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JH]NWHO ]IOKHAYJYHO

LH@]HB ]HKH HOHB 

H. Kifdodsd Lh`phb 

]ioyhbdt Lh`phb hkhjha shtu pioyhbdt girchoebdt kioeho `hsh dobughsd

sijh`h 1-86 ahrd. Lh`phb (Wuginjh) hthu kdbiohj kioeho sigutho Ehgheio

(khjh` ghahsh h!h) hthu "iru`ut (khjh` ghahsh #hochr). $hjh` dstdjha

`ikdsoyh kdsigut cueh kioeho %nrgdjd& %ihsjis ('ru& 6*8++,).

%nrgdjd hkhjha pioyhbdt drus hbut `ioujhr yhoe kdthokhd kioeho

sthkdu &̀ yhdtu sthkdu` prnknr̀ hj (bhthrhj)& sthkdu` irupsd kho sthkdu`

bnohjdsiosd& yhoe kd`hod/isthsdbho kioeho ki`h`& bnocuoetddtds kho

 gir=hb bnpjdb (j`u "isiahtho 'ohb 7kdsd & ta 8<<8. ;"9 ).

Lh`phb hkhjha suhtu do/ibsd hbut yhoe shoeht `ioujhr kdthokhd njia

eichjh prnknr`hj phohs& ghtub& pdjib& rhkhoe `hth kdsirthd kioeho td`gujoyh

 gir=hb `irha `hbujnphpurir yhoe `ioyighr bi sijurua tugua yhoe

bi`ukdho `ioeadth` kho `ioeijuphs (;hohod& <* 68-6).

]ioujhrho do/ibsd tirchkd bhrioh `ioeadrup pir=dbho jukha piokirdth

=h`phb. ]iokirdth gdsh `ioujhrbho do/ibsd dod khjh` !hbtu 8-+ ahrd sigiju`

td`gujoyh ruh` bujdt (rhsa) kho + ahrd sitijha ruh` bujdt hkh. ]uo=hb 

 pioujhrho phkh shht /hsi prnkrn`hj yhdtu phkh 8- ahrd pirth`h shbdt.

G. Itdnjned

]ioyighgoyh hkhjha drus `nrgdjd yhoe tirkhpht khjh` sibrit ohsn/hrdoe

kho khrha sijh`h `hsh prnknr`hj sh`phd + ch` sitijha td`gujoyh gir=hb-

 gir=hb. Lhrh pioujhrhooyh kioeho krnpjit kho bnothb ("'& ;"9 nju`i &8<15).

]ioyighg pioyhbdt dod hkhjha siciods drus yhoe tirenjnoe khjh` /h`djd

 phrh`yndrus yhdtu eious drus `nrgdjd. $dbiohj ahoyh 8 tdpi hotdeio shch

yhoe strubturoyh `drdp kioeho drus pioyighg phrntdtds ipdki`ds kho

 phrhdo/juio4h. drus tirsigut kdti`ubho kd khjh` sibrisd ohsn/hrdoe& khrha

kho hdr bi d̀a& phjdoe tdkhb sijh`h pirdnki prnkrn`hj kho uotub !hbtu

sdoebht sitijha `uo=ujoyh ruh` bujdt. ]hkh suau ruhoeho& drus tirsigut

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khpht tithp hbtd/ sijh`h + ch`. (3ijsno& 8<< * 8<1). drus dod shoeht siosdtd/ 

tirahkhp phohs kho kdoedo& kho khpht kddohbtd/bho phkh suau nL kho -nL&

sdohr `hthahrd& itir& trdpsdo& kho gith prnpdnjhbtno. 2ikhoe /nr`hjdo khpht

`i`usohabho khyh do/ibsdoyh tithpd tdkhb `ioeehoeeu hbtddths

bn`pji`io. (Wh`pioeho& 8<<, * <-<8)

Lhrh pioujhrho `ijhjud krnpjit kho bnothb& yhbod bhrioh `ioeadrup

 pir=dbho jukha (krnpjit) khrd adkuoe& `ujut `hupuo tioeenrnbho piokirdth

`nrgdjd hthu =h`phb. 'rtdoyh& sisinrhoe khpht tirtujhr =h`phb gdjh

`ioeadrup drus `nrgdjd& gdsh kd ti`pht u`u`& kd biokhrhho hthu kd `hoh

shch. ]iokirdth gdsh `ioujhrbho do/ibsd dod khjh` !hbtu 8-+ ahrd sigiju`

rd`gujoyh ruh` bujdt kho sijh`h ruh` bujdt hkh. %hsh dobughsd hkhjha 1-86

ahrd sigiju` eichjh `uo=uj.

