LCA and Cost Comparison of Current and Proposed Pallet ... · 5/6/2013 · Carbon emission for one...
Transcript of LCA and Cost Comparison of Current and Proposed Pallet ... · 5/6/2013 · Carbon emission for one...
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LCA and Cost Comparison of Current and Proposed Pallet Treatment
Methods
September, 2010
Charles Ray, Sebastian Anil , Li Ma, Kelli Hoover, and John Janowiak
School of Forest Resources, Department of Industrial Engineering, Department of Entomology
The Pennsylvania State University
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Problem Description and Motivation
• Absence of LCA studies that compare ISPMtreatment methods
• Current treatment methods generate high carbonfootprint and costs
• Phase out of Methyl Bromide due to high ozonedepletion potential
• High capital costs, operating costs during heattreatment of pallets
Life Cycle Analysis of pallet types and treatment methods
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Research Objectives
• Determine the environmental impacts of all pallet life cyclestages
• Compare Heat treatment, Fumigation, RF heating using LCA
• Compare current Heat Treating schedule vs. proposedschedules
• Support the development of ISPM guidelines to include RFheating as an alternative and environmentally viabletreatment option
Life Cycle Analysis of pallet types and treatment methods
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Life Cycle Analysis
• Goals
•Compare environmental impacts of:
•Heat Treatment
•Methyl Bromide Fumigation
•Radio Frequency Heating
•Compare environmental impacts of:
• 56C/30M
• 60C/60M
• 71C/75M
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Life Cycle Analysis – System boundaries
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Life Cycle Analysis – Wooden Pallets
Life Cycle Stage Carbon Footprint (Kg CO2 eq.)
Manufacture 7.86
Heat Treatment (current ISPM 15)
2.20
Transportation 8.58
End of Life 2.03
Total 20.67
Global Warming Impacts
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Wood PalletsPlastic
Pallets
Heat
Treatment
Me-Br
Fumigation
RF
Heating
(est)
No
Treatment
Production 7.86 7.86 7.86 53.6
Transportation
(per trip) 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.1
Phytosanitary
Treatment 2.2 5.46 0.6 0
End of Life 2.03 2.03 2.03 5.76
Total 12.69 15.95 11.09 60.46
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Heat Treatment Me-Br Fumigation RF Heating Plastic Pallets -No Treatment
Emis
sio
ns
(Kg
CO
2 E
q.)
Treatment Type
End of Life Treatment
Transportation Production
LCA comparison of wood and plastic pallets
Global Warming Impacts (Kg CO2 eq.)
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LCA of Treatment Methods• Comparing Heat Treatment, MeBr Fumigation and RF Heating
• Basis: Carbon footprint generated during the treatment of 1 pallet
• Me Br fumigation has a high Ozone Depletion Potential of 0.51
• RF Heating produces NO harmful emissions from the treatment process – yellowbars below are the result of the generation of the electricity used
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Impact by Process Component
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Uncertainty Analysis
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Sample data set for current ISPM standard
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Estimation of fuel consumption per treatment schedule
HT treatment
(oC/min)
Required
Minimum
Temperature
(oF)
Measured
Minimum
Temperature
(oF)
Preheating
Time (min)
Treatment
Duration
(min)
Kiln
Operation
time (min)
Fuel
Consumption
(BTU/pallet)
56/30 133 140 96.1 30 116.128 4775
60/60 140 147 105.9 60 145.897 5999
71/75 160 167 143.0 75 193.014 7936
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CO2 Emission Comparison
Carbon emission for one pallet in different treatment types
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
HT 56/30 HT 60/60 HT 71/75 MB RF
Treatment Type
Carb
on F
ootp
rint (C
O2 e
q.)
Production Transportation Treatment End of Life
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Loads Treated per Day
0.00 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00
56/30
60/60
71/75
Time
Heat
Tre
atm
en
t
Timeline for Heat Treating Pallets
1st load 2nd load 3rd load
12:00 PM8:00 AM 4:00 PM 8:00 PM
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Longer treatment time incurs opportunity cost for the industry
Cost of heat treating pallet with different treatment types and
loads
0.245
0.464
0.679
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
56/30 60/60 71/75
Treatment Type
Cost
($/p
alle
t)
3 loads/day 2.4 loads/day 2 loads/day
450,000 Pallets/yr
600 Pallets/load
1 kiln for one plant
Opportunity Cost included
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Preliminary Findings
Life Cycle Analysis of pallet types and treatment methods
• Methyl Bromide fumigation produces the largest carbonfootprint of the treatment types
• RF Heating has a much lower estimated life-cycle costthan either conventional Heat Treatment or MethylBromide fumigation
• Proposed longer heat treatment schedules will createadditional environmental impacts, and will increase thecost of treatment significantly
• Increasing cost of wood pallet use for furtherphytosanitary protection may transition the huge globalpallet market toward alternatives with more overallenvironmental impact
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To be continued…