last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2...

122

Transcript of last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2...

Page 1: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995
Page 2: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

b i o l o g i ab i o l o g i a

I X k l a s iI X k l a s i

m a s w a v l e b l i s w i g n im a s w a v l e b l i s w i g n i

n. zaaliSvili n. iosebaSvilin. zaaliSvili n. iosebaSvili

Page 3: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

sagamomcemlo saxli

ISBN EANISBN EAN

© sagamomcemlo saxli `triasi~

sagamomcemlo saxli `triasi~

Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7.

tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52.

+995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89;

mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995 79 49 77 99

www.triasi.geEmail: [email protected]

redaqtori: x. klau

teqredaqtori: g. CiqviniZe

mxatvrebi: l. siWinava

l. cxondia

dizaini,

komp. uzrunvelyofa: g. tabliaSvili

l. siWinava

Page 4: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

Cveni saxelmZRvanelos SesaxebCveni saxelmZRvanelos Sesaxeb .....................................................................................................4

wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi mimarTulebebis mixedviTwlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi mimarTulebebis mixedviT ........................................8

wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi da indikatorebiwlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi da indikatorebi .............................................................9

programis Sinaarsiprogramis Sinaarsi ............................................................................................................................13

masalis Sesatyvisoba erovnul saswavlo gegmasTan da misi masalis Sesatyvisoba erovnul saswavlo gegmasTan da misi

saaTobrivi ganawilebis badesaaTobrivi ganawilebis bade .....................................................................................................14

gakveTilebis scenarebigakveTilebis scenarebi

§2. §2. memkvidreobiToba ......................................................................................................................24 mitozi

mitozis mniSvneloba§9.§9. cvalebadoba ..................................................................................................................................28 memkvidruli cvalebadoba §10. §10. aramemkvidruli cvalebadoba .............................................................................................33§11. §11. seleqciis tradiciuli da Tanamedrove meTodebi mcenareTa seleqcia ...................................................................................................................36 cxovelTa seleqcia§15.§15. niadagi da misi struqtura ................................................................................................... 39

organizmTa Seguebulobani sxvadasxva struqturis niadagis mimarT

§19.§19. energiis gadacema kvebiT jaWvSi .......................................................................................42§20. §20. populaciis ricxobrioba ..................................................................................................... 48 masze moqmedi faqtorebi populaciis ricxobriobis gansazRvris meTodebi

pasuxebi teqstSi CarTul da saSinao pasuxebi teqstSi CarTul da saSinao davalebebis kiTxvebzedavalebebis kiTxvebze ................................. 56

informacia maswavleblisTvisinformacia maswavleblisTvissaqarTvelos mineraluri wylebi ............................................................................................116 evkalipti ..............................................................................................................................................117globaluri daTboba _ alternatiuli Teoriebi ......................................................... 117Cernobilis tragedia ....................................................................................................................118

ZaRlis jiSi _ niufaundlendi ...............................................................................................119ZaRlis jiSi _ Sarpei ....................................................................................................................119

s a r C e v is a r C e v i

Page 5: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

4

Cveni saxelmZRvanelos SesaxebCveni saxelmZRvanelos Sesaxeb

saxelmZRvanelos Sedgenisas mTlianad gaviTvaliswineT erovnuli saswavlo

gegmis standartebi da misaRwevi Sedegebi.

IX klasis programis SinaarsiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebi dayofilia 5 Te-

mad (logo 1), romelic gadanawilebulia 28 paragrafSi (logo 2). TiToeu-

li paragrafi agebulia standartuli sqemis mixedviT. paragrafi iwyeba im

gansaxilveli sakiTxebis CamoTvliT, romelzec unda moxdes moswavlis yu-

radRebis koncentrireba. amitom is gansxvavebuli SriftiT aris gamoyo-

fili da aqvs Sesabamisi aRniSvna (logo 3). amas mosdevs paragrafis ZiriTadi

teqsti, romelic zogjer qveparagrafebadaa dayofili da aRniSnulia viwro

zoliT (logo 4).

1

2

3

4

Page 6: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

5

6

7

5

Page 7: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

6

vecadeT, rom teqstis ena yofiliyo martivi, moswavlisTvis advilad gasage-

bi, xolo masala iseTi formiT miwodebuli, rom moswavles ar gasZneleboda

teqstis ZiriTadi azris sakuTari sityvebiT aRwera da axsna. teqstSi moyva-

nilia magaliTebi cnebebis, movlenebisa da procesebis asaxsnelad.

teqstSi CarTulia ilustraciebi _ fotoebi, sqemebi, cxrilebi, naxatebi,

romlebsac didi funqciuri datvirTva aqvT _ zogjer isini teqstis nawils

warmoadgenen. TvalsaCinoeba da teqsti erT mxedvelobiT areSia moqceuli.

vecadeT, rom TvalsaCinoeba advilad aRqmadi yofiliyo.

teqstSi CarTulia kiTxvebi, romelic wiTeli wertiliTaa moniSnuli

(logo 5). am mimarTulebiTi kiTxvebiT vcdilobT, moswavleebi etapobrivad

miviyvanoT cnebebis gagebamde. vfiqrobT, es kiTxvebi maT saSualebas mis-

cems, gaiazron teqstSi mocemuli informacia, damoukideblad dasvan prob-

lema da Seecadon mis gadaWras. teqstSi CarTuli cdebi mwvane wertiliTaa

moniSnuli (logo 6). paragrafis ZiriTad teqsts mohyveba daskvniTi nawili,

romelic mokled asaxavs paragrafis ZiriTad

Sinaarss (logo 7).

paragrafis bolo nawili eTmoba Temis aTvisebis, codnis ganmtkicebisa da

praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebisTvis aucilebel samuSaoebs. sa xel-

mZRvanelos am nawilSi mocemulia savarjiSoTa erToblioba, romelic moi-

cavs dabali, saSualo da maRali sirTulis savarjiSoebs. maT mizans warmoad-

gens rogorc saazrovno operaciebis daufleba, ise kvlevis unar-Cvevebisa

da SemoqmedebiTobis ganviTareba.

savarjiSoebis TiToeuli tipi Sesabamisi logoTia moniSnuli.savarjiSoebis TiToeuli tipi Sesabamisi logoTia moniSnuli.

eqsperimenti, praqtikuli samuSao, tabulebis, cxrilebis, diagra-

mebisa da eqsperimentebis Sedegebis analizi.

sxvadasxva tipis kiTxvebi da testebi, romlebic moswavleebs uvi-

Tarebs movlenebis mizezebis axsnis, mizezebsa da Sedegebs Soris

kavSirebis dadgenis unars.

Page 8: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

7

rTuli kiTxvebi, romlebic moswavleebSi aviTarebs hipoTezis

gamoTqmis, sakuTari poziciis dasasabuTeblad argumenebis moy-

vanisa da Sesabamisi daskvnebis gakeTebis unar-Cvevebs.

informaciis moZieba, referatis momzadeba da prezentacia.

modelis Seqmna.

damatebiTi informacia da zogierTi rCeva paragrafSi ganxilul

TemasTan dakavSirebiT.

sakvanZo sityvebi internetSi informaciis mosaZieblad,

internetmisamarTebi.

Page 9: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

8

mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebamecnieruli kvleva-Zieba kvl. IX.1.kvl. IX.1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis eta-

pebi.

kvl .IX.2. kvl .IX.2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/ mona-

cemebis aRricxva.

kvl. IX.3.kvl. IX.3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunika-

cio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.

kvl. IX.4. kvl. IX.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.

cocxali samyarococxali samyaro

biol.IX.5.biol.IX.5. moswavles SeuZlia daaxasiaTos cocxali sistemis zogadi niSan-

Tvisebebi.

biol.IX.6.biol.IX.6. moswavles SeuZlia daaxasiaTos memkvidreobiToba da cvaleba-

doba, Camoayalibos memkvidreobiTobis kanonebi; imsjelos gene-

tikis mniSvnelobaze seleqciasa da medicinaSi.

biol.IX.7. biol.IX.7. moswavles SeuZlia imsjelos cocxali samyaros istoriul ganvi-

Tarebaze, daukavSiros organizmTa mravalferovneba evoluciis

process.

biol.IX.8. biol.IX.8. moswavles SeuZlia gaaanalizos urTierTkavSiri ekosistemis

komponentebs Soris da imsjelos organizmebis urTierTqmedebis

rolze ekosistemis stabilurobis SenarCunebaSi.

biol.IX.9. biol.IX.9. moswavles SeuZlia gaaanalizos garemo faqtorebis mniSvneloba

adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis.

wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi mimarTulebebis mixedviT:wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi mimarTulebebis mixedviT:

Page 10: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

9

wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi da indikatorebi:wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi da indikatorebi:

mimarTuleba: samecniero kvleva ZiebamimarTuleba: samecniero kvleva Zieba

kvl.IX.1.kvl.IX.1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis eta-

pebi.

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle: Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

• ayalibebs kvlevis mizans;

• gamoTqvams mosazrebas/varauds;

• arCevs monacemebis mopovebis gzebs (mag., cdiT, savele samuSaos Catare-

biT, gamokiTxviT, sakiTxis irgvliv literaturis moZiebiT);

• ganarCevs mocemuli amocanisTvis mudmiv da cvlad (damoukidebel, damo-

kidebul) parametrebs;

• gansazRvravs kvleviTi aqtivobebis Tanmimdevrobas;

• arCevs saTanado xelsawyoebs/ aRWurvilobas/instrumentebs;

• arCevs monacemebis aRricxvis formebs (cxrilebi, grafikebi, siebi, fo-

toebi, Canawerebi).

kvl.IX.2.kvl.IX.2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/mona-

cemebis aRricxva.

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle: Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

• iyenebs Sesabamis masalas an/da aRWurvilobas da atarebs dagegmil cdas

usafrTxoebis wesebis dacviT;

• awarmoebs dakvirvebas da/an gazomvebs, aRricxavs monacemebs;

• akvirdeba, zomavs, iyenebs informaciul-sakomunikacio saSualebebs mo-

nacemebis saTanado sizustiT registrirebisTvis (mag., cvladebis mniSv-

nelobebis aRricxva qronologiurad);

• iyenebs saTanado wesebs sakuTari da sxvaTa usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsay-

ofad.

kvl.IX.3.kvl.IX.3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunika-

cio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle: Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

• iyenebs sxvadasxva xerxs (diagramebs, cxrilebs, grafikebs, siebs) mona-

cemTa warmosadgenad;

• iyenebs sainformacio-sakomunikacio teqnologiebs Tvisebrivi da ra-

odenobrivi monacemebis warmosadgenad.

kvl.IX.4.kvl.IX.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle: Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

• iyenebs diagramebs, cxrilebs da grafikebs monacemebs an cvladebs So-

ris damokidebulebis aRsawerad;

Page 11: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

1010

biol.IX.5.biol.IX.5. moswavles SeuZlia daaxasiaTos cocxali sistemis zogadi niSan-

Tvisebebi.

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

• msjelobs cocxali sistemis ZiriTad kriteriumebze (kveba, gaRizianeba-

doba, gamoyofa, moZraoba, zrda, gamravleba, nivTierebaTa da energiis

cvla) da asabuTebs, rom mxolod cocxali flobs erToblivad am Tvise-

bebs;

• mopovebuli informaciis safuZvelze asabuTebs, rom sicocxlis orga-

nizaciis qveda safexuri gansazRvravs momdevno safexuris Tvisebebs da

Sesabamis masalas warmoadgens sxvadasxva gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebiT

(mag., diagrama).

biol.IX.6.biol.IX.6. moswavles SeuZlia daaxasiaTos memkvidreobiToba da cvaleba-

doba, Camoayalibos memkvidreobiTobis kanonebi; imsjelos gene-

tikis mniSvnelobaze seleqciasa da medicinaSi.

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

• adgens mitozisa da meiozis martiv sqemebs, adarebs Svileul ujredebSi

qromosomebis ganawilebis kanonzomierebebs da ganmartavs maT mniSvne-

lobas;

• ayalibebs memkvidreobiTobis kanonebs da Sesabamisi formulebiT gamo-

saxavs genetikur sqemebs, adekvaturad iyenebs Sesabamis simboloebs maT

Casawerad;

• adgens adamianSi sqesis gansazRvris sqemas, gansazRvravs konkretuli

sqesis individis dabadebis albaTobas;

• aRwers adamianSi zogierTi mendeliseuli niSnis (mag., Tvalis feri,

yuris bibilos forma) memkvidreobis sqemas. asaxelebs zogierTi geneti-

kuri daavadebis (mag., daunis daavadeba) mizezebs;

• asaxelebs da aRwers cvalebadobis fenotipur da genotipur formebs,

msjelobs maT Soris gansxvavebaze;

• argumentirebulad msjelobs adamianis genetikur aparatze zogierTi

faqtoris (mag., alkoholi, narkotikebi, manqanis gamonabolqvi, pesti-

cidebi) zemoqmedebis safrTxeze;

• moipovebs informacias da msjelobs genetikis rolze seleqciasa da me-

dicinaSi, masalas warmoadgens prezentaciis saxiT;

• moipovebs masalas saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli endemuri jiSebis Ses-

axeb (mag., vazi, xorbali, xexili, Zroxa, ZaRli) amzadebs referats.

• aanalizebs monacemebs da gamoitans daskvnebs;

• adarebs daskvnebs gamoTqmul varauds;

• ganixilavs dakvirvebisa da gazomvebis dros gamovlenil moulodnelo-

bebs, cdilobs maT axsnas.

mimarTuleba: cocxali samyaromimarTuleba: cocxali samyaro

Page 12: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

1111

biol.IX.7. biol.IX.7. moswavles SeuZlia imsjelos cocxali samyaros istoriul ganvi-

Tarebaze, daukavSiros organizmTa mravalferovneba evoluciis

process.

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

• moipovebs informacias evoluciuri Sexedulebis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb;

ganasxvavebs lamarkisa da darvinis mier mowodebul Sexedulebebs evo-

luciis mamoZravebeli Zalebis Sesaxeb;

• msjelobs darvinisa da uolesis mier gamovlenil mTavar evoluciur

faqtorze (bunebrivi gadarCeva) da saTanado magaliTebiT asabuTebs mis

moqmedebas;

• adarebs erTmaneTs bunebriv da xelovnur gadarCevas da saTanado mag-

aliTebiT asabuTebs Tavis Sexedulebas;

• axasiaTebs arsebobisaTvis brZolis formebs;

• atarebs cdas an akvirdeba arsebobisaTvis brZolis mimdinareobas zrdis/

ganviTarebis magaliTze mcenaris (mag., or qoTanSi eulad da mWidrod

aRmocenebuli mcenare; tyeSi araerTgvarovnad ganviTarebuli asakovani

xemcenareebi). monacemebs warmoadgens sxvadasxva gamomsaxvelobiTi sa-

SualebiT (mag., cxrili, diagrama, fotomasala);

• moZiebuli informaciis safuZvelze msjelobs evoluciis saboloo Sede-

gze (Seguebuloba, axal saxeobaTa warmoSoba) da warmoadgens sxvadasxva

gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebiT (mag., cxrili, diagrama, videomasala).

biol.IX.8. biol.IX.8. moswavles SeuZlia gaaanalizos urTierTkavSiri ekosistemis

komponentebs Soris da imsjelos organizmebis urTierTqmedebis

rolze ekosistemis stabilurobis SenarCunebaSi.

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle: Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

• ganarCevs mcenareebsa da cxovelebze moqmed ZiriTad garemo faqtorebs

(mag., temperatura, ganaTeba, wyali, sakvebi nivTierebebi).

• iyenebs habitatis (sacxovrebeli garemos) kvadratebad dayofis meTods

da sxvadasxva garegani faqtorebis zemoqmedebis pirobebSi (mag., temper-

atura, tenianoba) afasebs individTa romelime jgufis mdgomareobas;

• amyarebs kavSirebs ekosistemis komponentebs Soris, msjelobs organizm-

Ta gavrcelebisa da mravalferovnebis ZiriTad malimitirebel faq-

torebze;

• ikvlevs (mza monacemebis analizis safuZvelze, simulaciuri progr-

amebis daxmarebiT) garemo faqtorebis (sinaTlis intensivoba, tempera-

tura, naxSirorJangis koncentracia) gavlenas fotosinTezis procesze;

akavSirebs fotosinTezis processa da biomasis warmoqmnas;

• diagramis saxiT warmoadgens lokalur garemoSi kvebiT jaWvebSi Car-

Tul organizmebs (mag.,pirveladi momxmarebeli da mtacebeli) aRwers

maT Soris arsebul damokidebulebebsa da maT adgils ekologiur piram-

idaSi;

• iyenebs diagramebs da aRwers nivTierebebis (Jangbadis, naxSirorJangis,

Page 13: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

1212

azotis da wylis) mimoqcevas ekosistemebSi da msjelobs am procesis

mniSvnelobaze;

• xelovnuri ekosistemis modelze (mza, an mis mier Seqmnili) gamoyofs mis

komponentebs da poulobs analogias bunebriv ekosistemebTan;

• asaxelebs magaliTebs da aRwers ekosistemaSi organizmebis Tanaarsebo-

bis formebs (mag., simbiozi, parazitizmi) da msjelobs maT Soris gansx-

vavebaze;

• atarebs cdebs organizmebis ganviTarebasa da ekologiuri faqtoris

intensivobis (optimumi, gaZlebis zeda da qveda zRvari) Soris damokide-

bulebis (mag., aRmonacenis zoma da wylis raodenoba) dasadgenad. mona-

cemebs warmoadgens grafikulad.

biol.IX.9. biol.IX.9. moswavles SeuZlia gaaanalizos garemo faqtorebis mniSvneloba

adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis.

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle: Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

• agrovebs informacias lokalur ekosistemaze anTropogenuri faqtoris

zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb, masalas warmoadgens referatis, fotomasalis an

Canaxatebis saxiT;

• asaxelebs anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis Sedegad garemos (lokaluri da

globaluri) iseTi cvlilebebis magaliTebs, romlebic moqmedeben ada-

mianis janmrTelobaze, gamoTqvams mosazrebas am problemis Tavidan ac-

ilebis gzebis Sesaxeb;

• msjelobs ekologiurad sufTa garemos SenarCunebis mniSvnelobaze ada-

mianis janmrTelobisaTvis da akeTebs daskvnas;

• ikvlevs saqarTveloSi garemo faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli

profesiuli daavadebebis mizezebis Sesaxeb, agrovebs informacias maTi

profilaqtikis saSualebebze da akeTebs prezentacias.

Page 14: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

1313

cocxali sistemis zogadi niSnebi.cocxali sistemis zogadi niSnebi.

cocxali sistemis zogierTi ZiriTadi kriteriumi: kveba, gaRizianebado-

ba, gamoyofa, moZraoba, zrda, gamravleba, nivTierebaTa da energiis cvla

(sunTqva, fotosinTezi).

cocxali sistemis organizaciis doneebi: molekuluri, ujreduli, qsovi-

luri, organizmuli, saxeobrivi, ekosistemuri, biosferuli.

genetika da seleqcia.genetika da seleqcia.

memkvidreobiToba da cvalebadoba, rogorc cocxali organizmebis Tvise-

bebi;

memkvidreobiTobis citologiuri safuZvlebi (mitozi, meiozi, gametebis

Camoyalibeba cxovelebSi).

memkvidreobiTobis kanonebi: erTgvarobis kanoni, daTiSvis kanoni, genTa

damoukideblad memkvidreobis kanoni, sqesis memkvidreoba.

adamianis genetika (Seswavlis zogierTi meTodi da memkvidruli daavadebe-

bi).

cvalebadoba da misi formebi (aramemkvidruli da memkvidruli cvalebado-

ba).

genetikis roli seleqciasa da medicinaSi.

evoluciuri moZRvreba.evoluciuri moZRvreba.

evoluciuri moZRvrebis Camoyalibeba ( lamarkis, darvinisa da uolesis

evoluciuri Teoria).

evoluciis damamtkicebeli argumentebi.

evoluciis Tanamedrove Teoria.

evoluciis saboloo Sedegi (Seguebuloba, axali saxeobebis warmoqmna).

ekologia.ekologia.

ekosistemebis ZiriTadi faqtorebi (abioturi, bioturi, antropogenuri).

kvebiTi doneebi ekosistemebSi: producentebi, konsumentebi (mcenareWamia

da nairWamia cxovelebi, mtaceblebi, parazitebi) da reducentebi.

cocxali organizmebis urTierTqmedeba ekosistemaSi: energiis nakadi, kvebi-

Ti jaWvebi da qselebi, ekologiuri piramidebi, ekosistemaSi momxdari cvli-

lebebis Sedegebi.

urierTdamokidebuleba organizmebs Soris - neitralizmi, simbiozi,

konkurencia, parazitizmi, mtacebloba.

nivTierebebis (wylis, naxSirorJangis, Jangbadis) wrebrunva bunebaSi,

mkvdari organizmebis daSla.

garemos globaluri da lokaluri cvlilebebi da adamianis janmrTeloba.

programis Sinaarsi:programis Sinaarsi:

Page 15: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

1414

pa

ra

gr

af

is

da

Te

mi

s

da

sa

xe

le

ba

st

an

da

rt

is

Se

sa

ba

mi

si

Se

de

ge

bi

da

in

di

ka

to

re

bi

ga

kv

eT

il

is

ra

od

en

ob

a

12

3

I c

oc

xa

li

si

st

em

is

zo

ga

di

c

oc

xa

li

si

st

em

is

zo

ga

di

n

iS

ne

bi

ni

Sn

eb

i§1§1 k

ve

ba

, su

nT

qv

a, g

am

oy

of

a,

mo

Zr

ao

ba

, ga

mr

av

le

ba

, z

rd

a-g

an

vi

Ta

re

ba

, g

aR

iz

ia

ne

ba

do

ba

bi

ol

.IX

.5.

bi

ol

.IX

.5.m

os

wa

vl

es

Se

uZ

li

a d

aa

xa

si

aT

os

co

cx

al

i s

is

te

mi

s z

og

ad

i n

iS

an

-T

vi

se

be

bi

.

bi

ol

IX

.5.1

.b

io

l I

X.5

.1.m

sj

el

ob

s c

oc

xa

li

si

st

em

is

Zi

ri

Ta

d k

ri

te

ri

um

eb

ze

(k

ve

ba

, g

aR

iz

ia

ne

ba

-

do

ba

, g

am

oy

of

a,

mo

Zr

ao

ba

, z

rd

a,

ga

mr

av

le

ba

, n

iv

Ti

er

eb

aT

a d

a e

ne

rg

ii

s c

vl

a)

da

as

-

ab

uT

eb

s,

ro

m m

xo

lo

d c

oc

xa

li

fl

ob

s e

rT

ob

li

va

d a

m T

vi

se

be

bs

;

kv

l .

IX.2

.k

vl

.IX

.2.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

kv

le

vi

Ti

p

ro

ce

du

ri

s g

an

xo

rc

ie

le

ba

/ m

on

ac

em

eb

is

aR

-

ri

cx

va

.

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a a

na

li

zi

da

Se

fa

se

ba

.

4

II g

en

et

ik

a d

a s

el

eq

ci

ag

en

et

ik

a d

a s

el

eq

ci

a§2§2 m

em

kv

id

re

ob

iT

ob

am

it

oz

im

it

oz

is

mn

iS

vn

el

ob

a

bi

ol

.IX

.6.

bi

ol

.IX

.6.m

os

wa

vl

es

S

eu

Zl

ia

d

aa

xa

si

aT

os

m

em

kv

id

re

ob

iT

ob

a

da

c

va

le

ba

do

ba

, C

a-

mo

ay

al

ib

os

me

mk

vi

dr

eo

bi

To

bi

s k

an

on

eb

i;

im

sj

el

os

ge

ne

ti

ki

s m

ni

Sv

ne

lo

ba

ze

se

le

q-

ci

as

a d

a m

ed

ic

in

aS

i.

bi

ol

IX

.6.1

.b

io

l I

X.6

.1.a

dg

en

s m

it

oz

is

a d

a m

ei

oz

is

ma

rt

iv

sq

em

eb

s,

ad

ar

eb

s S

vi

le

ul

uj

re

de

bS

i

qr

om

os

om

eb

is

ga

na

wi

le

bi

s k

an

on

zo

mi

er

eb

eb

s d

a g

an

ma

rt

av

s m

aT

mn

iS

vn

el

ob

as

;

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.m

os

wa

vl

es

Se

uZ

li

a

mo

na

ce

mT

a a

na

li

zi

da

Se

fa

se

ba

.

2

II g

en

et

ik

a d

a s

el

eq

ci

ag

en

et

ik

a d

a s

el

eq

ci

a§3§3 m

ei

oz

im

ei

oz

is

mn

iS

vn

el

ob

a

bi

ol

.IX

.6.

bi

ol

.IX

.6.m

os

wa

vl

es

S

eu

Zl

ia

d

aa

xa

si

aT

os

m

em

kv

id

re

ob

iT

ob

a

da

c

va

le

ba

do

ba

, C

a-

mo

ay

al

ib

os

me

mk

vi

dr

eo

bi

To

bi

s k

an

on

eb

i;

im

sj

el

os

ge

ne

ti

ki

s m

ni

Sv

ne

lo

ba

ze

se

le

q-

ci

as

a d

a m

ed

ic

in

aS

i.

bi

ol

IX

.6.1

.b

io

l I

X.6

.1.a

dg

en

s m

it

oz

is

a d

a m

ei

oz

is

ma

rt

iv

sq

em

eb

s,

ad

ar

eb

s S

vi

le

ul

uj

re

de

bS

i

qr

om

os

om

eb

is

ga

na

wi

le

bi

s k

an

on

zo

mi

er

eb

eb

s d

a g

an

ma

rt

av

s m

aT

mn

iS

vn

el

ob

as

;

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.m

os

wa

vl

es

Se

uZ

li

a

mo

na

ce

mT

a a

na

li

zi

da

Se

fa

se

ba

.

2

ma

sa

li

s S

es

at

yv

is

ob

a e

ro

vn

ul

sa

sw

av

lo

ge

gm

as

Ta

n d

a m

is

i s

aa

To

br

iv

i g

an

aw

il

eb

is

ba

de

Page 16: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

1515

12

3

II g

en

et

ik

a d

a s

el

eq

ci

ag

en

et

ik

a d

a s

el

eq

ci

a§4§4 m

on

oh

ib

ri

du

li

Se

jv

ar

eb

ae

rT

gv

ar

ob

is

ka

no

ni

da

Ti

Sv

is

ka

no

ni

me

mk

vi

dr

eo

bi

To

bi

s c

it

ol

o-

gi

ur

i s

af

uZ

vl

eb

i

bi

ol

.IX

.6.

bi

ol

.IX

.6.

mo

sw

av

le

s

Se

uZ

li

a

da

ax

as

ia

To

s

me

mk

vi

dr

eo

bi

To

ba

d

a

cv

al

eb

ad

ob

a,

Ca

-

mo

ay

al

ib

os

me

mk

vi

dr

eo

bi

To

bi

s k

an

on

eb

i;

im

sj

el

os

ge

ne

ti

ki

s m

ni

Sv

ne

lo

ba

ze

se

le

q-

ci

as

a d

a m

ed

ic

in

aS

i.

bi

ol

.IX

.6.2

. b

io

l.I

X.6

.2.

ay

al

ib

eb

s m

em

kv

id

re

ob

iT

ob

is

ka

no

ne

bs

da

Se

sa

ba

mi

si

fo

rm

ul

eb

iT

g

am

o-

sa

xa

vs

ge

ne

ti

ku

r s

qe

me

bs

, a

de

kv

at

ur

ad

iy

en

eb

s S

es

ab

am

is

si

mb

ol

oe

bs

m

aT

Ca

sa

we

ra

d;

bi

ol

.IX

.6.4

. b

io

l.I

X.6

.4.

aR

we

rs

a

da

mi

an

Si

z

og

ie

rT

i

me

nd

el

is

eu

li

n

iS

ni

s

(ma

g.,

T

va

li

s

fe

ri

,

yu

ri

s b

ib

il

os

f

or

ma

) m

em

kv

id

re

ob

is

s

qe

ma

s.

a

sa

xe

le

bs

z

og

ie

rT

i g

en

et

ik

ur

i d

aa

-

va

de

bi

s (

ma

g.,

da

un

is

da

av

ad

eb

a)

mi

ze

ze

bs

;

kv

l.

IX.3

.k

vl

. IX

.3.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a w

ar

mo

dg

en

a s

xv

ad

as

xv

a s

ak

om

un

ik

ac

io

s

aS

u-

al

eb

is

ga

mo

ye

ne

bi

T.

kv

l.

IX.4

. k

vl

. IX

.4.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

m

on

ac

em

Ta

an

al

iz

i d

a S

ef

as

eb

a.