2igiju` hbsdohsd =h`phb kdeuohbho si=hrh `ijuhs& !hgha =h`phb 

tirchkd sitdhp - thauo& tiruth`h phkh hohb-hohb usdh prh-sibnjha kho hohb-

hohb 2$. dbh sisinrhoe piroha `iokirdth =h`phb& `hbh siu`ur adkupoyh

kdh hbho bighj tirahkhp pioyhbdt dod.

"ibighjho tirahkhp =h`phb kdpirnjia sitijha hbsdohsd& do/ibsd hbtd/ kho

bibighjho phsd/ phkh sinrhoe ghyd yhoe jhadr dgu yhoe tijha bighj

(girjhoesuoe sijh`h 8 thauo).

:rhoe-nrhoe yhoe riotho tirahkhp =h`phb hkhjha*

 ghyd giru`ur jigda khrd 8 thauo&

 ghyd yhoe tdkhb `iokhphtbho d`uodshsd& kho

ri`hch kho ki!hsh `ukh yhoe giju` `iokhphtbho d`uodshsd bikuh.

L. @hodfisthsd Bjdods

%nrgdjd hthu =h`phb khpht kdgikhbho `iochkd sthkdu`& yhdtu*

h) 2thkdu` ]rnkn h̀j

#dhshoyh sthkdu` dod girjhoesuoe sijh`h +-5 ahrd kdsirthd phohs

tugua& `hjhdsi (ji`ha)& ghtub& /ntn/ngdh (sdjhu)& bnocuoetddtds kho

bnrd4h (bhthr adkuoe). %iocijhoe hbadr sthkdu` bhthrhjds kho + ch`

td`guj iohoti`h (ruh` phkh sijhpdt jiokdr)& td`guj gir=hb bnpjdb 

 gir!hroh putda bijhgu sigishr ucuoe chru` kho kdbijdjdoed irdti`h.

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0nbhsdoyh kd `ubnsh gubhjds girahkhpho kioeho `njhr gh!ha.

hrhoe kdti`ubho kd gdgdr gh!ah tioeha hthu phjhtu`. "hkhoe-

bhkhoe tirkhpht `hbujh ahjus yhoe bi`ukdho `ioeadjhoe sigiju`

sthkdu` irupsd. Eh`ghrho khrha tipd dhjha jd̀ /ntnsds kho

jiubnpiodh`. 2i=hrh bjdods& eh`ghrho pioyhbdt `ioyiruphd

do/juio4h kho sirdoe kdkdheonsds sighehd do/juio4h. $dheonsds

 pirbdrhho khpht kdguht gdhjh hkh gir=hb bnpjdb kho phsdio piroha

bnothb jhoesuoe kioeho phsdio `nrgdjd khjh` !hbtu `doeeu

tirhbadr.

 g) 2thkdu` 7rupsd

"nrd4h kho ghtub-ghtub girth`gha. ?d̀ guj rohoti`h hthu tdtdb 

`irha kd phjhtu` kuru` kho phjhtu` `njji. "hkhoe-bhkhoe tirjdaht

 pujh gir=hb bnpjdb. ?irchkdoyh irdti`h yhoe girgiotub `hbujh-

 phpujh kdsirthd `iodoebhtoyh suau tugua. $dhothrh `hbujh tirkhpht

bujdt yhoe onr`hj. %ujh-`ujh& `hbujh td`guj kd gijhbhoe tijdoeh& kd

 ghedho hths jhtirhj tioebub siphochoe rh`gut kho ghedho gijhbhoe

 pdpd.

$hjh` ahrd gir=hb-gir=hb `iochjhr bi `ubh& jioeho hths kho

 ghedho khkh& puoeeuoe& pirut& kho tuoebhd gh!ha. "hkhoe-bhkhoe

tirkhpht pirkhrhaho rdoeho phkh bujdt. Whsh ehthj& `ubh gioebhb.

