Lecture 20, 21.ppt

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Technology ManagementLecture 20, 21

General Impact of Technological Change & Process

Impact of Technological Change on OrganizationalProductivity and Quality of Work Life (QWL)

Impact of Technological Change and Progress on

Environment

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Impact of Technological Change

& Progress

Lecture 1 discussed about the role of technology

development towards survival and growth of

nations and business firms. Technological

change and progress bring changes in every

sphere of activity.

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& Progress

This impact has been discussed along three

dimensions:

General Impact of Technological Change andProgress

Impact of Technological Change on

Organizational Productivity and Quality ofWork Life (QWL)

Impact of Technological Change and Progress

on Environment

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enera mpact oTechnological Change &

ProgressTechnology development or change has hadsignificant impacts on human lifestyle throughout

human history. As the rate of technological

change and progress increases, the society and

nation must deal with the positive as well as

negative effects of both.

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ProgressIn many ways, technology development /technological change simplifies human life as

under:

Treatment for diseases

Faster exchange of information

Facilitates education of students residing even inremote and non-accessible areas

Increases multi-tasking

Creates new types of jobs viz. IT professionals

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Progress Leads to reduction in prices by improvingprocess efficiency

Creates denser social circles through moreconnectivity

Facilitates global networking of businesses,

entrepreneurs, researchers etc. A more informed society and nation can take

quicker responses to environmental events,

changes and trends

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ProgressIn many ways, technology development /technological change complicates human life as

well:

Mankind is becoming a slave to technology;

there is dependence even for minor work. The

trend is to replace man by machine, wherever

possible

Sometimes technological progress leads to

reduction in the number of jobs (sometimes its

opposite also)

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Progress There is increasing disparity betweentechnologically advanced societies and countries

and technologically backward societies and

countries

More people are currently starving now than at

any point in the history of mankind (though

population explosion may also be responsible for

the same)

The improvement in transportation technology

has brought congestion in some areas

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Progress Too much flow of information may lead tostressful situations, creating new types of social

and behavioral problems

New forms of entertainment, such as gaming,

video games, and internet access are creating

adverse impact on academic performance,

family harmony etc.

Technological change has brought forth

increased pollution problems and health hazards

t

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Progress Technology creates many major ethicalimplications, for example it challenges traditionalethical norms of society and nation

Fast technological changes are sometimespainful for old people as they find it difficult toadjust to the new technological environment

Technology development is aiding new types ofcrimes and terrorist activities viz. electronicmeters are being fixed by remote, terrorists andanti-social elements are making new explosives,

etc.

I f T h l i l Ch

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Impact of Technological Change on

Organizational Productivity and

Quality of Work LifeIntroduction or adoption of new technology, ortechnological change, can have both positive

and negative effects on organizational

productivity and quality of work life (QWL).

Productivity is the relationship between output (i.e.

final product) and inputs (used in providing them)

of a business system. Higher the ratio between

the two, more is the productivity.

t

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ProgressIt can be expressed on a total factor basis or on apartial factor basis as under:

Total productivity (total factor basis) measuredby ratio of outputs to all inputs

A partial measure of productivity, for example, is

output per labor hour

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Strategies for Improving

Productivity

Following strategies can be adopted for improvingproductivity:

Attaining increased output for same level of

inputs

Under this strategy, focus is on attaining more, orincreased output by using almost the same

quantum of inputs. For example, convertingwaste into a useful by-product, improvingprocess efficiency etc. Here, output willincrease at a much higher rate accompanied

by almost negligible increase in inputs.

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Productivity

Using decreased or lower inputs for same level

of output

Under this strategy, focus is on attaining samelevel of output by using lesser quantum of

inputs. For example, finding low cost

substitutes, simplification of product design

etc. Here, consumption will decline, but

output level shall be maintained.

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Productivity

Proportionate increase in output is more than

proportionate increase in input

Under this strategy, focus is on attaining increase inoutput in such a way that proportionate increase

in output is more than proportionate increase in

input. For example, offering additional varieties

of product or service, by using existing facilities.

Here more output can be generated by minor

adjustments in existing plants and capabilities

through minor expenditure.

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Productivity

Proportionate decrease in input is more than

proportionate decrease in output

Under this strategy, focus is on ensuring decreasein output in such a way that proportionate

decrease in inputs is more than proportionate

decrease in the output. For example, dropping

an uneconomical product as it is loss making

i.e. its costs are more than revenues. Once an

uneconomical product is dropped, reduction in

costs will be more than decline in revenues.

