Lawyers Line May - 2013 Edition

7/28/2019 Lawyers Line May - 2013 Edition

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Edito & Pblihe :V.gunasEkaran,B.Sc, [email protected]

Exective Edito :B. Sarkarai PandianD.VasudevanNallan Ramasamy

sb Edito :S.Sathyamurthy, M.K.Anand

Ditict-i-CheCoimbatore : Na. Thangavelan

Puducherry : S. Rajasekar

advioy Committee :E.EzhilCarolin, M.A,B.L. ,J. Suresh,B.A, B.L.R.Rajaram,B.A, B.L.,C.Murugan,B.A,B.L.,K.Ethiraj,M.A., M.Phill.,B.L.,G.Nithiyakumar,B.A, B.L. ,V.Sarojini,B.A, B.L.T.Gnanabanu,B.A,B.L.

Ivetitio Tem :C. Manimaran (Chennai)G.Prabu (Chennai)R.Aravaazhi (Chennai)J. Jenilaya (Vellore),R. Srinivasan (Selam),R.Prabakaran (Trichy),P. Kalpana (Coimbatore),M. Sakthivel,Karu.Marimuthu,M.Rajapandi (Tuticorin),L.Aruna (Tanjore),V.Selvan (Tirunelveli)

advt. & sb. Meti :

G.Prabu - 9942317237V.Baskar - 91763 12470

Dei & LyotG.Kumaraguru

OnLInE suPPOrT :

www.lwyelie.etVetrichelvan,Govindarajan,Babu,VadivelShakthi Online Services

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Q:

Is there any rule to le case against Police ofcers? .my

house is in private plot and they shows that u r in different

plot.they got sum of amt from builder?

- S.Rajasekar, Mumbai

Ans:

Unfortunately, sometimes citizens feel that they are treated

unjustly or abused by the police and wish to le a complaint

against a police ofcer. This can sometimes be an intimidat-

ing task because if the ofcers friends are on staff, then the

person ling the complaint is scared of being harassed. You

can also le a complaint against a police ofcer by mail or

online, depending on your jurisdiction.

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Q:

Why cant the woman is karta of Hindu undivided family?

- A.Prameela, Coimbatore

Ans:

Prior to the Supreme Court judgement in Sahdeo Singh

V/s Ramchabila Singh (1978) case in the Nagpur High Court,

that a mother, though not a coparcener in the joint family,

was in the absence of adult male members competent toact as Karta (manager) of the family and that her acts as a

manager if they are for legal necessity or the benet to the

estate, would be binding on the joint family. However, in the

said Supreme Court judgement, the honourable court held that

only a coparcener can be the Karta manager of a joint family.

Since a widow or a mother is not a coparcener, she cannot be

the manager of a joint family.

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Q:

What if a person goes to jail on IPC 498A, 506, 509. How

can he come out of this cases ?

- L.Chandru, Tharamani

Ans:

He can apply u/sec.439 Cr.P.C.for bail in District or High

Court or he can apply for regular bail in Magistrate Court.

Q:

What is the procedure to have a bail in IPC 380 Case.?

- N.Kingsley, Trichy

Ans:

If the accused now is not under custody then he can le

an anticipatory bail u/sec.438 cr.p.c. or if the accused is now

under custody then he can le a regular bail petition u/sec.439

cr.p.c. in District or High Court through lawyer.-

Q:

i am not legally divorced or separated. my husband and

I are on bad terms and we are going to get a divorce. He has

taken a lot of money out of our account today so I will not

have access to it. Is this fair? Can he take what he wants when

we are talking about getting a divorce?

- T.Sherley, Pondycherry

Ans:

Until there is a court order as to the division of marital

assets the account is marital property and either of you can

take what you require. The only way to prevent this is for

you to take the money and open your own personal account.