Wuh` `io=hphd hoeenth gh!ha u`u`oyh phkh ahrd bitdeh kho hbho

`ioeadjhoe kioeho urutho sipirtd tirchkdoyh. ?irkhpht pi`gishrho

bijiochr eitha giodoe kd sukut `hokdgujh kho kd khirha sibdthr jiair 

 gijhbhoe. ?irkhpht cueh sikdbdt spjion`iehjd sirth sirdoe pujh

kdsirthd kdhri kho `uotha. hrdhsd khrd `nrgdjd yhoe gdhsh dod hkhjha gjh=b `ihsjis& yhdtu `nrgdjd yhoe kdsirthd pirkhrhaho phkh bujdt&

`ujut& adkuoe kho thbtus kdeistdus.

=) 2thkdu` "nohjiosd

7rupsd girburhoe `iodoeehjbho gibhs yhoe gir!hroh jigda tuh

(adpirpde`ioyhsd) yhoe jh`h-bijh`hho hbho adjhoe siokdrd. 2ijhdo

adpirpde`iothsd phkh hohb oknoisdh sirdoe pujh kdti`ubho bujdt

 girsdsdb. >dpirpde`iothsd dod `iruphbho eichjh phtneon`nodb uotub 

<

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`nrgdjd. ]hkh pioyhbdt-pioyhbdt jhdo kioeho irdti`h hthu ibshoti`h

ruh` bujdt `ioeadjhoe thoph adpirpde`iothsd. 2uau `iouruo sh`phd

`iochkd onr`hj& bi=uhjd cdbh hkh bn`pjdbhsd.

]ioyhbdt `nrgdjd khpht kdbijdrubho kioeho pioyhbdt jhdo yhoe

`ioyiruphdoyh yhdtu kdsigut Eir`ho `ihsjis. #ikhoyh phkh

 pioyhbdt Eir`ho `ihsjis tdkhb tirkhpht gir=hb bnpdb tithpd hkh

 pi`gishrho bijiochr sugnbsdpdthj& sirdbhj ghedho pnstirdnr gijhbhoe

tijdoeh. Wuh` hbho td`guj cdbh suau tugua tijha `iochkd onr`hj.

K. ]htnfdsnjned

drus =h p̀hb kdtujhrbho ji!ht do/ibsd krnpjit ji!ht ukhrh&

`ioi`pij kho girbi`ghoe gdhb phkh ipdtij ohsn/hrdoe. ?deh ahrd sitijha

dohsd& ripjdbhsd kho bnjnodshsd girjhocut phkh bijiochr jd`/i riednohj kho

tirchkd dri d̀h yhoe pirth`h. drus `ioyighr phkh si`uh sdsti`

ritdbujniokntijdhj kho `ioyusuj dri`dh bikuh sitijha 5-, ahrd khrd do/ibsd

h!hj. 'khoyh edhot =ijjs kho prnsis birhkhoeho `iruphbho khshr 

 phtnjnedb ruh` kho do/djtrht pirdgrno=adhj phru. ueh tirkhpht uki`h&

 giokuoeho kho pirkhrhaho yhoe tirsighr phkh nthb. "njnodshsd kho

 pioyighrho phkh ipdtij kho bujdt `ioyighgbho ghtub& pdjib& `hth `irha (

L * =nry4h& =nuea hok =nocu=tddtds) kho ki`h` yhoe `hbdo jh`h `hbdo

tdoeed. Eichjh phohs& ghtub& pdjib `hbdo jh`h `hbdo girht kho phkh ahrd bi

8 sichb h!hj do/ibsd (phkh ahrd piokirdth bnothb kioeho su`gir do/ibsd)

`ujhd td`guj ruh` `hbujnphpujir !hroh bi`irhaho.drus khpht girgdhb 

 cueh phkh susuoho shrh/ pusht kho `iod`gujbho eichjh bjdodb io=i/hjdtds.