3

II g

en

et

ik

a d

a s

el

eq

ci

ag

en

et

ik

a d

a s

el

eq

ci

a§5§5 d

ih

ib

ri

du

li

Se

jv

ar

eb

ag

en

Ta

da

mo

uk

id

eb

la

d d

am

em

-k

vi

dr

eb

is

ka

no

ni

bi

ol

.IX

.6.

bi

ol

.IX

.6.

mo

sw

av

le

s

Se

uZ

li

a

da

ax

as

ia

To

s

me

mk

vi

dr

eo

bi

To

ba

d

a

cv

al

eb

ad

ob

a,

Ca

-

mo

ay

al

ib

os

me

mk

vi

dr

eo

bi

To

bi

s k

an

on

eb

i;

im

sj

el

os

ge

ne

ti

ki

s m

ni

Sv

ne

lo

ba

ze

se

le

q-

ci

as

a d

a m

ed

ic

in

aS

i.

bi

ol

.IX

.6.2

. b

io

l.I

X.6

.2.

ay

al

ib

eb

s m

em

kv

id

re

ob

iT

ob

is

ka

no

ne

bs

da

Se

sa

ba

mi

si

fo

rm

ul

eb

iT

g

am

o-

sa

xa

vs

ge

ne

ti

ku

r s

qe

me

bs

, a

de

kv

at

ur

ad

iy

en

eb

s S

es

ab

am

is

si

mb

ol

oe

bs

m

aT

Ca

sa

we

ra

d;

bi

ol

.IX

.6.4

. b

io

l.I

X.6

.4.

aR

we

rs

a

da

mi

an

Si

z

og

ie

rT

i

me

nd

el

is

eu

li

n

iS

ni

s

(ma

g.,

T

va

li

s

fe

ri

,

yu

ri

s b

ib

il

os

f

or

ma

) m

em

kv

id

re

ob

is

s

qe

ma

s.

a

sa

xe

le

bs

z

og

ie

rT

i g

en

et

ik

ur

i d

aa

-

va

de

bi

s (

ma

g.,

da

un

is

da

av

ad

eb

a)

mi

ze

ze

bs

;

kv

l.

IX.3

.k

vl

. IX

.3.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a w

ar

mo

dg

en

a s

xv

ad

as

xv

a s

ak

om

un

ik

ac

io

s

aS

u-

al

eb

is

ga

mo

ye

ne

bi

T.

kv

l.

IX.4

. k

vl

. IX

.4.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

m

on

ac

em

Ta

an

al

iz

i d

a S

ef

as

eb

a.

3

II g

en

et

ik

a d

a s

el

eq

ci

ag

en

et

ik

a d

a s

el

eq

ci

a§6§6 s

qe

si

s g

an

sa

zR

vr

is

qr

om

o-

so

mu

li

me

qn

iz

me

bi

sa

sq

es

o q

ro

mo

so

me

bi

ty

up

eb

is

ia

mi

s t

yu

pe

bi

bi

ol

.IX

.6.

bi

ol

.IX

.6.

mo

sw

av

le

s

Se

uZ

li

a

da

ax

as

ia

To

s

me

mk

vi

dr

eo

bi

To

ba

d

a

cv

al

eb

ad

ob

a,

Ca

-

mo

ay

al

ib

os

me

mk

vi

dr

eo

bi

To

bi

s k

an

on

eb

i;

im

sj

el

os

ge

ne

ti

ki

s m

ni

Sv

ne

lo

ba

ze

se

le

q-

ci

as

a d

a m

ed

ic

in

aS

i.

bi

ol

.IX

.6.3

. b

io

l.I

X.6

.3.

ad

ge

ns

a

da

mi

an

Si

s

qe

si

s g

an

sa

zR

vr

is

s

qe

ma

s,

g

an

sa

zR

vr

av

s k

on

kr

et

ul

i

sq

es

is

in

di

vi

di

s d

ab

ad

eb

is

al

ba

To

ba

s;

bi

ol

.IX

.6.4

.b

io

l.I

X.6

.4.a

Rw

er

s

ad

am

ia

nS

i

zo

gi

er

Ti

m

en

de

li

se

ul

i

ni

Sn

is

(m

ag

.,

Tv

al

is

f

er

i,

yu

ri

s b

ib

il

os

f

or

ma

) m

em

kv

id

re

ob

is

s

qe

ma

s.

a

sa

xe

le

bs

z

og

ie

rT

i g

en

et

ik

ur

i d

aa

-

va

de

bi

s (

ma

g.,

da

un

is

da

av

ad

eb

a)

mi

ze

ze

bs

;

kv

l.

IX.3

.k

vl

. IX

.3.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a w

ar

mo

dg

en

a s

xv

ad

as

xv

a s

ak

om

un

ik

ac

io

s

aS

u-

al

eb

is

ga

mo

ye

ne

bi

T.

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

m

on

ac

em

Ta

an

al

iz

i d

a S

ef

as

eb

a.

2

Page 17: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

1616

12

3

II g

en

et

ik

a d

a s

el

eq

ci

ag

en

et

ik

a d

a s

el

eq

ci

a§7§7 m

em

kv

id

ru

li

ni

Sn

eb

is

ga

-d

ac

em

a a

da

mi

an

Si

bi

ol

.IX

.6.

bi

ol

.IX

.6.

mo

sw

av

le

s

Se

uZ

li

a

da

ax

as

ia

To

s

me

mk

vi

dr

eo

bi

To

ba

d

a

cv

al

eb

ad

ob

a,

Ca

-

mo

ay

al

ib

os

me

mk

vi

dr

eo

bi

To

bi

s k

an

on

eb

i;

im

sj

el

os

ge

ne

ti

ki

s m

ni

Sv

ne

lo

ba

ze

se

le

q-

ci

as

a d

a m

ed

ic

in

aS

i.

bi

ol

.IX

.6.2

.b

io

l.I

X.6

.2.a

ya

li

be

bs

me

mk

vi

dr

eo

bi

To

bi

s k

an

on

eb

s d

a S

es

ab

am

is

i f

or

mu

le

bi

T

ga

mo

-

sa

xa

vs

ge

ne

ti

ku

r s

qe

me

bs

, a

de

kv

at

ur

ad

iy

en

eb

s S

es

ab

am

is

si

mb

ol

oe

bs

m

aT

Ca

sa

we

ra

d;

bi

ol

.IX

.6.4

. b

io

l.I

X.6

.4.

aR

we

rs

a

da

mi

an

Si

z

og

ie

rT

i

me

nd

el

is

eu

li

n

iS

ni

s

(ma

g.,

T

va

li

s

fe

ri

,

yu

ri

s b

ib

il

os

f

or

ma

) m

em

kv

id

re

ob

is

s

qe

ma

s.

a

sa

xe

le

bs

z

og

ie

rT

i g

en

et

ik

ur

i d

aa

-

va

de

bi

s (

ma

g.,

da

un

is

da

av

ad

eb

a)

mi

ze

ze

bs

;

kv

l.

IX.3

.k

vl

. IX

.3.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a w

ar

mo

dg

en

a s

xv

ad

as

xv

a s

ak

om

un

ik

ac

io

s

aS

u-

al

eb

is

ga

mo

ye

ne

bi

T.

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

m

on

ac

em

Ta

an

al

iz

i d

a S

ef

as

eb

a.

2

II g

en

et

ik

a d

a s

el

eq

ci

ag

en

et

ik

a d

a s

el

eq

ci

a§8§8 a

da

mi

an

is

me

mk

vi

dr

ul

i d

aa

-v

ad

eb

eb

ig

en

et

ik

ur

i k

vl

ev

is

zo

gi

-e

rT

i m

eT

od

i a

da

mi

an

Si

bi

ol

.IX

.6.

bi

ol

.IX

.6.

mo

sw

av

le

s

Se

uZ

li

a

da

ax

as

ia

To

s

me

mk

vi

dr

eo

bi

To

ba

d

a

cv

al

eb

ad

ob

a,

Ca

-

mo

ay

al

ib

os

me

mk

vi

dr

eo

bi

To

bi

s k

an

on

eb

i;

im

sj

el

os

ge

ne

ti

ki

s m

ni

Sv

ne

lo

ba

ze

se

le

q-

ci

as

a d

a m

ed

ic

in

aS

i.

bi

ol

.IX

.6.4

. b

io

l.I

X.6

.4.

aR

we

rs

a

da

mi

an

Si

z

og

ie

rT

i

me

nd

el

is

eu

li

n

iS

ni

s

(ma

g.,

T

va

li

s

fe

ri

,

yu

ri

s b

ib

il

os

f

or

ma

) m

em

kv

id

re

ob

is

s

qe

ma

s.

a

sa

xe

le

bs

z

og

ie

rT

i g

en

et

ik

ur

i d

aa

-

va

de

bi

s (

ma

g.,

da

un

is

da

av

ad

eb

a)

mi

ze

ze

bs

;

kv

l.

IX.3

.k

vl

. IX

.3.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a w

ar

mo

dg

en

a s

xv

ad

as

xv

a s

ak

om

un

ik

ac

io

s

aS

u-

al

eb

is

ga

mo

ye

ne

bi

T.

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

m

on

ac

em

Ta

an

al

iz

i d

a S

ef

as

eb

a.

2

II g

en

et

ik

a d

a s

el

eq

ci

ag

en

et

ik

a d

a s

el

eq

ci

a§9§9 c

va

le

ba

do

ba

me

mk

vi

dr

ul

i c

va

le

ba

do

ba

bi

ol

.IX

.6.

bi

ol

.IX

.6.

mo

sw

av

le

s

Se

uZ

li

a

da

ax

as

ia

To

s

me

mk

vi

dr

eo

bi

To

ba

d

a

cv

al

eb

ad

ob

a,

Ca

-

mo

ay

al

ib

os

me

mk

vi

dr

eo

bi

To

bi

s k

an

on

eb

i;

im

sj

el

os

ge

ne

ti

ki

s m

ni

Sv

ne

lo

ba

ze

se

le

q-

ci

as

a d

a m

ed

ic

in

aS

i.

bi

ol

.IX

.6.4

. b

io

l.I

X.6

.4.

aR

we

rs

a

da

mi

an

Si

z

og

ie

rT

i

me

nd

el

is

eu

li

n

iS

ni

s

(ma

g.,

T

va

li

s

fe

ri

,

yu

ri

s b

ib

il

os

f

or

ma

) m

em

kv

id

re

ob

is

s

qe

ma

s.

a

sa

xe

le

bs

z

og

ie

rT

i g

en

et

ik

ur

i d

aa

-

va

de

bi

s (

ma

g.,

da

un

is

da

av

ad

eb

a)

mi

ze

ze

bs

;

bi

ol

.IX

.6.5

. b

io

l.I

X.6

.5.

as

ax

el

eb

s d

a a

Rw

er

s c

va

le

ba

do

bi

s f

en

ot

ip

ur

d

a g

en

ot

ip

ur

f

or

me

bs

,

ms

je

lo

bs

ma

T S

or

is

ga

ns

xv

av

eb

az

e;

kv

l.

IX.3

.k

vl

. IX

.3.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a w

ar

mo

dg

en

a s

xv

ad

as

xv

a s

ak

om

un

ik

ac

io

s

aS

u-

al

eb

is

ga

mo

ye

ne

bi

T.

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

m

on

ac

em

Ta

an

al

iz

i d

a S

ef

as

eb

a.

3

Page 18: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

1717

12

3

II g

en

et

ik

a d

a s

el

eq

ci

ag

en

et

ik

a d

a s

el

eq

ci

a§1

0§1

0a

ra

me

mk

vi

dr

ul

i c

va

le

ba

-d

ob

a

bi

ol

.IX

.6.

bi

ol

.IX

.6.

mo

sw

av

le

s

Se

uZ

li

a

da

ax

as

ia

To

s

me

mk

vi

dr

eo

bi

To

ba

d

a

cv

al

eb

ad

ob

a,

Ca

-

mo

ay

al

ib

os

me

mk

vi

dr

eo

bi

To

bi

s k

an

on

eb

i;

im

sj

el

os

ge

ne

ti

ki

s m

ni

Sv

ne

lo

ba

ze

se

le

q-

ci

as

a d

a m

ed

ic

in

aS

i.

bi

ol

.IX

.6.5

. b

io

l.I

X.6

.5.

as

ax

el

eb

s d

a a

Rw

er

s c

va

le

ba

do

bi

s f

en

ot

ip

ur

d

a g

en

ot

ip

ur

f

or

me

bs

,

ms

je

lo

bs

ma

T S

or

is

ga

ns

xv

av

eb

az

e;

kv

l.

IX.3

.k

vl

. IX

.3.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a w

ar

mo

dg

en

a s

xv

ad

as

xv

a s

ak

om

un

ik

ac

io

s

aS

u-

al

eb

is

ga

mo

ye

ne

bi

T.

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

m

on

ac

em

Ta

an

al

iz

i d

a S

ef

as

eb

a.

2

II g

en

et

ik

a d

a s

el

eq

ci

ag

en

et

ik

a d

a s

el

eq

ci

a§1

1§1

1s

el

eq

ci

is

tr

ad

ic

iu

li

da

T

an

am

ed

ro

ve

me

To

de

bi

mc

en

ar

eT

a s

el

eq

ci

ac

xo

ve

lT

a s

el

eq

ci

a

bi

ol

.IX

.6.

bi

ol

.IX

.6.

mo

sw

av

le

s

Se

uZ

li

a

da

ax

as

ia

To

s

me

mk

vi

dr

eo

bi

To

ba

d

a

cv

al

eb

ad

ob

a,

Ca

-

mo

ay

al

ib

os

me

mk

vi

dr

eo

bi

To

bi

s k

an

on

eb

i;

im

sj

el

os

ge

ne

ti

ki

s m

ni

Sv

ne

lo

ba

ze

se

le

q-

ci

as

a d

a m

ed

ic

in

aS

i.

bi

ol

.IX

.6.7

. b

io

l.I

X.6

.7.

mo

ip

ov

eb

s i

nf

or

ma

ci

as

da

ms

je

lo

bs

ge

ne

ti

ki

s r

ol

ze

se

le

qc

ia

sa

da

me

-

di

ci

na

Si

, m

as

al

as

w

ar

mo

ad

ge

ns

pr

ez

en

ta

ci

is

sa

xi

T;

kv

l.

IX.1

.k

vl

. IX

.1.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

ga

ns

az

Rv

ro

s k

vl

ev

is

sa

ga

ni

da

kv

le

vi

s e

ta

pe

bi

.

kv

l.

IX.3

.k

vl

. IX

.3.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a w

ar

mo

dg

en

a s

xv

ad

as

xv

a s

ak

om

un

ik

ac

io

s

aS

u-

al

eb

is

ga

mo

ye

ne

bi

T.

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.m

os

wa

vl

es

Se

uZ

li

a

mo

na

ce

mT

a a

na

li

zi

da

Se

fa

se

ba

.

3

III

ev

ol

uc

iu

ri

mo

ZR

vr

eb

ae

vo

lu

ci

ur

i m

oZ

Rv

re

ba

§12

§12

ev

ol

uc

iu

ri

mo

ZR

vr

eb

ax

el

ov

nu

ri

ga

da

rC

ev

ab

rZ

ol

a a

rs

eb

ob

is

aT

vi

sb

un

eb

ri

vi

ga

da

rC

ev

a

bi

ol

.IX

.7.

bi

ol

.IX

.7.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

im

sj

el

os

co

cx

al

i s

am

ya

ro

s i

st

or

iu

l

ga

nv

iT

ar

eb

a-

ze

, d

au

ka

vS

ir

os

or

ga

ni

zm

Ta

mr

av

al

fe

ro

vn

eb

a e

vo

lu

ci

is

pr

oc

es

s.

bi

ol

.IX

.7.1

. b

io

l.I

X.7

.1.

mo

ip

ov

eb

s i

nf

or

ma

ci

as

ev

ol

uc

iu

ri

Se

xe

du

le

bi

s C

am

oy

al

ib

eb

is

Se

sa

xe

b;

ga

na

sx

va

ve

bs

la

ma

rk

is

a d

a d

ar

vi

ni

s m

ie

r m

ow

od

eb

ul

Se

xe

du

le

be

bs

ev

ol

uc

ii

s m

am

oZ

-

ra

ve

be

li

Za

le

bi

s S

es

ax

eb

;

bi

ol

.IX

.7.2

. b

io

l.I

X.7

.2.

ms

je

lo

bs

d

ar

vi

ni

sa

d

a u

ol

es

is

m

ie

r g

am

ov

le

ni

l m

Ta

va

r e

vo

lu

ci

ur

fa

qt

or

ze

(b

un

eb

ri

vi

ga

da

rC

ev

a)

da

sa

Ta

na

do

ma

ga

li

Te

bi

T a

sa

bu

Te

bs

mi

s m

oq

me

de

-

ba

s;

bi

ol

.IX

.7.3

. b

io

l.I

X.7

.3.

ad

ar

eb

s e

rT

ma

ne

Ts

bu

ne

br

iv

da

xe

lo

vn

ur

ga

da

rC

ev

as

da

sa

Ta

na

do

ma

g-

al

iT

eb

iT

as

ab

uT

eb

s T

av

is

Se

xe

du

le

ba

s;

bi

ol

.IX

.7.6

. b

io

l.I

X.7

.6.

mo

Zi

eb

ul

i

in

fo

rm

ac

ii

s

sa

fu

Zv

el

ze

m

sj

el

ob

s

ev

ol

uc

ii

s

sa

bo

lo

o

Se

de

gz

e (

Se

gu

eb

ul

ob

a,

ax

al

sa

xe

ob

aT

a w

ar

mo

So

ba

) d

a w

ar

mo

ad

ge

ns

sx

va

da

sx

va

ga

mo

m-

sa

xv

el

ob

iT

i s

aS

ua

le

bi

T (

ma

g.,

cx

ri

li

, d

ia

gr

am

a,

vi

de

om

as

al

a).

kv

l.

IX.3

.k

vl

. IX

.3.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a w

ar

mo

dg

en

a s

xv

ad

as

xv

a s

ak

om

un

ik

ac

io

s

aS

u-

al

eb

is

ga

mo

ye

ne

bi

T.

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

m

on

ac

em

Ta

an

al

iz

i d

a S

ef

as

eb

a.

4

Page 19: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

1818

12

3

III

ev

ol

uc

iu

ri

mo

ZR

vr

eb

ae

vo

lu

ci

ur

i m

oZ

Rv

re

ba

§13

§13

ev

ol

uc

ii

s d

am

am

tk

ic

eb

el

i

ar

gu

me

nt

eb

i

bi

ol

.IX

.7.

bi

ol

.IX

.7.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

im

sj

el

os

co

cx

al

i s

am

ya

ro

s i

st

or

iu

l

ga

nv

iT

ar

e-

ba

ze

, d

au

ka

vS

ir

os

or

ga

ni

zm

Ta

mr

av

al

fe

ro

vn

eb

a e

vo

lu

ci

is

pr

oc

es

s.

kv

l.

IX.3

.k

vl

. IX

.3.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a w

ar

mo

dg

en

a s

xv

ad

as

xv

a s

ak

om

un

ik

ac

io

s

aS

u-

al

eb

is

ga

mo

ye

ne

bi

T.

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a a

na

li

zi

da

Se

fa

se

ba

.

2

IV e

ko

lo

gi

ae

ko

lo

gi

a§1

4§1

4e

ko

si

st

em

a, m

is

i k

om

po

ne

n-

te

bi

ek

os

is

te

mi

s a

bi

ot

ur

i f

aq

-t

or

eb

i: w

ya

li

, si

na

Tl

e,

te

mp

er

at

ur

a

or

ga

ni

zm

eb

is

Se

gu

eb

ul

ob

a-

ni

am

fa

qt

or

eb

is

mi

ma

rT

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.m

os

wa

vl

es

S

eu

Zl

ia

ga

aa

na

li

zo

s u

rT

ie

rT

ka

vS

ir

i e

ko

si

st

em

is

ko

mp

on

en

te

bs

S

or

is

da

im

sj

el

os

or

ga

ni

zm

eb

is

ur

Ti

er

Tq

me

de

bi

s r

ol

ze

ek

os

is

te

-

mi

s s

ta

bi

lu

ro

bi

s S

en

ar

Cu

ne

ba

Si

.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.1

. b

io

l.I

X.8

.1.

ga

na

rC

ev

s m

ce

na

re

eb

sa

da

cx

ov

el

eb

ze

mo

qm

ed

Zi

ri

Ta

d g

ar

em

o f

aq

-

to

re

bs

(m

ag

., t

em

pe

ra

tu

ra

, g

an

aT

eb

a,

wy

al

i,

sa

kv

eb

i n

iv

Ti

er

eb

eb

i).

bi

ol

.IX

.8.3

. b

io

l.I

X.8

.3.

am

ya

re

bs

ka

vS

ir

eb

s e

ko

si

st

em

is

k

om

po

ne

nt

eb

s S

or

is

, m

sj

el

ob

s o

rg

a-

ni

zm

Ta

ga

vr

ce

le

bi

sa

da

mr

av

al

fe

ro

vn

eb

is

Zi

ri

Ta

d m

al

im

it

ir

eb

el

f

aq

to

re

bz

e;

bi

ol

.IX

.8.9

. b

io

l.I

X.8

.9.

at

ar

eb

s c

de

bs

or

ga

ni

zm

eb

is

ga

nv

iT

ar

eb

as

a

da

e

ko

lo

gi

ur

i f

aq

to

ri

s

in

te

ns

iv

ob

is

(o

pt

im

um

i,

ga

Zl

eb

is

ze

da

da

qv

ed

a z

Rv

ar

i)

So

ri

s d

am

ok

id

eb

ul

eb

is

(ma

g.,

aR

mo

na

ce

ni

s z

om

a d

a w

yl

is

ra

od

en

ob

a)

da

sa

dg

en

ad

. m

on

ac

em

eb

s w

ar

mo

ad

ge

ns

gr

af

ik

ul

ad

.

kv

l .

IX.2

.k

vl

.IX

.2.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

kv

le

vi

Ti

p

ro

ce

du

ri

s g

an

xo

rc

ie

le

ba

/ m

on

ac

em

eb

is

aR

ri

cx

va

.

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a a

na

li

zi

da

Se

fa

se

ba

.

2

IV e

ko

lo

gi

ae

ko

lo

gi

a§1

5§1

5n

ia

da

gi

da

mi

si

st

ru

qt

ur

ao

rg

an

iz

mT

a S

eg

ue

bu

lo

ba

ni

s

xv

ad

as

xv

a s

tr

uq

tu

ri

s

ni

ad

ag

is

mi

ma

rT

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

mo

sw

av

le

s

Se

uZ

li

a g

aa

an

al

iz

os

ur

Ti

er

Tk

av

Si

ri

ek

os

is

te

mi

s

ko

mp

on

en

te

bs

S

or

is

da

im

sj

el

os

or

ga

ni

zm

eb

is

ur

Ti

er

Tq

me

de

bi

s r

ol

ze

ek

os

is

te

-

mi

s s

ta

bi

lu

ro

bi

s S

en

ar

Cu

ne

ba

Si

.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.1

. b

io

l.I

X.8

.1.

ga

na

rC

ev

s m

ce

na

re

eb

sa

da

cx

ov

el

eb

ze

mo

qm

ed

Zi

ri

Ta

d g

ar

em

o f

aq

-

to

re

bs

(m

ag

., t

em

pe

ra

tu

ra

, g

an

aT

eb

a,

wy

al

i,

sa

kv

eb

i n

iv

Ti

er

eb

eb

i).

kv

l.

IX.1

.k

vl

. IX

.1.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

ga

ns

az

Rv

ro

s k

vl

ev

is

sa

ga

ni

da

kv

le

vi

s e

ta

pe

bi

.

kv

l .

IX.2

.k

vl

.IX

.2.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

kv

le

vi

Ti

p

ro

ce

du

ri

s g

an

xo

rc

ie

le

ba

/ m

on

ac

em

eb

is

aR

ri

cx

va

.

kv

l.

IX.3

.k

vl

. IX

.3.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a w

ar

mo

dg

en

a s

xv

ad

as

xv

a s

ak

om

un

ik

ac

io

s

aS

u-

al

eb

is

ga

mo

ye

ne

bi

T.

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a a

na

li

zi

da

Se

fa

se

ba

.

3

Page 20: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

1919

12

3

IV e

ko

lo

gi

ae

ko

lo

gi

a§1

6§1

6u

rT

ie

rT

ob

an

i o

rg

an

iz

me

bs

S

or

is

T

an

as

az

og

ad

oe

ba

Si

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

mo

sw

av

le

s

Se

uZ

li

a g

aa

an

al

iz

os

ur

Ti

er

Tk

av

Si

ri

ek

os

is

te

mi

s

ko

mp

on

en

te

bs

S

or

is

da

im

sj

el

os

or

ga

ni

zm

eb

is

ur

Ti

er

Tq

me

de

bi

s r

ol

ze

ek

os

is

te

-

mi

s s

ta

bi

lu

ro

bi

s S

en

ar

Cu

ne

ba

Si

.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.8

. b

io

l.I

X.8

.8.

as

ax

el

eb

s m

ag

al

iT

eb

s d

a a

Rw

er

s e

ko

si

st

em

aS

i o

rg

an

iz

me

bi

s T

an

aa

rs

eb

o-

bi

s f

or

me

bs

(m

ag

., s

im

bi

oz

i,

pa

ra

zi

ti

zm

i)

da

ms

je

lo

bs

ma

T S

or

is

ga

ns

xv

av

eb

az

e;

kv

l .

IX.2

.k

vl

.IX

.2.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

kv

le

vi

Ti

p

ro

ce

du

ri

s g

an

xo

rc

ie

le

ba

/ m

on

ac

em

eb

is

aR

ri

cx

va

.

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a a

na

li

zi

da

Se

fa

se

ba

.

2

IV e

ko

lo

gi

ae

ko

lo

gi

a§1

7§1

7k

ve

bi

Ti

ja

Wv

ik

ve

bi

Ti

qs

el

i

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

mo

sw

av

le

s

Se

uZ

li

a g

aa

an

al

iz

os

ur

Ti

er

Tk

av

Si

ri

ek

os

is

te

mi

s

ko

mp

on

en

te

bs

S

or

is

da

im

sj

el

os

or

ga

ni

zm

eb

is

ur

Ti

er

Tq

me

de

bi

s r

ol

ze

ek

os

is

te

-

mi

s s

ta

bi

lu

ro

bi

s S

en

ar

Cu

ne

ba

Si

.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.5

. b

io

l.I

X.8

.5.

di

ag

ra

mi

s s

ax

iT

wa

rm

oa

dg

en

s l

ok

al

ur

ga

re

mo

Si

k

ve

bi

T j

aW

ve

bS

i

Ca

rT

ul

or

ga

ni

zm

eb

s (

ma

g.,

pi

rv

el

ad

i m

om

xm

ar

eb

el

i d

a m

ta

ce

be

li

) a

Rw

er

s m

aT

So

ri

s

ar

se

bu

l d

am

ok

id

eb

ul

eb

eb

sa

da

ma

T a

dg

il

s e

ko

lo

gi

ur

pi

ra

mi

da

Si

;

kv

l.

IX.3

.k

vl

. IX

.3.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a w

ar

mo

dg

en

a s

xv

ad

as

xv

a s

ak

om

un

ik

ac

io

s

aS

u-

al

eb

is

ga

mo

ye

ne

bi

T.

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a a

na

li

zi

da

Se

fa

se

ba

.

2

IV e

ko

lo

gi

ae

ko

lo

gi

a§1

8§1

8f

ot

os

in

Te

zS

i m

or

ea

gi

re

n

iv

Ti

er

eb

eb

iq

lo

ro

fi

li

sa

da

mz

is

en

er

-g

ii

s r

ol

i f

ot

os

in

Te

zS

i

fo

to

si

nT

ez

is

mn

iS

vn

el

ob

a

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

mo

sw

av

le

s

Se

uZ

li

a g

aa

an

al

iz

os

ur

Ti

er

Tk

av

Si

ri

ek

os

is

te

mi

s

ko

mp

on

en

te

bs

S

or

is

da

im

sj

el

os

or

ga

ni

zm

eb

is

ur

Ti

er

Tq

me

de

bi

s r

ol

ze

ek

os

is

te

-

mi

s s

ta

bi

lu

ro

bi

s S

en

ar

Cu

ne

ba

Si

.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.4

. b

io

l.I

X.8

.4.

ik

vl

ev

s (

mz

a m

on

ac

em

eb

is

an

al

iz

is

sa

fu

Zv

el

ze

, s

im

ul

ac

iu

ri

pr

og

r-

am

eb

is

da

xm

ar

eb

iT

) g

ar

em

o f

aq

to

re

bi

s (

si

na

Tl

is

in

te

ns

iv

ob

a,

te

mp

er

at

ur

a,

na

x-

Si

ro

rJ

an

gi

s k

on

ce

nt

ra

ci

a)

ga

vl

en

as

fo

to

si

nT

ez

is

pr

oc

es

ze

; a

ka

vS

ir

eb

s f

o-

to

si

nT

ez

is

pr

oc

es

sa

da

bi

om

as

is

w

ar

mo

qm

na

s;

kv

l .