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Productivity

Attaining simultaneous increase in output with

decrease in inputs

Under this strategy, focus is on attaining increase inoutput in such a way that it is accompanied by

simultaneous decrease in input. For example, use

of automation, mechanization and computerization.

This will ensure lower wastages, lower resource

requirements, more process efficiency and more

productivity and thus help in attaining more output

accompanied by decrease in inputs.

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Productivity

Most of the above strategies call for improvements

in current technology, use of new technologies,

innovations etc.

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Quality of Work Life (QWL)

Programs

QWL Programs are programs which aim at

creating work situations that enhance

employees'

Motivation

Satisfaction

CommitmentThese programs include attempts to humanize the

workplace and may contribute to higher levels of

organizational performance.

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QWL Approaches

Some of the commonly used QWL are:

Work RestructuringThis is usually carried out by simplifying and

routinizing the job to make it easy to perform

with high degree of safety and convenience.

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QWL Approaches

Job Enlargement and Job Enrichment

This is usually carried out by adding tasks, stimuli

etc. It helps in reducing boredom frommonotonous or repetitive tasks and variety of

skills of workers are used by enlarging scope of

the job.

Job Enrichment is brought through vertical change,

usually by adding higher level tasks. It gives

more satisfaction to the workers / employees.

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QWL Approaches

Quality Circles (QCs)

These are circles, i.e. groups, where small number

of employee meet regularly on a voluntarybasis to solve problems related to working

conditions and quality of work that they

perform. Quality circles lead to better working

conditions and better quality.

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Benefits of QWL Programs

Some of the benefits of these programs are:

Increased job satisfaction

Increased organizational commitment Reduced turnover of employees

Increased productivity and profitability

anagement o ew ec no ogy

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anagement o ew ec no ogyin Relation to Organizational

Productivity and QWLIntroduction or adoption of new technology, ortechnological change, can have both positive

and negative effects on organizational

productivity and QWL.


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Productivity and QWL Introduction of new technology may increaseor decrease organizational productivity

It may increase organizational productivity if newtechnology facilitates lower consumption of

inputs, lower processing time, lower wastages,

lower defective or seconds generation, more

ease and safety in manufacturing, and moreefficiency.


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Productivity and QWLOrganizational productivity may decrease if newtechnology leads to suspicion of workers due to

likely adverse impact on employment level and

demoralization due to impending retrenchment,

deterioration of working environment, more

stress on workers, more accidents etc. New

technology may kill existing products as well,thus leading to decline in productivity.


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Productivity and QWL Introduction of new technology may increaseor decrease QWL.

It may increase QWL if safety at work increases,human convenience at work increases,

pollution decreases, ease in manufacturability

increases, change is properly managed etc.


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Productivity and QWLQWL may decrease if safety at work decreases,human convenience at work decreases, pollution

increases, ease in manufacturability decreases,

changes bring in uncertainties and there could

be resistance to change.


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Productivity and QWLProper management of the new technology callsfor:

1. Providing training to employees to handle newtechnologies and technological changes

2. Managing resistance to change i.e. managing

change

3. Offering incentives for creative and innovative

ideas

4. Seeking worker participation


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Productivity and QWL5. Problem solving instead of avoiding problems6. Ensuring effective communication across the

organization7. Use of multifunctional teams

8. Bringing R&D closer to manufacturing and

marketing9. Seeking regular feedback

10. Continuous technological assessment

11. Regular technology audit

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and Progress On Environment

Environmental conditions are worsening day by

day and alarm bells are ringing across the globe.

The main reason for worsening environmentalconditions is technological progress. Most

technologies have negative environmental side

effects, such as pollution and lack of

sustainability.

Some technologies are designed specifically with

the environment in mind, but most are designed

first for economic or ergonomic considerations.

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The negative effects of technology on the

environment are both obvious and subtle.

Immediately visible short-term negative effects

(obvious effects) are:

Depletion of non-renewable natural resources

(such as petroleum, coal, ores etc.)

Increase in pollution of air, water and land

Increase in noise pollution etc.

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Long-term negative effects (subtle effects) are:

Global warming

Destruction of ozone layer Acid rains, smog

Sub-soil water pollution

Deforestation, natural habitat destruction,coastal wetland loss etc.

Depletion of natural resources due to water

shortage

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Adverse impact on productive system-

substantial decline in numbers; many species

are becoming extinct

Destruction of flora and fauna

Imbalance in eco-system

Health and social problems Generation of new set of wastes that were

previously unknown to humans viz. toxic waste,

radioactive waste, electronic waste etc.