2itijha `hsh bnoijisio phkh turuo kho adpirhsbujhrdshsd `irikh kho`ioyighgbho ruh` `iochkd `hbdo eijhp& girugha `iochkd kisMuh`hsd

kho adpirpde`iothsd. ]rnsis dod kdsighgbho bhrioh phkh h!hjoyh tirkhpht

 pirkhrhaho pirdhsbujir kho do/djtrhsd jd`/nsdt.

drus `hsub bi khjh` tugua `ijhjud systi` piroh/hsho& kd`hoh

`iribh `i`gijha kdrd si=hrh siti`phtH bi`ukdho do/ibsd `ioyighr bi

 chrdoeho jd`/ndk riednohj& kd`hoh tirchkd pi`gijhaho kdrd sijhocutoyh.

dri`dh prd`ir `ioyighgbho drus& yhoe bi`ukdho giripjdbhsd khjh`

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systi` ritdbujniokntijdhj. 'badroyh& dri`dh sibuokir girsi`hd phkh

 pir`ubhho ipdtij tugua& tir`hsub bujdt& shjurho piroh/hsho& kho

bnocuoetdh& kd`hoh tirchkd ripjdbhbsd /nbhj. Lh`phb khpht giripjdbhsd

khjh` jd`/nsdt tirtiotu& yhoe `i`ghotu pioyighrhooyh kd sijurua tugua.

2ij khtdh girdotd ghoyhb kioeho dobjusd dotrhoubjdr kdti`ubho khjh`

 chrdoeho jd`/ndk kd sijurua tugua (jd`/nonkus& tnosdj& hpiokdbs).

]irdstd!h tirsigut kd hths tirchkd sijh`h `hsh dobughsd& yhoe si=hrh

bahs girjhoesuoe <- 88 ahrd tithpd khpht kdpirphochoe adoeeh `doeeu

 phkh nrhoe yhoe jigda tuh. %ujh td`guj pioyhbdt gdhshoyh `iokhkhb kho

kdthokhd kioeho bnrd4h (pdjib)& ghtub& bnocuoetddtds& ki`h`& kho gir=hb 

bnpjdb khjh` `ujut. #ir=hb bnpjdb- phtneon`nodb uotub =h`phb-

`iruphbho ujbus bi=dj& putda bigdruho phkh `ubnsh `ujut& girjh!hoho

kioeho `njhr gh!ha. #ir=hb dod `ioehokuoe sij khtdh& hotdeio drus& kho

oubjinbhpsdk drus yhoe khpht kdbiohjd.

2ijh`h /hsi prnkrn`hj& yhoe girjhoesuoe - 8+ ahrd& drus

kdti`ubho khjh` hdr `hth& sibrisd adkuoe kho tioeenrnbho& urdo& kho

khrha. Wuh` `hbujnpnpujir yhoe bahs td`guj sitijha 8+ ahrd tipht shht

hotdgnky yhoe girikhr khpht kdkitibsd& dri`dh adjhoe& kho ki`h` turuo.

Wuh` td`guj sighehd ahsdj dotirhbsd sij ? d`uo kioeho sij tirdo/ibsd drus

khjh` pi`gujua khrha bi=dj kho girjhoesuoe sibdthr si d̀oeeu. ]hkh

 phsdio kioeho =h=ht d`uodths girpirhothrh sij& tdkhb td`guj ruh`.

"itirjdghtho systi` shrh/ pusht jh4d` tirchkd phkh =h`phb.

7osi/hjdtds sd`ptn`htdb td`guj phkh sibdthr 8*8 bhsus. "hrioh drus

 pioujhr chrhoe kdti`ubho kd nthb& `hbh kdkueh rihbsd hutnd`uo

`iruphbho `ibhods`i yhoe `ioyighgbho bn`pjdbhsd dod.2ighjdboyh& iosi/hjdtds `ioujhr yhoe prnerisd/ hbut khpht td`guj

 phkh phsdio kioeho =h=ht d`uodths girpirhothrh sij. $dti`ubho drus yhoe

 giripjdbhsd si=hrh bhtd/ khjh` nthbkho ahj dod gdhshoyh giotub /hthj khrd

 pioyhbdt. #irdbut gheho tirchkdoyh %nrgdjd

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6

Vdrus @nrgdjd

Krnpjit/bnoth

b

\ibrit ohsnfhrdoe

kho khrha

Ibsukht

sirnus

]rnjdfirhsd sij

nonoubjius

]iodoebhtho

pnjdnrfnoiubjuis kd

sibdthr bhpdjir

\thkdu bhthrds

!prnkrnhj" ;#9ahrd

]hohs

$iha

%htub

&no'uoetd(dtds

)uh sijhput

jiokir

%ir*hb bnpjdb

\thkdu irupsd

%htub iodoebht

)uh sijhput

jiokir

%ir*hb bnpjdb

\thkdu

bno(hjiosd!pio+iguaho"