IX.2

.k

vl

.IX

.2.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

kv

le

vi

Ti

p

ro

ce

du

ri

s g

an

xo

rc

ie

le

ba

/ m

on

ac

em

eb

is

aR

ri

cx

va

.

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a a

na

li

zi

da

Se

fa

se

ba

.

3

IV e

ko

lo

gi

ae

ko

lo

gi

a§1

9§1

9e

ne

rg

ii

s g

ad

ac

em

a k

ve

bi

T

ja

Wv

Si

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

mo

sw

av

le

s

Se

uZ

li

a g

aa

an

al

iz

os

ur

Ti

er

Tk

av

Si

ri

ek

os

is

te

mi

s

ko

mp

on

en

te

bs

S

or

is

da

im

sj

el

os

or

ga

ni

zm

eb

is

ur

Ti

er

Tq

me

de

bi

s r

ol

ze

ek

os

is

te

-

mi

s s

ta

bi

lu

ro

bi

s S

en

ar

Cu

ne

ba

Si

.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.5

. b

io

l.I

X.8

.5.

di

ag

ra

mi

s s

ax

iT

wa

rm

oa

dg

en

s l

ok

al

ur

ga

re

mo

Si

k

ve

bi

T j

aW

ve

bS

i

Ca

rT

ul

or

ga

ni

zm

eb

s (

ma

g.,

pi

rv

el

ad

i m

om

xm

ar

eb

el

i d

a m

ta

ce

be

li

) a

Rw

er

s m

aT

So

ri

s

ar

se

bu

l d

am

ok

id

eb

ul

eb

eb

sa

da

ma

T a

dg

il

s e

ko

lo

gi

ur

pi

ra

mi

da

Si

;

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a a

na

li

zi

da

Se

fa

se

ba

.

3

Page 21: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

2020

12

3

IV e

ko

lo

gi

ae

ko

lo

gi

a§2

0§2

0p

op

ul

ac

ii

s r

ic

xo

br

io

ba

, m

as

ze

mo

mq

me

di

fa

qt

or

eb

ip

op

ul

ac

ii

s r

ic

xo

br

io

bi

s

ga

ns

az

Rv

ri

s m

eT

od

eb

i

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

mo

sw

av

le

s

Se

uZ

li

a g

aa

an

al

iz

os

ur

Ti

er

Tk

av

Si

ri

ek

os

is

te

mi

s

ko

mp

on

en

te

bs

S

or

is

da

im

sj

el

os

or

ga

ni

zm

eb

is

ur

Ti

er

Tq

me

de

bi

s r

ol

ze

ek

os

is

te

-

mi

s s

ta

bi

lu

ro

bi

s S

en

ar

Cu

ne

ba

Si

.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.2

. b

io

l.I

X.8

.2.

iy

en

eb

s h

ab

it

at

is

(s

ac

xo

vr

eb

el

i g

ar

em

os

) k

va

dr

at

eb

ad

da

yo

fi

s m

eT

od

s

da

sx

va

da

sx

va

ga

re

ga

ni

fa

qt

or

eb

is

ze

mo

qm

ed

eb

is

pi

ro

be

bS

i (

ma

g.,

t

em

pe

ra

tu

ra

,

te

ni

an

ob

a)

af

as

eb

s i

nd

iv

id

Ta

ro

me

li

me

jg

uf

is

md

go

ma

re

ob

as

;

kv

l .

IX.2

.k

vl

.IX

.2.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

kv

le

vi

Ti

p

ro

ce

du

ri

s g

an

xo

rc

ie

le

ba

/ m

on

ac

em

eb

is

aR

ri

cx

va

.

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a a

na

li

zi

da

Se

fa

se

ba

.

4

IV e

ko

lo

gi

ae

ko

lo

gi

a§2

1§2

1b

io

ge

oq

im

iu

ri

ci

kl

iw

yl

is

ci

kl

i

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

mo

sw

av

le

s

Se

uZ

li

a g

aa

an

al

iz

os

ur

Ti

er

Tk

av

Si

ri

ek

os

is

te

mi

s

ko

mp

on

en

te

bs

S

or

is

da

im

sj

el

os

or

ga

ni

zm

eb

is

ur

Ti

er

Tq

me

de

bi

s r

ol

ze

ek

os

is

te

-

mi

s s

ta

bi

lu

ro

bi

s S

en

ar

Cu

ne

ba

Si

.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.6

. b

io

l.I

X.8

.6.

iy

en

eb

s d

ia

gr

am

eb

s d

a a

Rw

er

s n

iv

Ti

er

eb

eb

is

(J

an

gb

ad

is

, n

ax

Si

ro

rJ

an

gi

s,

az

ot

is

da

wy

li

s)

mi

mo

qc

ev

as

ek

os

is

te

me

bS

i d

a m

sj

el

ob

s a

m p

ro

ce

si

s m

ni

Sv

ne

lo

-

ba

ze

;

kv

l .

IX.2

.k

vl

.IX

.2.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

kv

le

vi

Ti

p

ro

ce

du

ri

s g

an

xo

rc

ie

le

ba

/ m

on

ac

em

eb

is

aR

ri

cx

va

.

4

IV e

ko

lo

gi

ae

ko

lo

gi

a§2

2§2

2n

ax

Si

rb

ad

is

ci

kl

i

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

mo

sw

av

le

s

Se

uZ

li

a g

aa

an

al

iz

os

ur

Ti

er

Tk

av

Si

ri

ek

os

is

te

mi

s

ko

mp

on

en

te

bs

S

or

is

da

im

sj

el

os

or

ga

ni

zm

eb

is

ur

Ti

er

Tq

me

de

bi

s r

ol

ze

ek

os

is

te

-

mi

s s

ta

bi

lu

ro

bi

s S

en

ar

Cu

ne

ba

Si

.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.6

. b

io

l.I

X.8

.6.

iy

en

eb

s d

ia

gr

am

eb

s d

a a

Rw

er

s n

iv

Ti

er

eb

eb

is

(J

an

gb

ad

is

, n

ax

Si

ro

rJ

an

gi

s,

az

ot

is

da

wy

li

s)

mi

mo

qc

ev

as

ek

os

is

te

me

bS

i d

a m

sj

el

ob

s a

m p

ro

ce

si

s m

ni

Sv

ne

lo

-

ba

ze

;

kv

l.

IX.3

.k

vl

. IX

.3.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a w

ar

mo

dg

en

a s

xv

ad

as

xv

a s

ak

om

un

ik

ac

io

s

aS

u-

al

eb

is

ga

mo

ye

ne

bi

T.

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a a

na

li

zi

da

Se

fa

se

ba

.

2

Page 22: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

2121

12

3

IV e

ko

lo

gi

ae

ko

lo

gi

a§2

3§2

3a

da

mi

an

is

sa

qm

ia

no

bi

s g

av

-l

en

a g

ar

em

oz

e

bi

ol

.IX

.9.

bi

ol

.IX

.9.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

ga

aa

na

li

zo

s g

ar

em

o f

aq

to

re

bi

s m

ni

Sv

ne

lo

ba

a

da

mi

a-

ni

s j

an

mr

Te

lo

bi

sa

Tv

is

.

bi

ol

.IX

.9.1

. b

io

l.I

X.9

.1.

ag

ro

ve

bs

in

fo

rm

ac

ia

s l

ok

al

ur

ek

os

is

te

ma

ze

an

Tr

op

og

en

ur

i f

aq

to

-

ri

s z

em

oq

me

de

bi

s S

es

ax

eb

, m

as

al

as

wa

rm

oa

dg

en

s r

ef

er

at

is

, f

ot

om

as

al

is

an

Ca

na

x-

at

eb

is

sa

xi

T;

bi

ol

.IX

.9.2

. b

io

l.I

X.9

.2.

as

ax

el

eb

s a

nT

ro

po

ge

nu

ri

ze

mo

qm

ed

eb

is

Se

de

ga

d g

ar

em

os

(l

ok

al

ur

i

da

gl

ob

al

ur

i)

is

eT

i c

vl

il

eb

eb

is

m

ag

al

iT

eb

s,

ro

ml

eb

ic

m

oq

me

de

be

n a

da

mi

an

is

ja

nm

rT

el

ob

az

e,

ga

mo

Tq

va

ms

mo

sa

zr

eb

as

am

pr

ob

le

mi

s T

av

id

an

ac

il

eb

is

gz

eb

is

Se

sa

xe

b;

bi

ol

.IX

.9.3

. b

io

l.I

X.9

.3.

ms

je

lo

bs

ek

ol

og

iu

ra

d s

uf

Ta

ga

re

mo

s S

en

ar

Cu

ne

bi

s m

ni

Sv

ne

lo

ba

ze

ad

am

ia

ni

s j

an

mr

Te

lo

bi

sa

Tv

is

da

ak

eT

eb

s d

as

kv

na

s;

bi

ol

.IX

.9.4

. b

io

l.I

X.9

.4.

ik

vl

ev

s s

aq

ar

Tv

el

oS

i g

ar

em

o f

aq

to

re

bi

s z

em

oq

me

de

bi

T g

am

ow

ve

ul

i

pr

of

es

iu

li

da

av

ad

eb

eb

is

mi

ze

ze

bi

s S

es

ax

eb

, a

gr

ov

eb

s i

nf

or

ma

ci

as

ma

Ti

pr

of

il

aq

-

ti

ki

s s

aS

ua

le

be

bz

e d

a a

ke

Te

bs

pr

ez

en

ta

ci

as

.

kv

l .

IX.2

.k

vl

.IX

.2.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

kv

le

vi

Ti

p

ro

ce

du

ri

s g

an

xo

rc

ie

le

ba

/ m

on

ac

em

eb

is

aR

ri

cx

va

.

kv

l.

IX.3

.k

vl

. IX

.3.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a w

ar

mo

dg

en

a s

xv

ad

as

xv

a s

ak

om

un

ik

ac

io

s

aS

u-

al

eb

is

ga

mo

ye

ne

bi

T.

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a a

na

li

zi

da

Se

fa

se

ba

.

2

IV e

ko

lo

gi

ae

ko

lo

gi

a§2

4§2

4b

io

me

bi

ve

le

bi

: tu

nd

ra

, sa

va

na

ud

ab

no

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

mo

sw

av

le

s

Se

uZ

li

a g

aa

an

al

iz

os

ur

Ti

er

Tk

av

Si

ri

ek

os

is

te

mi

s

ko

mp

on

en

te

bs

S

or

is

da

im

sj

el

os

or

ga

ni

zm

eb

is

ur

Ti

er

Tq

me

de

bi

s r

ol

ze

ek

os

is

te

-

mi

s s

ta

bi

lu

ro

bi

s S

en

ar

Cu

ne

ba

Si

.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.1

. b

io

l.I

X.8

.1.

ga

na

rC

ev

s m

ce

na

re

eb

sa

da

cx

ov

el

eb

ze

mo

qm

ed

Zi

ri

Ta

d g

ar

em

o f

aq

-

to

re

bs

(m

ag

., t

em

pe

ra

tu

ra

, g

an

aT

eb

a,

wy

al

i,

sa

kv

eb

i n

iv

Ti

er

eb

eb

i).

bi

ol

.IX

.8.3

. b

io

l.I

X.8

.3.

am

ya

re

bs

ka

vS

ir

eb

s e

ko

si

st

em

is

k

om

po

ne

nt

eb

s S

or

is

, m

sj

el

ob

s o

rg

a-

ni

zm

Ta

ga

vr

ce

le

bi

sa

da

mr

av

al

fe

ro

vn

eb

is

Zi

ri

Ta

d m

al

im

it

ir

eb

el

f

aq

to

re

bz

e;

kv

l.

IX.1

.k

vl

. IX

.1.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

ga

ns

az

Rv

ro

s k

vl

ev

is

sa

ga

ni

da

kv

le

vi

s e

ta

pe

bi

.

kv

l.

IX.3

.k

vl

. IX

.3.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a w

ar

mo

dg

en

a s

xv

ad

as

xv

a s

ak

om

un

ik

ac

io

s

aS

u-

al

eb

is

ga

mo

ye

ne

bi

T.

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a a

na

li

zi

da

Se

fa

se

ba

.

3

Page 23: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

2222

12

3

IV e

ko

lo

gi

ae

ko

lo

gi

a§2

5§2

5t

ye

eb

i:

ta

ig

af

ar

To

fo

-Tl

ov

an

i

fo

To

lc

ve

ni

a t

ye

tr

op

ik

ul

i t

ye

io

l.I

X.8

. i

ol

.IX

.8.

mo

sw

av

le

s

Se

uZ

li

a g

aa

an

al

iz

os

ur

Ti

er

Tk

av

Si

ri

ek

os

is

te

mi

s

ko

mp

on

en

te

bs

S

or

is

da

im

sj

el

os

or

ga

ni

zm

eb

is

ur

Ti

er

Tq

me

de

bi

s r

ol

ze

ek

os

is

te

-

mi

s s

ta

bi

lu

ro

bi

s S

en

ar

Cu

ne

ba

Si

.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.1

. b

io

l.I

X.8

.1.

ga

na

rC

ev

s m

ce

na

re

eb

sa

da

cx

ov

el

eb

ze

mo

qm

ed

Zi

ri

Ta

d g

ar

em

o f

aq

-

to

re

bs

(m

ag

., t

em

pe

ra

tu

ra

, g

an

aT

eb

a,

wy

al

i,

sa

kv

eb

i n

iv

Ti

er

eb

eb

i).

bi

ol

.IX

.8.3

. b

io

l.I

X.8

.3.

am

ya

re

bs

ka

vS

ir

eb

s e

ko

si

st

em

is

k

om

po

ne

nt

eb

s S

or

is

, m

sj

el

ob

s o

rg

a-

ni

zm

Ta

ga

vr

ce

le

bi

sa

da

mr

av

al

fe

ro

vn

eb

is

Zi

ri

Ta

d m

al

im

it

ir

eb

el

f

aq

to

re

bz

e;

kv

l.

IX.3

.k

vl

. IX

.3.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a w

ar

mo

dg

en

a s

xv

ad

as

xv

a s

ak

om

un

ik

ac

io

s

aS

u-

al

eb

is

ga

mo

ye

ne

bi

T.

kv

l.

IX.4

.k

vl

. IX

.4.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a a

na

li

zi

da

Se

fa

se

ba

.

3

IV e

ko

lo

gi

ae

ko

lo

gi

a§2

6§2

6z

Rv

eb

i d

a o

ke

an

ee

bi

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

mo

sw

av

le

s

Se

uZ

li

a g

aa

an

al

iz

os

ur

Ti

er

Tk

av

Si

ri

ek

os

is

te

mi

s

ko

mp

on

en

te

bs

S

or

is

da

im

sj

el

os

or

ga

ni

zm

eb

is

ur

Ti

er

Tq

me

de

bi

s r

ol

ze

ek

os

is

te

-

mi

s s

ta

bi

lu

ro

bi

s S

en

ar

Cu

ne

ba

Si

.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.1

. b

io

l.I

X.8

.1.

ga

na

rC

ev

s m

ce

na

re

eb

sa

da

cx

ov

el

eb

ze

mo

qm

ed

Zi

ri

Ta

d g

ar

em

o f

aq

-

to

re

bs

(m

ag

., t

em

pe

ra

tu

ra

, g

an

aT

eb

a,

wy

al

i,

sa

kv

eb

i n

iv

Ti

er

eb

eb

i).

bi

ol

.IX

.8.2

. b

io

l.I

X.8

.2.

iy

en

eb

s h

ab

it

at

is

(s

ac

xo

vr

eb

el

i g

ar

em

os

) k

va

dr

at

eb

ad

da

yo

fi

s m

eT

od

s

da

sx

va

da

sx

va

ga

re

ga

ni

fa

qt

or

eb

is

ze

mo

qm

ed

eb

is

pi

ro

be

bS

i (

ma

g.,

t

em

pe

ra

tu

ra

,

te

ni

an

ob

a)

af

as

eb

s i

nd

iv

id

Ta

ro

me

li

me

jg

uf

is

md

go

ma

re

ob

as

;

bi

ol

.IX

.8.5

. b

io

l.I

X.8

.5.

di

ag

ra

mi

s s

ax

iT

wa

rm

oa

dg

en

s l

ok

al

ur

ga

re

mo

Si

k

ve

bi

T j

aW

ve

bS

i

Ca

rT

ul

or

ga

ni

zm

eb

s (

ma

g.,

pi

rv

el

ad

i m

om

xm

ar

eb

el

i d

a m

ta

ce

be

li

) a

Rw

er

s m

aT

So

ri

s

ar

se

bu

l d

am

ok

id

eb

ul

eb

eb

sa

da

ma

T a

dg

il

s e

ko

lo

gi

ur

pi

ra

mi

da

Si

;

kv

l .

IX.2

.k

vl

.IX

.2.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

kv

le

vi

Ti

p

ro

ce

du

ri

s g

an

xo

rc

ie

le

ba

/ m

on

ac

em

eb

is

aR

ri

cx

va

.

2

IV e

ko

lo

gi

ae

ko

lo

gi

a§2

7§2

7t

be

bi

da

gu

bu

re

bi

md

in

ar

ee

bi

da

Wa

ob

eb

ix

el

ov

nu

ri

ek

os

is

te

me

bi

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.

mo

sw

av

le

s

Se

uZ

li

a g

aa

an

al

iz

os

ur

Ti

er

Tk

av

Si

ri

ek

os

is

te

mi

s

ko

mp

on

en

te

bs

S

or

is

da

im

sj

el

os

or

ga

ni

zm

eb

is

ur

Ti

er

Tq

me

de

bi

s r

ol

ze

ek

os

is

te

-

mi

s s

ta

bi

lu

ro

bi

s S

en

ar

Cu

ne

ba

Si

.

bi

ol

.IX

.8.1

. b

io

l.I

X.8

.1.

ga

na

rC

ev

s m

ce

na

re

eb

sa

da

cx

ov

el

eb

ze

mo

qm

ed

Zi

ri

Ta

d g

ar

em

o f

aq

-

to

re

bs

(m

ag

., t

em

pe

ra

tu

ra

, g

an

aT

eb

a,

wy

al

i,

sa

kv

eb

i n

iv

Ti

er

eb

eb

i).

bi

ol

.IX

.8.3

. b

io

l.I

X.8

.3.

am

ya

re

bs

ka

vS

ir

eb

s e

ko

si

st

em

is

k

om

po

ne

nt

eb

s S

or

is

, m

sj

el

ob

s o

rg

a-

ni

zm

Ta

ga

vr

ce

le

bi

sa

da

mr

av

al

fe

ro

vn

eb

is

Zi

ri

Ta

d m

al

im

it

ir

eb

el

f

aq

to

re

bz

e;

bi

ol

.IX

.8.5

. b

io

l.I

X.8

.5.

di

ag

ra

mi

s s

ax

iT

wa

rm

oa

dg

en

s l

ok

al

ur

ga

re

mo

Si

k

ve

bi

T j

aW

ve

bS

i

Ca

rT

ul

or

ga

ni

zm

eb

s (

ma

g.,

pi

rv

el

ad

i m

om

xm

ar

eb

el

i d

a m

ta

ce

be

li

) a

Rw

er

s m

aT

So

ri

s

ar

se

bu

l d

am

ok

id

eb

ul

eb

eb

sa

da

ma

T a

dg

il

s e

ko

lo

gi

ur

pi

ra

mi

da

Si

;

kv

l .

IX.2

.k

vl

.IX

.2.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

kv

le

vi

Ti

p

ro

ce

du

ri

s g

an

xo

rc

ie

le

ba

/ m

on

ac

em

eb

is

aR

ri

cx

va

.

2

Page 24: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

2323

12

3

IV c

oc

xa

li

si

st

em

is

or

ga

-

ni

za

ci

is

do

ne

eb

i§2

8§2

8b

io

lo

gi

ur

i o

rg

an

iz

ac

ii

s

ie

ra

rq

iu

li

si

st

em

a

bi

ol

.IX

.5.

bi

ol

.IX

.5.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

da

ax

as

ia

To

s c

oc

xa

li

si

st

em

is

zo

ga

di

ni

Sa

n-T

vi

se

be

-

bi

.

Se

de

gi

T

va

ls

aC

in

oa

, T

u m

os

wa

vl

e:

bi

ol

.IX

.5.2

. b

io

l.I

X.5

.2.

mo

po

ve

bu

li

in

fo

rm

ac

ii

s s

af

uZ

ve

lz

e a

sa

bu

Te

bs

, r

om

si

co

cx

li

s o

rg

a-

ni

za

ci

is

qv

ed

a s

af

ex

ur

i g

an

sa

zR

vr

av

s m

om

de

vn

o s

af

ex

ur

is

Tv

is

eb

eb

s d

a S

es

ab

am

is

ma

sa

la

s w

ar

mo

ad

ge

ns

sx

va

da

sx

va

ga

mo

ms

ax

ve

lo

bi

Ti

sa

Su

al

eb

iT

(m

ag

., d

ia

gr

am

a).

kv

l.

IX.3

.k

vl

. IX

.3.

mo

sw

av

le

s S

eu

Zl

ia

mo

na

ce

mT

a w

ar

mo

dg

en

a s

xv

ad

as

xv

a s

ak

om

un

ik

ac

io

s

aS

u-

al

eb

is

ga

mo

ye

ne

bi

T.

2

Page 25: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

2424

II genetika da seleqciagenetika da seleqcia

§2§2memkvidreobiTobamitozimitozis mniSvneloba

aqtivobebiaqtivobebimoswavleTa moswavleTa

organizebaorganizeba

droisdrois

ganawilebaganawilebaSefasebis formaSefasebis forma

wina gakveTilis masalis

Semowmeba kiTxvebiTmTeli klasi 5 wT. dakvirveba

mitozis procesis

kostiumirebuli

warmodgena

mTeli klasi 40 wT.

dakvirveba SemoqmedebiTobis,

monacemebis organizebisa da

warmodgenis unarebze

Sesatyvisoba saswavlo gegmasTan

mimarTuleba:mimarTuleba: cocxali samyaro

Sedegi:Sedegi: biol.IX.6.1biol.IX.6.1. adgens mitozisa da meiozis martiv sqemebs, adarebs Svileul uj-

redebSi qromosomebis ganawilebis kanonzomierebebs da ganmar-

tavs maT mniSvnelobas;

kvl. IX.3. kvl. IX.3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunika-

cio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.

kvl. IX.4. kvl. IX.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.

gakveTilis mizani: gakveTilis mizani:

moswavleebma SeZlon, urTierTSeTanxmebisa da TanamSromlobis safuZvel-

ze, problemis gadaWra _ mitozis procesis demonstrireba.

gakveTilis msvlelobagakveTilis msvleloba

mitozis procesis Teatralizebuli warmodgena sakmaod rTuli amocanaa.

moswavleebi amas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeZleben, Tu sworad gaiges mitozis

mniSvneloba da misi fazebi. amisTvis SeamowmeT klasis codna kiTxvebiT.

hkiTxeT: ujredis romel struqturaSia Cawerili informacia organizmis

Tvisebebis Sesaxeb?

moswavleebi pasuxoben: qromosomebSi.

hkiTxeT: ra aris mitozis daniSnuleba?

moswavleebi pasuxoben: mitozis daniSnulebaa dediseul ujredSi arsebuli

informacia zustad gadaeces or Svileul ujreds.

gakveTilebis scenarebigakveTilebis scenarebi

Page 26: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

2525

hkiTxeT: ramden fazad mimdinareobs mitozis procesi?

moswavleebi pasuxoben: mitozis procesi oTx fazad mimdinareobs. es faze-

bia: profaza, metafaza, anafaza, telofaza.

hkiTxeT: ra uZRvis win mitozis process?

moswavleebi pasuxoben: interfaza.

mimarTeT klass: daaxasiaTeT interfaza da mitozis calkeuli fazebi.

moswavleebi axasiaTeben am fazebs (ix. teqsti).

axali masalis wardgena: axali masalis wardgena:

mimarTeT klass: rekvizitebad geZlevaT ori wiTeli da ori lurji mosasxa-

mi, oTxi Toki.

Tqveni mizania, am rekvizitebiT warmoadginoT orqromosomiani ujredis mi-

tozuri gayofis scenari da dadgaT kostiumirebuli warmodgena ise, rom

zustad uCvenoT, Tu ra xdeba mitozis TiToeul fazaSi.

scenari, savaraudod, ase unda gamoiyurebodes:

aTi xelCakidebuli moswavle akeTebs did wres da amiT warmoadgens ujredis

garss.

am wreSi dgeba eqvsi xelCakidebuli moswavle, akeTebs patara wres da gana-

saxierebs birTvis garss. am or wres Soris erTmaneTis gverdigverd dgeba

ori moswavle. isini centriols ganasaxiereben.

patara wreSi dgeba erTi lurjmosasxamiani da erTi wiTelmosasxamiani

moswavle _ qromosoma. es scena dediseul ujreds gamosaxavs.

interfazis procesSi qromosomebSi qromatidebis gaormagebis gamosaxata-

vad, patara wreSi Sedis erTi lurj da erTi wiTelmosasxamiani moswavle.

lurjmosasxamiani moswavleebi dgebian erTad, xolo wiTelmosasxamianebi _

erTad.

amis Semdeg moswavle _ centriolebi erTmaneTs scildebian da polusebis-

ken miemarTebian. birTvis garsis ganmasaxierebeli moswavleebi wridan gamo-

dian, rac profazaSi birTvis garsis daSlas asaxavs.

erTi moswavle _ centrioli, romelsac ori Toki aqvs, erT Toks welze abams

lurjmosasxamiani wyvilidan erT-erT moswavles _ qromatids, xolo meore

Toks _ wiTelmosasxamiani wyvilis erT-erT moswavles _ qromatids da

orive Toks xelSi iWers. moswavle _ centrioli dgeba erT polusze. meore

moswavle _ centrioli (masac ori Toki aqvs) erT Toks abams lurjmosas-

xamiani wyvilis meore moswavles _ qromatids, xolo meore Toks _ wiTelmo-

sasxamiani wyvilis meore moswavle _ qromatids. orive Tokis boloebs xelSi

iWers da dgeba pirveli moswavlis _ centriolis sapirispiro polusze.

metafazis warmosadgenad wiTel da lurjmosasxamiani wyvilebi wris cen-

trSi erTmaneTis gverdigverd dgebian.

amis Semdeg moswavle _ centriolebi orive Tokis boloTi eqaCebian moswav-

leebs _ qromatidebs, romlebic ixrebian da miemarTebian moswavleebis _

centriolebisken. ase iqmneba anafazis suraTi.

telofazis warmosadgenad wreSi Sedis eqvsi moswavle, romlebic adre

birTvis garss warmoadgendnen. sami akeTebs wres, romelSic moaqcevs erT

polusze mdgom erT lurj da erT wiTelmosasxamian moswavles. meore sami

Page 27: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

2626

moswavle ki wreSi moaqcevs meore polusze mdgom wyvils.

patara wreebis gareT aRmoCndebian moswavleebi _ centriolebi.

amis Semdeg ujredis garsis ganmasaxierebeli aTi moswavlidan xuTi Semoer-

tymeba erT patara wres, xolo xuTi _ meore wres. isini qmnian ori patara

Svileuli ujredis garsebs.

warmodgenis dasrulebis Semdeg:warmodgenis dasrulebis Semdeg:hkiTxeT moswavleebs: anafazaSi qromatidebi laTinuri aso V-s emsgavsebian.

ratom?

moswavleebi pasuxoben: qromatidebi V-s msgavsad blant citoplazmaSi

moZraobis gamo ixrebian.

hkiTxeT: mitozs xSirad qromosomebis cekvas uwodeben. eTanxmebiT am gamo-

naTqvams? qromosoma TviTon cekvavs Tu marionetia?

moswavleebi pasuxoben: veTanxmebiT. qromosoma marionetia, mas cilovani Za-

febi amoZravebs.

moswavleebis Sefasebisas gaiTvaliswineT:

1. maTi SemoqmedebiTi unari;

2. monacemebis organizebisa da warmodgenis unari.

mitozis scenaris sqema

pirobiTi aRniSvnebi:

_ lurjmosasxamiani moswavle _ qromosoma

_ wiTelmosasxamiani moswavle _ qromosoma

_ ujredisa da birTvis garsebis agebaSi monawile moswavle

_ moswavle _ centrioli

Page 28: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

2727

profaza

anafaza telofaza

Svileuli ujredi

metafaza

Page 29: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

2828

§9§9

cvalebadobamemkvidruli cvalebadoba

aqtivobebiaqtivobebimoswavleTa moswavleTa

organizebaorganizeba

droisdrois

ganawilebaganawilebaSefasebis formaSefasebis forma

saSinao davalebis

SemowmebamTeli klasi 5 wT. dakvirveba

axali masalis wardgena

ilustraciebiTmTeli klasi 25 wT.

dakvirveba sagakveTilo pro-

cesSi CarTulobaze

diskusia mTeli klasi 15 wT. dakvirveba diskusiaze

saSinao davaleba mTeli klasi

Sesatyvisoba saswavlo gegmasTan

mimarTuleba:mimarTuleba: cocxali samyaro

Sedegi: Sedegi: biol.IX.6.biol.IX.6. moswavles SeuZlia daaxasiaTos memkvidreobiToba da cvalebado-

ba, Camoayalibos memkvidreobiTobis kanonebi; imsjelos geneti-

kis mniSvnelobaze seleqciasa da medicinaSi.

biol.IX.6.4.biol.IX.6.4. aRwers adamianSi zogierTi mendeliseuli niSnis (mag., Tvalis fe-

ri, yuris bibilos forma) memkvidreobis sqemas. asaxelebs zogi-

erTi genetikuri daavadebis (mag., daunis daavadeba) mizezebs;

biol.IX.6.5.biol.IX.6.5. asaxelebs da aRwers cvalebadobis fenotipur da genotipur

for mebs, msjelobs maT Soris gansxvavebaze;

gakveTilis mizani:gakveTilis mizani:

moswavlem SeZlos memkvidruli cvalebadobis sxvadasxva formis mizezisa

da Sedegis axsna. ivaraudos am cvlilebis Sedegad ganviTarebuli zogier-

Ti daavadebis niSnebi. Seadginos anketa qromosomuli daavadebebis mqone

(magaliTad, daunis sindromiT) adamianTa mimarT sazogadoebis damokidebu-

lebis Sesaswavlad.

