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Leadership and Leadership and CommunicationCommunication
“ “The single biggest problem in The single biggest problem in communication is the illusion it communication is the illusion it has taken place.”has taken place.”
George Bernard ShawGeorge Bernard Shaw
CommunicationCommunicationA process by which information and understanding are transferred between a sender and a receiver
A Basic Model of the A Basic Model of the Communication Process Communication Process (Daft)(Daft)
Leader encodes message
Receiver decodes messageChannel
Return message encoded and sent
Feedback Loop
Potential noise and distortion
Factors Impacting Factors Impacting Understanding of Understanding of MessageMessage Cultural diversityCultural diversity Status differences (power)Status differences (power) GenderGender Previous experiencesPrevious experiences Level of interestLevel of interest Speaking or writing abilitiesSpeaking or writing abilities
Verbal CommunicationVerbal Communication
Types:Types:– MeetingsMeetings– Counseling sessionsCounseling sessions– Performance ReveiwsPerformance Reveiws– Voice MessagesVoice Messages– SpeechesSpeeches– PresentationsPresentations– TelephonicallyTelephonically
Impression Impression ManagementManagement First DateFirst Date Interview ProcessInterview Process HoneymoonHoneymoon PrototypesPrototypes
Shaping ImpressionsShaping Impressions
Establish friendly relations with Establish friendly relations with followers earlyfollowers early
What prototypes does the group What prototypes does the group have of the leaderhave of the leader
Increase power by knowledgeIncrease power by knowledge Ensure you are viewed as Ensure you are viewed as
contributing to the group’s contributing to the group’s successsuccess
Open CommunicationOpen Communication
Asking questionsAsking questions– Leader-centeredLeader-centered– Follower-centeredFollower-centered
ListeningListening– Engaged listeningEngaged listening
Willingness to Willingness to CommunicateCommunicate
High WTCs are viewed as more credible High WTCs are viewed as more credible and attractiveand attractive
People who speak frequently in small People who speak frequently in small groups are more likely to hold leadership groups are more likely to hold leadership positionspositions
Talkative people are more likely to be Talkative people are more likely to be hired and promotedhired and promoted
High WTCs are rated as more socially and High WTCs are rated as more socially and sexually attractive by other members of sexually attractive by other members of the opposite sexthe opposite sex
High WTCs are more open to change and High WTCs are more open to change and enjoy tasks that require thoughtenjoy tasks that require thought
Communication Communication ChampionChampion Establish credibilityEstablish credibility Build goals on common groundBuild goals on common ground Make your position compelling to Make your position compelling to
othersothers Connect emotionallyConnect emotionally
Communication Communication ApprehensionApprehension An individual’s level of fear or An individual’s level of fear or
anxiety associated with either anxiety associated with either real or anticipated real or anticipated communication with another communication with another person or persons.person or persons.
A Continuum of Channel A Continuum of Channel RichnessRichness
Low channel richness
High channel richness
DisadvantagesImpersonalOne-waySlow feedback
AdvantagesProvides recordPremeditatedEasily disseminated
AdvantagesPersonalTwo-wayFast feedback
DisadvantagesNo recordSpontaneousDissemination hard
Formal report
Memos, letters
Electronic mail, IM,
Web, intranet Face-to-face verbal
Telephone
Informal Informal CommunicationCommunication Leaders are watched (nonverbal Leaders are watched (nonverbal
communication)communication)– AppearanceAppearance– BehaviorBehavior– ActionsActions– AttitudesAttitudes
Selection of communication channelSelection of communication channel Management by Walking AroundManagement by Walking Around
Necessary to Influence Necessary to Influence OthersOthers
Build and use power bases effectivelyBuild and use power bases effectively Empower followersEmpower followers Develop perceptions of credibilityDevelop perceptions of credibility Make effective use of verbal and nonverbal Make effective use of verbal and nonverbal
cuescues Resist inappropriate or unethical influenceResist inappropriate or unethical influence Communicate positive expectations for Communicate positive expectations for
others.others. Foster creativity and manage changeFoster creativity and manage change
Necessary to Influence Necessary to Influence OthersOthers
Gain complianceGain compliance Develop argumentative competenceDevelop argumentative competence Negotiate productive solutionsNegotiate productive solutions Adapt to cultural differencesAdapt to cultural differences Shape public opinionShape public opinion Organize and deliver effective Organize and deliver effective
presentationspresentations Engage in self-leadershipEngage in self-leadership Challenge and correct faulty personal Challenge and correct faulty personal
assumptionsassumptions
““A platoon leader doesn’t get his A platoon leader doesn’t get his platoon to go by getting up and platoon to go by getting up and shouting and saying “I am smarter. I shouting and saying “I am smarter. I am bigger. I am stronger. I am the am bigger. I am stronger. I am the leader.” He gets men to go along leader.” He gets men to go along with him because they want to do it with him because they want to do it for him and they believe in him. for him and they believe in him. – Dwight D. EisenhowerDwight D. Eisenhower
ReferencesReferences
Richard Daft, Richard Daft, The Leadership The Leadership Experience, Experience, (Mason, OH: Thomson (Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western, 2008) 258-288.South-Western, 2008) 258-288.
Michael Z. Hackman and Craig E. Michael Z. Hackman and Craig E. Johnson, Johnson, Leadership: A Leadership: A Communicative Perspective, Communicative Perspective, (Long (Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press Inc, 2004) Grove, IL: Waveland Press Inc, 2004) 1-35.1-35.