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However, it is now being planned to utilize

technology to solve various environmental

problems and manage me environment as:

Using technology to seek cleaner rivers, cleaner

ponds, cleaner air etc.

Monitoring environmental changes and planning

for safety and growth of flora and fauna

Using technology to increase population of

endangered species viz. by cloning, monitoring

enetic variation and establishin ene banks

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Development of technologies which enhance

natural resources i.e., which make them more

productive or richer

Development of technologies that turn waste into

useful products

Development of technologies which save natural

resources - developing renewable energy

technologies

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How to Seek Sustainable

Development ?

Sustainable development can be achieved by

taking the following measures:

Creating awareness and culture for protection of

environment

Adopting pro-active measures for protection of

environment instead of reactive measures

Providing strong legal setup for protection of

environment

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Development ?

Seeking development and use of sustainable

technologies which reduce damages, enhance

and save natural resources, turn wastes into

useful byproducts. Research & development of

renewable energy technologies also needs to be

encouraged

Developing technologies that are mostappropriate to the environment and culture that

they intend to support

S S

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Development ?

Adopting environmentally sound technology and

management methods, and encouraging use of

eco-friendly products or services

F K T l d

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Few Key Terms related to

Environment Management

Environmental Policy

Environmental policy is a written statement that

defines an organization's mission, attitude and

framework of action towards the environment. It

includes vision and core values of the

organization, compliances with legal and other

requirements and commitment to protect theenvironment.

F K T l d

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

EIA refers to analysis and assessment of potential

impact of a proposed project, to be launched by

an organization, on humans beings, eco-system

and environment.

F K T l d

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Environmental Management System (EMS)

EMS refers to a system installed for managing an

organization's environmental programs in a

comprehensive, systematic, planned and

documented manner. It embraces organizational

structure, planning and resources for developing,

implementing and maintaining the policy forprotection of environment.

F K T l d

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Environment ManagementEMS incorporates the following activities:

Clearly defining objectives for EMS, in writing

Documented or written procedures involvingprocedures of the organization (which facilitatesstandardization of procedures)

Assigning responsibilities to employees for

environment management Conduct of regular environmental audit

Commitment of top management

Meeting legal requirements under various Acts.

F K T l t d t

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Industrial ecology

Industrial ecology is a part of business ecology. It

involves redesigning production methods on the

pattern of biological eco-system, which is self

regulatory and self sustaining. It calls for

developing such production methods that would

have considerably very less impact on theenvironment. Here every output of manufacturer

should be re-manufactured or re-cycled for

further production or sent back to eco-system.

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Environmental Audit

Environmental audit is a detailed periodic

evaluation of an organization's performance

against set objectives. It is an objective anddocumented verification of the process to obtainevidence to determine whether EMS of an

organization conforms to the criteria laid down

by it.

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Objectives of Environment Audit

Environment audit is usually carried out with the

following objectives:

To identify mass balance of various materials

used and the performance of various process

equipments so as to review rate of usage, rate of

wastages, and conversion efficiencies etc.

To identify the areas of water usage and waste-

water generation and determine the

characteristics of waste-water

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To determine emissions, their sources,

quantities and characteristics

To determine the solid wastes and hazardous

wastes generated, their sources, quantities and

characteristics

To identify the possibilities of waste

minimization, and recovery and recycling of

wastes

To verify compliance with regulatory provisions

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To determine the performance of existing wastetreatment / waste control systems so as tomodify additional / alternative waste treatment/

control equipment To determine the impact on surroundings

environment and 'accordingly' identifypreventive/corrective measures

To check

(a) effectiveness of organizational set up

(b) environment policy

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Environmental Accounting

It is a set of aggregate national data linking

environment to economy which will have a long

run impact on both economic and environmental

policy making.

Environmental accounting should not be confused

with the valuation of environmental assets,

goods or services (it is not merely a process ofarriving at monetary value) nor it is social cost

vs. benefit analysis

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Green Marketing

Green marketing goals may be summed up as:

Eliminate the concept of waste

Reinvent the concept of a product Make prices reflect actual and environmental

costs

Make environmentalism profitable

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Green Marketing

Green marketing includes the following diversified

aspects:

Ecologically safer products

Recyclable and biodegradable packaging

Energy-efficient operations

Better pollution controls

Lecture 20, 21.ppt

Documents

Transcript of Lecture 20, 21.ppt