II genetika da seleqciagenetika da seleqcia

Page 30: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

2929

axali masalis wardgena:axali masalis wardgena:

hkiTxeT moswavleebs: ra aris memkvidreobiToba?

moswavleebi pasuxoben: memkvidreobiToba aris organizmis Tviseba, gadasces

STamomavlobas winaprisagan miRebuli niSan-Tvisebebi.

ganumarteT moswavleebs: miuxedavad am Tvisebisa, bunebaSi SeuZlebelia ori

erTnairi adamianis moZebna. amis mizezi cvalebadobaa.

cvalebadoba aris organizmis Tviseba, individualuri ganviTarebis proces-

Si, SeiZinos axali niSan-Tvisebebi.

warudgineT klass sqema:

ganumarteT: arsebobs memkvidruli da aramemkvidruli cvalebadoba. memkvi-

druli, anu genotipuri cvalebadoba genotipis cvlilebiT aris gamowveu-

li. is memkvidreobiT gadaecema da gamoixateba, rogorc wesi, fenotipis

cvli lebiT.

memkvidrul cvalebadobaSi ganasxvaveben mutaciur da kombinaciur cvale-

badobas.

warudgineT klass sqema:

ganumarteT klass: mutacia genebis, qromosomebis struqturis an qromosoma-

Ta raodenobis uca be dad da SemTxveviT warmoqmnili cvlilebaa.

warudgineT klass sqema:

gakveTilis msvlelobagakveTilis msvleloba

cvalebadobacvalebadoba

aramemkvidruliaramemkvidrulimemkvidrulimemkvidruli

mutaciamutaciakombinaciuri kombinaciuri cvalebadobacvalebadoba

memkvidrulimemkvidrulicvalebadobacvalebadoba

genurigenuri qromosomuliqromosomuli

mutaciamutacia

Page 31: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

3030

mutaciis gamomwvev mizezebs mutagenuri faqtorebi hqvia. mutagenuri faq-

torebia: ultraiisferi gamosxiveba, maionizebeli radiacia, rentgenis sxi-

vebi, sxvadasxva qimiuri nivTiereba, Tambaqos zogierTi komponenti, zogier-

Ti samkurnalo preparati, sakvebi konservantebi da pesticidebi.

ganumarteT: genuri mutacia SeiZleba nebismierma genma nebismier dros gani-

cados. is SeiZleba warmoiqmnas rogorc somatur, ise sasqeso ujredebSi.

ganumarteT: embrionuli ganviTarebis adreul stadiaze genuri mutacia

nayo fis simaxinjisa da daRupvis mizezic ki SeiZleba gaxdes. zogjer muta-

cia mozrdili organizmis ujredebSic xdeba. magaliTad, Tu mutaciis Sede-

gad dazianda is geni, romelic ujredis zrdasa da gayofas akontrolebs,

SeiZleba ganviTardes simsivne. swored es procesia aRwerili ilustraciaze.

SesTavazeT moswavleebs, daakvirdnen wignSi mocemul ilustracias.

simsivnuri ujredebis

warmoqmna mutaciis gziT

1

2

3

1. normaluri ujredi;

2. simsivnuri ujredi;

3. dnm-is molekula.

ganumarteT: aseTi mutaciis Sedegad sxeulis erT-erTi ujredi intensiu-

rad iyofa maSin, roca aRar unda iyofodes.

ganumarteT klass: daavadeba _ albinizmi im fermentis warmoqmnaze pasu-

xismgebeli genis mutaciis Sedegia, romelic aucilebelia pigment melaninis

sinTezisTvis.

hkiTxeT moswavleebs: rogor unda gamoiyurebodes albinizmiT daavadebuli

_ albinosi?

moswavleebi pasuxoben: imis gamo, rom organizmSi ar gamomuSavdeba melanini,

romelic kans, Tmebs, warbebs, wamwamebs, Tvalis ferad garss fers aZlevs,

da avadebulis kani vardisferi an rZisferia, Tmebi, warbebi, wamwamebi _ ufe-

ruli (TeTri), feradi garsi mowiTalo (moCans masSi gamavali sisxlZarRvebi).

ganumarteT: zogierTi genuri mutacia nivTierebaTa cvlis darRvevas iwvevs.

magaliTad, Saqriani diabetis erT-erTi formis dros darRveulia kuWqveSa

jirkvalSi insulinis sinTezi. is mcire raodenobiT an saerTod ar gamo-

muSavdeba.

progeria iSviaTi genetikuri daavadebaa. misi gamomwvevi mizezi im cilis

Page 32: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

3131

sinTezze pasuxismgebeli genis mutaciaa, romelic monawileobs ujredis

birT vis garsis SenebaSi. progeriiT daavadebulis ujredebSi birTvis gar-

si iWmuxneba. ujreds aRar SeuZlia normaluri gayofa. amis gamo organizmi

wyvets zrdas, aRar xdeba mkvdari ujredebis axliT Secvla. amitom adamiani

daCqarebulad berdeba.13-14 wlis daavadebuli 80-85 wlis moxuciviT gamoi-

yureba.

zogjer mutacias ganicdis sasqeso qromosomebSi moTavsebuli genebi.

magaliTad, morisis sindromis saxelwodebiT cnobili daavadeba dakavSire-

bulia X sasqeso qromosomaSi lokalizebuli im genis mutaciasTan, romelic

pasuxismgebelia mamrobiTi sasqeso hormonis _ testosteronis cila-re-

ceptoris sinTezze. am dros embrionis yvela ujreds aqvs XY qromosoma, e.i.

Teoriulad, qveyanas unda moevlinos vaJi. Tumca, imis gamo, rom mamrobiTi

embrionis ujredebi TiTqos `dayruebulia~ testosteronis mimarT da sama-

gierod, mgrZnobiarea qalis hormonebze, embrioni viTardeba qalad. ibadeba

fsevdohermafroditi _ mamakacis genotipiTa da qalis fenotipiT.

ganumarteT klass: zogjer mutacias ganicdis ara erTi konkretuli geni,

ara med qromosomis garkveuli nawili, zogjer maTi ricxvic ki. aseT muta-

ciebs qromosomuli mutaciebi hqvia.

adamianis qromosomTa kompleqtSi 1-2-iT zedmeti an naklebi qromosomis ar-

seboba mniSvnelovnad cvlis organizmis ganviTarebas. qromosomuli muta-

cia SeiZleba ganicados autosomebmac da sasqeso qromosomebmac.

hkiTxeT moswavleebs: romeli procesis darRvevis Sedegi unda iyos qromo-

somTa ricxvis cvlilebiT gamowveuli mutacia?

moswavleebi pasuxoben: SesaZloa, meiozis procesSi erTmaneTs ar dascildes

homologiuri qromosomebis erT-erTi wyvili, rac gamoiwvevs gametebis erT

nawilSi erTiT meti, xolo meore nawilSi erTiT naklebi qromosomis arsebo-

bas. Tu aseTma gametam monawileoba miiRo ganayofierebaSi, maSin warmoqmnil

organizms darRveuli eqneba qromosomaTa normaluri ricxvi.

ganumarteT klass: cnobilia daavadebebi, romlebic gamowveulia sasqeso

qromosomebis ricxvis cvlilebasTan. magaliTad, terner-SereSevskis sin-

dromiT daavadebulebs aqvT 45 qromosoma _ 44 + X. daavadebuli mdedro-

biTi sqesisaa.

gamoiZaxeT dafasTan erTi moswavle da SesTavazeT, sqematurad warmoadgi-

nos SemTxveva, roca mSoblebs SeiZleba eyoloT am sindromiT daavadebuli

gogona.

Page 33: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

3232

klainfelteris sindromiani mamakacebis qromosomuli kompleqtia 44+XXY. momwifebis procesSi maT uyalibdebaT saWurisis tipis sxeuli da unayofoe-

bi arian.

gamoZaxeT dafasTan romelime moswavle. SesTavazeT, sqematurad warmoadgi-

nos SemTxveva, roca mSoblebs SeiZleba eyoloT klainfelteris sindromiT

daavadebuli vaJi.

sqema ase unda gamoiyurebodes:

mimarTeT klass: SeadgineT anketa daunis sindromiT daavadebulebis mimarT

sazogadoebis damokidebulebis Sesaswavlad.

sqema ase unda gamoiyurebodes:

Page 34: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

3333

§10§10

aramemkvidruli cvalebadoba

II genetika da seleqciagenetika da seleqcia

Sesatyvisoba saswavlo gegmasTan

mimarTuleba:mimarTuleba: cocxali samyaro

Sedegi: Sedegi: biol.IX.6.biol.IX.6. moswavles SeuZlia daaxasiaTos memkvidreobiToba da cvaleba-

doba, Camoayalibos memkvidreobiTobis kanonebi; imsjelos gene-

tikis mniSvnelobaze seleqciasa da medicinaSi.

biol.IX.6.5.biol.IX.6.5.asaxelebs da aRwers cvalebadobis fenotipur da genotipur for-

mebs, msjelobs maT Soris gansxvavebaze;

kvl .IX.2.kvl .IX.2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/ mona-

cemebis aRricxva.

kvl. IX.4.kvl. IX.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.

gakveTilis mizani:gakveTilis mizani:

moswavlem gansazRvros sakuTari kanis tipi da garujvis SesaZlo xarisxi.

aqtivobebiaqtivobebimoswavleTa moswavleTa

organizebaorganizeba

droisdrois

ganawilebaganawilebaSefasebis formaSefasebis forma

saSinao davalebis

SemowmebamTeli klasi 5 wT. dakvirveba

axali masalis wardgena jgufuri

individualuri30 wT.

dakvirveba jgufSi muSaobis

unarebze

saSinao davalebis

pirobis gacnobamTeli klasi 5 wT.

gakveTilis msvlelobagakveTilis msvleloba

axali masalis wardgena:axali masalis wardgena:

ganumarteT klass: aramemkvidruli, anu modifikaciuri cvalebadobis dros

icvleba fenotipi, genotipi ki ucvlelia, amitom es cvlileba momdevno Tao-

bebs ar gadaecema. modifikaciuri cvalebadobis dros genebis struqturis

cvlilebas adgili ar aqvs. Tumca, garemo pirobebi, romelSic organizmi bi-

nadrobs, garkveulad cvlis mis fenotips. modifikaciuri cvalebadoba aris

erTi da imave niSnis ganmsazRvreli genis sxvadasxvagvari gamovlena gansx-

vavebul pirobebSi.

Page 35: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

3434

adamianSi modifikaciuri cvalebadobis magaliTebia: ultraiisferi sxivebis

moqmedebiT sxeulis garujva, fizikuri datvirTvis dros Zval-kunTovani

sistemis mZlavri ganviTareba, Warbi kvebisa da naklebad aqtiuri cxovrebis

wesis Sedegad wonaSi momateba da sxv.

hkiTxeT moswavleebs: iqneba Tu ara dietiT wonis dakleba modifikaciuri

cvalebadoba?

moswavleebi pasuxoben: iqneba, vinaidan dietiT icvleba wona, genotipi ki

ucvleli rCeba. amaze miuTiTebs dietis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi wonaSi isev

momateba.

ganumarteT klass: modifikaciur cvalebadobas miekuTvneba organizmis una-

ri, SeguebiT upasuxos garemos cvlad pirobebs. individis niSan-Tvisebebi

saarsebo pirobebis zegavleniT garkveul farglebSi icvleba.

ganumarteT klass: garujva kanis damcavi reaqciaa ultraiisferi sxivebis

saziano moqmedebis mimarT. garujvis xarisxi, anu cvalebadobis farglebi

damokidebulia kanis tipze.

warmogidgenT kiTxvarebs, romlis mixedviTac daadgenT ara marto Tqveni

kanis tips, aramed garujvis SesaZlo xarisxsac. amisTvis saWiroa, upasuxoT

kiTxvebs, romlebic Sefasebulia qulebiT.

daurigeT moswavleebs kiTxvarebi.

kiTxvebikiTxvebi 0 1 2 3 4

1. ra feris

Tvalebi

gaqvT

cisferinacrisferi

an mwvanelurji

muqi

Taflisferi

yavisferi

an Savi

2. ra feris

Tma gaqvTqera JRali

baci

yavisferi

muqi

yavisferiSavi

3. ra ferisaa

Tqveni kani

gaurujavi

movardisfroZalian

TeTriTeTri

baci

yavisferi

muqi

yavisferi

4. gaqvT Tus

ara Worf-

li garuj-

vamde

bevri sakmaodmcire

raodenobiTumniSvnelod ara

Page 36: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

3535

SekribeT TiToeul cxrilSi Tqven mier miRebuli qulebi da mocemuli cxri-

lis mixedviT gaarkvieT Tqveni kanis tipi da garujvis SesaZlo xarisxi.

hkiTxeT moswavleebs: riT daasabuTebT, rom garujva moifikaciuri cvaleba-

dobaa?

moswavleebi pasuxoben: mzis sxivebis moqmedebis Sewyvetis Semdeg, kani

ibrunebs Tavis fers, rac imas niSnavs, rom genotipi ar Seicvala.

Page 37: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

3636

§11§11

seleqciis tradiciuli da Tanamedrove meTodebimcenareTa seleqciacxovelTa seleqcia

II genetika da seleqciagenetika da seleqcia

Sesatyvisoba saswavlo gegmasTan

mimarTuleba:mimarTuleba: cocxali samyaro

Sedegi: Sedegi: biol.IX.6.biol.IX.6. moswavles SeuZlia daaxasiaTos memkvidreobiToba da cvaleba-

doba, Camoayalibos memkvidreobiTobis kanonebi; imsjelos gene-

tikis mniSvnelobaze seleqciasa da medicinaSi.

kvl. IX.4.kvl. IX.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.

gakveTilis mizani:gakveTilis mizani:

sxvadasxva jiSis cxovelebis Tvisebebis gacnobis safuZvelze, moswavles ga-

moumuSavdes sinTezis, analizis, Sefasebisa da terminebis gaSifvris unari.

aqtivobebiaqtivobebimoswavleTa moswavleTa

organizebaorganizeba

droisdrois

ganawilebaganawilebaSefasebis formaSefasebis forma

saSinao davalebis

SemowmebamTeli klasi 5 wT. dakvirveba

axali masalis wardgena

ilustraciebiT mTeli klasi 25 wT. dakvirveba

diskusia mTeli klasi 10 wT dakvirveba

saSinao davalebis

pirobis gacnobamTeli klasi 5 wT.

gakveTilis msvlelobagakveTilis msvleloba

axali masalis wardgena: axali masalis wardgena:

ganumarteT moswavleebs: erT-erTi pirveli cxoveli, romelic adamianma

moiSinaura, ZaRlia. is ukve 15 aTasi welia adamianTan erTad cxovrobs. cno-

bilia ZaRlis 400-ze meti jiSi.

kinologebi (specialistebi, romlebic Seiswavlian ZaRlebs) ZaRlis jiSebs,

gamoyenebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva jgufSi _ monadire, samsaxurebrivi,

Page 38: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

3737

dekoratiuli da sxva _ aerTianeben.

mimarTeT klass: gTavazobT Sejibrs _ vin meti icis adamianis am erTguli

megobris Sesaxeb. amisTvis daiyaviT or jgufad. TiToeuli jgufidan gamo-

yaviT Tqveni warmomadgeneli, romelic dafaze aRricxavs Cem mier dasmul

kiTxvebze jgufis sworad gacemuli pasuxebis raodenobas. gamarjvebulad

is jgufi CaiTvleba, romelic met swor pasuxs daagrovebs. Tqveni pasuxebi

qulebiT Semdegnairad Sefasdeba:

araswori pasuxi an pasuxis arqona _ 0 qula;

swori pasuxi _ 2 qula.

hkiTxeT klass: ZaRlis romeli jiSebia TqvenTvis cnobili?

(am kiTxvaze pasuxebis Sefasebisas gaiTvaliswineT dasaxelebuli jiSebis

raodenoba).

hkiTxeT klass: ra TvisebebiT unda gamoirCeodnen meZebrebi?

klasi pasuxobs: maT unda hqondeT kargad ganviTarebuli ynosva, raTa mia-

gnon nadirs.

hkiTxeT: nadirobis garda, kidev raSi iyenebs adamiani kargi ynosvis unaris

mqone ZaRlebs?

klasi pasuxobs: maT iyeneben kriminalistikaSi damnaSavis kvalis asaRebad,

narkotikuli da asafeTqebeli nivTierebebis aRmosaCenad.

hkiTxeT klass: ras niSnavs sityva `pointeri~? gaSifreT es sityva.

moswavleebi pasuxoben: pointeri inglisurad meZebars niSnavs.

hkiTxeT: ra daniSnuleba unda hqondes nadirobisas mwevars?

moswavleebi pasuxoben: mwevari unda daedevnos, daewios nadirs.

hkiTxeT: ra fizikuri Tvisebebi unda gaaCndes aseT ZaRls?

moswavleebi pasuxoben: aseT ZaRls unda hqondes Zlieri fizikuri gamZleo-

ba, didi siswrafe, maRali fexebi.

ganumarteT: `tera~ laTinurad soros niSnavs. arsebobs ZaRlis jiSi _

terieri. rogor fiqrobT, ra mizniT aris gamoyvanili es monadire jiSis

ZaRli?

moswavleebi pasuxoben: maT sorodan amohyavT nadirobis dros iq mimaluli

nadiri.

mimarTeT moswavleebs, saxelmZRvaneloSi (gv.78) mocemul pirvel ilustra-

ciaze amoicnon terieri da mwevari.

moswavleebi pasuxoben: pirveli terieria, meore _ mwevari. amaze miuTiTebs

maTi sxeulis forma da kidurebis simaRle.

hkiTxeT: ra mizniT gamoiyvana adamianma mecxvare jiSis ZaRli da ra Tvise-

bebi axasiaTebs mas?

moswavleebi savaraudod pasuxoben: adamianma es jiSi cxvris faris dasaca-

vad gamoiyvana. isini nadirisa da ucxo adamianebis mimarT avebi arian, fizi-

kurad _ Zlierebi da grZelbewvianebi, raTa mkacr pirobebs gauZlon.

hkiTxeT: gagigiaT ZaRlebis _ senbernarisa da niufaundlendis Tvisebebis

Sesaxeb?

moswavleebi pasuxoben: senbernari qarbuqSi gzaabneul adamianebs poulobs,

xolo niufaundlends SeuZlia adamiani wyalSi daRrCobas gadaarCinos.

hkiTxeT klass: Tqveni azriT, ra TvisebebiT unda gamoirCeodnen es ZaRlebi?

Page 39: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

3838

moswavleebi pasuxoben: maT unda hqondeT kargi ynosva, fizikurad Zlierebi

da grZelbewvianebi unda iyvnen.

uCveneT klass saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili pudelis, pekinesisa da

Ci-xua-xuas ilustracia.

hkiTxeT: ra mizniTaa gamoyvanili ZaRlis es jiSebi?

moswavleebi pasuxoben: isini dekoratiuli ZaRlebi arian.

dafasTan mdgomi jgufis warmomadgenlebi ajameben TiToeuli jgufis mier

dagrovebul qulebs. ase gamovlindeba gamarjvebuli.

hkiTxeT klass: romeli jiSis ZaRls iyoliebdiT da ras gaiTvaliswinebdiT

arCevanis gakeTebisas?

klasSi gamarTeT diskusia kiTxvis garSemo. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, diskusi-

is swori mimarTulebiT warmarTvisTvis, daexmareT moswavleebs kiTxvebiT:

ratom airCieT es ZaRli samegobrod?

icnobT Tu ara am ZaRlis fizikur monacemebsa (didia Tu patara, grZelbewvi-

ania Tu moklebewviani) da mis xasiaTs (avia Tu mSvidi)?

ra tipisa da raodenobis sakvebi sWirdeba am ZaRls?

iTvaliswinebT Tu ara Tqveni binis farTobs, am jiSis ZaRlis arCevisas?

romel sarTulze cxovrobT?

aqvs Tu ara ezo Tqvens saxls?

vin unda aseirnos da moumzados sakvebi ZaRls?

aris Tu ara ojaxSi patara bavSvi?

ojaxis biujeti gawvdeba Tu ara am ZaRlis Senaxvas?

ZaRlis arCevisas, SeuTanxmdiT Tu ara ojaxis wevrebs?

hkiTxeT: yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, xom ar gadaifiqreT an SecvaleT

Tqveni arCevani?

moswavleebis sagakveTilo procesSi CarTuloba SeafaseT Semdegi aqtivobe-

biT:

1. yuradRebis mobilizeba;

2. dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema da dasabuTeba;

3. varaudis gamoTqma;

4. saklaso diskusiaSi CarTuloba;

5. sakuTari damokidebulebis gamoxatva da misi dasabuTeba.

Page 40: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

3939

§15§15niadagi da misi struqturaorganizmTa Seguebulobani sxvadasxva struqturis niadagis mimarT

Sesatyvisoba saswavlo gegmasTan

mimarTuleba:mimarTuleba: cocxali samyaro

Sedegi: Sedegi: biol.IX.8. biol.IX.8. moswavles SeuZlia gaaanalizos urTierTkavSiri ekosistemis

komponentebs Soris da imsjelos organizmebis urTierTqmedebis

rolze ekosistemis stabilurobis SenarCunebaSi.

biol.IX.8.1.biol.IX.8.1.ganarCevs mcenareebsa da cxovelebze moqmed ZiriTad garemo faq-

torebs (mag., temperatura, ganaTeba, wyali, sakvebi nivTierebebi).

kvl. IX.1. kvl. IX.1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis eta-

pebi.

kvl .IX.2.kvl .IX.2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/ mona-

cemebis aRricxva.

kvl. IX.3.kvl. IX.3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunika-

cio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.

gakveTilis mizani:gakveTilis mizani:

moswavlem eqsperimentis gziT aRmoaCinos niadagis Semadgeneli komponente-

bi da misi struqtura warmoadginos sqemis saxiT. imsjelos im Seguebulobe-

bze, romlebic, maT gamoumuSavdaT sxvadasxva tipis niadagebis mimarT.

aqtivobebiaqtivobebimoswavleTa moswavleTa

organizebaorganizeba

droisdrois

ganawilebaganawilebaSefasebis formaSefasebis forma

saSinao davalebis

SemowmebamTeli klasi 5 wT. dakvirveba

axali masalis wardgena

eqsperimentis

saSualebiT.

monacemTa aRricxva

jgufuri 35 wT.

dakvirveba

Canaxatebis, sqemebis,

Canawerebis gacnoba

saSinao davalebis

pirobis gacnobamTeli klasi 5 wT.

IV ekologiaekologia

Page 41: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

4040

gakveTilis msvlelobagakveTilis msvleloba

axali masalis wardgena:axali masalis wardgena:

mimarTeT klass: niadagi erT-erTi abioturi faqtoria, romlis struqtu-

ras ZiriTadad Tixis Zalze mcire da qviSis SedarebiT didi nawilakebi qmnis.

niadagis struqturis gamosakvlevad, dayaviT klasi jgufebad da daurigeT

eqsperimentisTvis saWiro masala: niadagi, qimiuri Wiqebi, Tavsaxuriani ce-

cxlgamZle kolbebi (mcire zomis), wyali, filtris qaRaldi, Zabri, minis

wkirebi, spirtqura, sasagne minebi.

mas Semdeg, rac jgufebi mzad iqnebian samuSaod, dausviT amocana, moifiqron

meTodi qviSisa da Tixis nawilakebis dasacileblad.

am mizniT maT kargad unda gasrison niadagi, Cayaron wylian WiqaSi, mourion

wkiriT da acadon qviSis nawilakebs dawdoma, xolo mRvrie wyali, romelSic

Tixis nawilakebia Setivtivebuli, frTxilad gadasxan meore WiqaSi. ramdeni-

me xnis Semdeg Tixac fskerze daileqeba. SesaZloa, moswavleebma moifiqron

ufro swrafi xerxi _ Tixiani wylis gafiltvra. am SemTxvevaSi Tixa fil-

tris qaRaldze darCeba.

dasviT kiTxva: riT sunTqaven niadagSi mcxovrebi organizmebi?

moswavleebi pasuxoben: isini niadagSi arsebuli haeriT sunTqaven. amis Sem-

deg dausviT amocana, moifiqron cda, riTac isini niadagSi arsebul haers

aRmoaCenen.

niadagSi haeris aRmosaCenad moswavleebma niadagi unda Cayaron wyalSi da

daakvirdnen masSi haeris buStukebis gaCenas.

hkiTxeT moswavleebs: rogor fiqrobT, Seicavs Tu ara wyals Tqvens xelT ar-

sebuli niadagi?

pasuxebi SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos. sakuTar mosazrebebSi dasarwmuneb-

lad, xelT arsebuli resursebiT moifiqron da dagegmon cda. maT mcire zo-

mis cecxlgamZle kolba daaxloebiT naxevrad unda Seavson niadagiT, daaxu-

ron sacobi da gaaxuron spirtquris alze. gaciebis Semdeg kolbis kedlebze

daakvirdnen wylis wveTebs.

dasviT kiTxva: ra nivTierebebiT mdidrdeba niadagi mkvdari organizmebis

sokoebiTa da baqteriebiT daSlis procesSi?

moswavleebi pasuxoben: am dros niadagSi organuli nivTierebebi da mineralu-

ri marilebi warmoiqmneba.

dausaxeT klass amocana, aRmoaCinon niadagSi mineraluri marilebi.

moswavleebma unda moifiqron da winaswar gaaxuron niadagi, masSi arsebuli

organuli nivTierebebis dasawvavad. amis Semdeg, Cayaron niadagi wyalSi,

kar gad SeanjRrion, cota xniT daayovnon, mineraluri marilebis gasaxsne-

lad da Semdeg gafiltron. filtratis ramdenime wveTi wkiriT an pipetiT

gadaitanon sasagne minaze da aaorTqlon spirtquris alze. sasagne minaze daa-

k virdnen mineraluri marilebis nafifqs.

mas Semdeg, rac moswavleebi Catarebuli cdebiT aRmoaCenen niadagis Semad-

genel komponentebs, jgufebi Seecadon, am komponentebisgan Seqmnan niada-

gis struqturis sqematuri gamosaxuleba da Seadaron jer erTmaneTs, xolo

Semdeg saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenil sqemas. amiT isini darwmundebian, rom

Page 42: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

4141

eqsperimentiT sworad ivaraudes niadagis Sedgeniloba.

niadagis struqturis gacnobis Semdeg, moswavleebi pasuxoben kiTxvebs:

1. ratom uviTardebaT tropikul tyeebSi xe-mcenareebs damatebiTi sa-

sunTqi fesvebi?

2. rogor niadagze saxloben mweriWamia mcenareebi? sokoebi? gaixseneT

maTi kvebis tipi da daukavSireT is niadagis struqturas.

niadagis struqturis kvlevisTvis, SesaZloa, 35 wuTi ar iyos sakmarisi. am

SemTxvevaSi dauTmeT mas meore gakveTili.

