Language.ppt Bradshaw -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) –
Transcript of Language.ppt Bradshaw -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) –
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LANGUAGE &INTERCULTURAL AWARENESS
All speech, written or spoken, is a
dead language, until it finds awilling and prepared hearer
R.L. Stevenson, Lay Morals
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Big Ideas about Communication
Communication is a Process
Meanings are in People
Communications involves Perceptions Perceptions are not always accurate
Communication is Symbolic
Communication requires Context
We communicate to satisfy needs.
Communication involves ethical choices
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Communication competence
No one, ideal way.
Situational
Relational
Can be learned
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This Chapters Focus on Becoming a
Competent Communicator
To understand the influence of culture
and context on communication
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Competent communicators
A wide range of behaviors rather than a
few
The ability to choose the most
appropriate behaviors
Mindfulness
Empathy/perspective taking
Cognitive complexity
Self-monitoring
C
ommitment to others
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Competent Communicators
Skills at performing behaviors
Listening
Reframing
Argumentation
Persuading
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The Nature of Language
Language is Symbolic
Meanings are in People, not Words
Language is Rule-Governed
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Rule governed
Phonological rules
Semantic rules
Syntactic rules
Pragmatic rules
Relationship
Setting
Nonverbal behavior
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The Power of Language
Language shapes perception
Meanings are negotiated between
communicators
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Roles of Communication
as interpersonal influence
as information processing
as artful public address
a process of sharing meanings through
signs
as the creation and enactment of social
reality as reflective challenge of unjust discourse
as an experience of self and others
through dialogue
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Triangle of MeaningC.K. Ogden & I.A. Richards
USER
WORD
(SYMBOL)
THING
(REFERENT)
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BALANCE THEORYFritz Heider (1958)PERSON
OTHER
PERSON
ATTITUDE OBJECT
(THING, EVENT,
ACTION)
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Languageshapes attitudes
Naming
Credibility
Status
Sexism and racism
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Language reflects attitudes
Power
Affiliation
Convergence
Responsibility
it versus I
You versus I
but versus and
questions versus statements
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Implications .
Meanings are in People
Perceptions are in People
Attitudes are shaped and reflected in
language
Conversational style choices are made
by People
Motives for communications are in
People
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Activity
Write the name of a vegetable that youdont like on a piece of paper
Write the name of an animal (bug, pest,or otherwise) that scares you or youdislike
Write the name of a loved one, familymember, close friend on a piece ofpaper
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Communication problems
Equivocal
Relative
Emotive
Disruptive
Overly Abstract
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Troublesome Language
Language of Misunderstanding
Stereotypes
Confusion
Disruptive Language
Evasive Language
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Overly abstract language
Abstraction ladder
low level abstractions are specific
high level abstractions
useful as short-cut
useful to avoid confrontations
problematic as stereotyping problematic when confusing others
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Avoid overly abstract language
Use behavioral descriptions
Person(s) who?
Circumstances - when and where? Observable behavior - what?
Reasoning
Argument by example, argument byanalogy
Fallacies in reasoning
Sign reasoning
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Powerless Language
Hedges:
I think we should
I guess Id like to
Hesitations:
Uh, can I have a minute
I wish you would - er -- try to be on time.
Intensifiers:
So thats how I feel
Im not very hungry
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Disruptive language
Fact-opinion confusion
Facts can be verified
Opinions are beliefs
Fact-inference confusion
Facts
Inference conclusions from interpretationsof evidence
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Evasive language
Euphemism
Equivocation
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Language & Culture
Verbal Communication Styles
Face and Facework
Proxemics
Individual Differences
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What seemslogical, sensible,
and important in
one culture, may
seem illogical,
irrational,unimportant in
anotherculture.
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INSIGHTS
Perception checking
Perceptual tendencies
Describe, interpret, clarify ..
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Verbal communication styles
Directness
low-context cultures
high-context cultures
Elaborate or succinct
Arab elaborated style
succinctness and silence valued
Formal and informality
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Language & Sex
Content
Reasons forCommunicating
Conversational Style
NongenderVariables
Sex Roles
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If women speak and hear a
language ofconnection, while menspeak and hear a language of status
and independence, then
communication between men and
women can be like cross-cultural
communication, prey to a clash of
conversational styles. Instead of
different dialects, it has been saidthey speak different genderlects.
Deborah Tannen, You Just Dont Understand: Women and
Men in Conversation
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Men are from Mars, Women are
from Venus, or are they? 30,445 students last spring, 61% or
18,500 female and 39% male
Students from 86 countries (one planet)
Deborah Tannen
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Powerless Language
Polite forms:
Excuse me, sir
Tag questions:
Its about time we got started, isnt it?
Dont you think we should give it another
try?
Disclaimers: I probably shouldnt say this, but
Im not really sure, but
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INSIGHTS
Say what is missing in their storythat would help it make sense to you.
Be persistent about listening.
Ask for advice.
Ask what, if anything, wouldpersuade them.
Invent new options.
Professor Stone, Patton, Heen -
Harvard Project book entitled Difficult
Conversations
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Language Effectiveness
Mindfulness
Dignity of others
Cognitive complexity
Self-monitoring
Develop skills to create a wide range ofbehaviors