Lect1Phono

Lhairani/phonology1/ipgkba

PHONOLOGY

PISMP (TESL) YEAR 1

Introduction to Linguistics


INTRODUCTION Definitions:

Phonetics – the study of the way humans make, transmit and receive speech sounds.

Divided into three main branches: Articulatory phonetics – the study of the way the vocal organs are used to produce speech sounds. Acoustic phonetics- the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Auditory phonetics- the study of the way people perceive speech sounds.


Phonology The study of the sound system of languages, and of

the general properties displayed by these systems.(Roach, 1999)

The systems of rules underlying the sound patterns in a language.

(Denham & Lobeck, 2010)

This involves knowing what sounds are or are not in the language and the rules that govern pronunciation.


Read and analyse the following scripts: Aiteyu–ah, nemmain wat debladigarmen say,

mos Malaysians tok Manglish. Bekoswai? Bekos we all shai oni to spik proper English – afturds people ting we trying to action oni. But Manglish is best–la when you want to simply toktok like fren-fren la.

You want to toktok osoken, no pobem, we gifchan you flers la. Simply lern by hart the list of popular Manglish words and phrases, and very soon oridi you can go round blarfing like tera oni.


The Chaos (Poem) Dearest creature in creation,

Study English pronunciation.I will teach you in my verse Sounds like corpse,corps,horse,and worse.I will keep you, Suzy, busy, Make your head with heat grow dizzy.Tear in eye, your dress will tear.So shall I! Oh hear my prayer.

Just compare heart, beard, and heard, Dies and diet, lord and word,Sword and sward,retain and Britain. (Mind the latter, how it's written.)


POEM (continued)

Now I surely will not plague you With such words as plaque and ague.But be careful how you speak:Say break and steak, but bleak and streak;Cloven, oven, how and low, Script, receipt, show, poem, and toe.

Billet does not rhyme with ballet, Bouquet, wallet, mallet, chalet.Blood and flood are not like food, Nor is mould like should and would. Viscous, viscount, load and broad, Toward, to forward, to reward.


POEM (continued)

And your pronunciation's OK When you correctly say croquet,Rounded, wounded, grieve and sieve,Friend and fiend, alive and live.

Pronunciation -- think of Psyche! Is a paling stout and spikey? Won't it make you lose your wits,Writing groats and saying grits?


POEM (continued) It's a dark abyss or tunnel:

Strewn with stones, stowed,solace, gunwale, Islington and Isle of Wight,Housewife, verdict and indict.

Finally, which rhymes with enough --Though, through, plough, or dough,or cough?Hiccough has the sound of cup. My advice is to give up!!!

Dr. Gerald Nolst Trenite (1870-1946) in www.worsleyschool.net/socialarts/strange/strange.html


Phonological knowledge permits a speaker toproduce sounds that form meaningful utterances

E.g. /n/ /æ/ /b/ - nab or banrecognise foreign accent

E.g. buffet origami pistachiomake up new words

E.g. /s/ /e/ /n/ /t/ -add appropriate phonetic segments to form plurals and past tenses

E.g. plurals- books roses; past tense- picked tookknow what is or is not a sound in ones’ language

E.g. no word in Eng begins with the nasal /ŋ/

sent, tens, nets, nest

but not bna or nba


Speech Organs and Articulation

First, air coming from the lungs passes through the vocal tract, which shapes it into different speech sounds.

The air then exits the vocal tract through the mouth or nose or both.

The process by which air is made to move out of the lungs is called an egressive pulmonic airstream. All English sounds are produced in this manner.

How are speech sounds made?


VOCAL TRACT DIAGRAM


Seven main articulators 1. The pharynx

A tube which begins just above the larynx. - Top end is divided into two:

a) the back of the mouth b) beginning of the way thru’ the nasal cavity

2. The velum or the soft palate - The velum is raised so that air cannot escape through the nose. - When the tongue is in contact with the lower side of the velum, sounds(velar consonants) such as /k/ and /g/ are produced.


Seven main articulators (cont.)3. The hard palate

- often called the ‘roof of the mouth’.

- has smooth curved surface.

4. The alveolar ridge

- between the top front teeth and the hard palate.

- surface is covered with little ridges.

- sounds made by the tongue touching this area

such as /t/ and /d/ are called alveolar.


Seven main articulators (cont.)5. The tongue

- a very important articulator. - Can be moved into many different places and different shapes. - Parts of the tongue:


Seven main articulators (cont.)6. The teeth

- consist of upper and lower teeth- Sounds made with the tongue touching the

front teeth such as /t/ and /d/ are called dental.