Irupsd girburhoe

&npjdbhsd

,tdtds ikdh hbut

&ijhdoho

oiurnjneds

%rnobanpoiuno

dh

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]'?>G' %:W#0KL'%]'" 

-

]hrh+.n(drdkhi nrgdjd

(drus

@hsub shjurho ohphs

Kdthoebhp njia

hbrnfhe

@io+ighr bi bijio'hrjdfi riednohj

@ioehjhd ripjdbhsd

Vdrus kdjiphs bi khjhhjdrho khrha !(dridh

prdir"

Vdrus shphd )I\

)ipjdbhsd bighjd

Vdrus shphd biujtdpji tdssui sit!(dridh sibuokir"

)ihbsd rhkhoe

]ioeijuhrho ikdhtnr

bddh

@ipioehruadtirnstht khjhadpnthjhus

@ioeiokhp

phkh nreho

&ujdt

]njdfirhsd sijiokntij

bhpdjir khjhbnrdu

Ibsukhsdsiru/irdtrnsd

t khjhipdkirus

)uh

EhoeeuhoDotierdths

Bujdt

Ipdtijshjurhoohphs

]iouruohofuoesd sdjdh

]iodoebhtho

sibrit

)iibsghtub

Bitdkhbifibtdfho

Girsdaho Chjho Ohphs

\hjurho

*iroh

=dpirpjhsd 'hrdoehojdpndk

rdthsdubnsh

usus

\ibrisdiodoebht

]irdsthjtdbiodoebht

Kdhri

Kiadkrhsd

Bitdkhbsid`ghoeho lhdrho

kho ijibtrnjdt=dsthdo

hthj

Oyird

\it pndotiodoebht

]iodoebhtho

suau tugua

hfsu hbhoiouruo

othbi hbhohoiouruo

Bitdkhbsid`ghoeho outrdsdburhoe khrdbigutuaho

tugua

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I. Bn`pjdbhsd

]hkh pioyhbdt `nrgdjd tirkhpht risdstiosd u`u` yhoe `iouruo siadoeeh

khpht tirchkd hoired (ucd tugirbujdo yhoe si`ujh pnsdtd/ girugha `iochkdoiehtd/). "ihkhho dod `i`ukhabho tirchkdoyh bn`pjdbhsd sibuokir sipirtd

ntdtds `ikdh hbut& iosi/hjdtds& grnobnpoiu`nodh. #rnobnpoiu`nodh khpht

kdsighgbho njia drus `nrgdjd hthu njia poiu`n=n==us& striptn=n==us &

sthpayjn=n==us yhoe `ioyghgbho bi`htdho ghyd yhoe h`sda `ukh& hohb 

kioeho `hjoutrdsd ioired prntido (""])& phsdio yhoe girpioyhbdt `iohauo

(`dshjoyh tugirbujnsds)& jiubd`dh kho jhdooyh. "n`pjdbhsd oiurnjneds phkh

`nrgdjd khpht giruph ai d̀pjiedh& phrhpjiedh& h/hsdh& ehoeeuho `iothj&

oiurdtds nptdbh kho iosi/hjdtds. 7osi/hjdtds `nrgdjd khph tirchkd sighehd

bn`pjdbhsd phkh hohb yhoe sikhoe `iokirdth `nrgdjd hthu khjh` 8 gujho

sitijha `iokhpht d`uodshsd kioeho hbsdo drus `nrgdjd adkup (iosi/hjdtds

`nrgdjd hbut)& phkh phsdio yhoe sikhoe `iokhpht pioenghtho d`uonprisd/ 

(d``uonsuprisdvi `ihjis iolipahjnpahty kho sighehd  sughluti sljirnsdoe 

 phoiolipahjdtds (22]7).