Page 43: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

4242

§19§19

energiis gadacema kvebiT jaWvSi

Sesatyvisoba saswavlo gegmasTan

mimarTuleba:mimarTuleba: cocxali samyaro

Sedegi: Sedegi: biol. IX.8. biol. IX.8. moswavles SeuZlia gaaanalizos urTierTkavSiri ekosistemis

komponentebs Soris da imsjelos organizmebis urTierT qme-

debis rolze ekosistemis stabilurobis SenarCunebaSi.

biol. IX.8.5.biol. IX.8.5. diagramis saxiT warmoadgens lokalur garemoSi kvebiT jaWveb-

Si CarTul organizmebs (mag., pirveladi momxmarebeli da mtace-

beli), aRwers maT Soris arsebul damokidebulebebsa da maT ad-

gils ekologiur piramidaSi;

kvl. IX. 3.kvl. IX. 3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunika-

cio saSualebebis gamoyenebiT.

kvl. IX. 4.kvl. IX. 4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.

gakveTilis mizani:gakveTilis mizani:

moswavle kargad gaerkves ekologiuri piramidis agebis principebsa da ter-

minologiaSi. SeZlos piramidis agebis modelireba.

aqtivobebiaqtivobebimoswavleTa moswavleTa

organizebaorganizeba

droisdrois

ganawilebaganawilebaSefasebis formaSefasebis forma

saSinao davalebis

SemowmebamTeli klasi 5 wT. dakvirveba

praqtikuli

samuSaoindividualuri 40 wT.

dakvirveba moswavleTa

individualur muSaobis

unarebze

gakveTilis msvlelobagakveTilis msvleloba

saSinao davalebis Semowmeba: SerCeviT gamoiZaxeT moswavle, romelic kla-

sis winaSe warmoadgens saSinao davalebis sakuTar variants. klasSi imarTeba

diskusia davalebis irgvliv da moswavleebi midian swor pasuxebamde.

praqtikuli samuSao: daurigeT moswavleebs feradi fanqrebi, danarTi 1 da

2. mieciT 40 wuTi samuSaos Sesasruleblad.

IV ekologiaekologia

Page 44: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

4343

instruqciainstruqcia

1. gaaferade piramidis fuZe, I safexuri _ pirveli kvebiTi done mwvaned.

2. gaaferade piramidis II safexuri _ meore kvebiTi done yviTlad.

3. gaaferade piramidis III safexuri _ mesame kvebiTi done cisfrad.

4. gaaferade piramidis IV safexuri _ meoTxe kvebiTi done wiTlad.

5. piramidis I gverdis sxvadasxva safexurze gaakeTe Sesabamisi warwerebi _

producenti, I rigis konsumenti, II rigis konsumenti, III rigis konsumenti.

6. piramidis II gverdis safexurebze gaakeTe Sesabamisi warwerebi _ mcenare,

mcenareWamia, xorciWamia.

7. piramidis III gverdis safexurebze gaakeTe Sesabamisi warwerebi _ avto-

trofi, heterotrofi.

8. miuCine adgilebi danarT 2-ze warmodgenili organizmebis oTx sxvadasxva

jgufs piramidis IV gverdze.

Sen mier agebuli piramididan gamomdinare: Sen mier agebuli piramididan gamomdinare:

a. gamoiyene sami termini balaxis dasaxasiaTeblad. ..............................................

b. romeli sami terminiT daaxasiaTeb Zroxas? .........................................................

g. sami terminiT aRwere adamiani. ..............................................................................

d. romeli kvebiTi donis organizmebiT ikvebebian III rigis kvebiT doneze

myofi organizmebi? ......................................................................................................

e. daasaxele kvebiTi done, romlis organizmebi sakvebad mis qvemoT mdgom

organizmebs ar iyeneben...............................................................................................

v. yovelTvis erTi da igive kvebiT doneze imyofebian organizmebi? ..............

z. romel kvebiT dones SeiZleba ikavebdes adamiani? ............................................

CaibareT moswavleebis mier Sesrulebuli samuSao da Semdeg gakveTilze

moawyveT maTi sajaro ganxilva.

gTavazobT instruqciisa da danarTi 1-is Sevsebul variants.

Page 45: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

4444

danarTi 1danarTi 1

Page 46: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

4545

danarTi 2danarTi 2

1. yvavili, xe, balaxi, wyalmcenare.

2. muxluxo, Zroxa, kalia, xoWo.

3. beRura, adamiani, bayayi, mgeli.

4. gveli, Zera, lomi.

Page 47: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

4646

producenti

mc

en

ar

e

mc

en

ar

eW

am

ia

xo

rc

iW

am

ia

xo

rc

iW

am

ia

au

to

tr

of

i

yvavili, xe, balaxi. wyalmcenare

muxluxo,

Zroxa, kalia, xoWo

beRura, adamiani,

bayayi, mgeli

gveli, Zera, lomi

he

te

ro

tr

of

i

he

te

ro

tr

of

i

he

te

-

ro

tr

of

i

II rigis

konsumenti

III rigis

konsumenti

I rigis

konsumenti

danarTi 1 – Sevsebuli variantidanarTi 1 – Sevsebuli varianti

Page 48: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

4747

instruqciis Sevsebuli variantiinstruqciis Sevsebuli varianti

Sen mier agebuli piramididan gamomdinare:Sen mier agebuli piramididan gamomdinare:

a. gamoiyene sami termini balaxis dasaxasiaTeblad. (producenti, mcenare,

avtotrofi)

b. romeli sami terminiT daaxasiaTeb Zroxas? (I rigis konsumenti, mcenare-

Wamia, heterotrofi)

g. sami terminiT asaxe adamiani. (II rigis konsumenti, xorciWamia, hete-

rotrofi)

d. romeli kvebiTi donis organizmebiT ikvebebian III rigis kvebiT doneze

myofi organizmebi? (II kvebiT doneze myofi organizmebiT)

e. daasaxele kvebiTi done, romlis organizmebi sakvebad mis qvemoT mdgom

organizmebs ar iyeneben.

v. yovelTvis erTi da igive kvebiT doneze imyofebian organizmebi? (ara)

z. romel kvebiT dones SeiZleba ikavebdes adamiani? (II, III, IV kvebiT dones)

Page 49: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

4848

§20§20

populaciis ricxobriobamasze moqmedi faqtorebipopulaciis ricxobriobis gansazRvris meTodebi

Sesatyvisoba saswavlo gegmasTan

mimarTuleba: mimarTuleba: cocxali samyaro

Sedegi:Sedegi:kvl. IX. 2. kvl. IX. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba, Sede-

gebis aRricxva.

kvl. IX. 4.kvl. IX. 4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.

kvl. IX. 8. kvl. IX. 8. moswavles SeuZlia gaaanalizos urTierTkavSiri ekosistemis

komponentebs Soris da imsjelos organizmebis urTierTqmedebis

rolze ekosistemis stabilurobis SenarCunebaSi.

gakveTilis mizani:gakveTilis mizani:

moswavle simulaciuri TamaSiT gaecnos populaciis ricxobriobis kvlevis

erT-erT meTods da SeZlos kvlevis sxvadasxva meTodebis praqtikaSi gamoy-

eneba.

aqtivobebiaqtivobebimoswavleTa moswavleTa

organizebaorganizeba

droisdrois

ganawilebaganawilebaSefasebis formaSefasebis forma

axali masalis wardgena mTeli klasi 20 wT.

axali masalis aRqmisa da

daskvnebis gakeTebis unarebis

Sefaseba

simulaciuri TamaSi mTeli klasi 20 wT.dakvirveba moswavleebis

muSaobaze

saSinao davalebis

gacnoba mTeli klasi 5 wT

axali masalis wardgena:axali masalis wardgena:

ekosistemis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani raodenobrivi maxasiaTebeli popula-

ciis ricxobriobaa. populacia erTi saxeobis individTa jgufia, romelic

garkveul teritoriaze binadrobs. populaciis ricxobrioba ki am terito-

riaze populaciis individTa raodenobaa. populaciis ricxobrioba mravali

mizezis gamo SeiZleba Seicvalos.

warmoadgineT dafaze sqema.

gakveTilis msvlelobagakveTilis msvleloba

IV ekologiaekologia

Page 50: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

4949

populaciapopulacia

Sobadoba

Sobadoba

sikvdilianoba

sikvdilianoba

imigracia

imigracia

emigracia

emigracia

mimarTeT klass: rogor gesmiT terminebi `emigracia~ da `imigracia~?

moswavleebi pasuxoben: es terminebi gamoxatavs organizmebis gadaadgilebas

erTi teritoriidan meoreze.

hkiTxeT klass: yovelTvis gaizrdeba populaciis ricxobrioba, Tu Sobado-

bam sikvdilianobas gadaaWarba?

moswavleebis savaraudo pasuxia: Tu individebma masiurad datoves are-

ali, populaciis ricxobrioba Semcirdeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom Sobadoba

sikvdilianobas aWarbebs.

dro

ri

cx

ob

ri

ob

a

11

22

33

warmoadgineT dafaze mrudi, romelic gamoxatavs mtaceblisa da msxverplis

ricxobriv cvlilebebs da ganumarteT, rogor gansazRvravs erTi meores.

auxseniT: populaciis ricxobriobaze mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs aseve tempe-

ratura, tenianoba, weliwadis droebis monacvleoba da sxva mravali faqtori.

ekologebi sistematurad akvirdebian da swavloben populaciis ricxobrio-

bas, radgan is mniSvnelovan praqtikul informacias iZleva. es informacia

SeiZleba dagvexmaros imis gagebaSi, Tu ratom icvleba wlis sxvadasxva dros

mindorSi balaxeuli mcenareebis saxeobebi, rogor SeiZleba imoqmedos aman

cxovelebis ricxobriobaze, ratom mravldebian ucbad parazitebi da mavne-

blebi.

Page 51: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

5050

M x CRN

hkiTxeT klass: ra praqtikuli mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes fermerisTvis

ekologebis monacemebs populaciis ricxobriobis Sesaxeb?

moswavleebis pasuxi savaraudod aseTi iqneba: am monacemebis gaTvalis-

winebiT, fermeri ise aZovebs saqonels, rom ar gaanadguros romelime Semci-

rebadi populacia, droulad miiRebs zomebs Zlieri gamravlebis tendenciis

mqone parazitebisa da mavneblebis winaaRmdeg.

auxseniT moswavleebs: meTodebi, romlebsac ekologebi iyeneben popula-

ciis ricxobriobis dasadgenad, damokidebulia organizmebis zomaze, maTi

cxovrebis nirze, gamosakvlevi teritoriis sidideze. uCveneT maT saxelmZR-

vaneloSi an sailustracio tabulebze cxovelebis Segrovebis saSualebebi.

mimarTeT klass: did farTobze mcenareebisa da swrafad moZravi cxovelebis

aRricxva sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. warmoidgineT, rogor unda

daiTvaloT 100 heqtar tyeSi xe an tbaSi Tevzi?!

aseTi amocanebis gadasawyvetad ekologebi e.w. kvadratisa da moniSvnis

meTodebs mimarTaven.

kvadrati garkveuli zomis, magaliTad, 1 m sigrZisa da 1 m siganis xis CarCoa,

romelic garkveuli teritoriis raRac garkveul nawils warmoadgens. mas

sakvlevi teritoriis nebismier ubanSi aTavseben da iTvlian masSi sakvlevi

populaciis individebis ricxvs. am ricxvs amravleben ricxvze, romelic

gviCvenebs, Tu ramdeni aseTi kvadrati Caeteva gamosakvlev farTobSi. ufro

meti sizustisTvis, individTa ricxvs kvadratiT gamosakvlevi teritoriis

ramdenime ubanze iTvlian.

uCveneT kvadratis ilustracia saxelmZRvaneloSi.

moniSvnis meTodiT cxovelebis populaciis ricxobriobas adgenen. cxove-

lebs iWeren, maT garkveul nawils niSans adeben da aTavisufleben. Zalian

mniSvnelovania, rom niSanma cxovels ziani ar miayenos. is ar unda uSlides

xels gadaadgilebaSi da SeumCneveli unda iyos mtrisTvis. garkveuli xnis

Semdeg, rodesac moniSnuli cxovelebi Seerevian TanamoZmeebs, cxovelebs

isev iWeren. iTvlian maT raodenobas da maTSi moniSnuli cxovelebis ricxvs.

populaciis ricxobriobas iTvlian Semdegi formuliT.

dawereT dafaze:

N _ populaciis ricxobrioba

M _ pirvelad daWerili da moniSnuli cxovelebis ricxvi

C _ meored daWerili cxovelebis ricxvi

R _ meored daWeril cxovelebs Soris moniSnuli cxovelebis ricxvi

mimarTeT klass: vcadoT am meTodis modelireba. tomaraSi 50-mde kakalia.

es gamosakvlevi `cxovelis~ populaciaa. gamoiZaxeT romelime moswavle da

sTxoveT, cali xeliT amoiRos tomridan rac SeiZleba meti kakali, daiT-

Page 52: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

5151

valos da frCxilis laqiT moniSnos TiToeuli maTgani.

hkiTxeT: romeli asoTi aRniSnavT am kaklebis ricxvs?

klasi pasuxobs: M asoTi.

moswavle dafaze wers M -s da miuTiTebs mis ricxobriv maCvenebels.

hkiTxeT klass: ras gulisxmobs Semdegi etapi?

moswavleebi pasuxoben: kaklebi tomaraSi unda CavabrunoT, kargad avurioT,

rom `moniSnuli cxovelebi~ kargad Seerion TanamoZmeebs.

dafasTan gamoZaxebuli moswavle asec iqceva.

hkiTxeT klass: axla rogor unda moviqceT?

moswavleebi pasuxoben: isev unda amoviRoT tomridan kaklebi ise, rom toma-

raSi ar CavixedoT, daviTvaloT maTi raodenoba da aRvricxoT, ramdeni ka-

kali aRmoCndeba maT Soris moniSnuli.

moswavle wers dafaze C da D asoebs da miuwers maT Sesabamis ricxvebs.

klasi mTlianad erTveba populaciis ricxobriobis gamoangariSebaSi.

hkiTxeT klass: daemTxva Tqven mier miRebuli ricxvi tomaraSi kaklebis ra-

odenobas? ra SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebis mizezi?

moswavleebi msjeloben: SesaZloa kaklebi kargad ver SevurieT erTmaneTSi

an es ar aris populaciis ricxobriobis gansazRvris zusti meTodi.

ganumarteT moswavleebs, rom am meTodiT maqsimalurad vuaxlovdebiT popu-

laciis Teoriul raodenobas anu 50-s, Tu cdas bevrjer gavimeorebT da N-is

saSualo ariTmetikuls gamoviTvliT.

imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom klasma kargad gaigo Tqven mier miwodebuli axa-

li masala, daurigeT moswavleebs samuSao furclebi.

mas Semdeg, rac moswavleebi daasruleben samuSaos, SerCeviT gamoiZaxeT sami

moswavle, romlebic waikiTxaven TavianT pasuxebs. gansxvavebuli pasuxebis

SemTxvevaSi imarTeba diskusia, romlis Sedegad moswavleeebi midian swor

daskvnamde.

saSinao davaleba: gaecnon §20§20 teqsts mTlianad da SeZlebisdagvarad, rode-

sac miecemaT amis SesaZlebloba, Seasrulon 1 da 5.

Page 53: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

5252

ilustracia sqematurad warmoadgens erT-erTi saxeobis Tevzis popula-

ciis ricxobriobis dadgenis moniSvnis meTods.

a.a. ramdeni Tevzi moniSnes ekologebma? ....................................................................

b.b. ramdeni Tevzi mohyva meorejer badeSi?.............................................................

g.g. ramdeni aRmoCnda maT Soris moniSnuli?.............................................................

d. d. ra SedegiT damTavrda kvleva? rogoria am Tevzis populaciis ricxobri-

oba?....................................................................................................................................

N = ?

samuSao furceli

1.1.

Page 54: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

5353

2.2.

ekologebi 10 000 m2 mindorSi RiRiloebis populaciis ricxobriobas iTv-

lidnen kvadratis meTodiT. kvadratis farTobi 1m2-ia.

a. a. yvela kvadratSi arsebuli RiRilos saerTo raodenobaa.............................

b.b. ramdeni kvadratia gamoyenebuli?.........................................................................

g.g. erT kvadratSi RiRiloebis saSualo raodenobaa............................................

d.d. rogoria kvlevis Sedegi? ras udris RiRiloebis populaciis ricxobri-

oba mocemul arealSi? ..............................................................................................

samuSao furceli

Page 55: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

5454

1.1. ilustracia sqematurad warmoadgens erT-erTi saxeobis Tevzis popula-

ciis ricxobriobis dadgenis moniSvnis meTods.

a.a. ramdeni Tevzi moniSnes ekologebma? (12)

b.b. ramdeni Tevzi mohyva meorejer badeSi? (15)

g.g. ramdeni aRmoCnda maT Soris moniSnuli? (4)

d.d. ra SedegiT damTavrda kvleva? rogoria am Tevzis populaciis ricxobri-

oba?

12

X 15

N = --------- = 45

4

samuSao furclis Sevsebuli varianti

Page 56: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

5555

2.2. ekologebi 10 000 m2 mindorSi RiRiloebis populaciis ricxobriobas iT-

vlidnen kvadratis meTodiT. kvadratis farTobi 1m2-ia.

a.a. yvela kvadratSi arsebuli RiRilos saerTo raodenobaaa 24

b.b. ramdeni kvadratia gamoyenebuli? 12

g. g. erT kvadratSi RiRiloebis saSualo raodenobaa 24 : 12 = 2

d.d. rogoria kvlevis Sedegi? ras udris RiRiloebis populaciis ricxobri-

oba mocemul arealSi? 2 X 10 000 = 20 000

samuSao furclis Sevsebuli varianti

Page 57: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

5656

kveba, sunTqva, gamoyofa, moZraoba, gamravleba, zrda-ganviTareba, gaRizianebadoba

§1§1

2 wyalSi mcxovreb erTujredianebSi (ameba, qalamana) da Sedare-

biT martivad agebul mravalujredian organizmebSi (mag., hidra,

zogierTi Wia, wylamcenareebi) Jangbadi difuziiT daubrkole-

blad aRwevs maT yvela ujredSi. naxSirorJangic ujredebidan,

aseve difuziiT, wyalSi gamoiyofa.

sxeulis zomebis zrdasTan erTad, gazTa cvlaSi veRar monawi-

leobs is ujredebi, romlebic sxeulis SigniT aris damaluli

_ maT wyali ar exeba. amitom bunebam moZebna gamosavali da Se-

qmna sunTqvis specialuri organo. Tevzebi sunTqaven layuCe-

biT, mwerebi _ traqeebiT, zogierTi xmeleTis cxoveli _ ka-

niT, xolo xmeleTis ufro maRalganviTarebuli cxovelebi _

filtvebiT.

3 anaerobul organizmebs miekuTvnebian zogierTi baq te riebi,

parazituli Wiebi.

4 mavne nivTierebebi Cvens organizms tovebs filtvebiT, Tirk-

melebiT, kaniT, nawlaviT.

5 ameba curavs cru fexebiT, evglena _ SoltiT, qalamana _ wam-

wamebiT.

wamwamebiSolticrufexebi

ameba evglena qalamana

I cocxali sistemis zogadi niSnebicocxali sistemis zogadi niSnebi

pasuxebi teqstSi CarTul da saSinao pasuxebi teqstSi CarTul da saSinao davalebebis kiTxvebzedavalebebis kiTxvebze

6 arsebobs gamravlebis ori forma: usqeso da sqesobrivi.

7 isini mravldebian saxeSecvlili ylortebiT _ gorgliT, bol-

qviT, fesuriT.

Page 58: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

5757

8 zrdis yvelaze swrafi periodebia 13 da 18 wlis asaki.

9 swraf pasuxs gaRizianebaze, romelic nervuli sistemis monawi-

leobiT xorcieldeba, refleqsi hqvia.

sx

eu

li

s m

as

a k

g

asaki

nayofis zrda

Cvilis zrda

mozardis

zrda

bavSvis

zrda

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

balaxismWamelebi mtaceblebi parazitebi

lokokina, koala, panda,

kalia, peplis muxluxo,

zebra, kameCi

oboba, Wiamaia, bu,

gveli, xvliki, lomi

koRo, eqinokoki,

askarida, tili, rwyili,

dizenteriis ameba

1. 1.

2.2. fizikuri aqtivoba did energias moiTxovs. am dros or ga niz-

mis energiiT uzrunvelsayofad wvis procesebi Zli erdeba.

gaZ lierebuli wvisTvis saWiro Jangbadis mi sawodeblad sun-

Tqva xSirdeba.

3. 3. amoisunTqe sasagne minaze, is daiorTqleba. gaaCere mina spirt-

quris alze. orTqli ukvalod gaqreba da minaze mari le bis na-

fifqs ar datovebs.

7.7. foTlebi mdgomareobas Seicvlian, mcenare sinaTlis mi mar-

TulebiT gadaixreba. mcenares gaRizianebadoba axasiaTebs.

1.1. xangrZlivi SimSili mozardebis zrdas aferxebs, amcirebs maT

fizikur aqtivobas. garda amisa, SimSili seriozul zians aye-

nebs saWmlis momnelebel sistemas, moqmedebs nervul siste-

maze.

Page 59: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

5858

zo

ma

zo

ma

zo

ma

zo

ma

asakiasaki

asakiasaki

A

B

2. 2. suraTze warmodgenili mcenare qlorofils ar Seicavs. is para-

zitia, maspinZlis organizmSi arsebuli organuli nivTierebiT

ikvebeba.

3. 3. suraTze warmodgenil cxovelebs grZeli ukana kidurebi aqvT,

vinaidan isini daxtian.

4.4. ukana, radgan bayays kunTebi ukana kidurebze Zlier aqvs ganvi-

Tarebuli.

5. 5. lastebi didi zedapiris gamo wylis met raodenobas ukuagdeb-

sda biZgiT sxeuli win swrafad micuravs. msgavs moZraobas asru-

lebs bayayi, ixvi, gedi, ixvniskarta, waula.

6.6. es hormonebia somatotropini da Tiroqsini.

swori pasuxia d. d.

mrudi A asaxavs mravalwlovani xe-mcenaris sezonur zrdas ga-

zafxulze. mrudi B ki fexsaxsriani cxovelis zrdas, romlis sxe -

uli mkvrivi javSniT aris dafaruli. javSani zrdas aferxebs, ami-

tom cxoveli mas periodulad icvlis. javSnidan gamosv lis Semdeg,

fexsaxsriani intensiurad izrdeba. axali javSnis warmoqmnisa da

gamagrebis Semdeg, cxovelis zrda wydeba.

Page 60: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

5959

memkvidreobiTobamitozimitozis mniSvneloba

§2§2

1 TiToeul Svileul ujredSi oTxi qromosoma aRmoCndeba,

anu imdeni, ramdenic dediseul ujredSi iyo.

2 TiToeuli qromosoma erTi qromatidisgan Sedgeba.

1.1. 4; 1; 2; 3.

1.1. telofazas xSirad `profazas piriqiT~ imitom uwodeben, rom

telofazaSi qromosomebi despiralizacias ganicdis, profa-

zaSi ki piriqiT _ spiralizacias; pro fazaSi birTvis garsi

iSleba, telofazaSi ki _ aRdgeba; profazaSi qromosomebi

ori qromatidisgan Sed geba, telofazaSi ki TiToeuli qromo-

soma _ erTi qromatidisgan.

2.2. Svileul qromosomebSi isev 56 qromosoma iqneba, vinaida n mi-

tozi uzrunvelyofs dediseuli ujredidan Svileul ujre-

debSi qromosomaTa imave raodenobis gadacemas, rac mas gaaCn-

da.

3.3. metafazis qromosomebi ori qromatidisgan Sedgeba, xo lo ana-

fazis qromosomebi _ erTisgan.

4.4. ujredi, romelic iyofa, ar kvdeba, vinaidan misgan ori Svi-

leuli ujredi warmoiqmneba. Semdeg Svileuli ujredebi isev

iyofa da a.S. xatovan gamonaTqvamSi _ `ujredi ukvdavia~ _

swored es igulisxmeba.

5.5. dnm-is molekulebi sigrZivad ki ar arian ganlagebuli, aramed

spiraluradaa Caxveuli. amitom isini patara ad gils ika veben

da etevian 5 mkm diametris birTvSi.

II genetika da seleqciagenetika da seleqcia

Page 61: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

6060

1.1. anafazaSi cilovani Zafebi mokldeba da qromatidebs po-

lusebisken miezideba. blant citoplazmaSi moZraobis gamo

qromatidebi ixreba da V asos formas iRebs.

2.2. qromosoma TviTon ar `cekvavs~. is marionetia, radgan mas

cilovani Zafebi amoZravebs.

meiozimeiozis mniSvneloba

§3§3

II genetika da seleqciagenetika da seleqcia

1 es saxeoba aRar iarsebebda, vinaidan yoveli saxeobisTvis dama-

xasiaTebelia qromosomTa gansazRvruli, mudmivi raodenoba.

2 meiozis I gayofis Semdeg, mitozisgan gansxvavebiT, qromoso-

maTa ricxvi naxevrdeba. amasTan, meiozis I gayofis Semdeg, qro-

mosomebi orqromatidiania, xolo mitozis Semdeg _ erTqroma-

tidiani.

3 qromosomaTa ricxvi gametaSi orjer Semcirda.

4 gametis qromosoma erTqromatidiania.

5 zigota Seicavs qromosomaTa diploidur kompleqts.

3.3. ilustraciaze meio-

zis I gayofis meta fa -

zaa.

4.4. ilustraciaze meio-

zis II gayofis anafa-

zaa.

Page 62: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

6161

II genetika da seleqciagenetika da seleqcia

ZaRlis spermatozoidsa da kvercxujredSi iqneba 39-39 qromo-

soma.

monohibriduli SejvarebaerTgvarobis wesidaTiSvis wesimemkvidreobiTobis citologiuri safuZvlebi

§4§4

1 bardis yvavilis gvirgvinis furclebi isea ganlagebuli, rom

mTlianad faravs yvavilSi moTavsebul reproduqciul or-

ganoebs _ butkosa da mtvrianebs. amitom yvavilis qariT an

mwerebiT jvaredini damtverva TiTqmis gamoricxulia. barda

TviTmtveria mcenarea _ butko Tavisive mtvriT imtvereba.

2 AA genotipis mqone individebi warmoqmnian erTi tipis A ale-

lis Semcvel gametebs, aa individebic erTi tipis _ a alelis

Semcvels, xolo Aa individebi ori tipis _ A da a alelebis Sem-

cvel gametebs.

3 F2 TaobaSi daTiSva fenotipis mixedviT TanafardobiT 3:1 mox-

da, xolo genotipis mixedviT _ 1:2:1.

1.1. CamoTvlil alelTa SeTanwyobis mqone individebs Soris Bb

aris heterozigoti. BB warmoqmnis B alelis Semcvel game-

tebs, CC _ C alelis Semcvels, bb _ b alelis Semcvels, xo-

lo Bb _ B da b alelis Semcvels.

2.2. mocemuli Sejvareba mendelis II kanons asaxavs. Cven viciT,

rom mendelis II kanonis Tanaxmad, F2 TaobaSi STamomavlebs

Soris 3:1 daTiSvisas, STamomavlebis 75%-Si dominanturi

niSani gamovlindeba, xolo 25%-Si _ recesiuli. amitom un-

da vivaraudoT, rom moklebewvi ano ba dominanturi niSania,

xolo grZelbewvianoba _ recesiuli.

3.3. mendelma gametebs wminda imitom uwoda, rom yoveli gameta

Page 63: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

6262

4.4.

a.a. vinaidan F1 TaobaSi yvela Tevzs mkrTali Seferiloba aqvs,

is dominanturi niSania _ daTrguna oqrosferi Seferilo-

bis ganmsazRvreli aleli.

b.b. oqrosferi Seferiloba recesiuli niSania, vinaidan is

daiTrguna mkrTali Seferilobis ganmsazRvreli ale liT.

g.g. oqrosferi Seferilobis Tevzi homozigoti _ ori recesi-

uli a alelis Semcveli iqneba. mkrTali Seferilobis mSo-

beli homozigoti iqneba dominanturi niSnis mixedviT, anu

mas eqneba AA alelTa SeTanwyoba, radgan F1 TaobaSi ar moxda

niSnis daTiSva da yvela hibridi mkrTali Seferilobis iyo.

`dd~ da `ee~ punqtze pasuxis gasacemad warmovadgenT Sejva-

rebis sqemas:

d.d. F1 Taobis yvela Tevzi mkrTali Seferilobisaa Aa alelTa

SeTanwyobiT, anu heterozigotia.

F2 Taobis Tevzebis 75% mkrTali Seferilobisaa, 25% ki _

oqrosferi.

STamomavlobas Soris 1/4 homozigotia dominanturi niSnis

mixedviT, 1/4 homozigotia recesiuli niSnis mixedviT, xolo

2/4 heterozigotia.

e.e. F2 TaobaSi mkrTal da oqrosfer Tevzebs Soris Tanafardo-

baa 3:1.

mxolod erTi alelis _ dominanturis an recesiulis Sem-

cvelia.

Page 64: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

6363

v. v. imisTvis, rom yvela STamomavali oqrosferi iyos, mSoble-

bad unda SeirCes mxolod oqrosferi Tevzebi.

SevamowmoT Cveni varaudi:

am SemTxvevaSi yvela Tevzi oqrosferi iqneba.

