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A tutorial on
Prof T.N.Nagabhushan M.E(IISc), Ph.D(IISc)
Special Officer
VTU Elearning Center
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Objectives of this workshop
� To empower all researchers use Latex for preparing technical reports, papers and thesis.
� Improve the quality of presentation in a well structure format
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structure format
� Provide basics of the Latex environment and guide through practical sessions
� Develop enough confidence in using Latex
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What You Need ….
� REDHAT LINUX OS Ver 4
� Any PC ( PIV, PV, ,,,,)
� Latex Manual
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COVERAGE
� Basic structure and essentials of Latex
� Syntax and Symantics of Latex –
� Dr T.N.Nagabhushan
� Generating Figure/Graphs,
� Structure of the VTU template,
� Actual compilation, Running through the
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Running through the Thesis tex file
� Hands on � Dr S.K.Padma
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Preface
� LaTeX is a typesetting system (not a word processor).
� It is most suited to producing scientific and mathematical documents of high typographical quality.
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typographical quality.
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Why not MS Word?
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Advantages and Disadvantages (1)
� Advantages of LaTeX over WYSIWYG:
� professionally crafted layouts are available
� the typesetting of mathematical formulae is supported in a convenient way
users need only to learn a few simple commands,
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� users need only to learn a few simple commands, which specify the logical structure of a document.
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Advantages and Disadvantages (2)
� Advantages of LaTeX
� complex structures such as footnotes, references, table of contents, and bibliographies can be generated easily
� for many typographical tasks not directly supported by
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for many typographical tasks not directly supported by basic LaTeX, there exist free add-on packages
� LaTeX is highly portable and free
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Advantages and Disadvantages (3)
� LaTeX also has some disadvantages:� What you see is not what you get.
� Is this really a disadvantage? Why are you thinking about layout instead of content?
� The design of a whole new layout is difficult and takes a lot of time.
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a lot of time.� Templates help you here
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LaTeX Input Files
� The input for LaTeX is a plain ASCII text file.
� You can create it with any text editor.
� It contains� the text of the document
� commands which tell LaTeX how to typeset the text.
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� commands which tell LaTeX how to typeset the text.
� Spaces
� Special Characters
� LaTeX Commands
� Comments
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Spaces
� Whitespace characters (e.g. blank, tab, single
line break) are treated uniformly as “space” by LaTeX.
� Several consecutive whitespace characters are treated as one “space”.
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� An empty line between two lines of text defines the end of a paragraph.
� Several empty lines are treated in the same way as one empty line.
It does not matter whether you
enter one of several spaces after a
word.
An empty line starts a new
paragraph.
It does not matter whether you enter one or several spaces after a word.
An empty line starts a new paragraph.
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Spaces
It does not
matter whether
you enter one of
several spaces
It does not matter whether you enter one or several spaces after a word.
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after a word.
An empty line
starts a new
paragraph.
An empty line starts a new paragraph.
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Special Characters� The following symbols are reserved
characters, that� have a special meaning in LaTeX
$ & % # _ { } ~ ^ \� Some of these characters can be used in
your documents by adding a prefix backslash
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your documents by adding a prefix backslash (escape character):$ & % # _ { } \$ \& \% \# \_ \{ \}
� The other symbols (and many more!) can be printed with special commands in mathematical formulae.
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LaTeX Commands (1)
� LaTeX commands are case sensitive and take one of two formats:� They start with a backslash \ and have a name
consisting only of letters.
� They consist of a backslash and exactly one special character.
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character.
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LaTeX Commands (2)
I read that Knuth divides
people working with TeX
into TeXnicians and
TeXperts. Today is March
25th, 2004.
I read that Knuth
divides people
working with
\TeX{} into
\TeX{}nicians and
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\TeX perts. Today
is \today.
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LaTeX Commands (3)
� Some commands take a parameter which has to be given between curly braces { } after the command name.
