ground Source

20 – 300 kW Cooling

25 – 400 kW Heating

R407C

Minimum CW 5 deg C

Maximum HW 50 deg C

Cooling / Heating control

30RW Range

Ground Source

Equipment

250 – 1300 kW Cooling

300 – 1500 kW Heating

R134a

Minimum CW 5 deg C

Maximum HW 60 deg C

Cooling / Heating control

Equipment

Ground Source

30HXC Range

• Site space ?

• Is water available ?

• How much and at what temperature ?

• Apply for drilling license

– Up to 6 weeks

– Commence drilling ~ 6 weeks

– Construct well head

• Apply for abstraction license (EA)

– 3 stage process including thermal modelling

– Up to 6 months

– Cannot use well until license received (can commission)

• Cost

– 20 l/s bore hole (Shrewsbury) Approximately £ 250,000

Ground Source

Challenges

Electrical Load

Heating Load

Engine GeneratorCooling

Tower

Absorption

ChillerCooling Load

HX

CHP with Conventional Chiller

Absorption and CHP

• Hot water 16LJ

• 264 - 1846 kW

• 110 – 75 deg C

• < 35 deg C

• > 6 deg C

• COP 0.7

Absorption and CHP

Selection Considerations

222 kW30 – 35 deg C90 – 80 deg C

255 kW33 – 38 deg C98 – 90 deg C

229 kW38 – 43 deg C110 – 100 deg C

Cooling DutyMaximum Cooling Water

(In / out)

Hot Water

(In / out)

16LJ-11 12/6 deg C

UTC Power

Direct Fired Absorption

Chiller - HeaterMicro Gas Turbines

Gas Pressure

Booster

Exhaust Gas

Ducting

240M 300M 360M

• Four microturbines (227 kW)

• LiBr double effect chiller

• 389 kW cooling

• 333 kW hot water (60 C)

• Five microturbines (284 kW)


• 486 kW cooling


• Six microturbines (341 kW)


• 584 kW cooling


Scalable, Flexible, Efficient Solutions

UTC Power

Facility:

57,000 Sqft A&P Supermarket, Mt. Kisco, NY

Project Sponsors:

UTC Power

DOE/Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Utility:

Con Edison

A&P Supermarket

“Pre-Assembled” Integrated System:

• Skid Mounted

• 4 - 60 kW microturbines

• Gas Compressors

• Carrier Double Effect Absorption Chiller

• Cooling Tower

• Chilled Water Pumping System

• Provides

– 240 kW of Electricity at 460v

– and 422 kW of Chilled water (35 C day)

– or 280 kW Hot water (0 C day)

Pure Comfort 240M for A&P

Microturbines

Gas Compressors

Chiller

PumpStation

Cooling Tower

ChilledWater

Connections

Electrical Panels /Pump Controls

Exhaust Manifold

60’

12’

6”

Chiller Exhaust /Desiccant Connection

Pure Comfort 240M Skid

Microturbines

Carrier DoubleEffect Absorber

HeatedEnclosure

Cooling Tower

Gas Compressors

Exhaust Duct

Exhaust Diverter Valve

Pure Comfort 240M Skid

Chilled Water Pump

Cooling Tower

Cooling Water Pump

Air-Cooled Condenser

Vapor Compression

Refrigeration Cycle

Waste Heat Driven

LiBr/H2O Absorption Cycle

Refrigerant

Sub-Cooler

Desiccant

System

Ambient

Air

System Integration

UTC Power

PURECELLTM 200

Benefits:

Ultra Clean Emissions

– Virtually pollution free

– Meets CARB 2007

Reliable Power

– Highest assurance of uninterrupted power

High Efficiency

– 37% average electrical efficiency

– Over 80% efficient with heat recovery

Quiet operation

– Low sound profile

Remote Monitoring Capability

Features:

• 200 kW electrical power

• 270 kW heat output

• Fuel Choices:

– Natural Gas

– Anaerobic digester gas (ADG)