1. aRvniSnoT xorblis juja simaRlis ganmsazRvreli do minan-

turi geni A-T, xolo normaluri simaRlis gan msaz Rvreli

recesiuli aleli _ a-Ti.

a. homozigoti juja xorblis genotipia AA, xolo homo zigoti

normaluri simaRlis xorblisa _ aa.

F1

P:

G:

F1

P:

G:

F1 TaobaSi fenotipis mixedviT STamomavlebs Soris daTiSva

ar moxda _ yvela mcenare jujaa. daTiSva ar moxda genoti-

pis mixedviTac. yvela mcenare heterozigotia _ Aa.

b. orive heterozigoti juja xorblis genotipia Aa.

am Sejvarebis Sedegad STamomavlebs Soris moxda daTiSva.

mcenareTa 3/4 jujaa, 1/4 _ normaluri sigrZis. juja xorb-

lis genotipia AA an Aa, normaluris _ aa.

Page 65: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

6464

2. vardisebrbibiloiani qaTmebis SejvarebiT miRebul wiwileb-

Si vardisebrbibiloian da martivbibiloian qaTmebs Soris

Tanafardobaa daaxloebiT 3:1. aseTi Tanafardoba miiReba

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu orive mSobeli heterozigotia am niSnis

mixedviT, e.i. maTi genotipia Aa. SevamowmoT Cveni varaudi.

amrigad, Cveni varaudi gamarTlda. mSobelTa genotipebia

Aa, xolo STamomavlebis AA, Aa da aa.

3. amocanis pirobis monacemebiT, TeTrjagriani nezvisa da Sav-

jagriani keratis erT-erTi Sejvarebisas yvela goWi TeTri

daibada. aqedan gamomdinare, TeTri jagari dominanturi

niSania, xolo Savi _ recesiuli.

TeTrjagriani nezvisa da Savjagriani keratis pirveli wyvi-

lis SejvarebiT miRebul goWebSi fenotipis mixedviT moxda

daTiSva.

TeTrjagrian da Savjagrian goWebs Soris Tanafardobam

Seadgina daaxloebiT 1:1.

imis gamo, rom Savi jagari recesiuli niSania, Savjagriani

keratis genotipia _ aa. pirvel SejvarebaSi TeTrjagriani nezvis genotipi Aa iqne-

boda, radgan STamomavlobaSi moxda daTiSva.

SevamowmoT Cveni varaudi.

F1

P:

G:

F1

P:

G:

Page 66: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

6565

e.i. pirvel SejvarebaSi Sewyvilebuli Rorebis genotipe-

bi sworad iyo navaraudevi. rac Seexeba STamomavlebs, 2/4

TeTr jagriani goWebis genotipia Aa, xolo 2/4 Savjagriani

goWebisa _ aa. sxva TeTrjagriani nezvisa da igive Savjagriani keratis Se-

jvarebisas, fenotipis mixedviT daTiSva ar moxda _ yvela

goWi TeTria. unda vivaraudoT, rom TeTrjagriani nezvi AA genotipis mqonea.

SevamowmoT Cveni varaudi.

F1

P:

G:

STamomavlebs Soris yvela goWi TeTrjagriania Aa genoti-

piT.

dihibriduli SejvarebagenTa damoukideblad damemkvidrebis kanoni

§5§5

1 mocemul SemTxvevaSi gamovlinda mendelis dominirebis anu F1

Ta obis erTgvarobis wesi.

2 RRYy alelebis Semcveli individi warmoqmnis ori tipis game-

tas.

II genetika da seleqciagenetika da seleqcia

Page 67: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

6666

yavisfer moklekudian katas alelTa AAbb an Aabb SeTanwyoba

SeiZleba hqondes. imis gasarkvevad, alelTa romeli SeTanwyoba

aqvs yavisfer moklekudian katas, mas unda Cautardes gamaanali-

zebeli Sejvareba. is unda SevajvaroT orive niSniT homozigot

TeTr moklekudian katasTan.

Tu Sejvarebis Sedegad F1 Taobis STamomavlebSi daTiSva ar

moxda da yvela kata yavisferi moklekudiania, es imas niSnavs,

rom yavisferi moklekudiani kata orive niSniT homozigotia

alelTa AAbb SeTanwyobiT.

Tu F1 Taobis STamomavlebSi moxda daTiSva 1:1, anu daibadnen

yavisferi moklekudiani da TeTri moklekudiani katebi, es imas

niSnavs, rom daTiSva moxda mxolod Seferilobis mixedviT da

kata heterozigotia Seferilobis mixedviT, xolo kudis sigr-

Zis mixedviT _ homozigoti. e.i. am yavisfer moklekudian katas

alelTa Aabb SeTanwyoba aqvs.

SevamowmoT Cveni varaudi.

rrYy genotipis mqone bardis Tesls aqvs danaoWebuli zeda-

piri da yviTeli Seferiloba.

1.1. mtredebis moyvarulma Savi qoCriani mtredis TeTr uqoCro

mtredTan SejvarebiT F1 TaobaSi yvela Savi uqoCro mtredi

miiRo. aqedan gamomdinare, Savi Seferiloba da uqoCroba

dominanturi niSania, xolo TeTri Seferiloba da qoCriano-

ba _ recesiuli.

aRvniSnoT Savi Seferilobis ganmsazRvreli dominanturi

aleli A-Ti, TeTri feris ganmsazRvreli _ a-Ti, uqoCro-

bis ganmsazRvreli aleli _ B-Ti, xolo qoCrianobis _ b-Ti.

imis gamo, rom F1 TaobaSi ar moxda daTiSva arc erTi niSnis

mixedviT, Savi qoCriani mtredis alelTa SeTanwyoba iqneba AAbb, xolo TeTri uqoCrosi _ aaBB.

Page 68: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

6767

mteredebis moyvarulma gaiTvaliswina rCeva da erTmaneTs

Seajvara F1 TaobaSi miRebuli Savi uqoCro mtredebi.

STamomavlobaSi mxolod TeTri qoCriani mtredebis misa Re-

bad, mtredebis moyvaruls vurCevdiT TeTri qoCriani mtre-

debis erTmaneTTan Sejvarebas.

2. 2. amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad, ZaRlebSi Savi Seferiloba domini-

rebs yavisferze, xolo mokle bewvi _ grZelze. aRvniSnoT Sa-

vi Seferilobis ganmsazRvreli aleli A-Ti, yavisferis _ a-

Ti, mokle bewvis ganmsazRvreli aleli B-Ti, xolo grZelis _ b-Ti.

Savi moklebewviani ZaRli, romelic monadirem iyida, SeiZleba

iyos rogorc wminda, ise arawminda jiSis. monadiris mier SeZe-

nil Sav moklebewvian ZaRls SeiZleba hqondes alelTa AABB, AABb, AaBB da AaBb SeTanwyoba.

Page 69: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

6868

jiSis siwmindis dasadgenad monadirem SeZenil ZaRls unda

Cautaros gamaanalizebeli Sejvareba. amisTvis Tavisi ZaRli

unda Seajvaros orive niSniT recesiul homozigotur yavis-

fer grZelbewvian ZaRlTan.

monadiris ZaRli mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneba wminda jiSis,

anu alelTa AABB SeTanwyobis, Tu F1 Taobis STamomavlobaSi

ar moxdeba daTiSva arc erTi niSnis mixedviT da yvela lekvi

(100%) iqneba Savi moklebewviani. STamomavlobaSi sxva nebis-

mieri Tanafardobis SemTxvevaSi, ZaRli wminda jiSis ar iqne-

ba.

SevamowmoT Cveni varaudi.

F1 TaobaSi yvela ZaRli Savi moklebewviania, rac imas niSnavs,

rom Cveni varaudi gamarTlda.

3. 3. F1 TaobaSi mxolod agresiuli grZelkudiani leopar de bis

dabadeba mowmobs imas, rom agresiuloba da grZelkudiano-

ba dominanturi niSania, xolo mSvidi xasiaTi da ukudoba _

recesiuli.

amasTan, F1 TaobaSi yvela erTnairi STamomavlis miReba gvaZ-

levs saSualebas, ganvsazRvroT alelTa SeTanwyoba mSob-

lebSi. imis gamo, rom ar moxda daTiSva arc erTi niSnis

mixedviT, mSoblebi orive niSniT homozigotebi arian.

modiT, SevamowmoT Cveni varaudi. warmogidgenT leopar-

debis Sejvarebis sqemas ori Taobis manZilze.

aRvniSnoT agresiulobis ganmsazRvreli dominanturi ale-

li A-Ti, mSvidi xasiaTis ganmsazRvreli _ a-Ti, grZel-

kudianobis ganmsazRvreli dominanturi aleli _ B-Ti, xo-

lo ukudobis ganmsazRvreli _ b-Ti.

Page 70: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

6969

a.a. F2 TaobaSi gansxvavebul lekvebs Soris Tanafardobaa 9:3:3:1.

lekvebs Soris 9/16 agresiuli grZelkudiania, 3/16 _ agresi-

uli ukudo, 3/16 _ mSvidi grZelkudiani, 1/16 _ mSvidi uku-

do.

b.b. mocemuli Sejvarebis dros moqmedebs mendelis I da II kanoni.

4.4. pomidvris nayofis wiTeli Seferilobis ganmsazRvreli

dominanturi geni aRvniSnoT A-Ti, yviTeli Seferilobis

ganmsazRvreli recesiuli aleli _ a-Ti. Reros wiTeli Se-

ferilobis ganmsazRvreli dominanturi geni aRvniSnoT C-

Ti, xolo Reros mwvane Seferilobis ganmsazRvreli rece-

siuli aleli _ c-Ti.

heterozigoti wiTelnayofiani wiTelReroiani pomidvrebis

genotipi aris AaCc. maTi SejvarebiT miRebuli STamomav-

lobis fenotipis dasadgenad, sqematurad war movadginoT es

Sejvareba:

AaCcAaCcACAC ACAC

ACACACAC AACCAACC

AACcAACc

AaCCAaCC

F1 AaCcAaCc

AACcAACc

AAccAAcc

AaCcAaCc

AaccAacc

AaCCAaCC

AaCcAaCc

aaCCaaCC

aaCcaaCc

AaCcAaCc

AaccAacc

aaCcaaCc

aaccaacc

AcAc AcAc

AcAc

AcAcaCaC aCaC

aCaC

aCaC

acac acac

acac

acac

AaCcAaCc

Page 71: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

7070

am SejvarebiT miiReba oTxi fenotipis pomidori: 9/16 wiTel

nayofiani da wiTelReroiani, 3/16 wiTelnayofiani da mwva-

neReroiani, 3/16 yviTelnayofiani da wiTelReroiani, 1/16

yviTelnayofiani da mwvaneReroiani. e.i. fenotipis mixedviT

daTiSva aris 9:3:3:1.

5. 5. Sebumblulfexebiani TeTri Seferilobis homozigoti ded-

lis genotipi iqneba DDBB, xolo Seubumblavfexebiani Savi

mamlis _ ddbb. F1 da F2 TaobaSi miRebuli STamomavlebis fenotipis dasa-

dgenad, sqematurad warmovadginoT Sejvarebis msvleloba

ori Taobis manZilze.

DdBbDdBb DdBbDdBb

DdBbDdBb

DDBBDDBB ddbbddbb

DdBbDdBb

DdBbDdBb

DDBBDDBB

DDBbDDBb

DdBBDdBB

DdBbDdBb

DDBbDDBb

DDbbDDbb

DdBbDdBb

DdbbDdbb

DdBBDdBB

DdBbDdBb

ddBBddBB

ddBbddBb

DdBbDdBb

DdbbDdbb

ddBbddBb

ddbbddbb

DdBbDdBb

F1 TaobaSi yvela qaTami Sebumblulfexebiani TeTri Seferi-

lobisaa.

F2 TaobaSi fenotipis mixedviT moxda aseTi daTiSva: 9/16

Sebumblulfexebiani TeTri, 3/16 Sebumblulfexebiani Savi,

Page 72: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

7171

3/16 Seubumblavfexebiani TeTri, 1/16 Seubumblavfexebiani

Savi.

6.6. amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad, Tu yviTeli Seferiloba da Se-

busva recesiuli niSania, maSin wiTeli Seferiloba da gluvi

kani dominanturi niSnebia. SemovitanoT aRniSvnebi. nayofis

wiTeli Seferilobis ganmsazRvreli aleli aRvniSnoT A-Ti,

yviTelis _ a-Ti, gluvi kanis ganmsazRvreli _ B-Ti, xolo

Sebusulis _ b-Ti. orive niSniT heterozigoti mSoblebis

alelTa SeTanwyoba am niSnebis mixedviT iqneba AaBb.

miRebuli Sedegebidan gamomdinare, am mosavalSi yviTeli

da Sebusuli pomidori unda yofiliyo mTeli mosavlis 1/16,

anu 4 tona.

7. 7. SemovitanoT aRniSvnebi. bocveris bewvis Savi Seferilobis

ganmsazRvreli aleli aRvniSnoT B-Ti, TeTris _ b-Ti, ga-

burZgnuli bewvis ganmsazRvreli _ A-Ti, xolo sworis _ a-

Ti.

orive niSniT heterozigoti Savi gaburZgnulbewviani bocv-

ris alelTa SeTanwyoba iqneba BbAa, xolo mxolod Seferi-

lobis mixedviT heterozigoti Savi sworbewviani bocv ris _ Bbaa.

Page 73: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

7272

sqesis gansazRvris qromosomuli meqnizmebisasqeso qromosomebityupebisiamis tyupebi

§6§6

1 imis gamo, rom X an y qromosomaTa Semcveli spermatozo idis ra-

odenoba Tanabaria da kvercxujredTan maTi Se xved ris albaTo-

bac erTnairi, gogonebisa da vaJebis da badebis albaTobac erT-

nairi iqneba.

2 mdedri drozofila homogameturia, xolo mamri _ heterogame-

turi.

1 Tu X qromosomis Semcveli

kvercxujredi ganayofierda y

qromosomis Semcveli sper ma-

tozoidiT, zigoti dan iCekeba

mamri, xolo X-is Semcveli kver-

cxujredis X-is Sem cveli sper-

matozoidiT ga na yofierebisas

zigo tidan gamoiCekeba mde dri.

gamoCekil mdedrebsa da mamrebs

Soris Tanafardobaa 1:1.

2 qaTmebSi mdedri heterogame-

turia, mamri _ homogameturi.

II genetika da seleqciagenetika da seleqcia

P:P: X XX X

X X

X Y

X Y

X

X

XX X X Y

YX Xx

G:G:

Page 74: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

7373

3 araidenturi tyupebi SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc erTi, ise sxva-

dasxva sqesis. es imazea damokidebuli, X Tu y qromosomis Sem-

cveli spermatozoidebi gaanayofierebs kvercxujredebs.

4 identuri tyupebi erTi zigotidan viTardebian. maTi genotipi erT-

nairi iqneba, radgan, mitozi uzrunvelyofs or Svileul ujredSi

zustad im raodenobisa da genuri Semadgenlobis qro mosomTa ga-

dacemas, rac dediseul ujreds, am SemTxvevaSi, zigotas hqonda.

amitom identuri tyupebi erTi sqesisa da abso luturad erTnaire-

bi iqnebian.

5 tvinsburgi inglisuri sityvaa da tyupebis qalaqs niSnavs.

mdedri da mamri wiwile-mdedri da mamri wiwile-

bi Tanabari rao denobiT bi Tanabari rao denobiT

iCekebian. maT Soris Ta-iCekebian. maT Soris Ta-

na fardobaa 1:1na fardobaa 1:1

7676

3838 3838 3838 3838

7676

7676 7676 7676 7676

Page 75: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

7474

2. 2. kutkaliaSi gametebis warmoqmnisa da ganayofierebis procesi.

2222

2n 2n

XXXX

XyXy

XXXX

XXXX

X0X0

XX

XXXX

Xy

X0X0

Xy

X

X

X

y

X

X

0

X

X0X0

XXXX

2222

1111

n

1111

n

1111

n

1111

n

2222

2n

2222

2n

2222

2n

2222

2n

TuTis abreSummxveviaSi gametebis warmoqmnisa da ganayofierebis

procesi:

1.1. Xa y genotipis organizmi warmoqmnis Xa da y Semcvel game-

tebs, xolo XAXa genotipis mqone _ X

A da Xa

qromosomis Sem-

cvels.

2.2. genotipi organizmisa, romelic warmoqmnis XB da Xb gametebs,

iqneba XBXb, xolo Xc da y gametebis warmomqmnelisa Xc y.

3.3. identuri tyupebis saocari msgavsebis gamosaxatavad, rac

Page 76: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

7575

erTgvarad maT warmoqmnasac asaxavs, amboben: `gaWrili vaSli-

viT hgvanan erTmaneTs~.

4. 4. mamakacis sayveduri qalis mimarT ar aris samarTliani. gogo-

nasa da vaJis dabadeba ar aris damokidebuli arc qalze da

arc mamakacze, vinaidan kvercxujreds erTnairi albaTobiT

anayofierebs rogorc X, ise y qromosomiani spermatozoidi.

memkvidruli niSnebis gadacema adamianSi

§7§7

1 am ojaxSi cisferTvala da TaflisferTvala Svilebis gaCenis

albaToba Tanabaria.

2 am ojaxSi memarjvene TaflisferTvala bavSvis dabadebis alba-

Toba Seadgens 25%-s.

2. 2. swori Tma recesiuli niSania, amitom sworTmiani qalis geno-

tipi am niSnis mixedviT iqneba aa. Tu mamakacis deda xveul-

Tmiani iyo, xolo mama sworTmiani, maSin misi genotipi iqneba Aa. qorwineba sqematurad aseTi iqneba:

II genetika da seleqciagenetika da seleqcia

Page 77: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

7676

a. a. mamakaci warmoqmnis ori tipis gametas.

b.b. qali warmoqmnis erTi tipis gametas.

g-d.g-d. maT Svilebs SeiZleba hqondeT ori tipis genotipi Aa da aa,

xolo fenotipi _ xveuli da swori Tma.

3.3. swori cxviris mqone bavSvis genotipi am niSniT aucileblad

iqneba bb. mSoblebi heterozigotebi iqnebodnen, radgan maT

sworcxviriani Svili eyolaT. sxva SemTxvevaSi maT Svils

swori cxviri ar eqneboda.

a.a. bavSvis genotipi iqneba bb;b.b. am mSoblebis Svilebis umravlesobas kexiani cxviri eqneba.

4. 4. am mSoblebs SesaZlebelia eyoloT cacia Svili, Tu memar-

jvene mamakacisa da qalis genotipebi iqneba Cc. es dasaSve-

bia, radgan orives erT-erTi mSobeli cacia hyavda. cacia bav-

Svebis dabadebis albaToba 25 procentia.

1.1. gameloteba kacebSi dominanturi niSania, xolo qalebSi _

recesiuli, romlis gamosavlenad aucilebelia orive mSob-

lis genotipSi recesiuli genis arseboba, rac SedarebiT iS-

viaTia.

2. 2. amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad, imis gamo, rom xveulTmian,

uWorflo mamas da sworTmian, Worflian dedas hyavdaT sami

Svili da samive Worfliani da xveulTmiani, maTi genotipebi

Page 78: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

7777

iqneba: dedis AA (Tu Worflianobis dominantur alels A-Ti aRvniSnavT), xolo swori Tmis mixedviT bb (Tu swori Tmis

recesiul alels b-Ti aRvniSnavT). Sesabamisad, mamis geno-

tipi orive niSnis mixedviT iqneba aaBB, radgan ar moxda arc

erTi niSan-Tvisebis daTiSva.

SevamowmoT varaudi.

mSobelTa aseTi genotipebis SemTxvevaSi yvela Svili Wor-

fliani da xveulTmiani iqneba.

3.3. rezus-faqtoris mixedviT bavSvs mama heterozigoti unda

hyoloda, vinaidan STamomavlebs Soris moxda niSnis daTiSva,

anu daibada rogorc rezus-uaryofiTi, ise rezus-dadebi Ti

alelebis mqone bavSvebi.

aRvniSnoT rezus-dadebiToba A-Ti, xolo rezus-uar yo-

fiToba a-Ti. rezus-uaryofiTi deda aa alelebis mta re-

beli iqneba.

bavSvebis 50% rezus-dadebiTia, xolo 50% _ rezus-uar yo fiTi.

mama homozigoti AA rezus-dadebiTi rom yofiliyo, am ojaxSi

yvela bavSvi rezus-dadebiTi daibadeboda.

bavSvebis 100% rezus-dadebiTia.

aaaa

a a aA

AaAaAaAa

A

AaAa

Page 79: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

7878

1.1. swori pasuxia a da g.a da g.

2.2. swori pasuxia 25%-s.

adamianis memkvidruli daavadebebigenetikuri kvlevis zogierTi meTodi adamianSi

§8§8

1 adamianis memkvidruli niSan-Tvisebebis kvlevisTvis mendelis

kvlevis hibridologiuri meTodi gamousadegaria, radgan ada-

mianTa Soris ar SeiZleba daigegmos maTi winaswari Sejvareba.

2 janmrTel mSoblebs, romelTa genotipi aucileblad aa iqne-

ba, ar SeiZleba juja Svilebi eyoloT, vinaidan juja Svilebis

genotipi AA an Aa unda iyos. aqondroplazias dominanturi (A) geni gansazRvravs.

3 janmrTeli STamomavlis dabadeba gamoricxulia im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu orive mSobeli iqneba homozigoturi dominanturi niSnis

mixedviT, anu AA, an erTi mSobeli iqneba homozigoti dominan-

turi niSnis mixedviT (AA), xolo meore _ heterozigoti (Aa).

4 STamomavlebs Soris jujebi qalebic arian da vaJebic, vinaidan

es geni lokalizebulia autosomaSi.

5 aa genotipis mqone yru-munji bavSvi daibadeba im SemTxvevaSi,

II genetika da seleqciagenetika da seleqcia

Page 80: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

7979

Tu mSobelTa genotipebi iqneba Aa da Aa, an Aa da aa, anu bavSvi

orive mSoblisgan miiRebs a gens.

6 yru-munjoba orive sqesSi gamovlindeba, vinaidan es geni auto-

somaSia lokalizebuli.

7 janmrTel mSoblebs SeiZleba yru-munji Svili eyoloT im Sem-

TxvevaSi, Tu mSobelTa genotipi iqneba Aa da Aa.

1.1. anCxli xasiaTis damemkvidreba atarebs recesiul xasiaTs,

vinaidan is STamomavalTa mcire raodenobas axasiaTebs. aqe-

dan gamomdinare, anCxli xasiaTi recesiuli (a) Tvisebaa, xo-

lo rbili xasiaTi _ dominanturi (A). dedas, tasosa da gelas eqnebaT aa genotipi, xolo mamas, ma-

nanas, qeTevansa da giorgis _ Aa, xolo nikas genotipi Sei-

Zleba iyos _ AA an Aa.

I

II

III anCxli xasiaTis

individebi

mama

taso giorgimanana qeTevani

gela nika

deda

3.3. xveulTmianobis ganmsazRvreli dominanturi geni aRv niSnoT E-Ti, swori Tmis ganmsazRvreli recesiuli aleli _ e-Ti,

normaluri smenis ganmsazRvreli dominanturi geni _ A-Ti,

xolo siyruis ganmsazRvreli recesiuli aleli _ a-Ti. amo-

canis pirobis Tanaxmad, mSoblebi orive niSniT homozigotebi

arian, e.i. xveulTmiani yru vaJis genotipi iqneba EEaa, xolo

sworTmiani normaluri smenis mqone qalis _ eeAA. am qorwinebis Sedegad dabadebuli bavSvebis SesaZlo fe-

notipis dasadgenad, sqematurad warmovadginoT am qorwinebis

sqema.

Page 81: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

8080

am qorwinebiT dabadebuli yvela bavSvi xveulTmiani da norma-

luri smenis mqone iqneba.

4.4. amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad, deda yru-munjia da ara aqvs po-

dagra, xolo mamas normaluri smena da metyveleba aqvs, magram

daavadebulia podagriT. vinaidan yru-munjoba recesiuli

niSania, misi ganmsazRvreli geni aRvniSnoT a-Ti, xolo norm-

aluri smenisa da metyvelebis ganmsazRvreli dominanturi

aleli _ A-Ti; podagris ganmsazRvreli dominanturi geni

aRvniSnoT B-Ti, xolo podagrisadmi midrekilebis arqonis

recesiuli aleli _ b-Ti.

dedas, romelic yru-munjia da ara aqvs podagra, eqneba aabb genotipi, xolo normaluri smenisa da metyvelebis mqone, po-

dagriT daavadebul mamas SeiZleba hqondes oTxi tipis geno-

tipi: AABB, AaBB, AABb, AaBb. amitom yru-munji, podagrisad-

mi midrekili bavSvis dabadeba damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu

romeli genotipi aqvs mamas.

unda vivaraudoT, rom yru-munji podagrisadmi mid re kilebis

mqone bavSvi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi daibadeba, Tu mamis geno-

tipia AaBB an AaBb. sxvagvarad orive niSniT recesiul ho-

mozigot dedasTan qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, STamomavlebs So-

ris ar iqneba yru-munji podagrisadmi midrekilebis mqone

bavSvi.

SevamowmoT Cveni erT-erTi varaudi.

Page 82: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

8181

STamomavlobaSi daTiSva moxda orive niSnis mixedviT.

bavSvebis:

25% _ normaluri smenis, podagrisadmi midrekilebiT;

25% _ normaluri smenis, podagrisadmi midrekilebis arqo-

niT;

25% _ yru-munji, podagrisadmi midrekilebis arqoniT;

25% _ yru-munji, podagrisadmi midrekilebiT.

e.i. yru-munji, podagrisadmi midrekilebiT bavSvis da ba debis

albaToba 25%-ia da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ma ma hetero-

zigotia orive niSniT, anu aqvs AaBb genotipi.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mamis genotipia AaBB, STamomavlebs So-

ris 50 % normaluri smenisa da metyvelebis podagrisadmi

midrekilebis iqneba, xolo 50% _ yru-munji podagrisadmi

mid rekilebis mqone.

1. 1. autosomaSi ganlagebuli defeqturi genebis gadacema ar aris

damokidebuli imaze, Tu romeli mSobelia misi mtarebe li. is

orive mSoblidan gadaecema STamomavlo bas.

2.2. STamomavlebSi nebismieri niSnis gamovlena damokidebulia ima-

ze, dominanturia misi ganmsazRvreli geni Tu recesiuli, ro-

gorebi arian am niSnis mixedviT mSoblebi _ homozigotebi

Tu heterozigotebi. amitom winaswar gansazRvra, Tu rogori

iqneba STamomavali mocemuli niSnis mixedviT, misi sagvarto-

mos safuZvliani Seswavlis gareSe warmoudgenelia.

3.3. memkvidruli daavadebebis gadacemis TvalsazrisiT, axlo-

naTesauri qorwinebebi arasasurvelia, vinaidan da avadebis

ganmsazRvreli recesiuli niSan-Tvisebe bis ge nebi gadadis

homozigotur mdgomareobaSi da fe no ti pu rad gamovlinde-

ba.

4. 4. axlomxedveli albinosi mamakacis genotipi SeiZleba iyos AAbb an Aabb, xolo normaluri mxedvelobisa da kanis nor-

maluri pigmentaciis qalis _ aaBB an aaBb.

Page 83: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

8282

cvalebadobamemkvidruli cvalebadoba

§9§9

1 recesiuli mutacia gamovlindeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

orive mSobeli iqneba am recesiuli mutaciis mtarebeli, anu am

niSnis individi homozigoti unda iyos recesiuli niSnis mixed-

viT. dominanturi genuri mutacia ki gamovlindeba am niSnis

mixedviT rogorc homozigot, ise heterozigot organizmebSi.

2 fotofobia sinaTlis SiSs niSnavs.

3 Jana darks orleanel qalwuls eZaxian.

4 recesiuli genis moqmedeba fenotipurad mxolod homozigotur

mdgomareobaSi vlindeba. amitom recesiuli mutaciis gamosav-

lenad aucilebelia, orive aleluri geni mutaciuri iyos. Tu

erTi geni mutaciuria, xolo misi aleli normaluri, mutaci-

uri geni veRar axerxebs Tavisi unaris gamovlenas.

5 terner-SereSevskis sindromiT daavadebuli gogona mSoblebs

im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba eyoloT, Tu dairRva meiozis procesi.

sqema ase unda gamoiyurebodes:

II genetika da seleqciagenetika da seleqcia

Page 84: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

8383

6 klainfelteris sindromiT daavadebuli vaJi mSoblebs im Sem-

TxvevaSi SeiZleba eyoloT, Tu dairRva meiozis msvleloba.

sqema ase unda gamoiyurebodes:

1. 1. klainfelteris, terner-SereSevskisa da daunis sindromi

memkvidreobiT ar gadaecema, vinaidan daavadebulebi unayo-

foni arian.

