Lecture 23 - MSU · 2018-11-01 · Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture 2350/84. Pharmacognosy Plant...
Transcript of Lecture 23 - MSU · 2018-11-01 · Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture 2350/84. Pharmacognosy Plant...
Ethnobotany
Alexey Shipunov
Minot State University
Lecture 23
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Outline
1 PharmacognosyPlant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systemsPlant remedies for cardiovascular systemPlant remedies for respiratory system
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
PharmacognosyPlant remedies for gastrointestinal
and biliary systems
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Diarrhoea
Very common, especially in childrenOral rehydration works well in most cases
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Plants for rehydration
Na+
Starch from potatoes, corn or rice, or glucose
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Constipation and laxatives
By medical definition, defecation less frequent than once in 2–3daysNot a serious problem but increase risks of other diseases
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Bulking laxative from plantains, Plantago spp.
Plantaginis ovatae semen, Psyllii semenHave high swelling factor (> 40) due to the presence of specificpolysaccharides
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Isphagula, Plantago ovata
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Psyllium, Plantago sempervirens
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Linseed, Linum usitatissimum
Lini semenShould be used as whole seed
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Stimulant laxatives
Normally, stimulant laxatives are antraquinonesIncrease a peristaltic activity of a colon
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Antraquinone
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Senna, Cassia spp.
Sennae fructus/foliumContain sennosides
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Senna, Cassia senna
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Sennoside B
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Cascara, Rhamnus spp.
Rhamni/Frangulae cortexRhamnus purshiana is native to Pacific coastContain emodin, cascarosides and other antraquinone glycosides
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Cascara, Rhamnus purshiana
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Cascaroside
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Inflammatory problems
May be a signal about infectious gastritisMixtures of emollient and antacid are mostly used
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Chamomile, Matricaria recutita
Matricariae flosEuropean herb (“German chamomile”)Multiple-effect drug, essential oils and other constituents areanti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Chamomile, Matricaria recutita
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Matricin and chamazulene
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Liquorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra
Liquiritiae radixMain component is glycyrrhizic acid, traditional but controversialremedy
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Glycyrrhizic acid
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Dyspepsia and liver disorders
Often are a sideway symptoms of more serious diseasesClosely associated with eating habitsCholagogues and bitter stimulants are popular remedies
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Artichoke, Cynara scolymus
Cynarae foliumMain component is a bitter sesquiterpene cynaropicrin
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Artichoke, Cynara scolymus
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Cynaropicrin
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Gentian, Gentiana lutea
Gentianae radixGantiopicroside and amarogentin (bitter value of 58,000,000) areiridoidsBitters stimulate secretion of gastric juices
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Yellow gentian, Gentiana lutea
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Amarogentin
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Wormwood, Artemisia absinthium
Herba absinthiiTraditionally used as liqueurBitter value of sesquiterpene absinthin is ≈15,000
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Wormwood, Artemisia absinthium
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Nausea and vomiting
Often components of “motion sickness”Spasmolytic constituents are often used
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Hyoscine from Solanaceae plants
Occur in Scopolia, Hyoscyamus and DaturaTropane alkaloid, poisonous
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Hyoscine
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Ginger, Zingiber officinale
Zingiberis rhizomaMultiple effect plant, essential oils gingerol and shogaol areresponsible for pain relief, anti-sickness and other activitiesExtremely valuable in Eastern medicines
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Ginger, Zingiber officinale
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Gingerol and shoagol
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Bloating and carminatives
Bloating may be a result of bacterial activity (especially onarabinose)Carminatives provide both pleasant taste and anti-gas effect(precise mechanism is still unclear)
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Mints, Mentha spp.
Menthae foliumEssential oil menthol and similar compounds
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Umbelliferous fruits
Carvi fructus from caraway (Carum carvi)Foeniculi fructus from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)Contain essential oils like carvone, anethole and others
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Caraway, Carum carvi
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Section of mericarp
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for gastrointestinal and biliary systems
Anethone
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for cardiovascular system
PharmacognosyPlant remedies for cardiovascular
system
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for cardiovascular system
Heart problems (arrhythmic conditions, failure etc.)
