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Chapter -1

Individuals as Leader

What is Leadership?

Define LeadershipDefine Leadership

There are many ways to finish the sentence, “Leadership is……………..?

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Define Leadership (Cont’d)

Following components can be identified as central to the phenomenon:

(a) Leadership is a process, (b) leadership involves influence, (c) leadership occurs in groups, (d) leadership involves common goals.

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Leadership Process

Remember Leadership is a process and this important process has three important components/ingredients.

1) Leader

2) Followers and

3) Situation. These three components play very important

role on the process of leadership. 5

Let us always meet each other with smile for the smile is the beginning of love.

Mother Teresa

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Martin Luther King, 1963Martin Luther King, 1963

“I have a dream that one day my four children will live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colours of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today”.

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No religion is higher than humanity”, Abdul Sattar Edhi

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LeadersLeaders

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Why Leadership is Important?Why Leadership is Important?

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Why Leadership is Important?Why Leadership is Important?

A well known management guru, Peter Drucker, who has been a consultant to GE and other organization around the globe, says that,

Above all, the performance of the managerial Above all, the performance of the managerial leadership determines the success or failure of the leadership determines the success or failure of the organization.organization.

In US 60 % of employees believe that their organizations are not well managed, and 77 % are not happy with their jobs.

The number one reason that employees stay or leave is how they are treated by their leaders.

Assigned Versus Emergent LeadershipAssigned Versus Emergent Leadership

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Assigned Versus Emergent LeadershipAssigned Versus Emergent Leadership

Some people are leaders because of their formal position in an organization, whereas others are leaders because of the way other group members respond to them.

These two common forms of leadership are called assigned leadership and emergent leadership.

Leadership that is based on occupying a position in an organization is assigned leadership. Team leaders, plant managers, department heads, directors etc.. 14

Emergent Leadership

When others perceive an individual as the most influential member of a group or an organization, regardless of the individual’s title, the person is exhibiting emergent leadership.

Researchers have found that personality plays a role in leadership emergence.

Some of the positive communication behaviors that account for successful leader emergence include being verbally involved, being informed, seeking others’ opinions, initiating new ideas… 15

Leadership and PowerLeadership and Power

The concept of power is related to leadership because it is part of the influence process.

Power is the capacity or potential to influence. People have power when they have the ability to affect others’ beliefs, attitudes, and courses of action.

Ministers, doctors, coaches, and teachers are all examples of people who have the potential to influence us

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Two Types of Power

Position Power vs. Personal Power

Leadership & PowerLeadership & Power

The capacity or potential to influence. Ability to affect

others’ beliefs, attitudes & actions

Referent

Expert

Legitimate

Reward

Coercive

PowerPowerPowerPower Bases of PowerBases of PowerFrench & Raven (1959)French & Raven (1959)

Bases of PowerBases of PowerFrench & Raven (1959)French & Raven (1959)

Leader Vs. ManagersLeader Vs. ManagersTo manage means to accomplish activities and

master routines, whereas to lead means to influence others and create visions for change.

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Mintzberg’s Managerial RolesMintzberg’s Managerial Roles

1.1. InterpersonalInterpersonal FigureheadFigurehead LeaderLeader LiaisonLiaison

2.2. InformationalInformational MonitorMonitor DisseminatorDisseminator SpokespersonSpokesperson

3. Decisional3. Decisional EntrepreneurEntrepreneur Disturbance Disturbance

handerhander Resource allocatorResource allocator NegotiatorNegotiator

Chapter – 2Chapter – 2

Chapter – 2Chapter – 2Trait ApproachTrait Approach

People Are More Apt to Trust & Respect You People Are More Apt to Trust & Respect You When What You Say and What You Do are When What You Say and What You Do are

One and the SameOne and the Same

Ken & Marc

Great Person Theories Historical Shifts in Trait Perspective What Traits Differentiate Leaders

From Nonleaders? How Does the Trait Approach Work?

Overview

Great Person Theories

“Great Man” Theories (early 1900s) Focused on identifying

innate qualities and characteristics possessed by great social, political, & military leaders, like Mohandas Gandhi, Indira Gandhi, Abraham Lincoln, Jinnah

Trait Approach: one of the first systematicattempts to study leadership

Are Leaders Born or Made?Are Leaders Born or Made?

Legendary football coach Vince Legendary football coach Vince Lombardi once said,Lombardi once said,

Contrary to the opinion of many people, Contrary to the opinion of many people, leaders are not born and leaders are made leaders are not born and leaders are made and they are made of effort and hard and they are made of effort and hard work.work.

