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lCES 90 C.M.1990/F:29MARICULTURE COMMITEE

GROWTH OF TURBOT <Scophtalmus maximus L.) FROM 1 TO 3,000 9 INTHE NORTH OF SPAIN.

by

Fernandez-Pato,C.A.* ,Martinez-Tapia,C:; Chereguini,O.*, and Sola E~

•* Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia. C.Oceanografico

de Santander.P.O.Box 240.Cantabria.Spain** Servicio de Actividades Pesqueras. Diputacion

Regional de Cantabria (Spain).

SUMMARYGrowth of Turbot from 1 g. to 3000 g. is related in this paper.Groups of fish were fed on semihumid food. Gompertz's and

Bertalanffy's equations were applied for growth in weight and lengthrespectively.

Parameters such as food conversion index and specific growth rate,as weIl as condition factor ~ere calculated.

Growth is presented as a curve-line for different intervals.

ont ete alimentes avec une diete semi­Gompertz et de Bertalanffy furentla croissance en poids et longueur

pour des intervalles

de . conversion d'aliment, lafacteur de condition ont ete

aussi la croissance graphiquement

g.1

taxeaussi

Turbot desdula croissanceRESUMECette communication rapporte

jusque 3000 g.Les groups de poissons

humide. Les equations deappliquees pour calculerrespectivement.

Des parametres comme 'l'indexspecifique de croissance et lecalcules.

On presentdifferentes.

.. .". ...

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INTRODUCTION

The turbot (ScophtaZmus nlaximus) is considered as aspecies of interest to be farmed. In the last 15 years,industries and research centres have endeavoured to developtechniques of turbot culture (Paulsen H., 1989). The centres ofresearch and commercial farms in Europe, in 1987, according tothe author cited above, summed up 23 centres of research and 16farms, of which 4 centres of research and 8 farms were inSpain. Nowadays the numbers of farms in Spain has beenduplicated.

In Spain the first centres which worked in turbot wereTina Menor S.A. and Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia CostalCentre of Santander (both in the North of Spain).

Growth of turbot has been already studied by severalauthors (Jones et al.,1972; Adron,J.W.,1976; Person,j.1980;8romley,P.J.1980; Poxton,M.G. et al.1982; Peson,J. et al.1982;Scherrer,P. et al.1983; Iglesias,J. et al.1987; Sanchez,J. etal.1988).

However, some of these works concern wild populations ofturbot, whereas others started fattening experiences withindividuals over 1 9 weight or ended them with 1 kg mean weigthor less. Also, others refer to growth under manipulatedtemperature conditions.

With this experience, we want to bring data about growt ofturbot in Cantabrian Sea (North of Spain) cultured atenvironmental water temperatures, from 1 9 to 3,000 9 usingcommercial diet.

MATERIAL AND METHODS.

Fish used in this experience, proceeding from hatchery,were distributed in some groups, all of them under the sameconditions of culture.

At the start of the experience and until 1,000 9 weigthfish were in circular polyester tanks of 1,000 I volume, later,from 1,000 9 to 3,000 g, fish were transfered into 3,000 Ivolume tanks. Water flow ranged between .5 to .8 I m~ kg~.

Oxygen saturation was daily registered, as weil astemperature. 80th were measured by oximeter Oxi-196 WTW.Salinity was also daily determinated by a handle refractometer.

Ilumination was provided by a fluorescent tube. Diurnalligth/dark was 14/10 with 100 lux over water surface.

Fish were fed twice a day time to time. Cleaning of tankswas assured with flow water system.

Bertalanffy's

parameters are:individuals whose

are: Lm=5.151E+01

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Stock density was between 1 and 20 k m~ from start toending of experience.

Fish were measured and weighted periodically.Food composed by flour, raw fish and a vitamin-mineral

complex (premix), was prepared in the laboratory and stored inrefrigerator.

Protein, lipids and fat oxidization of food was controled.Methods of analysis were by protein Kjendall.method,

lipids by Soxhlet device, moixture and ash by those describedby Pearson 1967. Fat oxidation by UNE- methode

Specific growt rate and food conversion index were made byCECTI/T36(Castell,J.D. et al.1980).

RESULTS

Temperature ranging between 13-22 °C and salinity 32-­36ppt (See Figure). Oxygen saturation rates varied from 80 to90 per cent.

Food conversion index ranged between 1.04 at experiencestart and 5.10 (including reproductive period) when it was over(table 1>.

Specific growth rate was shown in table 2.Condition factor for each year and for the reproductive

period is shown in table 3.Growth in terms of weight is presented by a curve line in

figures 1 to 6.The equation of Gompertz (Gompertz,B.1825) for growth in

terms of weight used for the total population mean is:W(t)=Wo*exp(G(l-exp(-gt»), where G=5.819 and g=1.20E-OlAs in industrial milieux is usual to split the individuals

to make uniform the sizes, we have calculated also the sameequation for the individuals whose growth is higher than thetotal population mean, and in this case parameters are: 6=4.903and g=.835E-01

As to the growth in terms of length(Bertalanffy,L.von,1938) equation is used:

L(t)=Lm{l-exp{-K[t-t o ]}) where theLm=4.826E+Ol and K=.748E-Ol; and for thelength is over the mean, parameters valuesand K=.747E-01.

