Lecture 024 Kingdoms Fungi & Plantae. Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista Monera.
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Transcript of Lecture 024 Kingdoms Fungi & Plantae. Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista Monera.
Lecture 024
Kingdoms Fungi& Plantae
Plantae Fungi Animalia
Protista
Monera
Kingdom Fungi
About 100,000 species
About 300,000 species
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi About 100,000 species
Uses: • medicine• food
Ecological value:• major decomposers• symbiotic relationships (N2 fixers)
Problems:• some strains are deadly• athletes foot• destroy library books• destroy crops
• About 30% of the 100,000 known species of fungi are parasites, mostly on or in plants.– American elms:
Dutch Elm Disease
Some fungi are pathogens
Was once one of America's most dominant trees
–American chestnut:
chestnut blight
• Other fungi, such as rusts and ergots, infect grain crops, causing tremendous economic losses each year.
Some fungi are pathogens
• Curse of the Mummy
Some fungi are pathogens
Athletes Foot
Some fungi are persistant
Kingdom Fungi
Eukaryotic, absorptive
Mostly multicellular (except few, e.g. yeast)
Heterotrophic (decomposers & parasitic)
Mycelium (body of hyphae)
Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and mushrooms
Kingdom Fungi
Firm cell walls (generally of “chitin”)
“Spores” as reproductive bodies
Unique chromosomes and nuclei
• hyphae - the vegetative bodies of most fungi, constructed of tiny filaments
• mycelium -an interwoven mat of hyphae
Human hair
Fungal hypha
Haustoria:
• Modified hyphae found in parasitic fungi
• Function: absorb nutrients from host
• Some fungi even have hyphae adapted for preying on animals.
Kingdom Fungi
Division Chytridiomycota
Division Ascomycota
Division Basidiomycota
Division Zygomycota
Division Deuteromycota
Fungus-like protist
Deuteromycota?
• The four fungal phyla can be distinguished by their reproductive features.
• mainly aquatic.
• Some are saprobes, while others parasitize protists, plants, and animals.
• chitinous cell wall
• flagellated zoospores
• the most primitive fungi
Division Chytridiomycota
Division Zygomycota
“Zygote fungi”(bread molds)
Zygote = “mated” hyphal strands
Live in soil, water
Some are parasites
600 species
Mated hyphal strands
Division Ascomycota
“Sac fungi”(truffles, yeast)
Beer > 6,000 years
Wine > 8,000 years
Lichens
Decomposers, pathogens
60,000 species“yeast” describes a form of fungi (i.e., non-hyphal)
Division Ascomycota
Scarlet cup
truffles Morchella
Roquefort cheeseClose up of cheese showing blue-green mycelium of Penicillium roqueforti.
Division Ascomycota
Yeast
Lichen
Lichen Anatomy
Division Basidiomycota
“Club fungi”(mushrooms)
Club-shaped reproductive structure
Food
Plant diseases
25,000 species
Fairy Ring
Division Deuteromycota
“Imperfect fungi”(penicillin)
Unrelated group
Asexual
No info on sexual cycle
25,000 species
Penicillin
Woops…now Ascomycota
Candida albicans“yeast infection”
Botrytis: “Noble Rot”
Plant-Fungal Relationships
Mycorrhizae (“fungus roots”)
90% of tree species have this association
Very important to absorption of water and nutrients
Soil surface
Plant roots
Mycorrhizae
Increases s.a. for absorption
Kingdom PlantaeKingdom PlantaeEukaryotic, multicellular organisms with
cells organized into distinct tissues.
Photoautotrophic nutrition.
Most adapted for a terrestrial existence and possessing vascular tissues.
Cells with chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls.
Includes mosses, ferns, pine trees, cycads, ginkgos, and flowering plants.
Kingdom Plantae
Division BryophytaDivision PteridophytaDivision ConiferophytaDivision Anthophyta
Kingdom Plantae
BryophytaPteridophyta
Coniferophyta
Anthophyta
Division Bryophyta
“Mosses,” “liverworts,” “hornworts”
Moist terrestrial
No vascular tissue
16,000 species
Vascular Systems
Water
Wateruptake
Anchor
Ability to grow tall
Reproduction
PollenSeedsor spores
Works in a dry environment
Works in a dry environment
Division Pteridophyta
“Ferns”
True vascular system
Seedless (spores)
12,000 species
Division Coniferophyta
“Conifers” (pines)
Naked seedsin a cone
Tallest, oldest plants
Important source of wood, paper
500 species
Division Anthophyta
“Flowering plants”
Particularly successful in dry habitats
Flowers and fruits: associations with animals
Transport sperm & reproductive propagules
230,000 species
Mangrove Distribution
• There are approximately 40 species of mangroves distributed worldwide
Prop roots:• help support the tree
Pneumatophores:• respiratory function– take in O2
• push nutrients to the upper soil layer
Ecological Role of Mangroves:• Stabilize sediment
• Accumulate detrital or other foreign material
• Habitat for epiphytes
• Fish and invertebrate nursery
• Nesting/roosting sites for birds
• Limited role as a direct food source
• Major contributor to detrital food chain• Protect shoreline from erosion during tropical
storms
• fish and shrimp cultivation• food for people• firewood and boat building material• tanning material• finest honey
Mangrove Use:
Shrimp farm surrounded by degraded mangroves, Vietnam
Seagrass beds
57 species worldwide
Classification
Five kingdom system:
Monera Protista FungiPlantae Animalia
Angiosperms Gymnosperms
Distribution: 12 genera of seagrasses (5 in the high latitude and 7 in the low latitude)
• True marine angiosperm• Evolved from shoreline Lillie-like plants~100
mya• Vascular plants reinvaded the seas 3 different
times (algae is nonvascular; i.e., no need for roots to transport water and nutrients)
• Can grow and reproduce while completely submerged under water
Halophila hawaiiana- only form of seagrass in Hawaii
Develop in:• intertidal and shallow
subtidal areas on sands and muds
• marine inlets and bays
• lagoons and channels, which are sheltered from significant wave action
1. Help stabilize the sediment
2. Prevents resuspension of sediments in water (water is clearer)
3. Binds substratum, reduces turbidity, and reduces erosion
4. Sediment accumulation slows velocity of incoming water
5. Food for many organisms
6. Refuge for many organisms
• Flowering plants provide nearly all our food.– All of our fruit and vegetable crops are
angiosperms.– Corn, rice, wheat, and other grain are grass
fruits.• The endosperm of the grain seeds is the main food
source for most of the people of the world and their domesticated animals.
• We also grow angiosperms for fiber, medications, perfumes, and decoration.
Agriculture is based almost entirely on angiosperms
Adverse Practices:Swidden (Slash & Burn Agriculture )
Logging Practices
Tropical deforestation is taking a heavy toll on global biodiversity.
• More than 25% of prescription drugs are extracted from plants, and many more medicinal compounds were first discovered in plants and then synthesized artificially.
Compound Example of Source Example of Use
Atropine Belladonna plant Pupil dilator in eye
Digitalin Foxglove Heart Medication
Menthol Eucalyptus tree Ingredient in cough medicines
Morphine Opium poppy Pain reliever
Quinine Quinine tree Malaria preventative
Taxol Pacific Yew tree Ovarian cancer drug
Tubocurarine Curare tree Muscle relaxant during surgery
Vinblastine Periwinkle Leukemia drug
A sample of medicine derived from plants
www.botany.hawaii.edu