Landscape Design Guidelines June 2005 · Hobsons Bay City Council Landscape Design Guidelines 2005...

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Landscape Design Guidelines

Prepared by the Hobsons Bay City Council Urban Planning Department

Hobsons Bay City Council Landscape Design Guidelines 2005

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Hobsons Bay City Council

Landscape Design Guidelines, 2005

Prepared by Hobsons Bay City Council

Urban Planning Department

Acknowledgements Staff of Hobsons Bay City Council Urban Planning Department; Wendy Carter; Tom McQuillan, Parks Officer, Hobsons Bay City Council; Clare Johnston, Parks Technical Officer, Hobsons Bay City Council; Jeremy Pike, Landscape Architecture Department, University of Melbourne. Photographic and illustration credits All photographs and illustrations by Bart Gane, except ‘Industrial fencing, Altona North’, page 34, by Darren Camilleri. Mural at Altona Meadows Central Square Shopping Centre, page 26, by Flossie Pietsch and local school children. Cover: Williamstown Botanical Gardens.


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Contents

Part 1 Introduction 4

Objectives 4 When to use the guidelines 4 Related policy 4 Definition of terms 5

Part 2 Landscape context & site analysis 6

Climate 7 Topography 7 Wind 7 Soils 8 Surrounding land uses 8 Natural heritage 9 Neighbourhood character & cultural heritage 10

Heritage precincts 10 Areas near coastal or public parks 12

General residential areas 13 Site envelope

Orientation 14 Views 15 Existing vegetation 16 Permeability 16

Drainage 17

Circulation & services 18 Pedestrian access 19 Car access & parking spaces 20 Services 21

Use & layout design 22

Secluded private space 23 Side and rear fencing 23 Pedestrian surfaces 23 Planting design 24

Contributing to public amenity 26 Pedestrian connections to the street 27 Front fences 27 Driveways 28 Urban canopy trees 28

Design detail 30 Part 3 Information specific to industrial & commercial landscapes 32

Layout and circulation 33 Fencing 34 Off-site amenity 34 Natural heritage 35 Maintenance and irrigation 35 Planting design 36


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Appendices 37 1. Information to accompany landscape plans 2. Landscape plants for residential gardens 3. Landscape plants for industrial and commercial sites 4. Alphabetical list of recommended landscape plants 5. Tree planting detail 6. Landscape bonds References 59


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Part 1. Introduction Hobsons Bay City Council encourages a landscape style respectful of local conditions and history. These guidelines describe policies and characteristics that are to inform landscape design proposals. Particular attention should be given to site analysis and the considerate placement and long term management of trees. Objectives The objectives of Council’s Landscape Guidelines are:

to improve public amenity by providing a high quality landscape expressive of local conditions and preferences

to improve the physical health of the community and promote social well-being by fostering a public realm that encourages social interaction and pedestrian amenity

to improve environmental sustainablity by managing organic and built landscapes on the basis of sustainability theory (as referred to by the Brundtland Report, 1997).

When to use the guidelines The Landscape Design Guidelines are to be used by designers when preparing landscape plans for planning approval by Council. Residents interested in resource sustainability and gardens suited to the local character of Hobsons Bay may also find this document of benefit. The use of technical terminology has been kept to a minimum, but it is assumed that readers will have a reasonable level of professional understanding or the ability to use references when unclear about certain terms or where a more detailed understanding of a topic is required. Related policy Other documents that refer to landscape design issues include the Hobsons Bay Neighbourhood Character Study, 2002; Planning Scheme Neighbourhood Character Policy, Clause 22; Hobsons Bay Heritage Study, 2004; Guidelines for Alterations and Additions in Heritage Areas, 2002; Residential Design Guidelines for Multi-unit Developments, 2005; Williamstown Junction Design Guidelines, 1999; The Range: Williamstown Guidelines, 1991 and the Industrial Land Management Strategy, 1997.


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Definition of terms Minimum academic qualifications Landscape designers and arborists Landscape designers and arborists are to hold a minimum qualification of TAFE Certificate IV in a relevant discipline or be able to provide evidence of comparable proven experience. Scientific surveyors Botanical and fauna surveys are to be conducted by individuals with a minimum diploma level qualification in a relevant discipline. Tree protection zone (TPZ) The area around a tree or group of trees in which no grading or construction activity may occur (from Harris, Clarke & Matheny, 1999). Canopy tree Perennial plant, usually with a vertical trunk and canopy height from ground level of around five metres or more (adapted from Harris et al. 1999). Diameter at breast height (DBH) Recognised standard arboricultural term for describing tree trunk diameter at 1.4 metres above ground level (Harris et al. 1999).

High quality urban trees are a valuable part of the landscape.


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Part 2. Landscape context & site analysis Landscape design can be employed at varying scales and for particular ends, from small private gardens, to master planning the social spaces and ecology of a region. Regardless of scale and intention the usefulness of a design always relies upon an understanding of the site. The process of recording and mapping the influences and features of the landscape is called the site analysis process. A site analysis plan is the first stage in the preparation of a landscape plan.


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Climate Climate determines the type of vegetation that can survive and hence the broad landscape character. Hobsons Bay can be described as having a typically Mediterranean climate, with a cool wet season and a hot, dry summer. Similar climate regions include the Cape region of South Africa, Southern California and southern Europe. Temperature extremes are moderated by the proximity to the coast, with frosts uncommon and sea breezes predominating in summer. Design response: Plants should be selected on the basis of

climate tolerance and are best chosen from the Landscape Plants lists noted in Appendix 2 and 3. Designs that include alternative plant species will need to be justified in a written design rationale.

Topography Land forms are generally flat and slope gradually to seasonal and permanent floodways. Low coastal scenery, grassland plains and significant wetlands are distinctive characteristics of Hobsons Bay. Newport Lakes Parklands is a rare example of dramatically contrasting topography formed by the result of past mining activity. Radical changes in topography and soil inversion can permanently alter soil conditions and drainage patterns, limiting the range of species that can survive on a site. Design response: New landscapes should seek to work within

the existing contours of a site and to limit soil disturbance. Designs are to respect,

harmonise and integrate within any locally prominent ridge-lines or topographical features.

Wind Because of a predominance of low plains high wind speeds increase plant evaporative water loss compared to more easterly parts of Melbourne. Trees are often prone to structural damage from strong winds. Air borne salt is also prevalent along the coast and can extend long distances inland. Smaller microclimates and wind tunnelling should be noted during site analysis.

Afternoon sun Midday sun

Southwest winds in winter

Strong south -east winds in

summer

Significant tree in neighbour’s

yard

Site analysis plans are used to determine constraints and opportunities.

