Late Holocenepalaeohydrographical evolutionin the...

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Silvia E. Piovan University of Padova Department of Historical Geographical and Antiquity Science Geography Section email: [email protected] 15 th IP Seminar on “Geography of Water” Munich and Upper Bavaria 15 th 26 th July, 2012 Late Holocene palaeohydrographical evolution in the southern Venetian Plain

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Silvia E. PiovanUniversity of PadovaDepartment of Historical Geographical and Antiquity ScienceGeography Sectione‐mail: [email protected]

15th IP Seminar on “Geography of Water”Munich and Upper Bavaria

15th‐26th July, 2012

Late Holocene palaeohydrographicalevolution in the southern Venetian Plain

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ADRIATIC SEA

VENICE

Po

ADRIAROVIGO

PADOVA

Adige

Brenta

BacchiglioneCHIOGGIA

Euganei Hills

Berici Hills

Prealpine relief

Tartaro

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• Reconstruct the paleohydrographical evolution of the southern Venetian plain.

• Study the evolution of the coastline in relation with the palaeohydrographical changes during the Late Holocene (the last 5000 years ca).

• Project Arcus “Via Annia”, for the study of the Roman Age road.• Project CARG “Sheet 147 – Monselice”, for the geological mapping of Italy at the scale of 1:50,000.

FIRST PARTOF THE 

PRESENTATION 

SECOND PARTOF THE 

PRESENTATION 

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Remote sensing• DTM• LIDAR• Aerial photos, satellite images

Literature review• Historical cartography analysis• Historical documentation analysis

Field survey and chrono‐stratigraphical analysis• More than 100 manual boreholes organized in transects across the major 

alluvial ridges (depth from 4 to 9 m).• Open sections from building and archaeological excavations

Laboratory analysis• Radiocarbon datings• Petrographical analysis

• Quantitative compositional point counting of the sand samples , following the standard Gazzi‐Dickinson technique (Gazzi, 1966; Dickinson, 1970; Zuffa, 1980).

• 300 grains/sample

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• An alluvial ridge is an elevated feature of a floodplain, formed by the aggradation of fluvial sediments deposited at the side of the channel.

• During high discharge periods when the river floods, coarse sediment settles out near the stream channel and grades to finer material further away.

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2‐3 meters higher thanthe floodbasin

1.

2.

3.

4.

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Photo by A. Ninfo

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• To prevent floodings, artificial banks are often built close to the channel, typically higher than natural levees.

• Confining the flood discharge to a small area increases the velocity of flow. 

Mississippi River delta in Louisiana

• For example, the levees of the Mississippi River increase the flow velocity near the mouth as it enters the Gulf of Mexico.

• As a result, sediment is shot into the Gulf rather than being deposited near the mouth building the famous 'bird's foot' delta.

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ADRIA

ADRIATIC SEA

PADOVA

Po

ROVIGO

• Many published works attributed the major alluvial ridges to a particular fluvial system (Adige and Po) only by mean of remote sensing analysis, archaeological evidences and storiographical information. 

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ROVIGO

Adria

Saline

Conselve

ConaPettorazzaGrimani

N

Montagnana

EsteMonselice

Badia Polesine

28 m a.s.l.

-4 m a.s.l.

PROBLEM: to distinguish alluvial ridges formed by Adige from those formed by Po alluvial system (and, for the southermost area, by the Tartaro one???).

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11 transects of boreholes and open sections across the major alluvial ridges have been performed, in order to:• study their stratigraphical architecture, also in relation with archaeological sites.• collect sand samples in order to perform a petrographical analysis and correlate the palaeochannels to the right fluvial system.

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Sand petrography sample

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Final Bronze to Roman Age archaeologicalstratigraphy

1

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Bronze Age(Piovan et al. 2010)

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Bronze to Roman Age(Piovan et al., submitted)

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Bonavigo

Present-day Adige alluvial ridge

Montagnana-Este-Conselve alluvial ridge

In the High Middle Ages, an important avulsion occurred in Bonavigo, about 30 km western fromthe study area, and Adige River abandoned the Montagna‐Este‐ Conselve course in favour of the present‐day one, about 20 km to the south.

ConselveEste

Montagnana

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DTM of the Bonavigo avulsion area.

Montagnana

Bonavigo

Legnago

N

Present-d

ay Adige

alluvial ri

dge Montagnana-Este-

Conselve alluvial ridge

28 m a.s.l.

1 m a.s.l.

