Lecture 1.1 Theory
-
Upload
tanya-zabelnikova -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
0
Transcript of Lecture 1.1 Theory
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
1/40
THEORY OF PHONETICS
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
2/40
Lecture 1.
Phonetics as a branch of
Linguistics
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
3/40
Plan:
1. The role of sound in communication.
2. A definition ofPhonetics & its subject matter.
3. Types of Phonetics and methods of investigation.
4. The place ofPhonetics among other branches of
Linguistics.
5. Practicaland theoretical significance ofPhonetics.
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
4/40
1. The role of sound in communication.
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
5/40
100% (total impression):
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
6/40
How do sounds contribute to the process of
communication?
Human communication is based on
exchanging messages.
To convey a message a person can use a
variety ofvisual oraudible means.
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
7/40
Information can be transmitted :
56% -no
n-
verb
alme
ans
37% - through intonation
7% - verbally
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
8/40
Whilst the medium may vary, the message does not.Whilst the medium may vary, the message does not.
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
9/40
PhoneticsPhoneticsstudies the humannoises by which the messagestudies the humannoises by which the message
is actualized or givenaudible shape:is actualized or givenaudible shape:
the nature of those noises,the nature of those noises,
their combinations,their combinations,
their function in relation to the message.their function in relation to the message.
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
10/40
Stages in the passing
of the spoken message
VocalVocalOrgansOrgans
EarEarCC FF(H)(H)
HH CC
(F)(F)
SpeakerSpeaker ListenerListener
BrainBrain BrainBrain
NPNP AirAir NPNP
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
11/40
Stages in the passing ofa spoken
message & the brain functions
Creative function
Forwarding function
Hearing & creative function
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
12/40
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
13/40
Forwar
din
g fun
ction
The part of the br ain which is concerned with controlling muscular movements now
sends out patterned instructions in the form of nervous impulses along the nervouspathways connecting the br ain to the muscles of the organs responsible for speech
sounds, the lungs, larynx, tongue, etc.
These instructions call upon the muscles concerned to perform various delicate
combinations and sequences of movement which will result in the 'right' sounds beingemitted in the 'right' order.
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
14/40
Heari
ng Fu
nctio
n
The impulses coming from the ear are accepted as sound sequences of
constantly changing quality and characteristic length, pitch, loudness.
The listener hears the message but does not yet understandit.
To understand the message the listener must interpret the sounds he hears
inaccor
dance with the store
dk
now
le
dge i
nhis br
ain.
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
15/40
2. A definition ofPhonetics & its
subject matter.
Phonetics is that branch oflinguistics which
studies the sounds oflanguage.
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
16/40
Phonetics
is an independent branch of linguistics
which studies and gives a systematic
description of the sound structure of
languages.
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
17/40
The sound structure oflanguages
Speech sounds (their production, perceptionand
acoustic characteristics)
Rules governing the combination of speech soundsinto syllables andlarger phonological
constructions
The phenomena of stress, rhythm and intonation
Correlation between spokenand writtenlanguage
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
18/40
3. Types ofPhonetics
and methods of investigation.
1. Articulatory (physiological)
2. Acoustic
3. Auditory (perceptive)
4. Phonological or functional (linguistic)
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
19/40
Other types of pho
netics
:
GeneralPhonetics(studies speech sounds of the languages of the world)
SpecialPhonetics(deals with the sound system ofa givenlanguage)
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
20/40
Speci
alP
honeticsDescriptive
Historical/diachronic
Comparative
DialectologyNormative/orthoepic
Clinical/speech
Voice training
TelephonicSpeech recognition
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
21/40
Which type of Phonetics did
Professor Higgins practise?
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
22/40
My Fair LadyMy Fair Lady
AudreyAudrey
HepburnandHepburnand
Rex HarrisonRex Harrison
Film Date, 1964Film Date, 1964
Warner Bros.Warner Bros.
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
23/40
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
24/40
Some dates from the history of
phonetic development
1829 laryngoscope was invented1829 laryngoscope was invented
1852 first observations of the vocal cords were made1852 first observations of the vocal cords were made
1877 gramophone was invented1877 gramophone was invented
1866 InternationalPhonetic Association (IPA) was founded.1866 InternationalPhonetic Association (IPA) was founded.
IPA started publications ofa special phonetic magazineIPA started publications ofa special phonetic magazineIt stated phonetic symbols for sounds of many existingIt stated phonetic symbols for sounds of many existing
languages.languages.
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
25/40
Was there a real Professor Higgins?Was there a real Professor Higgins?
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
26/40
Rex Harrison's character, Henry Higgins,was based onDaniel Jones, aleading
British phonetician of the early 20thcentury, author of the first PronunciationDictionary.
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
27/40
Which linguist was invited as a phonetics
consultant for the film My Fair Lady?
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
28/40
Peter Ladefoged
Professor of Linguistics, 1925 2006
advised on equipping Henry
Higgins's phonetics lab
made all the phonetictranscriptions seen on-screen
it is his voice heard
producing the vowel sounds
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
29/40
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
30/40
Major pub
lic
atio
ns
A Course in Phonetics,Peter Ladefoged
VowelsandConsonants,Peter Ladefoged
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
31/40
4.The place ofPhonetics
among other branches of Linguistics. Non- linguistic
Acoustics
Physiology
Psychology
Logic
Linguistic
Grammar
Lexicology
Stylistics
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
32/40
Links of Phonetics with Grammar
System of rules of reading
Sound interchange
Into
natio
ncompo
ne
nt
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
33/40
Links of Phonetics with Lexicology
Stress
Homographs
Homon
ymous word
sand
word
groups
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
34/40
Links of Phonetics with Stylistics Through intonation
Graphic
alexpressi
ve me
ans
Repetition of words, phrases and sounds
Alliteration
Onomatopoeia
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
35/40
5. Practicaland theoretical
significance of phonetics.
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
36/40
Vocal component Stress
Pace
Intonation
Volume
Pauses
Voice Techniques Rhetoricaldevices
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
37/40
The longest recorded pause- England would have her neck wrung
like a chicken
- Some chicken... Some neck. [Pause.]
Winston Churchills address to the
Canadian Parliament in 1941
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
38/40
Plan:
1. The role of sound in communication.
2. A definition ofPhonetics & its subject matter.
3. Types of Phonetics and methods of investigation.
4. The place ofPhonetics among other branches of
Linguistics.
5. Practicaland theoretical significance ofPhonetics.
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
39/40
Seminar 1 Question List
1. What role does sound play in communication?
2. How does a single act of communication
happen?3. What is the subject-matter of phonetics?
4. How is Phonetics connected with othersciences?
5. What are the branches ofPhonetics?6. What is the practicaland theoretical significance
ofPhonetics?
-
8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory
40/40
Recommend
ed
Literature
A Theoretical Course of English Phonetics
by S.F. Leontyeva
Encyclopaedia of the English Language
by D. Crystal