Buffer plant

Buffer plant

Accent plant

Frame views Unit

Garage


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Design response: Plants should be chosen from the Landscape

Plants list for ‘Areas near coastal or public parks’ (Appendix 2).

Gradiating plant heights on landscape edges can reduce susceptibility to mechanical wind damage. Retain components of existing vegetation as ‘nurse crops’ to moderate the microclimate for new infill plantings. Existing vegetation reduces wind speed and as a result, reduces soil surface and plant evaporative water loss.

Soils Local soils can be broadly described as either ‘natural’ or modified ‘urban’. ‘Natural’ soils are generally impoverished sands along the coastal areas or cracking, nutrient rich basalt clays in more inland areas. Within older urban centres and on former industrial sites soils may be imported mixtures from various sources, possibly containining contaminants or large amounts of debris. Important determinants for plant growth are texture class, pH, electrical conductivity (E.C.) and penetrative resistance (how hard plant roots need to push to move through the soil). Design response: The use of imported soil should be kept to a

minimum. Minor structural amendment and selecting plants for the prevailing soil type is ecologically preferable to importing large quanities of ‘new’ top soil for garden beds. Specifications, amendments and plant selection need to be based upon the analysis of soil texture class, pH, E.C. and penetrative

resistance. (Useful references include Craul, 1992; Handreck & Black, 2002.)

Surrounding land uses Surrounding land uses, such as heavy industry, major roads or high density residential development can influence the design response on a site. Any potential conflicts should be identified and considered early. Some influences are listed below. Noise: Vegetation generally has only a psychological influence on noise abatement. Pollution: Some vegetation can be susceptible to chemical damage or can be limited in growth because the particle build-up on the surface of foliage limits photosynthesis. Density: High density urban environments reduce the above and below ground physical space for plant growth.

Industrial landscape, Altona North.


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Design response: Choose pollution resistant plants, such as

those observed growing successfully adjacent to major roads, or those with a known resistance to chemical damage and smog.

Specifically designed walls or berms are required for noise abatement, rather than plant hedging.

Buildings and planting areas should be positioned on the basis of an understanding of site constraints to plant growth, as determined by professional arboricultural or horticultural investigation. Plant roots require oxygen, moisture, nutrients and suitable porosity and are not likely to find these conditions under building slabs.

Natural heritage Organically evolved ‘natural’ landscapes are important for the preservation of biodiversity. These areas also provide important human functions, which include serving as reservoirs for the preservation of genetic resources; seperating conflicting landuses; buffering the effects of natural processes, such as flooding and salinity; fixing atmospheric carbon and releasing oxygen; providing recreation and social meeting places, and for providing a connection to place. Design response: Developments that may influence organic

landscapes must respect the character and ecological processes of an area and prove

the mitigation of any potentially harmful effects.

Water birds are a common sight throughout Hobsons Bay.


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Neighbourhood character & cultural heritage For the purposes of defining a local style the cultural landscapes of residential areas within Hobsons Bay are defined within three categories:

Heritage precincts Areas near coastal or public parks General residential areas.

Each of these precincts requires a different design response, layout and materials schedule. New designs should be respectful of these precincts by incorporating emblematic materials and complimentary forms. Further detail is described within the related guidelines noted previously. Heritage precincts Description of important elements Heritage precincts contain important historical architecture and urban form. The composition and materials of a new landscape design should relate to the architectural style of any building listed for conservation. However, from a landscape perspective it is the relationship of objects in space that is significant rather than a single feature or building. For gardens around stately Victorian era buildings the broad forms should be exuberant and asymmetrical, displaying diversity and exoticism reflective of the Paradise Garden style. In such gardens plants are often dark foliaged to manipulate light and shadow, with

a contrasting accentuation of vertical forms against a dense midstorey shrub layer. Typical vegetation should include dark evergreen and deciduous trees with accents of plum coloured foliage, variegation and sculptural form. Gardens surrounding modest dwellings should generally be of a similarly subdued and functional appearance. An example would be traditional massed tapestry plantings of perennials, flowering shrubs and herbs, with the ornamental use of vegetables and fruiting plants. Gardens of a later Modernist style can be more restrained, minimilist and structured, with asymmetrical accents used to frame the built form. Vegetation should not obstruct the visual presence of a conservation listed building. Design response: Use remnant trees and shrubs as the basis of

any design and only remove with planning approval. Use plants from the accent foliage list (in Appendix 2) in abundance within all heritage precinct gardens. Additionally, incorporating coastal native plants and ornamental grasses into the garden can help form a connection between the built environment and the broader local ‘natural’ landscape.

Examples of preferred trees: Allocasuarina verticillata, Brachychiton acerifolius, Cordyline australis, Cupressus sempervirens, Fraxinus ornus, Hymenosporum flavum, Paulownia tomentosa, Prunus cerasifera ‘Nigra’, Quercus ilex, Quercus robur ‘Fastigiata’.


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Examples of preferred shrubs: Acanthus mollis, Alistair Clarke rose varieties, Artemisia arborescens, Doryanthes palmeri, Euonymous japonicus ‘Aureo Marginatus’, Hoheria populnea, Muehlenbeckia complexa, Pelargonium, Plectranthus ecklonii, Phormium tenax, Syringa vulgaris. Preferred materials: Basalt, timber, galvanised steel, recycled brick.

Victorian era trees, such as Bunya Bunya Pine (Araucaria bidwillii), at Williamstown Botanical Gardens.


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Areas near coastal or public parks Description of important elements Coastal and public open spaces may contain sensitive indigenous plants and animals such as the Altona Skipper Butterfly, Orange Bellied Parrot and Spiny Rice Flower. These may be easily disturbed by nearby development. Important issues are weed invasion, genetic contamination and soil disturbance. Strong or salt-ladden winds often predominate. Typical plants include Gahnia, Muehlenbeckia florulenta, Disphyma and low grasses. Design response: Use predominantly native and low water-use

plants tolerant of high winds or salt spray. A naturalistic composition is preferable. Mass plant groundcovers and shrubs to limit exposure of soil. Select trees that are tolerant of severe wind exposure (listed in Appendix 2).

Examples of preferred trees: Allocasuarina littoralis, Allocasuarina verticillata, Angophora costata, Banksia integrifolia, Banksia marginata, Eucalyptus leucoxylon ‘Eukie Dwarf’.

Examples of preferred shrubs: Agonis flexuosa ‘Nana’, Atriplex cinerea, Correa alba, Dianella, Gahnia seiberiana, Lomandra, Solanum laciniatum, Westringia. Preferred materials: Basalt, scoria, timber, Corten steel, galvanised steel, sedimentary stone, shell grit, unfinished concrete.