2.2.

a. a. organizmis genotipSi erTiT meti qromosomis gaCena meio-

zis procesis normaluri mimdinareobis darRvevis Sedegia.

am dros homologiuri qromosomebis erT-erTi wyvili erT-

maneTs ar scildeba. isini erTi polusisken miemarTebian. amis

gamo warmoiqmneba gameta, sadac qromosomaTa haploiduri

raodenobis nacvlad erTiT meti qromosoma aRmoCndeba. Tu

aseTma gametam monawileoba miiRo ganayofierebis procesSi,

maSin zigotaSi erTiT meti qromosoma iqneba. magaliTad, dau-

nis sindromiT daavadebuls 47 qromosoma aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi

24 qromosomiani gameta (nacvlad 23-isa) ganayofierda 23 qro-

mosomiani gametiT da zigotaSi 47 _ erTiT meti qromosoma

aRmoCnda.

b.b. qromosomaTa nakrebis 2-jer gazrdac meiozis procesis darR-

vevis Sedegia. am SemTxvevaSi homologiuri qromosomebis wyvi-

lebi erTmaneTs ar scildeba da gametaSi qromosomaTa hap-

loiduri kompleqtis nacvlad diploiduri raodenoba iqneba.

Tu ori gameta qromosomaTa diploiduri nakrebiT erTmaneTs

Seerwya, miiReba zigota qromosomaTa 2-jer meti raodenobiT.

Page 85: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

8484

3.3. albinosebs ar SeiZleba eyoloT normaluri pigmentaciis

STamomavlebi. albinizmi recesiuli niSania da is mxolod

homozigotur mdgomareobaSi vlindeba.

aRvniSnoT albinizmis gamomwvevi recesiuli geni a-Ti. albi-

nosis genotipi am niSnis mixedviT _ aa-Ti.

F1 TaobaSi yvela STamomavali albinosia.

4.4. albinosis genotipia aa, sxvagvarad es niSani ar gamovlinde-

ba.

normaluri pigmentaciis mSoblis genotipi ki SeiZleba iyos

rogorc AA, ise Aa. sqematurad warmoadginoT Sejvareba, sadac erT SemTxvevaSi

normaluri pigmentaciis mqone mSoblis genotipia AA, xolo

meoreSi _ Aa.

aaaaaaaa

a a a a

aaaa aaaaAAAA

AaAaAaAa AaAa

AaAaA Aa

aa a aAaAaaaaa aaaa

AaAaA

AaAa

A AA aa aa a

Tu normaluri pigmentaciis mSoblis genotipia AA, maSin

yvela STamomavali normaluri pigmentaciisaa.

Tu normaluri pigmentaciis mSoblis genotipia Aa, maSin

STamomavlebis 50% normaluri pigmentaciisaa, xolo 50% _

albinosi.

e.i. Tu erT-erTi mSobeli albinosia, rogori genotipis

mqonec ar unda iyos meore mSobeli, STamomavlebs Soris

arian normaluri pigmentaciis mqone individebi.

5.5. cvalebadobis es tipi miekuTvneba qromosomul mutacias.

Page 86: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

8585

II genetika da seleqciagenetika da seleqcia

aramemkvidruli cvalebadoba

§10§10

xuTTiTian mSoblebs SeeZinaT eqvsTi-xuTTiTian mSoblebs SeeZinaT eqvsTi-Tiani SviliTiani Svili

genuri mutaciagenuri mutacia

qromosomuliqromosomulimutaciamutacia

kombinaciurikombinaciuricvalebadobacvalebadoba

modifikaciurimodifikaciuricvalebadobacvalebadoba

memarjvene TaflisferTvala mSoblebs memarjvene TaflisferTvala mSoblebs SeeZinaT cacia cisferTvala gogona da SeeZinaT cacia cisferTvala gogona da memarjvene cisferTvala vaJimemarjvene cisferTvala vaJi

mTeli wlis manZilze adamians mTeli wlis manZilze adamians aReniSneba Sinagani sekreciis aReniSneba Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebis funqcionirebis jirkvlebis funqcionirebis sezonuri cvlilebasezonuri cvlileba

sportsmenebs intensiuri varjiSis sportsmenebs intensiuri varjiSis procesSi gaezardaT kunTebis masa da procesSi gaezardaT kunTebis masa da ZalaZala

normaluri qromosomuli kompleqtis normaluri qromosomuli kompleqtis mqone mSoblebs SeeZinaT vaJi, romlis mqone mSoblebs SeeZinaT vaJi, romlis ujredebSi aRmoaCines ujredebSi aRmoaCines XXY XXY qromosomebiqromosomebi

1.1.

2.2.

kiTxvebi mutaciebi modifikaciebi

cvlis Tu ara genotips?

aqvs Tu ara cvalebadobis

farglebi?

gadaecema Tu ara

memkvidreobiT?

cvlis

ara aqvs

ar cvlis

aqvs

gadaecema ar gadaecema

II genetika da seleqciagenetika da seleqcia

Page 87: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

8686

1.1. qalis imedi ar gamarTldeboda, radgan operaciiT Selamaze-

buli cxviri modifikaciuri cvalebadobaa da is memkvidre-

obiT ar gadaecema.

2.2.

a.a. sisxlSi eriTrocitebis raodenoba zRvis donidan simaRlis

matebis proporciulad izrdeba. rogorc viciT, eriTroci-

tebis mTavari funqciaa filtvebidan qsovilebamde Jangba-

dis, xolo qsovilebidan filtvebamde naxSirorJangis mita na.

simaRlis matebasTan erTad, atmosferoSi mcirdeba Jang badis

raodenoba, rac qsovilebSi mis ukmarisobas iwvevs. amitom Jang-

badisadmi sasicocxlo moTxovnilebas adamiani eriTrocite-

bis raodenobis momatebiT pasuxobs.

b.b. Tu mTian raionebSi mcxovrebi adamianebi zRvis doneze dasax-

ldebian, maT sisxlSi Semcirdeba eriTrocitebis raodenoba.

am SemTxvevaSic adgili eqneba modifikaciur cvalebadobas.

3. 3. imis gamo, rom albinosebis kans ar gaaCnia damcvelobiTi `qol-

ga~ melaninis saxiT, is ver uZlebs mzis sxivebis moqmedebas.

daucvelia Tvalebic _ ferad garsSi pigmentis ararsebobis

gamo mzis sxivebi, gugis garda, feradi garsis gavliTac aR-

wevs baduramde da azianebs mas. panamaSi mcxovrebi albinosebi

`cxovrebas~ mzis Casvlis Semdeg iwyeben, amitom maT `mTvaris

Svilebs~ uwodeben.

4. 4. Tu kanze aRar moqmedebs mzis sxivebi, garujva gadadis.

5.5. isaras foTlebis forma Seicvleboda wylis donis cvli-

lebis Sesabamisad. es modifikaciuri cvalebadobaa.

1.1. swori pasuxia b.b.

2.2. swori pasuxia g.g.

3.3. swori pasuxia b.b.

Page 88: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

8787

seleqciis tradiciuli da Tanamedrove meTodebimcenareTa seleqciacxovelTa seleqcia

§11§11

1 tetraploiduri yvavilidan ganviTarebul mtvrianebsa da kverc-

xujreds eqneba qromosomebis diploiduri kompleqti.

2 maTi Serwymis Sedegad miRebul zigotas eqneba tetraploiduri

nakrebi.

3 vegetatiuri gamravlebis SemTxvevaSi, tetraploiduri mcenaris

STamomavlebs eqneba tetraploiduri nakrebi.

4 Teslis is nawili, risganac Zafs amzadeben, bunebriv pirobebSi

mcenaris Teslis gavrcelebas emsaxureba.

6 pirveli Zroxa mexorculi jiSisaa, meore _ merZeuli.

7 TuSuri cxvari.

8 bunebriv pirobebSi mexorculi jiSis ZroxisTvis didi wona sa-

zianoa. aseTi masis Zroxa Znelad gadaadgildeba, amitom mas gau-

Wirdeba mtrisgan Tavis daRweva, sakvebis mopoveba.

9 Rori daiRupeba. rogorc ilustraciidan Cans, is Zlivs moZ-

raobs, amitom verc mters gaeqceva da verc did manZils gaivlis

sakvebis mosapoveblad.

10 pirveli ZaRli soros ZaRlia, meore _ mwevari. amaze miuTiTebs

maTi sxeulis agebuleba, kerZod, fexebis simaRle.

11 ZaRlebs adamiani iyenebs mcvelad, usinaTloTa satareblad, nar-

kotikuli da asafeTqebeli nivTierebebis aRmosaCenad. Crdilo-

eTis qveynebSi ZaRlebs marxilSi abamen.

12 am ZaRlebs maTi garegnuli monacemebis gamo amravleben.

II genetika da seleqciagenetika da seleqcia

Page 89: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

8888

1. 1. rqawiTeli. misi sagemovno Tvisebebis garda, is gamZlea gare-

mos cvalebadi pirobebis mimarT.

2. 2. yurZeni gemrieli da sasargeblo xilia. misgan xdian arays,

amzadeben koniaks, Sampanurs, liqiors.

3. 3. yvavilebisgan xdian eTerzeTebs, romlebsac farTod iyene-

ben parfiumerul da kulinarul warmoebaSi. samkurnalo

mcenareebis yvavilebisgan wamlebs amzadeben. yvavilebs es-

Tetikuri siamovnebisTvisac amravleben.

4.4. didi zomisa da wonis megrul Zroxas mTebSi siaruli gauWir-

deboda.

5.5. adamianebi Sarpeis iyenebdnen sacxovrebeli adgilisa da

faris dasacavad. Zlier danaoWebuli kani, Rrmad Camjdari

Tvalebi, patara da susti yurebi ganapirobebdnen Sarpeebis

gamoyenebas msxvil nadirze sanadirod da ZaRlebis brZola-

Si. brZolis dros Sarpeis upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs,

rom Tu mowinaaRmdege moaxerxebs mis magrad Cavlebas, Sar-

peis Tavisufali kanis wyalobiT SeuZlia elviseburi sis-

wrafiT, didi Zalisxmevis gareSe motrialeba da mowinaaRm-

degis damarcxeba.

7. 7. tetraploiduri mcenaris butkoze diploiduri mcenaris

mtvrianis moxvedris SemTxvevaSi Canasaxs triploiduri na-

krebi eqneba.

Page 90: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

8989

III evoluciuri moZRvrebaevoluciuri moZRvreba

voluciuri moZRvrebaxelovnuri gadarCevabrZola arsebobisaTvisbunebrivi gadarCeva

§12§12

1 kombostos sasargeblo Tvisebebis gamo adamianma moindoma misi

moSeneba SedarebiT mkacr pirobebSi. aseT pirobebSi kombos-

to erT weliwadSi ver aswrebs sasicocxlo ciklis gavlas da

sakveb nivTierebebs sxvadasxva or ganoSi imaragebs.

jiSebijiSebi

veluri kombostoveluri kombosto

briuselis kombostobriuselis kombosto

Taviani kombostoTaviani kombosto

kolrabikolrabi

2 briuselis kombosto sakvebs imaragebs Rerosa da kvir teb Si,

Taviani kombosto _ foTlebsa da damoklebul Re roSi, xolo

kolrabi _ Reros qveda nawilSi.

Page 91: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

9090

3 saqarTveloSi ufro xSirad Taviani da yvavilovani kombosto

gvxvdeba.

gadarCevagadarCeva

bunebrivibunebrivi xelovnurixelovnuri

gadamrCevi faqtorigadamrCevi faqtori

romeli niSnebiT gadairCevianromeli niSnebiT gadairCevian

raSi gamoixateba gadarCevis SedegebiraSi gamoixateba gadarCevis Sedegebi

1.1.

bunebabuneba

saxeobisTvis saxeobisTvis sasargeblosasargeblo

axali saxeobis axali saxeobis warmoqmnawarmoqmna

adamianiadamiani

adamianisTvis adamianisTvis sasargeblosasargeblo

axali jiSis axali jiSis SeqmnaSeqmna

Page 92: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

9191

1.1. am SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs arsebobisTvis brZolis Sida-

saxeobriv formas.

2.2.

a.a. qarxnebis mSeneblobam gamoiwvia garemoSi didi raodenobiT

gamonabolqvis gamoyofa, ramac Zlier daabinZura haeri, rac

xelSemSleli faqtoria liqenebis gamravlebisTvis.

b.b. mas Semdeg, rac manCesterSi miiRes zomebi garemos da bin-

Zurebis sawinaaRmdegod, haeris dabinZureba Semcirda, rac

xelSemwyobi piroba aRmoCnda liqenebis gamravlebisTvis.

xis Reroebi isev daifara liqenebiT, romelzec TeTri pep-

lebi SeumCneveli gaxdnen da gadarCnen. muqi peplebi ki xis

bac fonze mkveTrad gamoCndnen da mtaceblebs ver gadaurC-

nen. amitom saxeobaSi mkveTrad moimata TeTri peplebis ra-

odenobam.

3.3. Tevzebis am populacias sxeulis zomis sxvadasxva genebi

aqvs. zogs sxeulis didi zomis, zogs saSualo, zogsac pata-

ra. rodesac meTevze badeSi moxvedril patara Tevzebs isev

wyalSi abrunebs, amiT is xelovnurad zrdis wyalsatevSi

mcire da saSualo zomis Tevzebis ricxobriobas. populacia

mravldeba da mcire zomis Tevzebi Tavis genebs STamomav-

lobas gadascemen.

Tu es procesi didxans gagrZelda, ramdenime wlis Semdeg me-

Tevze didi zomis Tevzebis daWeras veRar SeZlebs, vinaidan

patara zomis Tevzebs SeeqmnebaT ukeTesi pirobebi gamrav-

lebisTvis _ maT didi Tevzebi aRar uweven konkurencias da

arc meTevzeebi erCian. mocemul pirobebSi isini ukeT Segue-

buli aRmoCndebian da gadarCebian. didi Tevzebi ki droTa

ganmavlobaSi mTlianad ganadgurdebian.

Page 93: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

9292

a.a.

b.b.

4.4. evoluciis process asaxavs a a situacia.

Page 94: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

9393

5. 5. Seguebulobis process asaxavs b situacia.

a.a.

b.b.

1.1. bunebis gadamrCevi `xelebi~ arsebobisTvis brZola.

2.2.

a.a. arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi gadarCebian da STamomavlobas da-

toveben mxolod is antilopebi, romlebic foTlebs xis

maRal totebze miswvdebian. patara antilopebi foTlebs

ver miswvdebian da daiRupebian.

teqstSi araswori frazebia: mutacia yovelTvis sasargeblo

cvlilebas iwvevs organizmSi. bunebrivi gadarCevis mizani or-

ganizmis ganviTarebisken swrafvis dakmayofilebaa. bunebriv

gadarCevas mizani ar gaaCnia. bunebrivi gadarCeva SemTxveviTi

procesia.

Page 95: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

9494

b. b. lomebs mxolod is antilopebi gadaurCebian, anu arsebobi-

saTvis brZolaSi gaimarjveben, romlebic maT ba lax Si dae ma-

lebian.

3.3.

a. a. SaSvebi zoliani niJaris mqone lokokinebs imitom erCian,

rom isini ufro SesamCnevebi arian.

b.b. tyeSi Camocvenil mkvdar foTlebSi ufro xSirad zoliani

niJaris lokokinebs Sexvdebi, xolo mwvane balaxze _ uzo-

los. Sesabamisad, mocemul pirobebSi isini ukeT SeniRbulni

arian.

evoluciis damamtkicebeli argumentebi

§13§13

1.1. ZuZumwovrebs yuris niJaris mamoZravebeli kunTebi yuris

samoZraod sWirdebaT, raTa kargad gaigon msxverplisa da

mtris moaxloeba.

2.2. adamianis sxeulis Tmis safarvlis ukuganviTareba samosis

xmarebam gamoiwvia. swored samosi icavs sxeuls siTbos da-

kargvisgan.

3.3. xerxemliani cxovelebis kidurebi erTnair Zvlebs Seicavs.

4.4. Ramuras mtevnis Zvlebi dagrZelebuli aqvs da masze gadak-

rulia kani. es frTis zedapirs zrdis da aseTi frTiT Ra mura

haers ukeT ukuagdebs.

1 moluskebis niJara da Zvlebi nela ixrwneba.

2 rogorc Cans, am midamoebis klimati mkveTrad Seicvala.

III evoluciuri moZRvrebaevoluciuri moZRvreba

Page 96: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

9595

IV ekologiaekologia

ekosistema, misi komponentebiekosistemis abioturi faqtorebi: wyali, sinaTle, temperatura organizmebis Seguebulobani am faqtorebis mimarT

§14§14

1 am qoTnis mcenarisTvis temperaturis optimumia 210C, gam-

Zleobis minimumi _ 3,50C, xolo maqsimumi _ 400C.

mcenaris zrdis damokidebuleba temperaturaze

si

ma

Rl

e,

sm

80 180 280 380 t0

optimumi

10

40

70

100

20

50

80

110

30

60

90

120

ma

qs

im

um

i

mi

ni

mu

mi

1 pirvel WiqaSi wylis done daiklebs, meoreSi _ ara. e.i. cxi-

movani nivTiereba xis bayayis organizms wylis dakargvisgan

icavs.

2 fotosinTezi mxolod sinaTleze xdeba.

2 macivarSi wyali gaiyineba, spirti da glicerini _ ara. e.i.

spirtisa da glicerinis dagroveba organizmSi yinva gamZleobas

zrdis.

Page 97: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

9696

3 es cxovelebi sicives kanqveSa sqeli cximovani SriT umklavdebi-

an. amas garda, jgufurad Sekrebili pingvinebi erTmaneTs aTbo-

ben.

4 sinaTleze foTlis bageebis xvrelebi gaiReboda da wyali aor-

Tqldeboda. fesvebi ki civ wyals ver Seiwovda. amitom, WurWleb-

Si arsebuli wyali gamoileoda da xe gaxmeboda.

1. 1. gaxmeba.

2. 2. foTlis zomisa da Reros formis mixedviT.

swori pasuxia b. b.

ar dascvivdeba.

niadagi da misi struqturaorganizmTa Seguebulobani sxvadasxva struqturis niadagis mimarT

§15§15

1 tropikul tyeebSi niadagidan haeri praqtikulad wylis mier

aris gamodevnili. fesvebis nawili niadagidan zemoT amodis,

raTa isunTqos.

2 sokoebi organuli nivTierebebiT mdidar niadagze saxldebian.

isini heterotrofebi arian.

3 niadagSi binadarni masSi xvrelebs aCenen, riTac niadagis aera-

cias uwyoben xels.

4 niadagwarmoqmnis process pirvelebi liqenebi iwyeben.

IV ekologiaekologia

Page 98: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

9797

1.1. Tu niadags wylian WiqaSi Cayri, masSi pawawa buStukebs

SeamCnev. es haeris buStukebia.

2.2. Cayare wylian WiqaSi cotaodeni niadagi. didxans urie

wkiriT, sanam wyali niadags karagd ar Seereva. daacade

niadags daleqva da Semdeg wyali gafiltre. daawveTe

filtratis ramdenime wveTi sasagne minaze da spirtquris

alze aaorTqle. wveTis adgilas TeTri nafifqi darCeba. es

niadagis mineraluri marilebia. daicavi usafrTxoebis we-

sebi.

Zlieri wvimebisas niadagidan haeri idevneba da iq mcxovrebi

organizmebi veRar sunTqaven.

1.1. niadagSi mcxovreb Txunelas mxedveloba didad ver daex-

mareboda.

2.2. didi zomis Teslebs fxvier niadagSi Rrmad Tesaven, mcire

zomis Teslebs Tixnar niadagSi _ zedapirulad. didi zo-

mis Teslebi sakveb nivTierebebs didi raodenobiT Seicaven.

aseTi Teslidan Zlieri aRmonaceni viTardeba, romelic

sakvebis gamolevamde aswrebs niadagis zedapirze amosvlas

da fotosinTezis gziT damoukideblad kvebas.

urTierTobani organizmebs Soris TanasazogadoebaSi

§16§16

3 Tavis dasacavad mcenareebi Sxamian nivTierebebs gamoimuSave-

ben. zogierTi mcenare Tavs eklebiT icavs.

1.1. parazits maspinZlis sikvdili ar awyobs, vinaidan is sakvebis

gareSe darCeba.

IV ekologiaekologia

Page 99: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

9898

2.2. frinveli da martorqa simbiozu-

rad cxovroben. frinveli mar to-

rqis kanis parazitebiT ikvebeba.

1.1. virusebs. baqteriofagebi adamianis daavadebis gamomwvev

baqteriebze parazitoben.

2.2. Tu cxoveli SemTxveviT Sxamian sokos SeWams, meored mas

aRar ekareba. Tu saWmel sokoSi gaCnda iseTi mutacia, ro-

melic mas garegnulad Sxamian sokos amsgavsebs, maSin isic

daculi iqneba cxovelebis Semotevebisgan.

kvebiTi jaWvikvebiTi qseli

§17§17

2.2. Sen diliT pirveli rigis konsumenti iyavi, SuadRisas _

pirveli da meore rigis, sadilad _ pirveli da meore rigis,

Zilis win _ meore rigis. Tu SuadRisas Sen loqos an Roris

xorcs SeWam, mesame rigis konsumenti iqnebi.

1. 1. mercxali da kurdReli konsumentebs miekuTvnebian. mercxa-

li meore rigis konsumentia, kurdReli pirveli rigis.

2. 2. mcenareebi cxovelebsa da adamianebs uzrunvelyofen sakve-

bi nivTierebebiTa da JangbadiT.

3. 3. mcenareTa parazitebi pirveli rigis konsumentebi arian.

IV ekologiaekologia

Page 100: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

9999

1.1. niadagSi moxvedrili Sxamebi zogjer mcenaris mier Seiwove-

ba da SesaZloa am mcenaris sakvebad gamoyenebisas isini ada-

mianis organizmSi moxvdnen.

4.4. Roris soliteri da eqinokoki mesame rigis konsumentebi

arian.

5. 5. ilustraciaze warmodgenili adamianebi mdinarisa da tyis

ekosistemis wevrebi arian. frinvelebze monadire meore an

mesame rigis konsumentia. meTevze, Tu is mtacebel Tevzs

iWers, mesame rigis konsumentia. sokos Semgrovebeli pirve-

li rigis konsumentia.

6.6. meliebi Tagvebzec nadiroben. meliebis ganadgurebam Sesa-

Zloa Tagvebis gamravleba gamoiwvios, rasac aranaklebi zia-

nis motana SeuZlia adamianisTvis.

1.1. yvela producenti avtotrofia, yvela konsumenti _ hete-

rotrofi.

2. 2. swori pasuxia g. g.

2.2.

a.a. muxluxoebis ricxvma mkveTrad zrda me-5 dRidan daiwyo.

b.b. muxluxoebis ricxvma maqsimalur mniSvnelobas me-9 dRes mi-

aRwia.

g. g. am periodSi foTlebis ricxvi mkveTrad mcirdeba.

d.d. fermerma pesticidi me-8 dRes Seasxura.

e.e. pesticidis moqmedebas maqsimaluri efeqti me-14 dRes hqon-

da. muxluxoebi mTlianad ganadgurdnen, foTlebis ricxvma

imata.

Page 101: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

100100

foTlebis foTlebis

raodenobaraodenoba

muxluxoebismuxluxoebis

raodenobaraodenoba

dReebidReebi

v. v. me-15 dRes baRSi arc erTi muxluxo aRar iyo, amitom frin-

velebma baRi datoves.

Page 102: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

101101

fotosinTezSi moreagire nivTierebebiqlorofilisa da mzis energiis roli fotosinTezSi fotosinTezis mniSvneloba

§18§18

1 energiis gamoTavisufleba sunTqvis procesSi xdeba.

2 glukoza Seicavs naxSirbadis eqvs atoms, xolo naxSirorJangi

_ erTs.

3 `foto~ sinaTles niSnavs da fotosinTezis procesSi sinaTlis

monawileobaze miuTiTebs.

4 sinTezi SedarebiT martivi nivTierebebidan rTulis warmoqm-

nas niSnavs.

5 glukoza SedarebiT martivi nivTierebebisgan _ CO2-isa da H2O-

sgan warmoiqmneba.

1.1. saxamebelma foTlidan mcenaris sxva organoebSi gadai nacv-

la da sunTqvasa da sxva procesebs moxmarda. mzeze fo Toli

fotosinTezs awarmoebs da Sen SeZleb masSi sa xa meb lis aRmo-

Cenas.

2.2. qlorofilis sinTezi sinaTleze xdeba. uqlorofilod mcena-

re fotosinTezs ver awarmoebs.

3.3. zeTi bagis xvrelebs axSobs, amitom foTolSi naxSirorJangi

veRar aRwevs da fotosinTezis procesi wydeba. aseT foT-

lebSi saxamebels ver aRmoaCen.

4.4. am didfoTliani mcenaris adgili mxolod samzareuloSia.

sa Zinebelsa da saavadmyofos palataSi misi dadgma ar SeiZ-

leba, radgan Rame, sibneleSi fotosinTezi ar mimdinareobs

da mcenare mxolod sunTqavs. sunTqvis procesSi is didi ra-

odenobiT O2-s moixmars.

IV ekologiaekologia

Page 103: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

102102

1.1. naxSirorJangi da wyali sunTqvis saboloo produqtebia.

2.2. Tu fotosinTezis reaqciis tolobaSi isars marcxniv Seab-

runeb, sunTqvis reaqciis gamomsaxvel tolobas miiReb.

energiis gadacema kvebiT jaWvSi

§19§19

2.2.

a.a. bocveri wonaSi 25 gramiT moimatebs.

b.b. gaSlil mindorSi bocveri gacilebiT mets moZraobs, ris-

Tvisac did energias xarjavs, amitom is wonaSi naklebad moi-

matebs.

1. 1. mzis energia producentidan mcenareWamia cxovelze im qi-

miuri bmebis energiis saxiT gadadis, romelic producentis

mier Seqmnil rTul organul nivTierebebSi arsebobs.

2.2. eqskrementebi organizmis mier gadaumuSavebel rTul or-

ganul nivTierebebs Seicavs. maTi Sewova mcenares fesvebiT

ar SeuZlia. nakelze reducentebi saxldebian da organul

nivTierebebs martiv nivTierebebad Slian, romelsac mcena-

re advilad iwovs. amas nakelis gadawvas uwodeben. am pro-

cesis dros siTbo didi raodenobiT gamoiyofa. gadauwvavi

nakeli mcenaris fesvebs daazianebda.

IV ekologiaekologia

Page 104: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

103103

1.1. ekologiur sistemebSi mzis energia siTbur, meqanikur, eleq-

trul, sinaTlisa da qimiuri bmebis energiebad gardaiqmneba.

2. 2. A piramidis safuZvels balaxovani mcenare warmoadgens,

xolo B piramidis _ xe-mcenare. magaliTad erT xbos gamo-

sakvebad mravali aTasi egzemplari balaxi sWirdeba. amitom

aseT piramidas Ziri farTo aqvs (A). ramdenime antilopas er-

Ti xis foTlebi hyofnis (B).

III rigis konsumentebi

II rigis konsumentebi

I rigis konsumentebi

producentebi

A B

A. xe-mcenare → mweri → mtacebeli frinveli.

B. xe-mcenare → balaximWameli cxoveli →didi zomis mtace-

beli.

A B

3.3.

Page 105: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

104104

populaciis ricxobrioba, masze momqmedi faqtorebipopulaciis ricxobriobis gansazRvris meTodebi

§20§20

1 es terminebi organizmebis gadaadgilebas aRniSnavs erTi teri-

toriidan meoreze.

2 Tu individebma masiurad datoves areali, populaciis ricxo-

brioba SeiZleba Semcirdes, miuxedavad imisa, rom Sobadoba

sikvdilianobas aWarbebs.

3.3.

a.a. ekologebma moniSnes 12 Tevzi.

b.b. meorejer badeSi moyva 15 Tevzi.

g.g. maT Soris moniSnuli 4 aRmoCnda.

d.d. am populaciis ricxobriobaa:

12 X 15

4N = = 45

IV ekologiaekologia

Page 106: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

105105

4.4. yvela kvadratSi arsebuli RiRiloebis saerTo raodenobaa 24.

gamoyenebulia 12 kvadrati.

erT kvadratSi RiRiloebis saSualo raodenobaa 24 : 12=2

populaciis ricxobrioba mocemul arealSi aris _

2X10 000 = 20 000.

biogeoqimiuri cikliwylis cikli

§21§21

1 `bio~ sicocxles aRniSnavs, `geo~ _ dedamiwas. termini `bio-

geoqimiuri cikli~ miuTiTebs nivTierebaTa ciklur moZraoba-

ze cocxal da aracocxal bunebas Soris.

2 nivTierebaTa gadacemas cikluri xasiaTi aqvs, xolo energiis

gadacemas _ ara.

3 udabnos Tavze Rrublebs mezobeli, SedarebiT teniani adgile-

bidan gadaadgilebuli wylis wveTebi qmnis.

IV ekologiaekologia

Page 107: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

106106

4 haerSi kondensirebuli wylis wveTebi wvimis saxiT Camodis

dedamiwaze.

