Lect5_EarthMaterials_2010

8/6/2019 Lect5_EarthMaterials_2010

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Materials

of theEarth


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Review Question

The period from 4.5 to 4.0 Ga is

known as

1. The Precambrian Era

2. The Hadean Eon

3. The Phanerozoic Period

4. The Paleolithic Era


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Review Question

The most abundant gas vented

by a volcano is

1. H2O

2. HCl

3. CO2

4. SO2


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Meteorites

Irons Stony

Pallasite


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Solar System

Asteroid Belt


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Iron meteorites are cores of asteroids that

differentiated and then broke apart


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Earthquakes: Another clue to

Earths interior structure


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P Waves

Pulses of Compression in Solid and Liquid


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S Waves

Shear Distortions in Solid but NOT Liquid


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P Waves No S Waves


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Shadow

Zone

S Waves


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Shadow

Zone

P Waves


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What is the

chemicalcomposition of

the Earth?


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Periodic Table


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The identity of an element is determined by

1. its number of neutrons

2. its number of electrons

3. its number of protons

4. its number of protons plus neutrons

Sodium

Sulfur

Magnesium Nitrogen


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What kinds of

atoms make upthe Earth?


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Element

O

Si

AlFe

Mg

Ni

S

Core

--

8.7

--79.3

--

5.0

6.3

Wt%

Core Composition


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Element

O

Si

AlFe

Mg

Ni

S

Mantle

44.7

19.1

1.34.6

20.3

0.2

0.04

Wt%

Mantle Composition


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Element

O

Si

AlFe

Mg

Ni

S

Crust

46.6

27.7

8.15.0

2.1

0.08

0.03

Wt%

Crust Composition


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Rock:

An

assemblage

of one or

more

minerals


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What is the

definition of amineral?


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A mineral is crystalline.

Disordered arrangement of atoms: Non-crystalline

Ordered arrangement of atoms: Crystalline


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Obsidian

Pumice

Ash

Glasses are not minerals.


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A mineral is a

homogeneous solid.

Mineralic

Not Mineralic


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A mineral has a

definite chemical composition.

Quartz

SiO2


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A mineral is inorganic.

Amber

Not a Mineral

Galena Cluster

Mineral


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A mineral occurs naturally.

Cubic Zirconia

Highly Unnatural

Hope Diamond

A Mineral


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Is a snowflake a mineral?


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Is a

snowflake

a mineral?

1)Yes

2)No


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How do atoms

bond to eachother in

minerals?


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Periodic Table


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Structure of Halite (NaCl)


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Covalent Bonds

Electrons are shared


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How are atoms arranged?


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How are atoms arranged?

Graphite Diamond


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DiamondGraphite

Polymorphs

Same Formula, Different Structures


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Si

O


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Element

O

Si

AlFe

Mg

Ni

S

Crust

46.6

27.7

8.15.0

2.1

0.08

0.03

Wt%

Crust Composition


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Common Silicate Minerals

MuscoviteFeldspar

Olivine

QuartzPyroxene


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Pyroxene Amphibole Mica

Silica Polymerization

Lect5_EarthMaterials_2010

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