Photographs from top to bottom: colourful vernacular garden; Altona streetscape; open park landscape.


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General residential areas Description of important elements General residential areas are defined by often unpretentious mid-twentith century to contemporary architecture of mixed styles and materials. Landscapes are often colourful, diverse and ‘gardenesque’, featuring productive plants such as fruit trees and vines. There is often a strong connection between the public and private realm. Design response: Use a combination of bold and colourful

flowering plants with contrasting texture, form and fragrance. Use mass plantings to dominate or replace lawn areas with emphasis on deep-rooted shrubs, eg. those growing to around 2 – 3 metres in height that can access a deep reservoir of soil moisture, and hence are more tolerant of dry weather (Handreck & Black 2002). In front gardens provide an intricacy and vibrance that encourages the pedestrian use of the streetscape.

Examples of preferred trees: Allocasuarina verticillata, Banksia integrifolia, Callistemon viminalis, Citrus, Cordyline australis, Eriobotrya japonica, Eucalyptus leucoxylon dwarf forms, Ficus carica ssp. carica, Hymenosporum flavum, Punica granatum, Trachycarpus fortuneii. Examples of preferred shrubs: Agave attenuata, Canna indica, Dietes bicolor, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hedychium

gardnerianum, Nerium oleander, Phormium tenax, Tetrapanax papyrifera,Teucrium fruticans.

Preferred materials: Plastic, steel, Colourbond, concrete, brick, ceramic, render, cement sheet, aluminium, shadecloth, glass, timber.

Exuberant foliage, rustic materials and brightly coloured flowering plants in an Altona garden. The plants selected need virtually no irrigation and little maintenance.

The vernacular suburban landscape: a welcoming front garden featuring low front fencing, a bench seat and mixed ornamental and productive plants.


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Site envelope Existing conditions within the site effect internal layout and use, however, site characteristics should not be considered in isolation from the precinct. The response to on-site factors can alter the surrounding character and amenity of neighbouring properties.


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Orientation Ecological sustainability relies upon designing to, and using the constraints of the prevailing climate. During the site analysis it will become apparent how wind and sun affects the site. Design response: Designate building and planting orientation

and land uses on the basis of environmental influences. For example, hedging and canopy trees can be positioned to create heat traps for winter gardens or cool retreats from the heat of summer.

Oak trees arranged for a cool summer retreat .

Views Even minor landscape elements are important to the aesthetics of the city and the quality of life for many residents. Distant focal points, such as tall buildings, the ocean and public open space are often highly valued. Increasingly, blue sky and voids are also considered important elements in the visual landscape.

The use of borrowed views and voids is well established in landscape design. Design response: New landscape areas should incorporate and

improve existing neighbourhood amenity. Even minor viewlines should not be needlessly interrupted by built form or inconsiderate screening. Vegetation within a precinct should not be removed where this will result in excessive loss of amenity or privacy. The designer must identify and


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incorporate neighbouring visual elements into a design submission and ensure that additions become valued components of the built environment.

Borrowed views are important to this garden. Only a small lemon tree in the foreground is part of the actual garden. Without neighbouring trees the landscape would be substantially different. Existing vegetation Residential areas occasionally contain significant remnant garden vegetation. Were such plants are evident they should be retained wherever physically possible as important contributory elements to local amenity and as evidence of the historical development of the site. (Refer to Tree Protection Zone definition.)

Design response: Vegetation significance must be determined by professional assessment.

Where significant trees are present an arborist’s report must be prepared as part of the initial site inventory. The arborist’s report must then inform the building design. (Refer to minimum academic qualifications for arborists.)

Permeability Permeability refers to the pore spaces (gaps) between soil particles or other surface coverings. Often the percentage area of open ‘permeable’ surfaces are used to assess the amount of rain water run-off that can be absorbed on a site which would otherwise enter the storm-water system and be discharged into Port Phillip Bay. ‘Rain’, or ‘storm gardens’ are specifically designed areas for catching rainfall run-off. Plants also require permeable surfaces for carbon and oxygen exchange between the atmosphere and roots, and for the uptake of water.

Semi-aquatics Ephemerals Dry marsh

Typical wetland vegetation structure. (Adapted from Skeleton Creek Landscape Master Plan, ALM, 2001. ) An understanding of wetland structure can be useful for the design of rain gardens.


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Design response: Rain gardens should be incorporated into single, multi-unit and commercial developments. Wetland plants tolerant of prolonged periods of inundation will be required in these designs. Rain gardens will ideally be positioned abutting roadways or large areas of paving.

Drainage Building regulations require site drainage to be connected to a legal point of discharge. Erosion, water quality and sustainable resource use are other considerations. Design response: Contour maps can be a useful tool, however,

professional engineering advice may be required for complex sites. On-site treatment of storm water may be required within new developments and is particularly encouraged within all mulit-unit and industrial developments.

Wetland plants can be used to treat storm water run-off. Many species have

interesting aesthetic qualities that can compliment contemporary architecture.


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Circulation & services Access and services are to be provided for the needs of residents without increasing detriment to the amenity and safety of the community.


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Pedestrian access Safe and healthy communities are distinguished by human-scale design that encourages pedestrian use of the landscape. Paths define how the landscape is experienced, frame views and alter perceptions of space. Paths can be used to create a sense of arrival, vary the pace of movement, provide aesthetic continuity and, of course, provide direction.

Design response: Accessways should be constructed in

sympathetic, logical and functional forms from materials refective of the broad landscape character. The layout of paths should reflect the architectural lines of a location’s dominant built form and guide the experience of pedestrians. Pedestrian access should be clearly separated and given precendence over vehicle routes.

A path and arbor provide an enticing landscape feature. Apart from providing direction and an element of mystery, the ‘walk’ has an evaporative cooling effect in summer.

Clearly arranged and hard-wearing paths define access-ways between the street, below-ground carparking and a library. The materials and form correspond to the building architecture and incorporate prominent viewlines. The landscape design relies upon only three materials: metal, grass and concrete.

Inclusive public landscape.


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Car access & parking spaces The requirements for car spaces are clearly set out within the Planning Scheme, however, the ecological, social and aesthetic detriment of carparking spaces should be minimised in the design of the landscape.

Design response: Driveways, crossings and parking areas must

not visually dominate a site. Raised beds, varied surface materials, garden beds and coloured concrete pigments are to be used to create aesthetic variation, reduce excessive heat loads and to reduce visual monotony.

Garden beds of a minimum 600 mm width are normally required between a driveway and abutting fence. Greater widths are required where there is no physical need for large unbroken areas of hard surfacing.