F. ]iohthjhbshohho @ikds

2ikhtd/& hotdpdribtdb uotub ki`h` tdoeed& hotdgdntdb uotub `io=ieha

do/ibsd ghbtird sibuokir phkh hohb girdsdbn tdoeed. ?drha ghrdoe sijh`h

 pirdnki ki`h`& kho `hsubho =hdrho yhoe =ubup khpht tirdokdbhsd.

"iji g̀hpho ruhoeho `uoebdo pirju phkh jhrdoetds hthu ghtub yhoe

`ioedrdthsd si=hrh girjigdaho& kho phjdoe ghdb `i`pirthahobho ruhoeho

ahoeht khrdphkh kdoedo. ]iokirdth ahrus kdjdokuoed khrd tirpho=hroyh phkh

=hahyh yhoe buht sijh`h `hsh /ntn/ngdh. "n`pjdbhsd ntdtdts `ikdh kho

 poiu`nodh `i`irjubho tirhpd hotd`dbrngh yhoe buht.  ]ioenghtho girsd/ht

supnrtd/& tirkdrd khrd *

8) ]i`girdho =hdrho yhoe =ubup

) "hjnrd yhoe sisuhd kho ciods `hbhoho yhoe kdsisuhdbho kioeho tdoebht

bishkhrho kho hkhoyh bn`pjdbhsd

) 2upji`io outrdsd

+) 'otdgdntdb kdgirdbho hphgdjh tirchkd do/ibsd sibuokir 

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5) 'otd bnoujsd hphgdjh tirchkd bichoe

6) ]i`girdho dth`do ' (+. 9)

okdbhsd rh!ht dohp * adpirpdribsdh (suau I <& L)& kiadkrhsd&

bichoe& hsupho nrhj sujdt& hthu hkhoyh bn`pjdbhsd.

Lh`phb thoph bn`pjdbhsd

# >dokhrd pioujhrho

# ?drha ghrdoe kd ti`pht tdkur 

# dth`do ' 8. 9& hphgdjh kdsithd `hjoutrdsd kdjhocutbho 85 9 tdhp

ahrd

# $dit `hbhoho =ubup =hdrho& bhjnrd yhoe `i`hkhd. iods `hbhoho

kdsisuhdbho kioeho tdoebht bishkhrho phsdio kho hkh tdkhboyh bn`pjdbhsd

Lh`phb kioeho bn`pjdbhsd

8) 7osi/hjnphtdKiosi/hjdtds

'otdgdntdbh gdjh kdpirjubho& hotddrus kho jhdoyh sisuhd kioeho ]$?

iosi/hjdtds

"nrtdbnstirndk& gdjh kdpirjubho sisuhd kioeho ]$? iosi/hjdtds

"igutuaho cu j̀ha =hdrho kdsisuhdbho kioeho bigutuaho sirth bnribsd

tirahkhp ehoeeuho ijibtrnjdt. "nrtdbnstirndk knsds tdoeed gdhshoyh

kdgirdbho biphkh piokirdth `nrgdjd yhoe `ioehjh`d iosi/hjdtds& yhdtu*

# >dkrnbnstdsno 8 F `eKahrd sijh`h F + ahrd

# ]rikodsno `eKbe##Kahrd uotub choebh !hbtu 8 `doeeu

) #rnobnpoiu`nodh

# 'otdgdntdbh sisuhd kioeho ]$? poiu`nodh

# :bsdeio ohshj hthu kioeho `hsbir # "nribsd ehoeeuho bisid`ghoeho hsh`-ghsh& ehs khrha ko ijibtrnjdt

) 7otirdtds * bnribsd kiadkrhsd sisuhd kirhcht kiadkrhsd (jdaht #hg iotirdtds

kiadkrhsd).

+) ]hkh bhsus =h`phb kioeho bn`pjdbhsd grnobanpoiu`nodh kho ed4d burhoe

 pirju kdphothu tirahkhp hkhoyh do/ibsd ?# jhtio. ]hothu eichjh bjdods sirth

jhbubho ucd ?ugirbujdo sitijha 8- gujho pioyi`guaho.

5) ]hothu bihkhho ed4d uotub ed4d burhoeKgurub.