Whatever was taken will be counted in the overall marital as-

sets of the divorce so at some point you will be able to recover

your half when the assets of the marriage are divided in the

nal divorce. Theres simply nothing you can do until you

get a case led and get a court order prohibiting him from

depleting marital assets. The courts will routinely issue orders

of this nature pending the nal divorce. So if you can get the

money out and put it in a separate account you can protectyourself until the court issues orders as to marital nances.

F... P M

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In order to give effective rights to theperson injured or expired in an accident,

Fatal Accidents Act, 1885 was enacted in

India. This Act provided only a procedure

and a right of named legal heirs to claim

compensation from the person com-

mitting negligence. This enactment hasworked in India for a comfortable long

period. Because of increase in automa-

tion and consequential losses of life and

property in accident, it was considered

that to give relief to the victims of accident

claims an effective law should be brought

in. To facilitate this, provisions have been

inserted for compulsory third party insur-

ance and to provide a machinery of adju-

dication of claim in Motor Vehicle Act by

amending Act No.110 of 1956, by which

Section 93 to 109 with reference to third

party insurance and Section 110(A) to110(F) with reference to creation of Motor

Accident Claims Tribunal and procedure

for adjudication of claim has been provid-

ed. Initially the liability was restricted to

a particular sum but after 1982 the liabil-

ity of the Insurance Company has been

made unlimited and even the defences of

the Insurance Companies have been re-

stricted so as to ensure payment of com-

pensation to third parties.

In the year 1982 a new concept of

providing interim compensation on No

Fault basis have been introduced by ad-

dition of Section 92(A) to 92(E). By thesame amendment, relief has also been

given those persons who expire by hit

and run accidents, where the offending

vehicles are not identied.

In 1988 a new Motor Vehicle Act has

been introduced and in new Motor Vehi-

cle Acts Chapter 10 provides for interim

award. Chapter 11 provides for insurance

of motor vehicle against third party risk

and Chapter 12 provides for the constitu-

tion of Claims Tribunal and adjudication

of claim and related matters. This law is

still in an era of serious changes.

Section 163A has been added in this

Chapter by amending Act 54 of 1994

w.e.f. 14.11.94 whereby special provi-

sion as to payment of compensation on

structural formula basis has been pro-

vided. This provision is being introduced

to provide compensation to the third

party victims without proving negligence

or tortious act. Schedule-II has been ap-

pended to the Act to give such structural

formula. Honble Supreme Court has

held that award under Section 163A is

nal, independent and not in addition ofaward in claim petition under Section 166

where claim is sought on negligence ba-

sis. Thus, one can claim compensation in

either of the Section.

Section 165 provides the form of

constitution of Claim Tribunal in adjudg-

ing claims of compensation in respect of

accidents involving the death of bodily in-

jury to persons arising out of the use of

Motor Vehicle. Being welfare legislation

the scope of this term has been widened

which includes accident by a stationery

vehicle, injuries suffered by passengers

in bomb blast, injuries due to re in petrol

tanker. Murder in a motor vehicle has also

been covered as a motor accident.

Assessment of Claim:

The assessment of compensation,

however, be made good but cannot be

said to be foolproof. In every such as-

sessment certain assumptions are to

be made and there is all possibility of

variance from Judge to Judge in applying

the various principles enunciated by the

Courts from time to time. Lord Viscount

Simon has evolved a method of assess-

ment known as Nances method morepopularly as discounting method. The

another popular method, which is known

as Davis Method was evolved by Lord

Wright.

Honble Supreme Court while dealing

with a matter evolved a formula. Yearly

Income Yearly expenditure on Deceased

gives the sum expended on legal repre-

sentatives. If this amount is capitalized

subject to certain deductions, pecuniary

loss to the family can be assessed. While

improving the above formula Supreme

Court in CKS Iyers case has stated that

there is no exact uniform rule for measur-

ing the value of human life and measure

of damages cannot be arrived at by a

mathematical calculation but the amount

recoverable depends upon life expect-

ancy of legal representative beneciar-

ies. In the same period Lord Diploc has

evolved Interest Capitalization method by

calculating net pecuniary loss on annual

basis and multiplied with number of years

purchase. The Honble Supreme Court of

India with the development of accident

claims has decided the landmark case

of Susamma Thomas has started giving

appreciation to the annual income of de-

ceased. This appreciation ranges to the

double of income depending upon the

nature of job, age, future prospects etc.Supreme Court has held that after deter-