A contemporary concrete strip path forms a transition between a modern town centre and a heritage site. The repetition of form creates a sense of movement and texture to what could have been only a bland concrete slab with little visual interest.

Permeable paving allows water infiltration, reduces heat retention and glare.


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Services Services such as waste disposal, recycling, water, electricity and mail delivery need to be provided in all developments where necessary.

Design response: Structures for services should be integrated

into developments in logical areas and be constructed from materials aesthetically connected to the built form of a site. Services should be integrated into the overall design and must not be visually disconnected or overbearing.


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Use & layout design There are areas of the landscape that are required to be private enclosed space, but the extent, positioning and methods of enclosure should be considerate of the amenity and expectations of all members of the community and not only the inhabitants of a single dwelling. Materials, layout and scale define the seperation of space for particular uses and alter the surrounding environment. Planting design is particularly important, because unlike architectural and engineering elements plants evolve in reponse to their surroundings and cause their environment to change.


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Secluded private space Private spaces are used for entertaining, children’s play spaces and passive or active recreation. Some cultural groups place particular importance on the private landscape. Design reponse: Secluded private open space is not to be

positioned within the front setback of a property and should be designed within the rear or side of a dwelling. Light courts can be included as private open space, but the total area must not be less than twenty per cent of the total area of the site.

Climbing or screening vegetation is to be positioned at the street front of any side fencing enclosing private space, to improve on-street amenity.

Side & rear fencing Fences provide enclosure, create privacy and can alter the microclimate of a site. The style and materials of fencing can frame a building, integrate a development into the landscape and provide an intimidating or welcoming character. Design response: Height, scale, materials and detailing should

reflect the site, adjacent properties and streetscape. Side and rear fencing should not unacceptably reduce amenity, desirable borrowed views or natural light.

Pedestrian surfaces Pedestrian surfaces are not only functional, but contribute to the integration and character of landscape spaces.

Design response: Paths, roads and hard surfacing should be

constructed of materials expressive of the Simple mass plantings and paving are easy to maintain and canprovide a high quality of amenity in a small space.


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immediate site context, prevailing adjacent architecture or preferred precinct materials. Materials must tolerate the expected level of use or the user’s anticipated level of physical ability.

Fine textured materials invite pedestrians to move slowly through a space and focus on the foreground detail. Undefined textures offer little orientation.

Planting design The planting plan is usually the largest and most significant feature of a landscape plan. Plants can be very emotive and influential to an environment and should be selected with care. Plants provide evaporative cooling, shade and structure.

Trees, especially, are emotive features of the landscape and can provide valuable amenity for neighbourhoods and streetscapes. They can become highly valued and long lived features of the landscape. Because of their size and environmental influence the placement of trees should be given a similar level of consideration to the placement of buildings.

Following site analysis and a basic layout plan, the planting plan starts by defining particular volumes within a space before specific plants are selected. Form, colour, infiltration of light, density, desired temperature, texture and fragrance are considerations for the individual species selection. Understanding succession and basic plant physiology are important to preparing a planting design. A multi-unit planting plan. Trees are firstly located, followed by major structural

plantings and lastly detail accents.

Sunlight and movement are not always obvious considerations in the preparation of a landscape design. A grass display uses these elements to dramatic effect.


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Design response: The planting plan should be based on a theme that responds to a larger regional character or towards an idea that has a unity of purpose, rather than a chance scattering of disperate objects. The first features to be indicated on a plan are the structural layout and large trees. As planning progresses smaller details are added, but the design should always build from the intent of a broad gesture and only include elements that are absolutely necessary to communicate the design intent.


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Contributing to public amenity Front gardens, fencing, details and trees are especially important to the diversity and quality of streetscapes and form an extension of the public realm. High amenity landscapes encourage pride in the community and provide attractive environments for riding, walking and social involvement.


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Pedestrian connections to the street Just as a building should address the street, so too should the positioning of landscape elements. Landscape abutting the public realm should encourage a high level of pedestrian amenity and an environment that encourages safe social spaces. Design response: ‘Active’ street-front landscapes should be

created by low and visually transparent front fencing, human-scale built form and detailing, use of plants from Appendix 2 and 3, provision of shade trees and a general high level of visual amenity.

Planting designs should include diverse textures, forms, harmonious colour arrangement and fragrant species that attract pedestrian interest. Front garden spaces should be welcoming and contribute to the aesthetic quality of the public realm.

Local native sheoak trees, street furniture and traffic calming measures emphasise a human-scale.

Front fences Front fences form a transition between the public and private realm and frame views to and from the street. Design response: Height, scale, materials and detailing must

reflect the site, adjacent properties and streetscape. Front fencing should not unacceptably reduce amenity, borrowed views or natural light. Fences should not restrict the ‘passive surveillance’ of the streetscape by impeding viewlines from windows.

Window boxes create an attractive street environment.


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A fence that allows visibility through to the street provides ‘passive surveillance’ and a safer neighbourhood than a solid wall. Driveways Driveways and crossovers can increase detriment to a neighbourhood by producing sun glare, retaining heat, increasing storm water run-off and by reducing the space for tree roots. Design reponse: The number of crossovers should be kept to

a minimum at all times. Driveways should be framed with vegetation that both allows sightlines, but moderates the visual and heating effects of exposed hard surfacing.

Vegetation along driveways will be required to tolerate higher temperatures than other garden areas and potential physical damage. Plants that are able to regenerate after canopy damage, such as those with clumping, basal new growth (basal meristems) are preferable.

Urban tree canopy The community of Hosbons Bay expects a high degree of tree coverage in the urban environment. The longevity and useful life of urban trees relies on careful placement, educated species selection and the ability of a contractor to select reasonable quality nursery stock. Planting procedure and early maintenance for advanced trees is particularly important to ensure rapid root colonisation of the soil surrounding the planting hole.

The roots of trees are usually restricted to areas of open ground, particularly in poorly aerated places, such as under paving. (Adapted from Gilman, 1997.)


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Design response: Canopy trees should be incorporated into all landscape areas deemed suitable by Council, including front and rear setbacks. The size of tree planting areas will vary because of species variations and site characteristics, but can be considered as a five square metre area, unless otherwise justified.

No excavation work should occur within the

vicinity of mature trees unless a professional arboricultural management plan has been approved by Council. (See Tree Protection Zone definition.)

Bonds may be used for the retention and care of trees identified by Council as significant and at risk as the result of a development (see Appendix 5). The tree planting detail prepared by Council is also to be included, or adapted for inclusion, in all landscape plans (see Appendix 4).

Trees contribute to the aesthetic and environmental quality of a municipality. Planting and caring for them shows a community’s respect for its past and a concern for the future.