� Some commands support optional parameters which are added after the command name in square brackets [ ].
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square brackets [ ].
� The next example uses some LaTeX commands.
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LaTeX Commands (4)
This is emphasized
text.
Please start a new line
right here!
This is \emph{emphasized} text.
Please start a new line right here!\linebreak
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Thank you!
right here!\linebreak Thank you!
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Comments
� When LaTeX encounters a % character while processing an input file, it ignores the rest of the present line.
� This is useful for adding notes to the input file, which will not show up in the printed
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file, which will not show up in the printed version.
This text is
processed.
This text is processed. % A comment isn’t
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Input File Structure (1)
� When LaTeX2e processes an input file it expects it to follow a certain structure. Every input file starts with the command:
\documentclass{...}
� This specifies what sort of document you intend to write (article, letter, book, thesis, etc.)
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(article, letter, book, thesis, etc.)
� After that, you can include global style commands or you can load packages which add new features to the LaTeX system. To load a package you use the command:
\usepackage{...}
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Input File Structure (2)
� When all the setup work is done, you start the body of the text with the command:
\begin{document}
� Now you enter the text mixed with some useful LaTeX commands.
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useful LaTeX commands.
� At the end of the document you use the
\end{document}
command, which tells LaTeX to finish. Anything which follows this command will be ignored by LaTeX
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Parts of a LaTeX Document:
\documentclass
� First line of all LaTeX documents specifies
{article}{report}{book}{letter}
Basic Classes
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� First line of all LaTeX documents specifies the {type} of the document and the [stylesheet] used.
\documentclass[ieee]{article}
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A Simple LaTeX Document
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
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This is some sample text.
\end{document}
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A more realistic LaTeX file\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{article}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\author{XYZ}
\title{Dependable Nanocomputing Lab}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents
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\tableofcontents
\section{Introduction}
Here begins my first article \ldots
\section{Conclusions}
\ldots{} and here it ends.
\end{document}
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Sections
\section{Section Title}
\subsection{Title}
\subsubsection{Title}
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\subsubsection{Title}
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Font size
\tiny \scriptsize \footnotesize
\small \normalsize
\large \Large
\LARGE \huge
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\huge
\Huge
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Page Styles
� LaTeX supports three predefined header/footer combinations. These are known as page styles.
� The style parameter of the \pagestyle{style}command defines which one to use:� plain prints the page numbers on the bottom of the page
in the middle of the footer (default page style)
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in the middle of the footer (default page style)
� headings prints the current chapter heading and the page
number on each page. Footer is empty
� empty - both header and footer empty
� More elaborate headers and footers can be created using the fancyheadings package
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Typesetting Mathematics
� LaTeX has a special mode for typesetting mathematics, called “math mode”.
� Within a paragraph, math mode is entered between $ characters, or by using the \begin{math} and \end{math} commands
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To find the square of
the hypotenuse, add a
squared to b squared
to find c squared,
e.g. .
It’s as easy as that!
\begin{math} and \end{math} commands
To find the square of the hypotenuse, add a squared to b squared to find c squared, e.g. $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$. It’s as easy as that!
222cba =+
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Typesetting Mathematics
Greek Symbols
\alpha, \beta, \gamma
Superscript, Subscript
x^y x_y x_y^z
Calculus
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Calculus
\int_0^\infty \int{\int}
\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}
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Typesetting Mathematics
x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac} } {2a}
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Some more Math equations\begin{center}
{\large
$$ y=\frac{a^3+2c_{x}}{1+\sqrt{b_{x}}} $$ \\
\vspace{0.2in}
$$ Q=\sum_{i=1}^{j}\int_{\mu}^{\infty}f(x_{j})dx $$ \\
\vspace{0.2in}
$$ \Psi = \oint_{-
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$$ \Psi = \oint_{-\infty}^{\infty}f_{xy}({\frac{\partial
Qx}{\partial Qy}})^{\Im_{\pi}^ \prime} $$ \\ }
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Typesetting Mathematics� In a research paper or thesis, you will often want to number
equations and refer to them in the text
� This is done using the equation environment, and the commands \label and \ref
… it is clear that
ε > 0. (1)
\ldots it is clear
that
\begin{equation}
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� (note that \label and \ref are used with figures and tables too)
ε > 0. (1)
From Equation 1 it follows that
...
\begin{equation}
\epsilon > 0.