UNE:lnstituto Nacional de Racionalizacion y Normalizacion.IRANOR. Serrano 156.Madrid.Spain

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Diseases and survival.-The diseases detected. during the experience period

consisted ofskin necrotic ulcers produced by pseudomone andaeromone, treated with gentamycine; yersiniosis, treated withoxitetracycline (terramycine); trychodiniosys and fungii(Ichtyophnus?) treated with formalyn and malaquite-green.

We did not detect any case of vibriosys during this periodand mortality was estimated from 3 to 5% depending on thegroups.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

We can conclude from our experience results that, whenbeginning fattening with fish of 1 9 in December(meantemperature=14.5°C), they reach 2,000 gabout 40 months later,50-53% of the individuals reaching this weight about the 28t~

month and 3,000 9 at the end of the experience.If we compare these results with these of Person,J. et

al.1980; Iglesias,J. et al.1987; . SAnchez,J. ~t al. 1988(ops.cit.) who started their experiences with 3 months oldindividual~, individuals of about 5 9 and of 500 9respectively, it is necessary a time correction in order tomake equivalent time employed to reach the same final weights,whenever there is not any other circunstance which affectsgrowth that does not allow comparison, such as watertempQrature at the start of the experience.

It is weIl known that this is one factor wich affects'growth, and it as been studied by Scherrer;P. etal.(1983,op.cit.) for turbot for 3-20 9 individuals.

We present in figure 7 the compared growth of fingerlinsfattened at two different temperatures (unpublished data), oneof them the environmenmental temperature (rank 13.4-15.0 0 C) andthe other 19 ±1°C. As it can be observed mean weigth at themoment when environmental temperature reaches that of warmedwater is about 6 9 for fish with environmental' watertemperature and about 16 9 for the ones with warmed .water. Fishreach these weights in about 3 mo, what means that 2 monthslater weigth means will be about 33 9 and 55 9 respectively.

Though this experience has not been concluded at presentit suggests that, with certains actions, such as temperatureelevation in early phases or starting fattening in seasons ofhigh temperature, time required to reach the final weigth canbe reduced in several months.(Santaella, pers. comm.)

Though the farms which have not hatchery generally startthe fattening acquiring individuals of about 5 g, they are nowstarting to work with ± 1 9 individuals because economicalfactors, and for this reason we present fattening from thisweight.

In view of our results and of Gompertz growth functionapplication, and with the limitations due to assumption ofmathematical models of this type for short periods of time, itseems that the optimal explotation size would be about 1,500­1,700 9 mean weight and about 2,000-2,200 9 for those with ahigher growth.

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REFERENCESAdron, J.W., Blair, A. Cowey, C.B. and Shanks, A.M. (1976).

Effects of dietary energy level and dietary energy sourceon growth feed conversion and body composition of turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.). Aquaculture 7, 125-132.

8ertalanffy, L. von.(1938). A quantitative theory of organicgrowth. Human Biology 10:181-213. In: 8asic Fishery8iology Programs. Elsevier Scient. Publ.1987.

8romley, P.S.(1980). Effect of dietary protein, lipid, andenergy content on the growth of turbot (Scophthalmusmaximus). Aquaculture 19, 359-369.

Castell, J.D. and Tiews, K.(1980). Rapport du groupe de travailde la CECPI, de L'UISN et du CIEM sur le normalisation dela methodologie dans la recherche sur la nutrition despoissons. FAD Document technique de la CECPI n236 24ppICES CM/F:33.

Gompertz, B.(1825). On the nature of the function expressive ofthe law of human mortality, and on a new mode ofdetermining the value of life contingencies. Phi los.Trans.R.Soc.London 115, 515-585. In: Growth rates . andmodels. W.E.Ricker. Fish Physiology vol.VIII.677-743.Hoarws, Randall and Brett, Ed. Academic Press,INc.

London 1979.

Iglesias, J.; M. Olmedo, J.J.; Otero, J.B. Peleteiro andM.R.Solörzano (1987). Growth, under laboratory conditions,of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, from the Ria de Vigo(North-West Spain) Mar. 8iol. 96,11-17.

Jones, A.(1972). Sexual maturity, fecundity and growth of theturbot, Scophthalmus maximus L. J.Mar.8iol.Ass.U.K.54,109­125.

Person Le-Ruyet,J., J.8arret,D., L'Echat,G. Nedelec (1980).Donnees sur la croissance du turbot d'elevage,Scophthalmus maximus, entre 3 mois et 3 ans. ICES CM/F:29.

Paulsen,H.(1988). Situation actuelleDans: Aquaculture: Examen desrecentes. OCDE. Paris. pp 53-61.

de l'elevage du turbot.donnees d'experiences

Person Le-Ruyet,J., B. menu, T.Noel, M. Cadena-Roa and R.Metailler. (1982). Use a of dry rehydratable pelleted foodfor turbot rearing between 100mg and 500g of body weigth.ICES CM/F:12.