Cobblestones around tree cut-outs increase soil aeration and improve tree health by encouraging a larger root system. (Adapted from Gilman 1997.)


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Design detail The success of a landscape relies upon both the power of the initial idea and the quality of the design detail. The scale, intricacy and maintenance requirements for a landscape should correspond with surrounding and on-site land uses. Care in detailing should display evidence of a concern for community amenity.

Design reponse: Bold design gestures and simple forms are most effective on large scale sites. Fine textures are most useful in areas adjacent pedestrian paths and at entranceways or patios, where people are likely to congregate.

Lighting can be used to create variations in atmosphere and highlight aesthetic or functional areas. Changes in form and materials can signal transition points between areas of specific use, to create harmonious contrasts between repetitive forms or to provoke an attention response.

Minimalist roadside planting and broad forms adjacent to a roadway. The landscape encloses and compliments a large simple museum building. Detail is provided by the juxtiposition of a neighbouring forest, paving and feature lights.

Lights mounted on a garden wall in the form of text provide a fine textural quality and a sense of elegance in a courtyard garden.


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Street planters of simple mass-planted bulbs add to public amenity and suit the scale of this urban scene.

An elaborate iron-work fence provides visual interest to pedestrians.


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Part 3. Information specific to industrial & commercial landscapes Industrial and commercial areas consist of large-scale functional buildings of concrete and steel set within sparse open spaces. Vegetation is susceptible to pollution, fire and weed invasion. Often there is little vegetation or only simple single species screens of native trees and shrubs in narrow, linear buffer strips. Landscape maintenance is often given a low priority.


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Layout and circulation Layout and movement is defined by operational need and safety. The scale of industrial and commercial sites exaggerates any potential for detriment.

Design response: Site layout should be integrated with the

prevailing setback pattern evident in the precinct.

Compositional forms should be derived from the prevailing architecture and the scale of

the surrounding landscape. This is usually expansive, bold and minimalistic. Entrances should be defined by higher quality materials, varied scale and finer textures than elsewhere on the site.

Car parking should not excessively dominate the street frontage or increase detriment to environmental quality. Car spaces should be visually concealed by earth walls, raised beds, staggered parking spaces or hedging.

Heat loads and run-off should be reduced by providing on-site storm water treatment rain

Scale and function are important considerations for industrial sites. Accentuate entrances by using contrasting forms.


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gardens or collector wetland basins. Preference will be given to landscapes with zero water run-off.

Fencing Fencing should provide security and external amenity. Sound proofing, material selection, susceptibility to graffiti and positioning are considerations. Design response: Fences should be constructed of long lasting

weather-proof materials sympathetic to the site scale and precinct materials. Setback should correspond with the prevailing precinct pattern.

Earth berms or sound proof walls are to be used where neighbouring land users may experience unacceptable detriment.

Off-site amenity

Off-site amentiy The scale of industrial and commercial sites can have a dramatic visual impact on off-site amenity. Visual characteristics are usually perceived from a distance or from passing motorists, rather than by pedestrians. Heavy industry often appears arising from low grassy plains or from behind naturalistic screen planting. Commercial areas can appear as visually chaotic assemblages of tilt slab and Colourbond blocks with poor visual cohesion.

Design response: Use a consistent layout and materials

schedule that integrates with the surrounding landscape. Provide a scale of detail suitable to the distance of typical observation. Frame views of industrial buildings into an overall landscape-wide composition.

Industrial fencing, Altona North.

Buffer plantings can integrate an industrial site into the surrounding landscape.


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Natural heritage Hobsons Bay supports regionally and internationally significant plant and animal communities, such as White Mangroves, grassy wetlands with endangered avian fauna, the Altona Skipper Butterfly and some of the last remnant native Plains Grasslands within metropolitan Melbourne. Many of these organically evolved landscapes form buffer zones between industrial and residential landscapes and define a distinctive local character. Road-ways, water-ways and neglected areas are dispersal routes for pest plants. Landscape edges are particularly prone to encroachment and degradation and many weeds will even set seed and thrive on gravel surfaces, such as Lilydale Toppings or scoria.

Design response: Newly built landscapes should not cause a

detriment to local indigenous species by increasing the risk of environmental weed spread by poor plant selection, sparse planting, excessive areas of unplanted ground or from exposure to pollen from domestic or weedy plants.

Land suspected of containing significant remnant vegetation or fauna should undergo detailed scientific survey during site analysis. (Refer to minimum academic qualifications for botanical and fauna surveys.)

Local organic landscapes should provide inspiration for a regional design style.

Maintenance and irrigation The maintenance and irrigation requirements of a site are affected by the landscape layout and planting design. A design must be based on an understanding of the resources available for maintenance and the expected irrigation rate. A landscape plan will fail without these basic considerations. Design reponse: Horticultural maintenance and irrigation must

be determined before the initial concept plan is produced. Complex, high resource-demand landscapes should be used sparingly and positioned only in locations of maximum amenity benefit. A minimum twelve month irrigation period is expected in all new landscape areas.

Irrigation must be determined on the basis of plant water requirement, rather than by calender date.

Naturalistic planting design may reduce the resources needed for maintenance.


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Planting design Planting design can provide functions such as visual or physical barriers and weed suppression. Less tangible benefits include the provision of a corporate identity and amenity for staff and visitors.

Design reponse: Sparse planting that causes an over-reliance

on herbicide application for maintenance is not acceptable. Instead, weeds should be suppressed by ensuring areas of exposed

soil are kept to a minimum, by spacing plants at a high density per square metre and using single massed blocks of limited variety.

The character of the surrounding landscape should be integrated by using predominantely native or low water-use vegetation in mass-planted arrangements that reflect the scale of the Western Plains. The industrial character of the built form should be framed by robust, large trees distinctive of the character of the Western Plains. Roadsides should be buffer planted to create a reasonable amenity for passing traffic. Entrances should be defined by accentuated plant forms and greater detail than the broad forms of the site. Examples of preferred trees: Allocasuarina verticillata, Araucaria bidwillii, Cupressus macrocarpa, Eucalyptus cladocalyx, Eucalyptus sideroxylon, Melaleuca styphelioides, Pinus halapensis, Populus italica ‘Nigra’.

Examples of preferred shrubs: Artemisia arborscens, Atriplex cinerea, Correa alba, Dianella, Einadia nutans ssp. nutans, Lomandra, Myoporum viscosum, Rhagodia condolleana ssp. candolleana.

A warehouse landscape plan featuring street buffer planting and fine detail pedestrian-scale vegetation at the building entrance.