\label{eq:eps}
\end{equation}
From
Equation~\ref{eq:eps}
it follows that
\ldots
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Typesetting Mathematics
� Matrices are produced using the \textbf{array} environment. Example:
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The \emph{characteristic polynomial} $\chi(\lambda)$ of the
$3 \times 3$~matrix
\[ \left( \begin{array}{ccc}
a & b & c \\
d & e & f \\
g & h & i \end{array} \right)\]
is given by the formula
\[ \chi(\lambda) = \left| \begin{array}{ccc}
\lambda - a & -b & -c \\
-d & \lambda - e & -f \\
-g & -h & \lambda - i \end{array} \right|.\]
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Including Graphics
� LaTeX2e includes a standard package for including PostScript graphics in your document. Load it using
\usepackage{graphics}
� A figure can be included using, for example,
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� A figure can be included using, for example,
\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=140mm]{mypic.ps}
\end{center}
\caption{An example of a figure.}
\label{fig:example}
\end{figure}
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Figures and Tables
� Figures & Tables cannot be broken between pages
� They are “floated”
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\begin{figure}
\includegraphics{sample}
\caption{A sample figure.}
\end{figure}
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� Columns� \begin{tabular}{|…|…|}
� \end{tabular}
� Rows� & - Split text into columns
Two Columns
l = automatically adjust
size, left justify
r = automatically adjust
size, right justify
p = set size
e.g p{4.7cm}
c = centre text
Tabular
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& - Split text into columns
� \\ - End a row
� \hline - Draw line under row
� e.g. 123123 & 34.00\\ \hline
c = centre text
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Example of table\begin{tabular}{|l|r|c|} \hline
Date & Price & Size \\ \hline
Yesterday & 5 & Big \\ \hline
Today & 3 & Small \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
Date Price Size
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Date Price Size
Yesterday 5 Big
Today 3 Small
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Cross-referencing
\label{marker}
\ref{marker}
\pageref{marker}
� Example:
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� Example:
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
…
As mentioned in section \ref{intro} in page pageref{intro}
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Bibliographies
� Articles can be referred to in the text using the \cite command
� The details of the cited articles are stored in BibTeX format, in a “.bib” file.
� BibTeX resolves the citations in the LaTeX
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� BibTeX resolves the citations in the LaTeX file and generates the required bibliography
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Types of Documents BibTex can handle
� ARTICLE
� BOOK
� BOOKLET
� INBOOK
� INCOLLECTION
� MISC
� PHDTHESIS
� PROCEEDINGS
� TECHREPORT
� UNPUBLISHED
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� INCOLLECTION
� INPROCEEDINGS
� MANUAL
� UNPUBLISHED
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Each Document type can have the following
entries
� address
� author
� booktitle
� chapter
� crossref
� month
� note
� number
� organization
� pages
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� crossref
� edition
� editor
� howpublished
� institution
� journal
� key
� language
� pages
� publisher
� school
� series
� title
� type=“Ph.D. dissertation”
� volume
� year
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Sample BibTex
Book Entry
(mybib.bib)
@BOOK{Press,
author="W.H. Press",
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author="W.H. Press",
title="Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of
Scientific Computing",
publisher="Cambridge University Press",
year=1992,
}
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Sample BibTex
Technical Report Entry
@TECHREPORT{Berk,
author="Lex A. Berk and L.S. Bernstein and D.C. Robertson",
title="MODTRAN: a moderate resolution
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title="MODTRAN: a moderate resolution model for LOWTRAN 7",
number="GL-TR-89-0122",
institution="Spectral Science",
address = "Burlington, MA",
year = 1989
}
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Sample BibTex
Ph.D. Dissertation Entry