Great ManTheories

Early 1900s

•Research focused on individual characteristics that universally differentiated leaders from nonleaders

Traits Interacting With Situational

Demands on Leaders

1930-50s

• Landmark Stogdill (1948) study - analyzed and synthesized 124 trait studies - Leadership reconceptualized as a relationship between people in a social situation

• Mann (1959) reviewed 1,400 findings of personality and leadership in small groups

Revival of Critical Role of Traits in LeaderEffectiveness

• Stogdill (1974) - Analyzed 163 new studies with 1948 study findings - Validated original study - 10 characteristics positively identified with leadership

• Lord, DeVader, & Alliger (1986) meta-analysis - Personality traits can be used to differentiate leaders/nonleaders

• Kirkpatrick & Locke (1991) - 6 traits make up the “Right Stuff” for leaders

Historical Shifts in Trait PerspectiveHistorical Shifts in Trait Perspective1970’s - Early 90s

Innate Qualities

Situations

Personality / Behaviors

Today

• Intelligence• Self-Confidence• Determination• Integrity• Sociability

5 MajorLeadership

Traits

Studies of Leadership Traits and Characteristics

Leadership TraitsLeadership Traits

Leading People is the opposite of trying to Control them

Ken & Marc

Major Leadership TraitsMajor Leadership Traits

IntelligenceIntelligence Leaders tend to have higher intelligence

than non leaders. Having strong verbal ability, perceptual ability, and reasoning appears to make one a better leader.

The research also indicates that a leader’s intellectual ability should not differ too much from that of the subordinates.

IntelligenceIntelligence

Steve JobsSteve Jobs

An example of a leader for whom intelligence was a key trait was Steve Jobs, founder and CEO of Apple Computers. Jobs once said, “I have this really incredible product inside me and I have to get it out” (Sculley, 2011, p. 27). Those visionary products, first the Apple II and Macintosh computers and then iMac, iPod, iPhone, and iPad, have revolutionized the personal computer and electronic device industry, changing the way people play and work.

Self ConfidenceSelf Confidence

Self-confidence is another trait that helps one to be a leader. Self-confidence is the ability to be certain about one’s competencies and skills. It includes a sense of self esteem and self assurance and the belief that one can make a difference.

Steve JobsSteve Jobs

Determination

Many leaders also exhibit determination. Determination is the desire to get the job done and includes characteristics such as initiative,

persistence, dominance, and drive.

IntegrityIntegrity

Integrity is the quality of honesty and trustworthiness.

They are loyal, dependable, and not deceptive. Basically, integrity makes a leader believable and worthy of our trust.

“Look for three things in a person: Intelligence, Energy, and Integrity. If they don’t have the last one, don’t

even bother.”

Warren Buffet

Sociability

Leaders who show sociability are friendly, outgoing, courteous, tactful, and diplomatic.

They are sensitive to others’ needs and show concern for their well-being.

Big Five Personality Factors

5-Factor Personality Model &Leadership

5-Factor Personality Model & Leadership

Results – a strong relationship between personality traits and leadership

Extraversion –Extraversion – factor most strongly associated with leadership Most important trait of effective leaders

Conscientiousness –Conscientiousness – 2nd most related factor Neuroticism & Openness –Neuroticism & Openness – next most related

Agreeableness –Agreeableness – also associated with leadership

Big Five & Leadership

Study using meta-analysis (Judge et al, 2002)

Application of Trait ApproachApplication of Trait Approach

Focuses Focuses exclusivelyexclusively on on leaderleader What trait leaders What trait leaders

exhibitexhibit Who has these Who has these

traitstraits

Organizations use Organizations use personality assessments to personality assessments to find “Right” peoplefind “Right” people AssumptionAssumption - will increase - will increase

organizational effectivenessorganizational effectiveness Specify characteristics/traits Specify characteristics/traits

for specific positionsfor specific positions Personality assessment measures Personality assessment measures

for “fit”for “fit” Instruments: Myers BriggsInstruments: Myers Briggs

LeaderLeaderPersonalityAssessmentsPersonalityAssessments

Strengths of Trait ApproachStrengths of Trait Approach

Intuitively appealing Perception that leaders

are different in that they possess special traits

People “need” to view leaders as gifted

CredibilityCredibility due to a century of research support

Provides benchmarks for what to look for in a leader

CriticismsCriticisms

Fails to delimit a definitive list of leadership traits Endless lists have

emerged

Doesn’t take into account situational effects Leaders in one situation

may not be leaders in another situation

Research fails to look at traits in relationship to leadership outcomes (of groups in org: settings, productivity, satisfaction etc..)

Not useful for training & development

Why Leaders fail?Why Leaders fail?

Characteristics of leaders who fail

Rude and unapproachable Cold and arrogant Untrustworthy Self-centered Poor performers Unable to delegate Micro-Managing(does not build a team)

Eckhard Pfeiffer (CEO)Eckhard Pfeiffer (CEO)

Discover Your Leadership in Your Life Discover Your Leadership in Your Life StoryStory

1. During your early years, which people had the greatest impact on you?

2. Starting with your earliest memories, which experiences marked key turning points in your life?

3. In which experiences did you find the greatest inspiration and passion for your leadership?

4. Can you identify instances where you were dissatisfied with your leadership or received constructive feedback from others about it?

5. Do the failures or disappointments you experienced earlier in your life constrain you, even today, or have you been able to reframe them as learning experiences?