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Appendix 1. Information to accompany landscape plans (for planning permit applications)

Three copies of a landscape plan must be prepared by a landscape designer with a minimum relevant qualification of Certificate IV. The plans must be drawn to an appropriate scale, usually 1:100 or 1:200, and oriented north. The landscape plan should include the following information:

the accurate location of boundaries indication of existing and proposed built elements, such as paths, and any neighbouring buildings that may influence, or be influenced

by the design a plant schedule listing botanical names and common names, container sizes, mature height of all existing and proposed species, total

numbers for each species, including height and trunk diameter at 1.4 metre above soil level (DBH) for any semi-advanced or advanced trees

supporting notes that elaborate on specific requirements, such as site preparation notes, soil amendments, measures for the protection

of existing vegetation, mulch specifications, planting details, irrigation specifications and any proposed maintenance regime

a legend that explains any graphic symbols used on the plan a brief written design rationale.


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Appendix 2. Landscape plants for residential gardens

Key to precinct suitability:

H = suitable for heritage precincts C = suitable for areas near coastal or public parks (tolerant of high winds)

NOTE Feature trees should be listed on plant schedules as supplied in either 330 mm or 40 litre containers. Pot sizes for all other plants should be listed as 140 mm to 200 mm. Tubestock are sufficient for single species groups of greater than 20 plants. Plant spacing should generally be indicated as half the listed mature plant width.

BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME HEIGHT X WIDTH (m) KEY

Groundcovers: below 1 metre

Echeveria species Hen and Chicken Plant 0.1 x 0.2 HC Disphyma crassifolium ssp.clavellatum Rounded Noon-Flower 0.1 x 1.5 C Viola hederaceae Native Violet 0.2 x 0.5 H Viola odorata Violet 0.2 x 0.5 H Carpobrotus rossii Karkalla / Pigface 0.2 x 1.5 C Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla 0.2 x 2.5 HC Anthemis tinctoria Golden Marguerite 0.3 x 0.3 Brachyscome multifida Rock Daisy 0.3 x 0.3 C Scabiosa anthemifolia Pincushion Flower 0.3 x 0.3 HC Stachys byzantina Lamb’s Ears 0.3 x 0.3 HC Themeda australis Kangaroo Grass 0.3 x 0.3 C Convovulus sabatius Ground Morning Glory 0.3 X 0.5 C Mentha diemenica var. diemenica Native Mint 0.3 x 0.5 H Plectranthus argentatus Silver Spur Flower 0.3 x 0.5 H Einadia nutans ssp. nutans Nodding Salt Bush 0.3 x 1.2 C Osteospermum ecklonis Veldt Daisy 0.3 x 1.5 HC


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BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME HEIGHT X WIDTH (m) KEY Arctotis X hybrida varieties African Daisy 0.4 x 0.4 HC Helichrysum italicum Curry Plant 0.4 x 0.4 HC Sedum spectabile Ice Plant 0.4 x 0.4 HC Nepeta varieties Catnip 0.4 x 0.5 HC Artemisia ‘Powis Castle’ Dwarf Artemisia 0.4 x 1 HC Cotyledon orbiculata Pig’s Ear / Round-Leafed Navel Wort 0.4 X 1 HC Pelagonium tomentosum Peppermint-scented Geranium 0.4 x 1.5 H Kennedia prostrata Running Postman 0.4 x 2.5 C Aeonium arborescens Aeonium 0.5 x 0.5 HC Eleocharis species Spike Rush 0.5 x 0.5 C Limonium perezii Perennial Statice 0.5 x 0.5 HC Orthrosanthus multiflorus Blue Flag 0.5 x 0.5 C Pelagonium X domesticum Regal Pelagonium 0.5 x 0.5 H Pelagonium X hortorum Zonal Pelagonium 0.5 x 0.5 H Santolina chamaecyparissus Lavender Cotton 0.5 x 0.5 HC Leucophyta brownii Cushion Bush 0.5 x 1 C Arthropodium cirrhatum Renga Lily / NZ Rock Lily 0.6 x 0.6 H Persicaria decipiens Slender Knotweed 0.6 x 1 C Salvia officinalis Common Sage 0.8 x 0.8 HC Shrubs: 1 to 2.5 metres Correa reflexa Common Correa 1 X 1 C Dianella species Flax Lily 1 X 1 HC Ficinia nodosa Knoddy Club Rush 1 x 1 C Juncus procerus Tall Rush 1 x 1 C Lavandula dentata French Lavender 1 x 1 HC Origanum vulgare Oregano 1 x 1 HC Patersonia occidentalis Native Iris 1 x 1 C Poa species Native Tussock Grass 1 x 1 C Pelagonium radens Crowfoot 1 x 1.5 HC Rosa rugosa varieties Rugosa Rose 1 x 1.5 HC Clematis microphylla var. microphylla Small-leafed Clematis 1 x 2 C Dietes grandiflora Wild Iris 1.2 x 1.2 HC Lomandra species Spiny Mat Rush 1.2 x 1.2 C


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BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME HEIGHT X WIDTH (m) KEY Acanthus mollis Bears Breeches 1.5 x 1.5 H Agave attenuata Soft-leafed Agave 1.5 x 1.5 HC Browallia jamesonii Marmalade Bush 1.5 x 1.5 H Canna indica Canna Lily 1.5 x 1.5 H Dietes bicolor Yellow Flowering Wild Iris 1.5 X 1.5 HC Hedychium gardnerianum Ginger Lily 1.5 x 1.5 H Kniphofia species Redhot Poker 1.5 x 1.5 HC Plectranthus ecklonii Spur Flower 1.5 x 1.5 H Westringia varieties Westringia / Native Rosemary 1.5 x 1.5 HC Agonis flexuosa ‘Nana’ Dwarf Willow Myrtle 1.5 x 2 C Aloe arborescens Candelabra Plant 1.5 x 2 HC Artemisia arborescens Silver Wormwood 1.5 x 2 HC Goodenia ovata Hop Goodenia 1.5 x 2 C Grevillea rosmarinifolia Rosemary Grevillea 1.5 x 2 C Muehlenbeckia florulenta Tangled Lignum 1.5 x 2 C Myoporum viscosum Sticky Boobialla 1.5 x 2 C Philadelphus species Mock Orange 1.5 x 2 H Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemary 1.5 x 2 HC Salvia leucantha Mexican Bush Sage 1.5 x 2 HC Muehlenbeckia complexa Maidenhair Creeper 1.5 x 3 HC Trachelospermum jasminoides Star Jasmine 1.5 x 3 H Anigozanthus flavidus Yellow Flowering Kangaroo Paw 2 x 1 C Rosa Alistair Clarke varieties Alistair Clarke rose varieties 2 x 1.5 H Alpinia zerumet Shell Ginger 2 x 2 H Calothamnus quadrifida One-Sided Bottlebrush 2 x 2 C Chaenomeles speciosa Japonica / Flowering Quince 2 x 2 H Corokia cotoneaster Corokia 2 x 2 H Correa alba White Correa 2 X 2 C Correa glabra Rock Correa 2 X 2 C Doryanthes palmeri Spear Lily 2 x 2 H Euryops pectinatus Grey Leafed Euyops 2 x 2 HC Gahnia sieberiana Red-fruited Saw Sedge 2 x 2 HC Lavandula X allardii Allard’s Lavender 2 x 2 HC Melaleuca squarrosa Scented Paperbark 2 x 2 C Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy Bush 2 x 2 C Teucrium fruticans Tree Germander 2 x 2 HC Rhogodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Seaberry Salt Bush 2 x 2.5 C


