Lattice QCD from the Nuclear Physics Perspective · 2004-03-24 · • Lattice volume large ... •...
Transcript of Lattice QCD from the Nuclear Physics Perspective · 2004-03-24 · • Lattice volume large ... •...
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Lattice QCD from the NuclearPhysics Perspective
J. W. Negele
SciDAC March 23 2004
White Paper: Nuclear Physics with Lattice QCD
http://www-ctp.mit.edu/~negele/WhitePaper.pdf
GOAL: Understand the structureand interactions of hadrons andthe properties of hadronic matterfrom first principles
• Quantitative calculation of
experimental observables
• Insight into how QCD works
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Introduction
How do hadrons arise from QCD?
• Lagrangian constrained by Lorentz invariance,gauge invariance and renormalizability:
• Deceptively simple Lagrangian producesamazingly rich and complex structure of stronglyinteracting matter in our universe
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Basic Ideas in Lattice QCD
• Evolution in Euclidean time
• Lattice Regularization
• Path Integral
• Stochastic solution
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Observables
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Computational Issues
• Fermion determinant - Full QCD
• Lattice spacing small
• Quark mass small
• Lattice volume large
Cost ≈ (mq)-4.5 ≈ (m�)-9
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Current Status
• Include Fermion determinant - Full QCD
• (m�)-9 limits calculations to “heavy pion world”
• Develop physics methodology
• Understand dependence on quark mass
• Terascale resources required for physicalregime
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Three Areas of QCD PhysicsLattice calculations essential to understandingphysics in each case
• Heavy Quark Systems
Confirm standard model or elucidate physicsbeyond it
• QCD Thermodynamics
Properties of hadronic matter under extremeconditions
Foundation for RHIC physics → LHC
• Hadron Structure
Quark and gluon structure of hadrons
Spectroscopy
Hadron-hadron interactions
Crucial to understand physics from Bates,Jlab, SLAC, Fermilab and RHIC-spin
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Impact on DOE Nuclear Physics Program
STAR and PHENIX detectors
RHIC at BNL
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Impact on DOE Nuclear Physics Program
SOS and HMS spectrometers
CEBAF at
JLab
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Hadron Structure
• Form factors
GE , GM Jlab
Strangeness FF Sample, Happex
• Transition form factors
N → ∆ - deformation Bates, JLab
• Parton Distributions RHIC spin, Hermes …
Quark distributions <x>q
Spin distribution - spin crisis ∆Σ ~ <1>∆q
Transversity distribution <1>δq
• Generalized Parton Distributions Jlab
Total quark angular momentum J
Transverse structure of nucleon
Transverse size → 0 as x → 1
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Electromagnetic Form Factors
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RMS Charge Radius
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Nucleon-Delta Transition Form Factor
• Calculate transition amplitudes
M1 dominates
C2 and E2 vanish if nucleon and deltaspherical
• Lattice calculations
hep-lat/030007018 Alexandrou, Tsapalis, J.N et. al.
M1/E2 expt
= -1.6 (.4)
Quenched
= -4.8 (1.1)
Full QCD
= -3.5 (1.2)
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Forward Matrix Elements
Parton distributions at Q = 5 GeV
Moments of parton distributions
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Momentum Fraction <x>
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<x>∆u-∆d
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Quark Angular Momentum
Connected diagram contributions
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Transverse Structure of Parton Distribution
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Smeared transverse structure
model (Burkardt hep-ph/0207047)
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Spectroscopy
• N* Spectroscopy JLab
Number and structure of states
• Exotics JLab
Glueballs
Exotic mesons - gluonic excitations
Pentaquark
• Hadronic Interactions
Heavy-light meson and baryon interactions
• Light quark exchange
• Gluon contributions
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Exotic Mesons
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Roper Resonance
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Pentaquarks
S = +1 five quark state
Diquark model - positive parity
Quark model - negative parity
Preliminary lattice calculations inheavy pion world
Θ (1540} observed at SPRing8, Jlab,…
Stepanyan et.al. hep-ex/0307018 Sasaki hep-lat/0310014
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QCD Thermodynamics
• Phase diagram of QCD
• Zero baryon density (µ = 0)
Transition to Quark Gluon Plasma
E(T), P(T)
• Non-zero baryon density (µ ≠ 0)
Critical point - RHIC signatures
Equation of state - neutron stars
Superconducting phases
• Quark number susceptibility
Event by event fluctuations
• Quark-antiquark potential
J/Ψ production
• Current correlation functions - spectral function
Dilepton and photon emission
Transport coefficients
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Quark Susceptibility
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Screening of Heavy Quark Potential
Kaczmarek et al hep-lat/0309121
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Spectral Functions
J/Ψ survives up to 2.25 TC
Petreczky et al hep-lat/0309012
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Fundamental aspects of QCD
Insight into how QCD works
• Confinement
Mechanism, flux tubes
• Chiral symmetry breaking
Instantons, zero modes
• Low energy effective theory
Parameters of chiral perturbation theory
• Structure of wave functions
Variational wave functions
Density-density correlation functions
• Configurations that dominate path integral
Instantons
• Dependence on parameters of QCD
Nc , Nf , gauge group, mq
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Long Term Effort
• Quantities for which we already have theoreticaland computational tools
Need 10’s of Teraflops - Petaflops for precisioncalculations at level of few percent
• Challenges with the potential for opening stillmore vistas
Example: Finite chemical potential
Cluster algorithms
• Need sustained effort at leading edge oftechnology curve
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Lattice QCD Initiative
Coherent National Plan
Cost optimized hardware: QCDOC and Clusters
SciDAC Computational Infrastructure
• Software development
Uniform optimized software for all platforms
• Cluster development
Hardware Plan
• 10 Tflops QCDOC at BNL in 04
Plan $1 per sustained Mflops in 04
General purpose machines $20-50
• 10 Tflops clusters at Jlab, FNAL in 05 and 06
• Joint high energy and nuclear physics funding
$4M committed in HEP
Seek Nuclear and ASCR support
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SciDAC Software
Uniform QCD physics software environment
Highly optimized for each platform
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FNAL Myrinet Cluster
• 128 Node dual Xeon
• 2.4 GHz P4
• Commissioned 1/03
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Jlab GigE Cluster
• 256 Node single Xeon
• 2.66 GHz P4
• 3 dual GigE cards
• $ 1950/node
• Commissioned 9/03
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Projected Cluster Performance
Staggered fermion inverter at FNAL
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Summary
• Lattice QCD poised to provide fundamentalunderstanding of hadrons and hadronic matter
• Essential tool for understanding contemporaryexperiments
• Demonstrated methodology in “heavy pion world”
• Computer technology ready for 10’s of Teraflops at$1/sustained Mflops.
• Sustained effort at leading edge of technologycurve provides outstanding opportunity forfundamental advances in Nuclear Physics