mining and doubling annual income, 1/3

should be deducted towards the expens-

es to be incurred on the deceased and

the remaining amount should be multi-

plied by a multiplier depending on the age

of deceased and beneciary. The maxi-

mum multiplier approved by Supreme

Court in this case was 16. Later, Supreme

Courts 3 Judges bench have approved

the Davis formula along with determina-

tion of dependency on unit basis in which

the adults have been taken as 2 units and

the minors has been taken as 1 unit. The

multiplier, which was approved as 16 in

Assessment of Compensationin Motor Accident Claims

V.Sarojini, B.A., B.L.,Advocate - Madras High Court


21/36


Sushma Thomas case, was increased to maximum of 18. In this

case the court did not allow double of the amount except that a

premium may be given looking to the future prospects. But, in a

recent Supreme Court judgment, in order to make compensation

just and to take consideration of overall factors multiplier was

reduced from 16 to 12 in case of deceased of 38 years. In same

facts and circumstances, in another case Supreme Court has

said for determination of multiplier depends upon (1) age of de-

ceased (2) age of claimants (3) marital status (4) education and

employment of the claimants; and (5) loss of pecuniary benets.

The Supreme Court has also held that criteria of awarding com-pensation include some guess work, some hypothetical consid-

eration and some amount of sympathy linked with the nature

of disability caused are all involved. But, all such elements arerequired to be viewed with the objective standard.

In view of the above case laws, one can say that the as-

sessment of compensation is to be guided by way of applying

precedents on the facts and circumstances of a particular case.

It should not be misunderstood that an injured or legal repre-

sentatives of the deceased should be given exorbitant claim, but

the law restrict them to be just compensation so as to save the

injured or legal representatives of deceased from possible pecu-

niary and non-pecuniary losses guided by the above judgments.

Conclusion and Suggestions:

The law of accident claims is fast growing and the

amendments to suit the requirement of the object are neces-

sitated but at the same time interest of those should be watched

who are disbursing the compensation i.e. Insurance Compa-

nies. Without affording them right to contest, imposing liability

to make payment cannot be approved by law. Section 170 pro-

vides for seeking permission but this provision can be misused

by the owners and claimants in collusion. Presently because of

increasing scale of compensations almost 10 to 15% or even

more cases presented to the Claim Tribunals are fake or the

other accidents have been converted into road accidents with

connivance of the police authorities. It is necessary that while

increasing the burden of the Insurance Companies they must

get a right of proper contest to mitigate fake cases and also the

quantum.The intention of legislation is to provide just compen-

sation and not exorbitant compensation. This should always bekept in mind.

M Free LegAL AssistAnt

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C.Rajagopalachariar was one of the front leaders of thecongress freedom movement and is considered as the con-

scious keeper of Mahatma Gandhi. He was one of those who

famed the cal policies of the congress after freedom and af-

ter the Congress under Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru became the

Prime Minister of India. The Congress felt that a lest approach

to the economic life of India is required then in 1947 when India

woke to freedom when the world was asleep. Thus a socialist

ideology was introduced in the nancial matters of the Govern -

ment of India and Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru termed it as socialist

Pattern of Society. This concept of a socialist budget was rst

introduced by Dr.John Mathai when he became the Finance Min-

ister of India. This means there would be taxation of the rich,

landlords and business men and there would be less and less of

taxation on the poorer section on the people. This was adopted

by successive Finance Ministers. Sir Chintamun Dashmuk then

T.T.Krishnamachari adopted it. At the same time TTK maintained

the price control. Common man did not feel the impact of taxa-

tion. This policy perhaps led to the gradual encouragement to the

private sector and individuals. This led to the system of permits,

licences and quotas. Rajagopalachari felt that this licence, permit

quota raj will lead to corruption and favouritism. Even though he

wanted a certain amount of control over business houses and in-

dustrial units new entrants to business and trade, he opposed the

licence and permit Raj. But Pandit Nehru struck to the policy and

so Rajagopalachari left the congress to oppose this policy of so-

cialist pattern of society. The resulted in Rajagopalachari found-

ing the Swatantra Party. Rajaji had to tour the entire country from

Kashmir to Kanyakumari, from Assam till Punjab. While he wasopposing the policy of the congress, he has to expose congress