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BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME HEIGHT X WIDTH (m) KEY Alogyne huegelii Native Hibiscus 2 x 2.5 HC Pinus mugo Swiss Mountain Pine 2 x 2.5 H Romneya coulteri Californian Tree Poppy 2 x 2.5 C Euonymus japonicus ‘Aureo Marginatus’ Variegated Euonymus 2 x 3 HC Allocasuarina paludosa Swamp Sheaok 2 x 3 C Atriplex cinerea Coastal Salt Bush 2 x 3 C Berberis thunbergii ‘Atropurpurea’ Red Barberry 2 x 3 H Cassinia arcuata Drooping Cassinia 2 x 3 C Cassinia longifolia Shiny Cassinia 2 x 3 C Hymenanthera dentata Tree Violet 2 x 3 C Lantana montevidensis Creeping Lantana 2 x 3 HC Malvaviscus arboreus Turk’s Cap 2 x 3 H Pelagonium peltatum Ivy Leaf Geranium 2 x 3 H Pittosporum tobira Mock Orange 2 x 3 H Plumbago auriculata Plumbago 2 x 3.5 HC Furcrea bedinghausii Furcrea 2.5 x 2.5 H Phormium tenax New Zealand Flax 2.5 x 2.5 HC Weigela floribunda Weigela 2.5 x 2.5 H Myoporum insulare Boobialla 2.5 x 3 C Myrtus communis Myrtle 2.5 x 3 H Shrubs: 3 to 4 metres Xanthorrea australis Grass Tree 3 x 2 C Acacia iteaphylla Willow-leaf Wattle 3 x 3 C Acca sellowiana Feijoa / Pineapple Guava 3 x 3 HC Buddleja davidii varieties Summer Lilac 3 x 3 H Bursaria spinosa var. spinosa Sweet Bursaria 3 x 3 C Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Tropical Hibiscus 3 x 3 H Leptospermum continentale Prickly Teatree 3 x 3 C Solanum rantonetii Blue Potato Bush 3 x 3 HC Tecomaria capensis Cape Honeysuckle 3 x 3 HC Tetrapanax papyrifera Rice Plant 3 x 3 H Vitis vinifera Grape Vine 3 x 3 H Prunus amygdalus Almond 3.5 x 3.5 H Acacia verticillata Prickly Moses 3 x 4 C Forsythia varieties Forsythia 3 x 4 H Punica granatum Pomegranate 3 x 4 HC


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BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME HEIGHT X WIDTH (m) KEY Solanum laciniatum Kangaroo Apple 3 x 4 HC Sparmannia africana African Hemp 4 x 3 H Strelitzia nichoalii Bird of Paradise Tree 4 x 3 H Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle 4 x 4 C Acacia retinodes Swamp Wattle / Wirilda 4 x 4 C Bankisa praemorsa Cut-leafed Banksia 4 x 4 C Brugmansia X candida Angel’s Trumpet 4 x 4 H Buddleja salvifolia Butterfly Bush 4 x 4 H Dais cotonifolia Pom-Pom Tree 4 x 4 H Viburnum opulus ‘Sterile’ Snowball Tree / Guelder Rose 4 x 4 H Wigandia caracasana Wigandia 4 x 4 H Cydonia sinensis Quince 4 x 5 H Melaleuca nesophila Showy Honey Myrtle 4 x 5 HC Small trees: 5 to 7 metres Cordyline australis New Zealand Cabbage Palm 5 X 2 HC Cercis canadensis American Redbud 5 x 4 H Banksia marginata Silver Bankisa 5 x 5 C Callistemon varieties Bottlebrush 5 x 5 HC Citrus varieities Lemon, 5 x 5 H Lagerstroemia indica X fauriei Crepe Myrtle 5 x 5 H Leptospermum laevigatum Coastal Teatree 5 x 5 C Melaleauca lanceolata Moonah 5 x 5 C Syringa vugaris varieties Common Lilac 5 x 5 H Olea euopea selections Olive 5-10 x 5-10 HC Trachycarpus fortuneii Windmill Palm 6 x 2 H Butia capitata Jelly Palm / Wine Palm 6 x 3.5 H Aloe bainesii Tree Aloe 6 x 4 H Robinia pseudoacacia Black Locust 6 x 5 Dracaena draco Dragon Tree 6 x 6 H Laurus nobilis Bay Tree 6 x 6 HC Leptospermum lanigerum Wooly Teatree 6 x 6 C Nerium oleander Oleander 6 x 6 HC Pandorea jasminoides Bower of Beauty 6 x 6 C Pittosporum eugenoides ‘Variegata’ Variegated Pittosporum 6 x 6 HC


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BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME HEIGHT X WIDTH (m) KEY Callistemon salignus Willow Bottlebrush 7 x 3 C Eucalyptus leucoxylon ‘Eukie Dwarf’ Dwarf Yellow Gum 7 x 5 C Bougainvillea glabra Bougainvillea 7 x 7 H Prunus cerasifera ‘Nigra’ Purple Leafed Plum 7 x 7 H Ficus carica subsp. carica Fig 7 x 8 H Medium trees: 8 to 12 metres Hymenosporum flavum Native Frangipani 8 x 4 H Acer monspessulanum Montpelier Maple 8 x 5 H Acacia dealbata Silver Wattle / Mimosa 8 X 6 H Allocasuarina torulosa Rose Sheoak 8 x 6 HC Allocasuarina verticillta Drooping Sheoak 8 x 8 HC Erythrina species Coral Tree 8 x 8 H Hoheria populnea Lacebark Houhere 8 x 8 H Fraxinus ornus Flowering Ash 8 x 10 H Acacia implexa Lightwood 10 x 5 H Agonis flexuosa Willow Myrtle 10 x 8 C Eriobotrya japonica Loquat 10 x 10 H Melaleuca styphelioides Prickly Paperbark 10 x 10 HC Melia azedarach White Cedar / Chinaberry 10 x 10 H Metrosideros excelsus Pohutukawa / NZ Christmas Tree 10 x 10 HC Pyrus calleryana ‘Capital’ Upright Callery Pear 11 x 4 H Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. connata Yellow Gum 12 x 10 C Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacaranda 12 x 15 H Large trees: 15 to 25 metres Cupressus sempervirens Italian Cypress 15 X 3.5 HC Banksia integrifolia Coastal Banksia 15 x 5 HC Brachychiton acerifolius Illawarra Flame Tree 15 x 10 H Ginkgo biloba Maidenhair Tree 15 x 10 H Quercus robur ‘Fastigiata’ Upright English Oak 18 x 6 H Eucalyptus cinerea Cider Gum 18 x 18 C Juglans regia Walnut 18 x 18 H Quercus ilex Holly Oak / Holme Oak 18 x 18 HC Quercus suber Cork Oak 18 x 18 HC