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Sand petrography sample

Adige - Present-day(Piovan et al., submitted)

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Po - Iron Age?(radiocarbon datings still in

progress)

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Modified from Piovan et alii (2010)

Petrographical sand analysis: the sampling

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Microcline - NA01 Dolostone - TRE01

Siltstone - NA01Volcanite - TRE01Glaucophane - NA01

Inosilicate - TA01

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PETROFACIES B: Quarzolithic petrofacies,with 52.4% average quartz content and a relatively more abundant feldspar content

PETROFACIES A: Large abundance of dolostone and of acidic volcanic rock fragments

Quartz

Lithic + Extrabasinal CarbonatesFeldspar

(Gazzi et al. 1973)

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PETROFACIES B, belonging to Po sands is also characterized by abundant heavy minerals with the diagnostic presence of glaucophane (Gazzi et al., 1973; Stefani, 2002).

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• Adige and Po sands are well distinguishable by mean of the triangular plot Q‐F‐L+CE.

• Po sands are distinguishable from the Adige ones also by the presence of glaucophane.

• Petrographical sand analysis performed on sand samples confirm that Fratta and Saline‐Cona alluvial ridge belonging to Po fluvial system.

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Zecchin et al. (2009) - Continental Shelf Research

Zecchin et al. (2009), thanks to a stratigraphical investigation (seismic profiles and cross‐section) recognized a late Holocene 

delta mouth sedimentary system in the southern Venice Lagoon. 

Buried DELTA recognized byZecchin et al. 

(2009)

OBJECTIVE: To reconstruct the coastline evolutionin relation with the Adige and Po palaeohydrography. 

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DELTAAdige + Po(Piovan et al., submitted)

• On the basis of the geomorphological and stratigraphicdata, it is possible to assign this delta system to the Saline‐Cona Po branch, active during 4‐3 ka BP.

• In that time, the Adige River did not directly reach the sea, as it was a tributary of the Po River through the Conselve ridge.

• The northernmost lobe of the Po delta was thus fed by the sedimentary input of both the Po and Adige Rivers.

• This implies that the Po delta was extending as far as 30 km north of the present‐day river position.

Bronze Age (3000-1000 BC ca.)

AdigeBronze to Roman Age

(Piovan et al., submitted)

Po - Bronze Age

(Piovan et al. 2010)

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Iron to Roman Age (10th - 4th BC century)

AdigeDELTA 

(Piovan et al., submitted)

Po DELTA(Bondesan et al., 1995;

Stefani & Vincenzi, 2005) 

AdigeBronze to Roman Age

(Piovan et al., submitted)

Po - Iron Age?(radiocarbon datings still on work)

• The deactivation of the Saline‐ConaPo  branch  through  avulsion  just upstream of Rovigo, around 3 ka BP (at  the  beginnig of  the  Iron  Age), led  to a southwards shift of  the Po delta system.

• The Adige  River  kept  its mouth  in the same area and, from 3 ka BP to Roman times, built  its own delta  in the  southern  Venice  Lagoon, prograding on  the  previous northern Po delta lobe.

X

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Middle Ages (6th BC century) - now

AdigeDELTA(Middleand

ModernAge) 

• The  Adige  avulsion  at  Bonavigo during  the  early  Middle  Ages  led  to  the  abandonment  of  the Montagnana‐Este‐Conselve‐Santa Margherita path. As a consequence, the delta in the southern Venice Lagoon was also definitely abandoned and the Adige River started to build another delta in its present‐day position, about 15 km further to the south.

PoDELTA(Middleand

ModernAge) 

X

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Piovan et al. (submitted to Geomorphologie)• Accelerated growing of the Po delta during the Middle and Modern Ages is due to...

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Po River artificial embankment

…the construction of very high artificial embankments since  XIV century (by the Venetian Government),  that do not allow the rivers to deliver any sediment discharge to its lateral alluvial plain (Cremonini, 2007).

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• The general seawards migration of the coastline since the mid‐Holocene indicates that the Po and Adige sediment supply overhelmed the Holocene relative sea‐level rise. The results show that major avulsive events in the upstream tracts of the Adige and Po Rivers (in Bonavigo and Rovigo respectively) forced the  migration of delta lobes.

• The detailed reconstruction of the directions of the major Adige and Po River branches in the alluvial plain allows a better understanding of deltaic evolution along the Adriatic coast.

• A general southward shift of the river systems and related delta lobes is recorded during the last 4 ka, suggesting a migration of the depocenter towards the present Po delta area.

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