Plants with cardiac glycosidesIn addition, lily of valley (Convallaria majalis with convallatoxin)and motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca with specific essential oils)
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for cardiovascular system
Lily of valley, Convallaria majalis
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for cardiovascular system
Convallatoxin
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for cardiovascular system
Common motherwort, Leonurus cardiaca
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for cardiovascular system
Foxglove, Digitalis purpurea, Plantaginaceae, Europe
Digitalis purpureae foliumContain digoxin and other cardiac glycosidesIncrease the heart muscle contractility and reduces conductivityinside a atrioventricular node
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for cardiovascular system
Foxglove
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for cardiovascular system
Digoxin
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for cardiovascular system
Hawthorn, Crataegus spp., Rosaceae, Northhemisphere
Crataegi folium/floresThe mixture of cyanide glycosides and flavonoidsBlocks repolarizing potassium current in ventricular muscle andprolongs its activity
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for cardiovascular system
Venous insufficiency problems
Hemorrhoids, varicose veinsAntioxidants are normally used as remedies
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for cardiovascular system
Bilberry, Vaccinium myrtillis, Ericaceae, Eurasia
Myrtilli fructusAnthocyanosides have vascular spasmolytic effects
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for cardiovascular system
Bilberry
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for cardiovascular system
Butcher’s broom, Ruscus aculeatus, Asparagaceae,Eurasia
Rusci rhizomaSaponin glycosides, inculding ruscine have been shown toproduce positive effects to lipid profiles
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for cardiovascular system
Ruscus
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for cardiovascular system
Horse chestnut, Aesculus spp., Sapindaceae, Northhemisphere
Seeds contant mixture of saponin flavonoids, e.g., aescinHave multiple membrane-related effects: anti-edema, thrombolyticetc.
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for cardiovascular system
Horse chestnut
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for cardiovascular system
Aescin
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for cardiovascular system
Atherosclerosis
Drugs should decrease platelet formation and risks of thrombosisand atherosclerosisAspirin (modified salicilyc acid from willows, Salix is the main drug)
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for cardiovascular system
Garlic, Allium sativum, Alliaceae, Eurasia
Allii sativi bulbiSulphuric compounds like allicin and ajoene inhibit sythesis ofLDL (low density lipoprotein)
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
PharmacognosyPlant remedies for respiratory system
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Bronchitis and nasal congestion
Overproduction of mucus, the effect similar to edemaSynthetic analogs of adrenalin (oxymetazolin etc.) are normallyused
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Ephedra, ma huang, Ephedra spp., Ephedraceae,wordwide
Old component of TCMEphedrine alkaloid has multiple effects (stimulation of CNS,decongestion etc.)Theophylline from tea and cocoa may be used for the samepurposes
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Ephedra
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Ephedrine
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Asthmatic conditions
Inhalations have a positive, broncholytic effectEssential oils and camphor are common component of inhalations
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Eucalyptus, Eucalyptus spp., Myrtaceae, Australia
Eucalypti aetheroleum1,8-cineole is a major componentHas multiple effects like antiseptic and antispasmodic
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Eucalyptus
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Allergy
Mostly due to the activation of histamin receptorsSynthetic drugs (like cetirizine etc.) have multiple side effects
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Khella, Ammi visnaga, Umbelliferae, Mediterranean
Active compounds are coumarins like khellinHave vasodilating effects, blocks calcium membrane channels
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Khella
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Butterbur, Petasites hybridus, Compositae, Eurasia
Sesquiterpene lactones (eremophinolides like petasin)Traditionally used as anti-asthmatic and against migraine, but hasstrong anti-histamin effect
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Butterbur
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Mucolytics
Have a softening effect for coughReduce viscosity of mucus
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Sage, Salvia officinalis, Labiatae, Eurasia
Salviae foliumContains essential oil thujoneIn addition, has a memory-stimulating and antimicrobial effects
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Senega, Polygala senega, Polygalaceae, NorthAmerica
Polygalae radixTriterpenoid saponins: seneginMucolytic and antiseptic effects
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Senega
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Summary
Most of plant remedies for gastrointestinal system aresymptomaticMost of them are terpenes or glycosidesHeart and vessel system problems are often threatening withglycosidesRespiratory system remedies are essential oils and alkaloids
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
For Further Reading
A. Shipunov.Ethnobotany [Electronic resource].2011—onwards.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310
Heinrich et al. 2012 (or 2004).Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy.Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.Mode of access: http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310/heinrich2004_fund_pharm_part.pdf
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