@PHDTHESIS{Kuo,
author="Jan-Tai Kuo",
title="The Influence of Hydrodynamic Transport on Phytoplankton Dynamics
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Transport on Phytoplankton Dynamics in Homogeneous Lakes",
school="Cornell University",
address="Ithaca, NY",
year=1981,
}
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Sample BibTex
Master’s Thesis Entry
@MASTERSTHESIS{Knobelspiesse,
author="Kirk D. Knobelspiesse",
title="Atmospheric Compensation for SeaWIFS Images
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title="Atmospheric Compensation for SeaWIFS Images of Lake Superior Utilizing Spatial Information",
school="Rochester Institute of Technology",
addess="Rochester, NY",
month=Sep,
year=2000,
}
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Sample BibTex
Article Entry@ARTICLE{Vodacek,
author="Anthony Vodacek and F.E. Hoge and R.N. Swift and J.K. Yungel and E.T. Peltzer and N.V. Blough",
title="The use of in situ and airborne fluorescence measurements to determine UV absorption coefficients and DOC concentrations in surface waters",
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waters",
journal="Limnology and Oceanography",
volume=40,
number=2,
year=1995,
pages="411--415",
}
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Sample BibTex
Booklet Entry
@BOOKLET{Sherwood,
author="D.A. Sherwood",
title="Phosphorus Loads Entering Long Pond, A Small Embayment of Lake Ontario near
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Small Embayment of Lake Ontario near Rochester, New York",
howpublished="USGS Fact Sheet 128-99",
pages=4,
month="November",
year=1999,
}
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Sample BibTex
Proceedings Entry
@INPROCEEDINGS{Stoermer,
author="E.F. Stoermer",
title="Nearshore phytoplankton populations in the Grand Haven, Michigan vicinity during
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the Grand Haven, Michigan vicinity during thermal bar conditions",
booktitle="Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Great Lakes Research",
pages="137--150",
year=1968,
}
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Commands to Build and
View Document
To use xdvi viewer
% latex bib.tex
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% latex bib.tex
% bibtex bib.aux
% latex bib.tex
% latex bib.tex
% xdvi bib.dvi
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Running LaTeX
� The simplest way to run LaTeX on a source document is to do so at the UNIX command line:
� There will be:
>latex test.tex
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� There will be:
test.aux # the auxiliary file that LaTeX will use in subsequent passes to resolve references to figures, tables, citations etc.test.log # a log file that contains information about the LaTeX runtest.dvi # the DeVice Independent output file. This is the
typeset document, ready for conversion to postscript or other printable formats
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Running LaTeX
� We can view the document we have created using a DVI viewer. The most common one under UNIX is xdvi. Type
>xdvi test
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>xdvi test
to see the typeset document
� It is important to realise that LaTeX sometimes needs to be run several times to resolve all references.
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Your Latex File Your Bibtex File
Latex compile x3
Bibtex compile x2
(a text file)
Creating Latex Files
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Bibtex compile x2
Latex compile x3
Your Postscript File
dvips compile x1Device independentoutput .dvi
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Output Formats
� .dvi Device Independent
� .ps Post Script
� .pdf PDF
� .rtf Rich Text Format
.html HTML
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� .html HTML
� .xml XML
1
![Page 53: Latex Vtu Ws](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042422/540f754f7bef0a21408b47b8/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
How to run LaTeX
latex myfile
Edit myfile
Resolve
cross-
reference
Resolve
compile
error
myfile.tex
myfile.dvi
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xdvi myfile
(UNIX)
yap myfile
(Windows)
myfile.dvi
dvips myfile myfile.ps
![Page 54: Latex Vtu Ws](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042422/540f754f7bef0a21408b47b8/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
THANK YOU
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