Late Qing Crisis HI 168: Lecture 4 Dr. Howard Chiang.
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Transcript of Late Qing Crisis HI 168: Lecture 4 Dr. Howard Chiang.
Late Qing Crisis
HI 168: Lecture 4Dr. Howard Chiang
Empress Dowager Cixi
Zongli Yamen
The Changing Context
• 1861: Zongli Yamen• 1864: international law• 1873: foreign audience no kowtow• 1876: diplomatic missions• Universal empire (天下 ) to nation-
state (國家 )• Western perception – Mutiny of 1857
in India -> British policy in China changed to moderation (gradual decline)
Sino-French War (1884-85)
Tributary Retraction
Losing Vietnam: Sino-French War (1884-1885)- realists (Li Hongzhang) vs. pro-war faction- afterward: final phase of the “self-strengthening
movement” (1885-1895)
Losing Korea: Li-Ito Convention (1884)- after Japan annexed Okinawa in 1879- Each country promised to notify the other if it was
planning to send forces in the future
Losing Taiwan: First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)- July 23, 1894, Japanese captured Seoul
Li Hongzhang
Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)
Treaty of Shimonoseki
• April 17, 1895: China recognizes independence of Korea
• China cedes to Japan Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula- Triple Intervention (Russia, Germany, and France)
• 200-300 million taels indemnity• China is to grant Japan (replacing
Britain) the most-favored-nation treatment
“Carving up the Chinese Mellon”
Russian Interest: Russia monopolized special status in Beijing until the Treaty of Tianjin in 1860 – insisted that the Qing ceded a million square km of lands east and north of the Amur River to Russia (Maritime Province)
Chinese Eastern Railway: cuts through Manchuria
“Carving up the Chinese Mellon”
Germany: 99 yrs Qingdao & Jiaozhou Port (Mar 1898)
Russia: 25 yrs Port Arthur & Dalian (Mar 1898)Russia: South Manchuria Railway
Britain: 25 yrs Port of Weihai (Mar 1898)Britain: 99 yrs New Territories of Hong Kong (June 1898)
France: 99 yrs Guangzhou Bay (Apr 1898)
Partitioning of China- Queen Victoria
- William II (Germany)- Nicholas II (Russia)- French Marianne
- Meiji Emperor
Kang YouweiThe Book of Great Unity
Liang Qichao- ‘grouping’- democracy- newspapers- modern intelligentsia
Guangxu Emperor
Yuan Shikai
Eight-Nation Force
Eight-Nation Force
The Boxer Catastrophe
Context: late 19th-c. resentment at foreign presence- gentry & local officials concerned with the rivalry of
Christian missionaries- China’s economic downtown - the availability of
foreign goods, the establishment of Western businesses and railways, and the circulation of foreign currency
- heavy taxes levied
Context: domestic natural disasters- Yellow River flooded 400 villages in Shandong- severe draught in north China- popular superstitions blamed foreign presence
The Boxer Catastrophe
The Boxer movement:- a social explosion that emerged from a culture of
poverty in north China- name taken from the martial arts “Boxing”- constituents: young farmers, laborers, unemployed
drifters, and other socially marginalized individuals- 3 main targets: foreigners, Chinese Christian
converts, & others involved in foreign economic enterprises
- 1899-1900 spread to Zhili, Henan, Shanxi, and Inner Mongolia and Manchuria
- lacked central leadership (unlike Taiping rebellion)- The Empress Dowager Cixi supported the Boxers!!
Eight-Nation Force
Eight-Nation Force
The Boxer Protocol (Sept. 1901)
- Execution and punishment of officials who had participated in the war
- Suspended the civil service examinations for 5 years in 45 cities
- Demanded over 2 dozen forts to be demolished- Expanded legation headquarters- 2-year prohibition on China’s importation of arms- Most disastrous: 450 million taels indemnity (the
Qing government’s annual revenue is 88-89 million taels)