5 cxovelebi wyals sunTqvis dros orTqlis saxiTac gamoyofen.

6 wylis ciklSi ufro aqtiurad ZuZumwovrebi arian CarTu li. qve-

war mavlebisgan gansxvavebiT, isini wyals di di zedapi ris mqone

fil tvebidanac aorTqleben da ka ni Tac.

7 wylis ciklis ufro aqtiuri monawile palmaa, romelic didi zo-

mis foTlebidan didi raodenobiT wyals aorTqlebs.

1-2.1-2. epitafia da rituali biogeoqimiur cikls asaxavs.

2.2. setyvasawinaaRmdego Wurvebis moqmedebiT, SesaZloa, Rrub-

lebs sxva regionebSi erTad moeyara Tavi da bevrad uaresi

Sedegi gamoewvia.

naxSirbadis cikli

§22§22

1 naxSirorJangis koncentraciis mniSvnelovani mateba atmos-

feroSi SeiZleba sawvavis moxmarebis mkveTrma zrdam da mcena-

reuli safaris Semcirebam gamoiwvios.

2 sawvavis sabadoebs biotur rezervuars miakuTvneben.

3 sawvavis sabadoebi ar aris CarTuli naxSirbadis bunebriv cik l-

Si. isini am ciklSi adamianis mier maTi sawvavad gamoyenebis Sem-

TxvevaSi erTvebian.

IV ekologiaekologia

Page 108: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

107107

1.1. mecnierTa azriT, CO2-is koncentraciis mkveTri gazrda at-

mosferoSi fotosinTezis process gaaZlierebs, rac mcena-

reuli safaris mkveTr gazrdas gamoiwvevs. es ki avtomatu-

rad Seamcirebs CO2-is koncentracias atmosferoSi.

2.2. benzinisa da airis wvis dros ganamarxebuli organizmebis or-

ganul nivTierebebSi arsebuli qimiuri bmebis energia siTbur

energiad gardaiqmneba.

adamianis fizikuri aqtivobisas, mis sakvebSi arsebuli qimiu-

ri bmebis energia meqanikur energiad gardaiqmneba.

cvilis wvisas mis organul nivTierebebSi arsebuli qimiuri

bmebis energia siTbur da sinaTlis energiad gardaiqmneba.

cvils ki futkari mcenareebisgan amzadebs, romlebic foto-

sinTezis process awarmoeben.

yvela ganxilul magaliTSi, organuli nivTierebebis qimiur bmeb -

Si mzis sinaTlis energiaa akumulirebuli.

erTaderTi procesi, romelic atmosferoSi naxSirorJangis

koncentracias amcirebs, fotosinTezia.

ilustraciaze warmodgenili gamaTboblebidan ekologi u rad

sufTa eleqtroRumelia, radgan is, navTqurisa da gaz qu risagan

gansxvavebiT, atmosferoSi mavne airebs ar gamoyofs.

adamianis saqmianobis gavlena garemoze

§23§23

1 am dros organoebis JangbadiT momarageba ferxdeba da orga-

nizmi energiis mkveTr deficits ganicdis.

2 niadagidan mZime metalebi mcenareebSi xvdeba. maTi sakvebad

gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi isini, SesaZloa, cxovelTa da adamianis

organizmSi aRmoCdes.

IV ekologiaekologia

Page 109: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

108108

3 mJavebis Semcveli Rrublebi dedamiwis erTi regionidan qariT

sxva regionebSi gadaitaneba. amis gamo, mJava wvimebi araindus-

triul raionebSicaa mosalodneli.

1.1.

ddt

a.a. ddt → planqtoni → Tevzi → frinveli.

b. b. malariasTan brZolis ufro misaRebi gza wyalsatevebsa da

tbebSi iseTi Tevzebis moSenebaa, romlebic koRos matlebiT

ikvebebian.

2. 2. es procedura mJava wvimis moqmedebis modelia.

haerSi arsebuli radiaqtiuri nivTierebebi qarisa da wvimis

gzi T, SesaZloa, sxva qveynebSic moxvdes. garda amisa, radiaqti-

urma nivTierebebma sxva qveynebSi sakvebi produqtebiTac Sei-

Zleba SeaRwios.

Page 110: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

109109

biomebivelebi: tundra, savanaudabno

§24§24

1 isini ar daimtverebodnen, nayofsa da Tesls ar ganiviTa-

rebdnen. amiT sakvebi moakldeboda tundris konsumentebs.

2 tundraSi xanmokle yvavilobisas mwerebi Cndebian, romlebic

frinvelebisTvis sakvebs warmoadgenen.

3 grZeli kidurebi da kiseri.

4 mcenareebi eklebiT icaven Tavs.

balaxeuli safaris ganadgureba, martorqebis ganad gu re-

basTan SedarebiT, savanas ufro did safrTxes Seuqmnida,

radgan am ekosistemis safuZvels balaxeuli safari qmnis.

2.2. irmebi rom ar Caeflon tundris WaobebSi, xolo aqlemebs

gauadvildeT qviSaSi moZraoba.

3. 3. amis mizezi tundris mwiri mcenareuli safaria.

4.4. sakvebis naklebobis gamo.

akaciis xeakaciis xe

foTlebifoTlebi

xis qerqixis qerqi

fesvebifesvebi

martorqamartorqa

antilo paantilo pa

JirafiJirafi

martorqamartorqa

spilospilo

balaxibalaxi

kameCikameCi

zebrazebra

antilo paantilo pa

1.1.

IV ekologiaekologia

Page 111: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

110110

savana, tundrasTan SedarebiT, mdidaria mcenareebiTa da cxo-

velebiT. maTi sikvdilis Semdeg, reducentebis zemoqmedebiT,

niadagi mdidrdeba mineraluri nivTierebebiT, ris gamoc sava-

nis niadagi meti nayofierebiT gamoirCeva.

tyeebi: taigafarTofoTlovani foTolcvenia tyetropikuli tye

§25§25

1 taigaSi tye bnelia. aq sinaTle cudad aRwevs, amitom ta i ga Si

buCqebs arseboba ar SeuZlia.

2 SexvdebiT.

3 ciyvi xels uwyobs wiwvovnebis gavrcelebas, vinaidan ma Ti Tes-

liT ikvebeba.

4 farTofoTlovan tyeSi cxovelTa esoden didi mravalferovne-

ba mcenareuli safaris mravalferovnebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

5 raTa bnel tyeSi maqsimalurad STanTqan sinaTle.

6 tropikuli tyeebi mcenareTa araCveulebrivi mravalric x ov-

nebiTa da mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva da ha ers Jang badiT am-

didrebs.

Camocvenili foTlebisgan warmoqmnili niadagis safars redu-

centebi gamudmebiT Slian.

swori pasuxia g. g.

IV ekologiaekologia

Page 112: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

111111

1. 1. farTofoTlovan tyeSi pirvelad balaxovani mcenareebi

iwyeben yvavilobas, vinaidan xeebi jer SefoTlili ar arian

da mze qveda iarusebamde kargad aRwevs.

2.2.

tundra avtotrofi

taiga

III rigis

tropikuli tye

II rigis

producenti

udabno

I rigis konsumenti

mcenareWamia

mtacebeli leSiWamia

parazitixorciWamia

reducenti

savana heterotrofi

arqtikuli mela

Page 113: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

112112

tundra avtotrofi

taiga

III rigis

tropikuli tye

II rigis

producenti

udabno

I rigis konsumenti

mcenareWamia

mtacebeli leSiWamia

parazitixorciWamia

reducenti

savana heterotrofi

tundra avtotrofi

taiga

III rigis

tropikuli tye

II rigis

producenti

udabno

I rigis konsumenti

mcenareWamia

mtacebeli leSiWamia

parazitixorciWamia

reducenti

savana heterotrofi

TuTiyuSi

xvliki

Page 114: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

113113

zRvebi da okeaneebi

tbebi da guburebimdinareebi da Waobebixelovnuri ekosistemebi

§26§26

§27§27

1 ganaTebuli zonis cxovelTa mravalferovnebas am zonis mdi-

dari mcenareuloba gansazRvravs.

2 mkvdari organizmebis narCenebiT, romlebic wylis zeda fenebi-

dan eSveba.

2.2. sibnelis zonis kvebiTi jaWvebi moklea, vinaidan isini ar

Seicaven producentebs.

3.3. isini filtvebiT sunTqaven.

1 wavs curvaSi exmareba fexebis Ti Tebs

Soris gadaWimuli sacu rao apki.

waviwavi

IV ekologiaekologia

IV ekologiaekologia

Page 115: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

114114

2 WaobSi izrdeba xavsi sfagnumi.

3 Waobis frinvelebs unda hqondeT farTod TiTebgaSlili da

TiTebze apkgadakruli fexebi, xolo ZuZumwovrebs _ farTo-

Cliqiani.

4 koRoebi da qinqlebi kvercxebs WaobSi deben.

5 xelovnur ekosistemaSi organizmebs ar gaaCniaT Seguebuloba-

ni erTmaneTis mimarT.

6 gafxviereba JangbadiT amdidrebs niadags, sasuqis Setana _

mineraluri marilebiT, xolo Sxamqimikatebs mcenareTa parazi-

tebisa da mavneblebis winaaRmdeg iyeneben.

1.1. maTi ganadgureba ekosistemis kvebiTi jaWvis daSlas ga mo -

iwvevda, vinaidan bayayi kvebiTi jaWvis erT-erTi rgolia.

2. 2. zogierTi cxoveli zamTris Zils eZleva.

Page 116: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

115115

doneebidoneebi akaciis xeakaciis xe JirafiJirafi lpobis baqterialpobis baqteria

biosferuli

ekosistemuri

populaciur-

saxeobrivi

organizmuli

organoTa

sistemebis

organoebis

qsoviluri

ujreduli

molekuluri

V cocxali sistemis organizaciis doneebicocxali sistemis organizaciis doneebi

biologiuri organizaciis ierarqiuli sistema

§28§28

radiolarias ar gaaCnia sicocxlis organizaciis yvela do ne,

radgan is erTujrediani organizmia. mas gaaCnia mo le kuluri,

ujreduli, organizmuli, populaciuri _ sa xeob rivi, ekolo-

giuri da biosferuli done.

2.2.

+ ++

+ ++

+ +

+

+

+ +

+

+

+ +

+ +

+ +

+ +

+ +

Page 117: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

116116

informacia maswavleblisTvisinformacia maswavleblisTvis

saqarTvelos mineraluri wylebisaqarTvelos mineraluri wylebi

saqarTveloSi 730 saxeobaze meti mineraluri wyalia. maT samkurnalod

jer kidev Soreul warsulSi iyenebdnen. amas adasturebs arqeologebis mier

borjomSi, Tbilissa da sxva adgilebSi gaTxrebis dros aRmoCenili Zveli

nagebobebis narCenebi, rac mowmobs mineraluri wylebis, rogorc efeqturi

bunebrivi samkurnalo saSualebis mizanmimarTul gamoyenebas.

saqarTveloSi mineraluri wylebis mecnieruli Seswavla XIX saukunis 30-

ian wlebSi daiwyo. pirvelad Seswavlili iyo Tbilisis Tbili gogirdovani

wylebi da borjomis wyaroebi.

mineraluri wylebis samrewvelo Camosxmis mniSvnelovani zrda aRiniSna

XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi. 1970-78 ww. 18 saxis mineraluri wylis samrewvelo

Camosxmam, romelTa Soris iyo `borjomi~, `mitarbi~, `nabeRlavi~, `sairme~,

`zvare~, `skuri~, `java~, `uwera~, `vaJas wyaro~ da sxva, Seadgina 520-530 mili-

oni boTli.

`borjomi~ unikaluri samkurnalo-mineraluri wyalia. Tavisi Sedgeni-

lobiT is miekuTvneba natriumis hidrokarbonatebis jgufs.

`borjomis~ SedgenilobaSi Sedis kalciumis, natriumis, kaliumis, magni-

umis kaTionebi da HCO -is, Cl-is, SO4 -is anionebi.

`borjomi~ gamoiyeneba saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis daavadebebisa da

nivTierebaTa cvlis darRvevebis profilaqtikisTvis da samkurnalod, imu-

nitetis asamaRleblad.

sairmis mineraluri wylebi cnobili gaxda XIX saukunis dasasrulidan,

roca mTis mdinaris viwro xeobaSi irmebze monadireebma uRran tyeSi aRmoa-

Cines miwidan amoxeTqili civi wyaroebi. aqedan warmodgeba am wyaroebis sa-

xelwodeba _ sairme (irmebis adgili).

mineraluri wyali `sairme~ miekuTvneba naxSirorJang-hidrokarbonat-

natrium-kalciumis tips. igi Seicavs hidrokarbonatebis, sulfatebis, qlo-

ridebis anionebsa da kalciumis, magniumis, natriumis, kaliumis kaTionebs.

`sairme~ ubadloa Tirkmelebisa da Sardsadeni gzebis daavadebebis sam-

kurnalod. is didi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba kuWis, nawlavebis, RviZlis daa-

vadebebis drosac.

`nabeRlavi~ miekuTvneba natriumis hidrokarbonatebis jgufs. sxva mine-

ralur wylebTan SedarebiT, is Seicavs meti raodenobiT magniumis ions, si-

liciumis mJavas, sulfat-ions, xolo SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT _ qlors.

`nabeRlavi~ farTod gamoiyeneba saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis, sisxl-

ZarRvebis, nervuli sistemis, sanaRvle gzebis daavadebebis dros, dadebi-

Tad moqmedebs regeneraciis procesebze. rekomendebulia endokrinuli daa-

vadebebis dros.

Page 118: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

117117

evkaliptievkalipti

evkalipti dasavleT saqarTveloSi Semoitanes da masiurad darges XIX

saukunis dasawyisSi. 1941 wels saqarTveloSi dairga 9 milioni evkaliptis

xe, xolo 1950 wlisTvis misi raodenoba 40 milionamde gaizarda.

evkalipti moaSenes Zlier daWaobebuli kolxeTis dablobis amoSrobis

mizniT, romelic arajanmrTeli klimatiT gamoirCeoda.

evkalipti didi zomis maradmwvane xe-mcenarea. mas axasiaTebs intensiuri

zrda, xSiri SefoTvla da Zlier datotvili fesvTa sistema, ris gamoc

is niadagidan `qaCavs~ da aorTqlebs wylis uzarmazar raodenobas. gamoan-

gariSebulia, rom erTi heqtari evkaliptis tye weliwadSi 5-8 milion litr

wyals aorTqlebs, anu giganturi tumbosaviT moqmedebs. amasTan, tyeSi evka-

liptis varjebi erTmaneTs ar exeba. isini ganlagebulni arian niadagis zeda-

piridan maRla, amitom qari Tavisuflad moZraobs xeebs Soris da aSrobs

niadags.

evkaliptma Secvala kolxeTis dablobis landSafti. amomSrali Waobebis

adgilas gaSenda Caisa da citrusebis plantaciebi.

globaluri daTboba _ alternatiuli Teoriebiglobaluri daTboba _ alternatiuli Teoriebi

dRes mecnierebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom dedamiwis temperatura ganuwy-

vetliv matulobs, Tumca, am faqtis gamomwvevi mizezebi kvlav diskusiis sag-

nad rCeba.

mecnierTa umravlesoba dedamiwaze temperaturis matebis mTavar

mizezad anTropogenur saTburis efeqts asaxelebs, romelic detaluradaa

ganxiluli moswavlis wignSi. am Teoriis momxreebs mowinaaRmdegebic hyavT.

isini alternatiul Teoriebs gvTavazoben.

mecnierTa nawilis azriT, geologiuri da paleontologiuri kvlevebis

monacemebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom dedamiwis istoriaSi bevrjer hqonda ad-

gili klimatis mkveTr da xangrZliv cvlilebebs. iyo iseTi epoqebi, rode-

sac temperatura dedamiwaze ramdenime gradusiT aRemateboda dRevandels.

mag., 5-6 aTasi wlis winaT dedamiwis temperatura 3 gradusiT da Sesabamisad,

msoflio okeanis done 5 metriT maRali iyo dRevandelTan SedarebiT. am

cvli lebebis zusti mizezis dadgena jerjerobiT ver xerxdeba. savaraudod,

saxeldeba ramdenime: dedamiwis orbitis cvlilebebi, cvlilebebi mzis aqti-

vobaSi, vulkanuri amofrqvevebi da a.S.

zogierTi mecnieris azriT, klimatis aseT cvlilebebs cikluri xasiaTi

aqvs da periodulad mimdinareobs im ganmeorebiTi procesebis gamo, ro-

melic mudmivad xdeba sistemaSi: dedamiwa _ mze _ kosmosi.

yvelaze xangrZlivi cikli moicavs 150-300 milion wels. es aris yvelaze

didi ekologiuri Zvrebis cikli, romelsac dedamiwis teqtonur Zvrebsa da

vulkanur amofrqvevebs ukavSireben.

xanmokle ciklebi aTasobiT wlebs moicavs da misi mizezi dedamiwis or-

bitis cvlilebebia. Zlier xanmokle ciklebi (200, 90, 11-wliani) mzis aqtivo-

Page 119: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

118118

bis cvlilebebiTaa gamowveuli. cxadia, adamians aseT ciklebze zemoqmedeba

da raimes Secvla ar SeuZlia.

alternatiuli Teoriebis avtorebis azriT, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom

is, rasac globalur daTbobad miiCneven, swored aseTi kanonzomieri cikle-

biT iyos gamowveuli da aq anTropogenuri faqtoris roli praqtikulad um-

niSvneloa.

diskusiis Sedegebs didi mniSvneloba eqneba imis garkvevaSi, Tu ra wvli li

miuZRvis adamians globalur daTbobaSi da rogoria bunebrivi faqtorebis

roli am procesSi.

Cernobilis tragediaCernobilis tragedia

1986 wlis 26 aprils, qalaq kievidan 120km-is daSorebiT, Cernobilis

atomur eleqtrosadgurze (aes) avaria moxda. avariis Sedegad garemoSi

uzarmazari raodenobiT gamoiyo radiaqtiuri nivTierebebi. atomuri war-

moebis istoriaSi Cernobilis avaria yvelaze mZime SedegebiT damTavrda.

eqspertTa gamoTvlebiT, gamoyofili radiaqtiuri nivTierebebis jamurma

raodenobam 50 milion kiurze meti Seadgina, rac 1945 wels xirosimasa da na-

gasakSi Camogdebuli atomuri bombis Sedegebze 100-jer metia.

radiaqtiuri nivTierebebi mTel evropaSi qariT iqna gadatanili da wvi-

mebiT daileqa 200 000 kvadratul kilometr farTobze, sadac milionamde

adamiani cxovrobs. dabinZurebuli teritoriis 70% sam saxelmwifos _ uk-

ra inas, belorusiasa da ruseTs ukavia. gansakuTrebiT dazaralda ukrainis

mosaxleoba _ 3,5 milioni adamiani. maTgan 73 000 dainvalidda. qveyanaSi da-

binZurda teritoriis 50 000 kvadratuli kilometri.

dabinZurebis xarisxi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavdeboda. is mniSvnelov-

nad iyo damokidebuli imaze, modioda Tu ara wvima im teritoriaze radiaq-

tiuri elementebiT gajerebuli haeris gavlis momentSi.

150 000 kvadratuli kilometris farTobis teritoria dRemde dabinZure-

bulia cezium-137-isa da stroncium-190-is saSiSi izotopebiT, romelTac

naxevrad daSlis didi periodi aqvT da garemoSi mravali wlis manZilze qmni-

an saSiSroebas.

sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebi da sakvebis bunebrivi wyaroebi _ tyis

kenkrovnebi, sokoebi, Tevzebi, gareuli frinvelebi _ sicocxlisTvis safr-

Txes warmoadgenen. dRemde am teritoriaze akrZalulia sokosa da kenkris

krefa, Tevzaoba da nadiroba.

seriozul SiSs iwvevs tyis xanZrebi, romlis drosac kvamlis RrublebiT

radiaqtiuli nawilakebi atmosferoSi gadaitaneba da qariT ifanteba.

xangrZlivi wvimebis SemTxvevaSi ar aris gamoricxuli daitboros vake, sa-

dac Cernobilis atomuri eleqtrosadguri mdebareobs. es gamoiwvevs niada-

gis zeda fenebidan radiaqtiuri nivTierebebis Carecxvas mdinare dnepris

auzSi, romlis wyals milionobiT adamiani iyenebs.

epidemiologiuri gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia dasxivebis pirdapiri kav-

Siri farisebri jirkvlis kiboTi mosaxleobis daavadebis mkveTr zrdasTan.

Page 120: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

119119

amis mizezad atmosferoSi didi raodenobiT radiaqtiuri iodis gamotyor-

cnas miiCneven.

gazrdili radiaciis gamo, mosaxleobaSi sagrZnoblad imata gulsisxl-

ZarRvTa daavadebebma, filtvebisa da Tirkmelebis funqcionirebis darRve-

vam, avitaminozebma. sul ufro xSirad ibadebian bavSvebi daunis sindromiT,

kurdRlis tuCiT, myife ZvlebiT. gaizarda axalSobilTa sikvdilianobis

maCvenebeli.

qveynis ekonomikuri stabilurobis dakargvam, masobrivma gadasaxlebeb-

ma, mosaxleobaSi gazarda fsiqiuri aSlilobebi.

ZaRlis jiSi _ niufaundlendiZaRlis jiSi _ niufaundlendi

niufaundlendi warmoSobiT kanadis Crdilo-aRmosavleTis sanapiroda-

naa.

ZaRlis es jiSi adamianebis gadarCenasTan asocirdeba. is saukeTeso mo-

curave da myvinTavia.

niufaundlendisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Zalze Zlieri instinqturi mo-

T xovnileba, gamoitanos napirze yvelaferi, rac wyalSi curavs. niufaund-

lendi alersiani goliaTi, bavSvebisa da ojaxis qomagi, damcveli, saimedo

megzuri da megobaria. is arasdros esxmis Tavs pirveli. gasaocari Zalisa da

aqtivobis, katisebri plastikis, saSiSi Sesaxedaobisa da keTilSobili xasi-

aTis Sexamebam niufaundlends msoflio aRiareba moutana.

gansakuTrebiT popularulia misi saxesxvaoba landsiri. ZaRls ase imi-

tom uwodes, rom ingliseli mxatvari edvin landsiri ZaRlis am saxeobas

xSirad asaxavda Tavis tiloebze.

ZaRlis jiSi _ SarpeiZaRlis jiSi _ Sarpei

Sarpei ZaRlis jiSia, romlis winaprebi Cveni welTaRricxvis meore as-

wleulSi CineTis zRvis sanapiroze warmoiSvnen.

adamianebi Sarpeis iyenebdnen sacxovrebeli adgilisa da faris dasaca-

vad. sarwmunoa is faqtic, rom isini ZaRlis xorciT ikvebebodnen.

Zlier danaoWebuli kani, Rrmad Camjdari Tvalebi, patara da susti

yurebi ganapirobebdnen Sarpeebis gamoyenebas msxvil nadirze sanadirod da

ZaRlebis brZolaSi. brZolis dros Sarpeis upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs,

rom Tu mowinaaRmdege moaxerxebs mis magrad Cavlebas, Sarpeis, Tavisufali

kanis wyalobiT, SeuZlia elviseburi siswrafiT, didi Zalisxmevis gareSe mo-

trialeba da mowinaaRmdegis damarcxeba.

Sarpei saocrad Wkviani ZaRli da SesaniSnavi darajia. mas uyvars adami-

anTa sazogadoeba.

Page 121: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

sagamomcemlo saxli

sagamomcemlo saxli `triasi~

Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7.

tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52.

+995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89;

mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995 79 49 77 99

www.triasi.geEmail: [email protected]

Page 122: last ix klasi · 2020. 9. 25. · Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7. tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52. +995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89; mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995

Tbilisi, Georgia crrc-geo@crrccenters.org | +995 32 250 52 ... · Talk about political polarization in Georgia is simple to find. One report went so far as to claim that Georgia was

Tbilisi, Georgia [email protected] | +995 32 250 52 ... · Talk about political polarization in Georgia is simple to find. One report went so far as to claim that Georgia was

Πολιτεία 995

Πολιτεία 995

ich.unesco.org · Web viewTSU Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology Adresse : 0179 Tbilisi, University St 1 Numéro de téléphone : +995 32 2 25 04 84; +995 32 2

ich.unesco.org · Web viewTSU Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology Adresse : 0179 Tbilisi, University St 1 Numéro de téléphone : +995 32 2 25 04 84; +995 32 2

AVO N 6/2012 06 98994 percieve 60426 asað060 17 (+995 32 ...AVO N 6/2012 06 98994 percieve 60426 asað060 17 (+995 32) 2 20 31 75 v.ww.avon.ge VON Pur Blanca 25644 I. 60360ðo 3.

AVO N 6/2012 06 98994 percieve 60426 asað060 17 (+995 32 ...AVO N 6/2012 06 98994 percieve 60426 asað060 17 (+995 32) 2 20 31 75 v.ww.avon.ge VON Pur Blanca 25644 I. 60360ðo 3.

2012 32/52

2012 32/52

New Tbilisi, Georgia crrc-geo@crrccenters.org | +995 32 250 52 90 … · 2020. 10. 6. · telling Georgia, ^Dont let yourself become divided. _2 The intensity of the conversation

New Tbilisi, Georgia [email protected] | +995 32 250 52 90 … · 2020. 10. 6. · telling Georgia, ^Dont let yourself become divided. _2 The intensity of the conversation

ITU Normal.dot€¦ · Web viewMinistry of Economic and Sustainable Development of Georgia12 Chanturia Str.TBILISI 0108GeorgiaTel:+995 32 991115 Fax:+995 32 935155 E-mail:ict@economy.ge

ITU Normal.dot€¦ · Web viewMinistry of Economic and Sustainable Development of Georgia12 Chanturia Str.TBILISI 0108GeorgiaTel:+995 32 991115 Fax:+995 32 935155 E-mail:[email protected]

Vol. 52, No. 32

Vol. 52, No. 32

№ 04 (995)

№ 04 (995)

edição 995

edição 995

№ 17 (995)

№ 17 (995)

STRAIGHT TO SUCCESS0131 Tbilisi, Georgia office: (+995 32) 222 77 99 (ext.102) mob: (+995) 599 63 70 70 email: info@adtec.ge Beneficiary Bank: SWIFT: BANK OF GEORGIA JSC BAGAGE22 Beneficiary

STRAIGHT TO SUCCESS0131 Tbilisi, Georgia office: (+995 32) 222 77 99 (ext.102) mob: (+995) 599 63 70 70 email: [email protected] Beneficiary Bank: SWIFT: BANK OF GEORGIA JSC BAGAGE22 Beneficiary

Paivand 995

Paivand 995

الحارس 995

الحارس 995

Multiswitch Opticum Red dCSS 52-32 Wideband

Multiswitch Opticum Red dCSS 52-32 Wideband

Plymouth duces 32, 42, 52, 62... Econo Runs

Plymouth duces 32, 42, 52, 62... Econo Runs

ASIL D - NXP Semiconductors FS.pdfwith ECC 6 MB E Ne tworking CAN Security 32 KB 32 LCK:kste cores R 52 A .R52 32 32 Lockstep cores R 52 32 KB 32 KB System MBISTn_Bl and FMPLL R 52

ASIL D - NXP Semiconductors FS.pdfwith ECC 6 MB E Ne tworking CAN Security 32 KB 32 LCK:kste cores R 52 A .R52 32 32 Lockstep cores R 52 32 KB 32 KB System MBISTn_Bl and FMPLL R 52

SAND CASTING STEEL FOUNDRYimg.tradeindia.com/fm/6068876/reoncast.pdf · 2014-12-23 · A890/995-Gr 2A A890/995-Gr 3A A890/995-Gr 4A A890/995-Gr 5A A890/995-Gr 6A Page -2 ... •Impact

SAND CASTING STEEL FOUNDRYimg.tradeindia.com/fm/6068876/reoncast.pdf · 2014-12-23 · A890/995-Gr 2A A890/995-Gr 3A A890/995-Gr 4A A890/995-Gr 5A A890/995-Gr 6A Page -2 ... •Impact

nanko-soroban.comnanko-soroban.com/img/file16.pdf · 3 4 4 6 9 11 11 14 14 14 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 27 27 32 32 32 32 32 38 38 38 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52

nanko-soroban.comnanko-soroban.com/img/file16.pdf · 3 4 4 6 9 11 11 14 14 14 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 27 27 32 32 32 32 32 38 38 38 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52

РЕГЛАМЕНТ (ЕС) № 995/2010 ЕВРОПЕЙСКОГО … · Регламент (ЕС) № 995/2010 4 Регламент (ЕС) № 995/2010 ЕвропейскогоЕ парламента

РЕГЛАМЕНТ (ЕС) № 995/2010 ЕВРОПЕЙСКОГО … · Регламент (ЕС) № 995/2010 4 Регламент (ЕС) № 995/2010 ЕвропейскогоЕ парламента