7. The lips can be - pressed together to produce bilabial sounds,

such as /p/ and /b/ - brought into contact with teeth to produce labiodental sounds such as /f/ and /v/ - can be rounded to produce lip-shape for vowels like /u:/


The 7 articulators are the main ones but there

are 3 others to remember

Jaws- the movement of the jaws (especially the lower one) helps a lot in speaking.

Nose and nasal cavity- very important part of our vocal apparatus of making sounds, specifically nasal sounds such as /m/,/n/, /ŋ/

Larynx- a very complex and independent articulator.- the larynx (Adam’s apple) vibrates when you produced the voiced sound, /z/.


Features of Pronunciation Phonemes (44)

Consonants (24) Vowels (20)

Voiced Unvoiced Single Diphthongs (8) vowels (12) Long Short (p.126-127,

coursebook)


Features of Pronunciation

Suprasegmental features

Intonation Stress

Word Sentence stress stress


Phonemes & Letters Do not necessarily have one to one sound

correspondence

Different letters – one sound e.g. Letters ‘q’ ‘c’ ‘k’ - /k/ in quick, call, kidOne letter – different sounds e.g. ‘i’- /ɪ/ in ink, /aɪ / in hind, /ɜː/ in irkCombination of letters – one sound e.g.‘wh’ /w/ in when, ‘ght’ /t/ in night, ‘gh’ /f/ in laugh

Letters – silent e.g. bomber, almond, sign


The Sounds of English Vowels

Produced without any obstruction to the flow of air as the air passes from the larynx to the lips. The vocal cords always vibrates.

Roach, P.(1999)

In contrast, the air flow has to be obstructed at different points when articulating consonants


The Sounds of English Vowels changes according to:

The height of the tongue - space bet. upper surface of the tongue & the palate) The part of the tongue - bet. front & back

which is raised highest Lip shape – rounded or spread


English Long and Short Vowels


High

BackCentralFront

Half Close

Half Open

Open

Middle

Low

Received Pronunciation Pure Vowels

Roach,P.(2004)

Close


General Descriptions of RP Short Vowels/ɪ/ Half close, slightly front, slightly spread

E.gs.: wish, minutes,socket/e/ Half-open,front,slightly spread

E.gs.:beg,death,many /æ/ open, front, slightly spread

E.gs.: axe, man, plait/ʌ / Half-open, central, neutral

E.gs.: cut, colour, wonder/ɒ/ Slightly open, back, slightly rounded

E.gs.: dog, sausage, what

/ʊ / Half-close, slightly back, roundedE.gs.: book, good, pull,

/ə/ Slightly half-open, central, neutralE.gs.: again, teacher, Asia


General Descriptions of RP Long Vowels/i:/ Close, front, slightly spread

E.gs.: bee, sea, field/ɜː/ Slightly half-open, central, neutral, long

E.gs.: girl, were, worm,/α:/ Open, slightly back, neutral

E.gs.: arm, star, ask/ɔ:/ Slightly half-open, back, strongly rounded

E.gs.: order, oral, core

/uː/ Close, back, moderately roundedloose, food, rude

Adijuwon, A.O.(2006).


DIPHTHONGSA diphthong - a sound which consists of a glide from one vowel to another .First vowel sound is generally longer and stronger than the second.

DIPHTHONGS

centring closing

ending in ə

ɪə eə ʊə ear hair tour

ending in ɪ ending in ʊ

eɪ aɪ ɔɪ ray my toy

əʊ aʊold owl


Tutorial Tasks

Label the diagrams of the articulators and subdivisions of the tongue given. Task

Do exs: 1- 2 on p.128-129 and exs: 9,10,11 &12 on 142-143 in the course book and discuss the answers during the tutorial.


References

Adijuwon, A.O.(2006). The English Segments.Vowel and Consonant Sounds in An Encyclopaedia of The Arts, Vol. 4(9): 850 – 858.

Denham,K. & Lobeck, A.(2010).Linguistics for Everyone.An Introduction. Wadsworth:USA.

Finegan, E. (2010). Language.Its Structure and Use. Harcourt Brace College Publishers:USA.

Fromkin,V.,Rodman,R. & Hyams,N.(2007). An Introduction to Language.Eighth Ed. Boston:Thompson Wadsworth.


References

Trenite, G.N. (n.d)The Clash. Retrieved February 4 2011 from http://www.worsleyschool.net/socialarts

/strange/strange.html

Roach, P.(1999). English Phonetics and Phonology. A Practical Course. CUP:Cambridge.

Roach, P.(2004). British English: RP in Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34/2.

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