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# #djh =h`phboyh rdoeho& hohb =ubup kdrh!ht kd ru`ha. "hjhu

=h`phboyh girht hthu sh`phd tirchkd bn`pjdbhsd `hbh ahrus kdrh!ht kd

ru`ha shbdt.

# 'ohb =h`phb pirju kdrh!ht kd ti`pht tirsiokdrd hehr tdkhb `ioujhrbho

 pioyhbdtoyh biphkh yhoe jhdo. 'phjhed gdjh hkh ghyd kd ru`ha yhoe

 giju` `iokhpht d`uodshsd =h`phb.

# #ird piokirdth hsupho `hbhoho gired4d sid̀ ghoe kho =ubup uotub 

`iodoebhtbho khyh thaho tuguaoyh. %hbhohooyh ahrus `ukha kd=iroh

bhrioh hohb =h p̀hb riotho tirchoebdt do/ibsd jhdo sipirtd rhkhoe

tioeenrnbho& /ju hthu jhdooyh. %hsh riotho dod `hsda girjhoesuoe

sigujho sitijha si`gua bhrioh khyh thaho tugua piokirdth yhoe `hsda

ji`ha.

# ]ioenghtho si=hrh sd`tn`htdb sisuhd kioeho eichjh yhoe hkh*

# 'otdpdritdb * phrhsith`nj ,&5 F 8 `eKbe##Kbhjd& dotirhj 6-1 ch`

# 7bspibtnrho * ejdsirdj euhdhbnjht hohb 6-8 thauo * 5 F 8 `e tdhp -6

 ch`& knsds `hbsd`u` 6 `eKahrd.

# 'otdtusd/ pirju kdgirdbho gdjh ghtuboyh aightK`ioeehoeeu& ohr=ntd=

hotdtussdi (=nkido) tdkhb gnjia kdeuohbho.

# %ubnjdtdb gdjh pirju

# dth`do tiruth`h dth`do ' kho L. dth`do ' phkh sthkdu` bhthrhj

shoeht gir`ho/hht.

!. ]iohthjhbhshho Bipi"h#htho

]ioyhbdt `nrgdjd `iruphbho pioyhbdt yhoe `ukha sibhjd `ioujhr. 2ijhdo

dtu& sirdoe `ioyighgbho bi`htdho cdbh `ioeiohd hohb yhoe bihkhho ed4doyh

 gurub siadoeeh `ukha sibhjd `iokhpht bn`pjdbhsd tiruth`h

#rn=npoiu`nodh. ]hsdio `nrgdjd kioeho #rn=npoiu`nodh pirju kdrh!ht kd

ru`ha shbdt bhrioh `i`irjubho pioenghtho yhoe `i`hkhd (bhkhoe pirju

kddo/us kho :). %hshjha yhoe pirju kdpirahtdbho hkhjha sighehd girdbut*

h) "igutuaho 3utrdsd

]ioyhbdt `nrgdjd `ioyighgbho hohb `iokirdth `hjhdsi kho honribsdh.

'ohb sirdoe `ioeijua `ujutoyh phadt siadoeeh tdkhb `hu `hbho kho

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`dou`. $i`h` yhoe tdoeed `ioyighgbho pioeijuhrho =hdrho jigda ghoyhb.

2ijh`h `hsda honribsdh& ushahbho hehrh =hdrho khpht `hsub jigda ghoyhb 

kho `i`girdbho ghoyhb `dou` sipirtd shrd guha-guhaho& sdrup tdkhb phbhd

is& kho susu kdgirdbho khjh` bihkhho ahoeht kho tdkhb tirjhju `hods. #irdbho

`hbhoho juohb `dshjoyh gugur phbhd buha sup hthu shotho.

 g) Ehoeeuho 2uau ?ugua

%nrgdjd sijhju kdkhaujud kioeho ki`h` tdoeed ghabho khpht tirchkd

adpirpdribsdh yhoe !hjhupuo tijha kdgird nght piouruo phohsh hthu hotdgdntdb 

tdkhb cueh turuo sigiju` iohoti` hthu ibshoti` (=h`phboyh) bijuhr.