men who wanted to gain by the licence and permit policy. One

such meeting was held in Punjab. He was invited to address the

Bar Association at Chandigrah on the about 26th March 1960.

This meeting was referred by Indian Express dated 26th March

1960 under the caption, opposition to Congresss C R shows

the way to save democracy. Rajaji stated, congress legislators

are such people whom any rst calss magistrate would round up.

They are those without any means of livelihood.

These observation were considered as derogatory of the

dignity of the members of Legislature and Parliament. A mo-

tion of Privilege was given notice of in Lok Sabha when Shri

M.Ananthasayanam Ayyanger was the Speaker. Hon Speaker

felt that ther was no reference to any individual and it is only apassing reference in a speech by Rajaji and therefore the mat-

ter cannot be taken up as motion of privilege against Rajaji. He

disallowed the motion.

But the matter did not stop there. The same was raised as

a motion of Privilege in the Andhra Assembly. The speaker of

the Assembly Shri Alluri Kaleswara Rao, admitted the motion and

sought an explanation from Rajaji. Rajaji cannot think of any per-

son than the parliamentary legend R.V.Krishna Ayyar to explain

the matter. In a letter Rajaji requested Krishna Ayyar to say, (1)

that he made the speech at Punjab but not in Andhra state. (2)

He was not residing at Andhra state and (3) The Lok Sabha has

already disposed of the matter and so the motion against him

shall fail.

It may be pointed out that every citizen has fundamental

rights. Privileges of the legislatures and parliament are special

protective system for them to function effectively in the house.

These special rights are provided to the members only to providethem as a defence from outside interferences. But these privileg-

es not to be used as a weapon to assault others. These rights can

be used to protect them but cannot be used to offend anyone out-

side the House. Krishna Ayyar told Rajagopalachari that he has

made a general statement and his intention he is not to offend an-

yone in the House. Further the legislature and parliament should

not be used to curb the opposite views and public opinion. Thus

on this score the motion of privileges against Rajaji shall fail. But

the other reasons of Rajagoplachari is not tenable.It is not neces-

sary that one should live within the jurisdiction of any legislature

or parliament. Any person residing any where can be caught for

branch of privileges. Secondly, that a speech need not be made

with in the area of the legislature or parliament. A speech may be

made any where in the world. The question is only what is statedis an offence to the legislature and if so, the question of breach

of privileges shall be invoked. Thirdly the other defence of Rajaji

that the Speaker of Lok Sabha has already disposed the issue

and so it should not be raised in any other legislature. Krishna

Ayyar rejected this defence also. If what one spoke is a breach of

privileges, then the matter can be raised in every one the legis-

lature and simply because Lok Sabha Speaker has declined the

issued to be raised is no bar for the issue to be taken up in other

legislature. Every legislature can take up the issue.

After R.V.Krishna Ayyar explanation, the motion of privileges

against Rajaji was disallowed in the Andhra Assembly also. It is

said that Shri A.Kaleswara Rao has consulted R.V.Krishna Ayyar

before dealing with the matter. Both fundamental right and privi-

leges are constitutional rights. They should be complementary

one shall not exclude the other. There should be horomanoas

tolerance by them. Only then Parliamentary system can serve

its purpose.

BoUnDAries oF PreViLeges oF

PArLiAMent AnD LegisLAtUre(Dedicated to R.V.Krishna Ayyar on his 39th death anniversary 05.05.2013) r V krIsHna ayyar

Letter from Rajagopalachari


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