– Dual fuel

Emerging technology

High cost

Limited life

PURECELLTM 200

Fuel reformer

Power conditioner

Cell stack

Electronics and

controls

Verizon Telecoms, NYFord HQ, Ca

St. Francis Hospital, CtWastewater Plant, Koln

PURECELLTM 200

Fuel Cell(2 off)

265 kW

Total

80 C90 C

400 kW

Electrical

Power

(total)

Gas

Input

Low

Temperature

Hot Water

Cooling

Water

30 C

35 C

Absorption

ChillerChilled

Water

6 C

12 C

High

Temperature

Hot Water

Fuel Cell and Absorption

Performance Objectives (Air Conditioned Buildings)

Improvement Renewables

TER = Cnotional x (1 - 0.2) x (1 - 0.1) = 0.72

• Limits to extent improvements can be offset by use of renewables

• No obligation to incorporate renewables

• London target of 20% renewables

• For buildings > 1000 m2 consider:

– CHP

– Renewables

– District schemes

– Heat Pumps

EPBD

Compliance Guide

• Carbon calculations can be undertaken using a variety of

programs:

– Tas

– Hevacomp

– IES

– Cymap

• The Simplified Building Efficiency Model (SBEM) is another

way to show compliance.

• The Compliance Guide contains information on determining

the efficiency of the AC system to be input into the calculation

program.

Compliance Guide

• If no part load data available the full load EER is used as the SEER

• Estimated SEER for a single chiller serving an office building

SEER = 0.20*EER25 + 0.36*EER50 + 0.32*EER75 + 0.12*EER100

• Estimated SEER for a single chiller serving a.n. other building

SEER = 0.25*EER25 + 0.25*EER50 + 0.25*EER75 + 0.25*EER100

Compliance Guide

•SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio)

= Total amount of cooling summed over year

Total energy input

Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio

Load % Time % OAT °C EER

100 12 35 3.08

75 32 30 3.91

50 36 25 4.44

25 20 20 5.64

SEER 4.35

Part L SEER - Office

Compliance Guide

Chilled water 12/7 C

Compliance Guide

Multiple Chiller Systems

‘For a system with multiple chillers for use in office buildings, combined

EER values may be calculated based on the sum of the energy

consumptions of all the operating chillers. In this case care must be

taken to include all of the factors that can influence the combined

performance of the multiple chiller installtion. This will include:

Degree of oversizing of the total installed capacity

Sizing of individual chillers

EER’s of individual chillers

Control mode; e.g. parallel or sequential

Load profile of the proposed cooling load

Where these are known it may be possible to calculate a SEER which

matches more closely the proposed installation than the simplifications

described earlier.’

