FIELD BOTANY – Lecture 06 Dr. Donald P. Althoff LEC 06 Families – Part II.
LEC 12 FIELD BOTANY – Lecture 12 Dr. Donald P. Althoff Conifers (Coniferphyta)
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Transcript of LEC 12 FIELD BOTANY – Lecture 12 Dr. Donald P. Althoff Conifers (Coniferphyta)
LEC 12
FIELD BOTANY – Lecture 12Dr. Donald P. Althoff
Conifers (Coniferphyta)
Seed-bearing
Ferns & Club mosses GYMNOSPERMS Angiosperms
Vascular tissue
GYMNOSPERMS divisions
Coniferphyta
Cycads
Ginkgophyta
Gnetophytaancient
1 sp.
______ widely
distributedtropics& sub-tropics
“close”to angio-sperms
Cycads = Cycadophyta• Only one species native to
North America: Zamia pumila
• Dioecious pollen (male) & seed cones (female) are separate plants pollinated by _________, not wind
• 10 genera, 140 species (not including palm trees which are angiosperms: monocots [Liliopsida])
Gingkoes = Ginkgophyta
• Only one species present today: Ginkgo biloba (maidenhair tree)
• Dioecious male & female (stink) trees
• None native to NorthAmerica
• 1 genera, 1 species
• 12 species in North America: Ephedra
• More closely related to angiosperms than any other gymnosperm
• 3 genera, 70 species worldwide
Gnetophytes = Gnetophyta
Nevada Jointfir(Ephedra nevadensis)
Flowering
• No “apparent” leaves…leaves are scale-like
• Photosynthesis takes place in the _______
• ________—but produce small cones
Welwitschia mirabilis [African desert GYMNOSPERM]
gnetophyte
Distinguishing characteristics ofCONIFERS
• “naked seeds”…borne on surface of cone scales or on stalks among leaves
• All species are ________ vs. Angiosperms with a
mix of woody & herbaceous)
3
Kingdom Division Class
Order
PlantaeConiferphytaPinopsida
1 2
Pinaceae Cupressaceae
pines, firs, & spruces
cedars,cypress,junipers
Pinales
FamiliesTaxaceae
yews
Family TAXACEAE
• All “evergreen”• Monoecious and dioecious• Leaves spirally arranged • Pollen dispersal by ______• 3 genera, 7-10 species
Family CUPRESSACEAE
• All “evergreen”• Some monoecious, some
dioecious• Leaves arranged spirally or in pairs
(alternating at 900 angles or whorls)
• Pollen dispersal by wind• 18 genera, 140 species
Family PINACEAE
• _______________________• Usually in temperate climates• All “evergreen” except Larix & Pseudolarix
• Monoecious• Needle-like leaves• Female cones ________ than male cones• Pollen dispersal by ______• 11 genera, 220-250 species
Family PINACEAE: Vegetative Morphology
needle leaf
long shoot
Know for
final
Family PINACEAE: Spur Shoot & Fascicle
needle leaf
_______
sheath
scale leaf________________________
PinesMale & Female Gametophyte Systems
Thus, monecious—even on same branch
MALE CONE – STAMINATE…pollen source
FEMALE CONE - OVULATE
1 yr
2 yr
________________
________________
3 yr
1. Norway spruce (Picea abies)2. Colorado (blue) spruce (Picea pungens)3. White spruce (Picea glauca)4. Virginia (scrub) pine (Pinus virginiana)5. White pine (Pinus strobus)6. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) 7. Red pine (Pinus resinosa)8. Pitch pine (Pinus ridiga)9. Scotch (Scots) pine (Pinus sylvestris) 10. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana)*11. Eastern hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis)12. Eastern larch (Tamarack) (Larix laricina)13. Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum)14. Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) 15. Eastern arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis)
Classification REGIONAL CONIFERS(partial listing)
Division ConiferophyaClass PinopsidaOrder Pinales
Family Pinaceae “Pine” Cupressaceae – “Cypress”
PPPPPPPPPP
PC
P
CCC
P
White pine
Pitch pineVirginia pine
Needles per fascicle
2 5
E. Hem
lock&
spruces
1 3
Regional Pines (partial listing)
Virginia (scrub) pine (Pinus virginiana)
White pine (Pinus strobus)
Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) Red pine (Pinus resinosa)
Pitch pine (Pinus ridiga)
Scotch (Scots) pine (Pinus sylvestris) Jack pine (Pinus banksiana)
TYPICAL NEEDLESPER FASCICLE (length)
2 (3-8 in.)
5 (3-5 in.)
2 (<3 in.)
2 (3-8 in.)
3 (3-5 in.)
2 (<3 in.)
2 (3/4-3 in.)
Know for final
Seed-bearing
Ferns & Club mosses Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Vascular tissue
Pterophyta Lycopodiophyta
Kingdom Division Class
Order
PlantaeLycopodiophytaLycopodiopsida
1 Lycopodiaceae – “the club mosses”
Lycopodiales
Family
Ground PineLycopodium dendroideum
Know for final
Ground Pine may indicate
• Cool ______________ climates• Fresh & moist soils• _______________ soils• Compacted soils• Also….• Mid-seral stage species (10-30 yr old stands)