$i`h` yhoe kdsighbho do/ibsd bjdods dod phkh hbadroyh hbho turuo kioeho

siokdrdoyh sitijha =h`phboyh bijuhr ghoyhb bi=uhjd cdbh tirchkd bn`pjdbhsd

ki`h` hbho tithp girjhoesuoe jigda jh`h. 9otub `iouruobho suau tugua

 gdhshoyh kdgirdbho hotdpdritdbu` kho cdbh tdoeed sibhjd cueh kdgirdbho sikhtd/h

uotub `io=ieha tirchkdoyh bichoe.

=) Ehoeeuho Whsh '`ho kho 3yh`ho

Ehoeeuho dod kdrhshbho hohb bhrioh hkhoyh ki`h`& thb iohb ghkho&

 pusdoe& `ujut tirhsh phadt kho bhkhoe `uotha. #dhshoyh hohb cueh tdkhb 

thaho `ijdaht sdohr bhrioh sdjhu& ghtub girth`gha ghoyhb kho hbho

 girjhoesuoe jigda jh`h khrdphkh `nrgdjdoyh siokdrd. dbh ibshoti` tijha

bijuhr& hohb hbho `irhshbo ehthj& ahj dod cuh `ioh`gha ehoeeuho h`ho kho

bioyh`hoho hohb. 9otub `ioeurhoed rhsh ehthj tugua hohb kdgikhbd kioeho

 gihkhb shjdsdj 8 hthu jhdoyh hths risip knbtir. 9shahbho hehr hohb tdkhb 

tdkur kd gh!ha jh`pu bhrioh sdjhu. dbh `ioen`pris jigda ghdb phkh shht

sikhoe tdkur sijh`h ki`h` `hsda tdoeed choeho kd`hokdbho tithpd sirdoe-

sirdoe kdgikhbd shch& gnjia kdjhp `ubhoyh sirth thoeho kho bhbdoyh shch. dbhsuau turuo& uotub `ioeurhoed rhsh ehthj khpht kd`hokdbho kioeho ]" 8K8

hthu hdr ahoeht shch kho choeho tirjhju jh`h. $hpht cueh kioeho

 padsnaiKgithkdoi.

k) Wisdbn ?irchkd "n`pjdbhsd

]ioyhbdt `nrgdjd `ioyighgbho khyh thaho tugua shohht `iouruo.

"n`pjdbhsd yhoe sirdoe tirchkd hkhjha :%'& iosi/hjdtds& kho yhoe phjdoe

sirdoe hkhjha grn=npoiu`nodh hbdght biji`haho tugua. 'phjhed cdbh phsdio

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`iokirdth `hjoutrdsd hbho `ioyighgbho phsdio tdkhb piroha gireirhb kho

ahoyh girghrdoe shch siadoeeh sdrbujhsd ukhrh khjh` phru burhoe ghdb kho

tirchkd poiu`nodh adpnsthtdb hthu phsdio `iokirdth grn=npoiu`nodh. 9otub 

`ioeadokhrd hthu `ioeurhoed bi`uoebdoho tirsigut& phsdio pirju kdugha

sdbhp ghrdoeoyh gigirhph bhjd siahrd kho girdbho ghothj uotub `iodoeedbho

biphjhoyh. $ukubbho phkh !hbtu `dou` hthu kdphoebu kho choeho

 ghrdoebho phsdio kd kipho ciokijh hthu `i`gh!h phsdio bijuhr ru`ha sijh`h

`hsda ki`h`. #irdbho nght yhoe tipht& cdbh kd`uothabho ujhoed jhed.

i) "urhoeoyh ]ioeithauho :rhoe ?uh %ioeiohd ]ioyhbdt

'khoyh bioyhthho gdjh pioyhbdt `nrgdjd `ioeiohd hohb yhoe `iokirdth

biburhoeho ed4d sirdoe `ioyighgbho bi`htdho bhrioh `iokhpht bn`pjdbhsd

`hbh pioyhbdt dod kdoyhthbho uotub kdgirhoths kioeho `i`girdbho hbsdohsd

=h`phb. :jia bhrioh dtu& kdgirdbho pioyujuaho tiruth`h kd khirha yhoe

rh!ho ed4d hehr si`uh hohb ghjdth kdgirdbho hbsdohsd =h`phb.

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