System Performance

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

100 92 85 77 69 61 54 46 38 30 23 15

% Building Load

kW

Hrs

Co

oli

ng

/ Y

ea

r

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

Sy

ste

m E

ER

kWHrs Cooling/year

System EER

Compliance Guide

Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio

Load % Time % OAT °C EER

100 12 35 3.08

75 32 30 3.91

50 36 25 4.44

25 20 20 5.64

Single chiller SEER 4.35

Part L SEER - Office

Actual SEER 5.62

Compliance Guide

Project

chilled

water

conditions

Compliance Guide

1.0Gas fired VRF

0.5Absorption cycle chillers

3.2Water loop heat pumps

2.25Air cooled chillers

3.4Water cooled chillers

2.4Splits, multi-splits and VRF

2.2Other types

1.8Single duct

types

Packaged air

conditioners

Minimum Full Load

EER

Type

Standard Rating Conditions

Chiller design

Selection considerations

New technology

Energy Efficiency

R11

R12

CFC

R22

R123

HCFC

R32

R134a

R125

R143a

HFC

R717

R290

H2O

CO2

Natural

Pure Fluids

R407c

R404a

Zeotropes

R502

R507

R410a

Azeotropes

Mixtures

Refrigerants

Alternative Refrigerants

Evaporative Heat Transfer Performance

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Quality

He

at

Tra

nsfe

rfi

R22

R410A

R134a

R407C

Liquid Vapour

Heat Transfer

12 sizes from 250-760 kW

R410A


FL FL

H

C

R32

H

R125

H

FL

FL

FL

FL

C CFL

30RB / 30RQ

UK Specification

• Office Application– 6/12 chilled water, 35 Ambient

– Full load EER 2.59

– Part L SEER 3.50

• 1000 kW system, 2 units

– Max load 950 kW

– Min load 200 kW

– Mon – Fri 07:00 – 18:00

– Sat 07:00 – 13:00

– London weather data

• SEER 4.8

• Data Centre– 10/16 chilled water, 35 ambient




– Max load 950 kW

– Min load 800 kW

– 24hr / day, 365 days / year


• SEER 5.65

30RB0522


R134a

FL H

FL

FL FL

C C

H

30XA

• Office Application

– 6/12 chilled water, 35 Ambient




– Max load 950 kW

– Min load 200 kW

– Mon – Fri 07:00 – 18:00

– Sat 07:00 – 13:00


• SEER 5.7

• Data Centre

– 10/16 chilled water, 35 ambient




– Max load 950 kW

– Min load 800 kW



• SEER 6.41

30XA0502

30HXC

R134a

FL H

FL

FL FL

C C

H



– 6/12 chilled water, 27/32 cooling water




– Max load 1000 kW

– Min load 200 kW

– Mon – Fri 07:00 – 18:00

– Sat 07:00 – 13:00


• SEER 6.2 (chillers only)

• SEER 4.42 (inc. pumps and towers)

• Data Centre






– Min load 800 kW




• SEER 5.22 (inc pumps and towers)

30HXC

19XR

R134a

FL H

FL

FL FL

C C

H

From 1300-5300 kW







– Min load 600 kW

– Mon – Fri 07:00 – 18:00

– Sat 07:00 – 13:00




• Data Centre






– Min load 2500 kW





19XR

Typical Temperature Profile

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.3 3.1 5.8 8.6 11.4 14.2 16.9 19.7 22.5 25.3 28.1

Bin Temperature (deg C)

Ho

urs

(3150 operating hours)

Design Optimisation

Temperature > 25 deg C

68 hours (< 1 %)

Satisfy comfort levels for 99 % of the year

Traditionally design for 32-40 deg C

Design Optimisation

Design Optimisation

Typical System Profile

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.3 3.1 5.8 8.6 11.4 14.2 16.9 19.7 22.5 25.3 28.1

Bin Temperature (deg C)

Ho

urs

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

kW

Hours

Cooling Load

(3150 operating hours)

Design Optimisation

Hydronic system

Improvement

REFRIGERANT

PUMP

Thermosiphon system

Air to Water Heat Pumps

+

Boiler

Heat Pump

Chiller

3 kW of heat for 1 kW input

Single unit for cooling and heating

Other Opportunities

• Free generation of hot water

(when chiller is running)

• Total heat recovery condenser

(Hot water up to 55°)

• Partial heat recovery desuperheater

(Hot water up to 70 °)

Other Opportunities

Heat Recovery

MICRO

CHANNELS

TUBES

MANIFOLD

FINS

Coil DesignCoil Construction

Coil MCHX

Coil corrosion after 5000 hr CM-1 test

Coil RTPF

MCHX Significantly Better

Coil Construction

• Improved galvanic corrosion resistance

• Reduced refrigerant charge : -30%

• Reduced weight: - 50%

• Reduced clogging in sandy environments

• Easy to clean

• Increased capacity / efficiency

Coil Construction

MCHX Advantages

New emphasis

New legislation

New products

New ways of working

Summary

Thank you

Questions

?

Legislation Energy Efficiency Chiller · PDF file · 2015-04-07Energy Efficiency &...

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Transcript of Legislation Energy Efficiency Chiller · PDF file · 2015-04-07Energy Efficiency &...