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Poxton,M.G., K.R. Murray and B.T. Linfoot(1982). The growth ofturbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) in recirculating systems.Acuacultural Engineering 1, 23-34.

Sanchez,J., J.B. Peleteiro, R. Fores, M.Olmedo andJ.Iglesias(1988). Experimental feeding and growth ofturbot (ScophthaZmus maximus L.) from 0,5 to 2,7 kg inGalicia (Spain). lCES CM/F:9.

Santaella,E.(Pers comm.). Secretaria General de Pesca Maritima.MAPA Madrid.Spain.

Scherrer,P. et J. Person Le-Ruyet(1983). Effects de latemperature sur la croissance de turbot (ScophthaZmusn~ximus) entre 3 et 20 g. ICES CM/F:22 •

WEIGHT q

FOOD

TABLE 1

CONVERSION INDEX

1-----50 .. . . . . .... . . . . . . . . ... . 1.04

50----250 .

250----500

500---1000 ...•

1000---2000•.••..•...••...••••••••

2000---3000 .

1.70

1.24

2.20

2.50

5.10

TABLE

SPECIFIC

WEIGHT INTERVAL q

2

GROWT

•1-----50 .

50----250 .•

250----500 •••••••••••••

500---1000 .

1000---2000 ..................•.....

2000---3000•...............•.......

23.30

4.44

0.83

0.37

0.66

0.11

TABLE 3

CONDITION FACTOR

(Total population mean)

1 YEAR K= 1.906

2 YEAR K= 1.843

3 YEAR K= 2.149

(Over mean population mean)

1 YEAR

2 YEAR

3 YEAR

K= 2.003

K= 1.825

K= 2.566

:E,----------------,31 L1---I-!--.l.~~I-,I...-.I...-..JIIt-ilIr--!-Z~

2i,:10

5

O'-+l-=2-::!3~..~-=-5--=6~7~B~~9~lO~U~=-'l2MCMHS

I Hgh I lraoI --Mean

,t 2 3 .. 5 6 7 8 9 W U l2

MCMl6

I tIg/l 1 kIW --MelwI

•S«\LINITYYEAR 1989

10

°l23 .. 56 7 8 9lO1ll2

~~40

~31,20

10

01 2 3 .. 5 6 7 B 9 lO 1l l2

MCMHS

IHgh I lraoI --Mean

•

'ci!ir=-----------------,

10

5

oL..+---:!2:---=-3~..~5t--:!:6--,7t--:!:B--,9~~10---:U':---=-'12MCM1-5

I HIgh I l.Dw --Mean

TEMPERATUFEYEAA 1989

'c2ir------------------,

10

5

0·'-+--:!2~~3--''':---=-5~6~=-7 -:!:B--'9t--:!:10---:U':---=-'12~

I ~ I l.Dw --Mean

10

5

0~~2:--*"3~":-~5-:!:6---:7~-!:B---;9:--;!;-IO~U:--I2~MCH'JlB

I HIgh I Law --Mean

2i....·c ----,

10

5

o'-+--:!2:--*"3--''':--*"5~6---:7t-~B---:9~±1O--:!U:--I2=-'MCH'JlB

I HIgh I Law --MeiII

•

GfOAJTH a= TUPBOTQ-5) 9 :

t20 t!i) B) 210 2«) 270DW

-lbtal pop. l1IRII1 - CMIr nan pop. ß8III

Fa-t

0070

;~9 20

1~1-~~~~::::"'---r ~

GFOtJTH a= TUFEOT1-250 9

•4 8 m ~

t«JmS

-lbtal pop.l1IB8II - CMIr .... pcJp.11IB8II

Fa-e

GFOIffi1 Cf TUFIDT"1-500 g

701

;

6015014013)1

g 201101

11L-2~3~4~5~6~7~B~9=--1±-0 ~U-12~13tOmS

- Total pop. n&II - over mean pop. lIEß

~-3

GFQ.AJTH OF TURBOT1-1000 9

1501 .,"

1251

~ 1001

~ " 751001.g

251

11 3 5 7 9 U a ffi 17 m ~tOmS

- Total pop. n&I'I - 0Ier mean pop. meanFIg.-.i

- ..

250122512001

;

1751150112511001

g 751501251

11~......1111!5!CL..J--L-Ll0.J..,..,L...J~t5....L-L-L.L.L20~.L..L-I~..L-L....I

tomf)

- Total pop. mean - over mean pop. n&m

~-5

GFOtJTH OF TURBOT1-3000 9

REPIIDJCTIYE PEJlOO

I I

I

10 t5 20 25tomf)

35013Xl1

r:~~ 1501G 1001

5011.........-.==ii-rrT"T'T"T"rT"T"1"'T"T'T'TT"T'"rT'T"'I"'T"T'TT'T'T"rT'T"'I'"1"'T"T'I

1 5

- Total pop. mean - o.w mean pop. mean

~-6

,

t '..

COMPARATIVE GROWTH OF TURBOTAT TWO WATER TEMPERATURES

, .

" i

Environmental water

I

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16DAYS *10

- ENVIRONMENTAL \AlÄTER - HOT \AlÄTER ,

60

50, , 40

" ,

30

20, g

10

01

Fig,-7