International Tourism

TDM 458

Ara Pachmayer

What will we cover in this course?

• For this course we will examine the primary global tourism regions and destinations, as well as the primary economic, political, social, geographical, cultural, and historical factors associated with each region as they affect tourism.

• Tourism is defined as the processes, activities,

and outcomes arising from the relationships and the interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, host government, host communities, and surrounding environments that are involved in attracting and hosting visitors within domestic and international settings.

• Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes- UNWTO definition

TouristsTourists

ProvidersProviders

Host Host CommunityCommunity

What is tourism?

Basic Dimensions of Travel and Tourism• Distance: Excluding commuting to work

• Distinction between local and non-local travel

• Distinction between inter-regional and intra-regional travel

• Distinction between in-bound and out-bound travel

• Length of stay: Same day; Excursion; Transit; Overnight

• Purpose of Visit

VisitorsVisitors

““VisitorsVisitors””

are defined as persons who travel to a place other are defined as persons who travel to a place other than that in which they have their usual residence but than that in which they have their usual residence but outside their usual environment for a period not outside their usual environment for a period not exceeding twelve months and whose main purpose exceeding twelve months and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.remunerated from within the place visited.

Domestic Tourist• Movement: varies (USA: 100 miles in one direction)

• Length of stay: minimum of 24 hours - but not exceeding 12 months

• Income: no remuneration

• Purpose of visit: various; leads to market segmentation

International Tourist

• Movement: Crossing international boundary

• Duration: At least 24 hour stay

• Purpose of visit: various

• Income: No remuneration

• Circular migration: Return to point of origin

Components of Tourism & Tourism Management

• Natural Resources and the Environment• The Built Environment

– General Infrastructure– Tourism-Specific Infrastructure

• Public Sector entities• Private Sector institutions• Technology

Operating Sectors of the Tourism Industry

• Transportation• Accommodations; Lodging• Attractions• Events, Entertainment• Outdoor Recreation• Hospitality/ Service• CVBs/ Chambers of Commerce• Tourism Offices• Marketing Intermediaries

Tourist DestinationHost Community

Natural and Cultural Attractions

Events

Infrastructure

Superstructure

Tourism System (by Dr. Gyan Nyaupane)

Tourists

Motivation

Leisure

Income

Demographics

Experience/

Outcomes

Industry

Attractions

Transportation

Accommodation

Food Services

Travel/Tourism Services

Global airlines

Bus and Car rental

Cruise/ferry

Impacts: Economic, Environmental, Socio-cultural

Transportation

Marketing

External Forces: Politics, Economy, Terrorism, Natural Disaster

Tourism Resources

• Divided into two categories– Natural Resources: give rise to Nature-based

Tourism or Eco-tourism– Cultural or Man-made resources: give rise to

Cultural, Heritage and Ethnic Tourism

Natural Resources: Have significant geographical dimensions

• Climatic• Relief; landscape• Geological• Hydrological• Fauna• Flora• Combination of resources• Man-made components

Cultural, Historical and Man-Made Resources

• Architecture• Museums, monuments & memorials• Culture/Traditions• Festivals/Special Events• Gastronomy• Science/Technology• Economic Activity- agriculture, etc.• Hospitality

Early Beginnings• Early roads- 2050 B.C. animals• The Silk Road- trade east and west

• The Classical World- 2000 B.C-500C.Trade, religion, festivals, medical

• Early Ships- by Phoenicians• Chinese/Asian - minister of travel-4,000 yrs ago, pilgrimage • Polynesians - dugout canoe• Europeans - Collapse of Roman Empire in the 5th C., Dark

ages,• The Grand Tour

Modern Mass tourism

• Airplane• In 1911, the first US crossing by air in 82 hrs. • Early air travel was expensive and dangerous – a

novelty for the rich• Airplanes competed with ships and train with

luxury• After 1930s airplanes became larger, refueling

distances longer, food service, and restrooms to make passengers comfortable

• WWII - development of the Jet Engine

Modern Mass Tourism

• Time needed to travel from NY to Sydney– 1929 - 2 weeks– 1949 - 2 days – invention of the jet engine– 1969 - 1 day – invention of the Boeing 747– 1979 - 1 day– 1989 - 1 day– Today - 1 day– 2020 - 3 hours?? Sub-orbital flight?

Modern Mass Tourism

Mass tourism appeared because of:

• Increasing leisure time (more paid vacations)– Industrial age (mid - to late-1800s)-only Sunday off

(60-70hrs /week)

– 1920s, two-weeks vacation for workers

– 1968 four “3-day weekend” in the US

• Increasing income

• Travel became possible for all (rich, middle class, and working class)

• 1958-jet plane and “economy” class air travel

Modern Mass Tourism• Technological, Political, and Social events during first half

of 20th century created worldwide tourism business for middle class

• Development of Tourism slowed during WWI and WWII, but technology developed during time helped shape tourism today

– Surplus Ships converted into Ocean Liners/Cruise Ships

– Advancements in Airline Technology – jet engine

– Soldiers taking vacations – returning to places they were stationed or in some cases bringing those places back home (Vail, Colorado is one example)

Modern Mass tourism

• Beyond the 1960s

• Oil crisis- 1970s and economic recession - 1980s and again more recently in 2008

• Travel and tourism were challenged by costs

• Deregulation of the airline industry (late 1970s) competition, cheap tickets, more flights

• Various national and international organizations established to promote and manage tourism

International Tourism - Now

• Tourism is one of the largest industries in the world• It involves nearly a billion people traveling across

political borders each year• $1.1 Trillion Dollars in direct spending to global export

economy ($3 billion a day!)• 5% of global GDP, 6-7% of Global jobs• All Global Regions experienced Growth until 2008

– Except W. Europe, N. America and Oceania (Stagnation)• 2010 - Global Tourism grew 6.6%, rebounding• 2011 - Global Tourism grew 4.6%