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BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME HEIGHT X WIDTH (m) KEY Washingtonia filifera Desert Fan Palm 20 x 4 HC Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood 20 x 10 HC Casuarina cunninghamiana River Sheoak 20 x 12 HC Angophora costata Smooth-barked Apple Mytrle 20 x 15 C Maclura pomifera Osage Orange 20 x 18 H Paulowina tomentosa Empress Tree 20 x 20 H Populus nigra ‘Italica’ Lombardy Poplar 25 x 3 H Pinus pinea Italian Stone Pine / Umbrella Pine 25 x 15 HC Accent foliage plants Orthrosanthus multiflorus Blue Flag 0.5 x 0.5 Arthropodium cirrhatum Renga Lily / NZ Rock Lily 0.6 x 0.6 Dianella species Flax Lily 1 X 1 Ficinia nodosa Knoddy Club Rush 1 x 1 Juncus procerus Tall Rush 1 x 1 Patersonia occidentalis Native Iris 1 x 1 Poa species Native Tussock Grass 1 x 1 Dietes grandiflora Wild Iris 1.2 x 1.2 Lomandra species Spiny Mat Rush 1.2 x 1.2 Acanthus mollis Bears Breeches 1.5 x 1.5 Agave attenuata Soft-leafed Agave 1.5 x 1.5 Canna indica Canna Lily 1.5 x 1.5 Dietes bicolor Yellow Flowering Wild Iris 1.5 X 1.5 Hedychium gardnerianum Ginger Lily 1.5 x 1.5 Kniphofia species Redhot Poker 1.5 x 1.5 Muehlenbeckia florulenta Tangled Lignum 1.5 x 2 Anigozanthus flavidus Yellow Flowering Kangaroo Paw 2 x 1 Alpinia zerumet Shell Ginger 2 x 2 Doryanthes palmeri Spear Lily 2 x 2 Gahnia sieberiana Red-fruited Saw Sedge 2 x 2 Furcrea bedinghausii Furcrea 2.5 x 2.5 Phormium tenax New Zealand Flax 2.5 x 2.5 Xanthorrea australis Grass Tree 3 x 2 Tetrapanax papyrifera Rice Plant 3 x 3 Sparmannia africana African Hemp 4 x 3 Strelitzia nichoalii Bird of Paradise Tree 4 x 3 Brugmansia X candida Angel’s Trumpet 4 x 4


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Wigandia caracasana Wigandia 4 x 4 Cordyline australis New Zealand Cabbage Palm 5 X 2 Butia capitata Jelly Palm / Wine Palm 6 x 3.5 Aloe bainesii Tree Aloe 6 x 4 Dracaena draco Dragon Tree 6 x 6 Trachycarpus fortuneii Windmill Palm 6 x 2


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Appendix 3. Landscape plants for industrial and commercial areas

Key to soil tolerance:

C = clay; S = sand HEDGING An ability to be either spaced or pruned to form a visual or physical barrier at various scales. These plants are usually able to regenerate following pruning. ‘Copse’ = able to be closely planted to form a thicket, whilst retaining some level of visual permeability. ‘Coppice’ = prune to near ground level every few years to regenerate a fast growing collection of new shoots and suckers.

BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME H X W (m) SOIL HEDGING

Groundcovers: below 1 metre Prescribed container size: < 50 units = 140 mm; > 50 units tubestock Suggested spacing: 500 mm Disphyma crassifolium ssp.clavellatum Rounded Noon-Flower 0.1 x 1.5 CS - Carpobrotus rossii Karkalla / Pigface 0.2 x 1.5 CS - Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla 0.2 x 2.5 S - Einadia nutans ssp. nutans Nodding Salt Bush 0.3 x 1.2 CS - Osteospermum ecklonis Veldt Daisy 0.3 x 1.5 S - Arctotis X hybrida varieties African Daisy 0.4 x 0.4 S - Cotyledon orbiculata Pig’s Ear / Round-Leafed Navel Wort 0.4 X 1 S - Kennedia prostrata Running Postman 0.4 x 2.5 S - Carex incomitata Sedge 0.5 x 0.5 CS - Eleocharis species Spike Rush 0.5 x 0.5 CS yes Leucophyta brownii Cushion Bush 0.5 x 1 S -


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BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME H X W (m) SOIL HEDGING Shrubs: 1 to 2.5 metres Prescribed container size: < 50 units = 140 mm - 200 mm; > 50 units = tubestock - 140 mm Suggested spacing: 500 mm Carex appressa Tall Sedge 1 x 1 CS yes

Carex tereticaulis Common Sedge 1 x 1 CS - Correa reflexa Common Correa 1 X 1 S yes Dianella species Flax Lily 1 X 1 CS yes

Ficinia nodosa Knoddy Club Rush 1 x 1 CS yes

Juncus procerus Tall Rush 1.5 x 1.5 CS yes Poa species Native Tussock Grass 1 x 1 CS - Clematis microphylla var. microphylla Small-leafed Clematis 1 x 2 S - Dietes grandiflora Wild Iris 1.2 x 1.2 CS yes Lomandra species Spiny Mat Rush 1.2 x 1.2 CS yes Acanthus mollis Bears Breeches 1.5 x 1.5 CS - Canna indica Canna Lily 1.5 x 1.5 CS - Dietes bicolor Yellow Flowering Wild Iris 1.5 X 1.5 CS yes Kniphofia species Red-hot Poker 1.5 x 1.5 CS yes Westringia varieties Westringia / Native Rosemary 1.5 x 1.5 S yes Agonis flexuosa ‘Nana’ Dwarf Willow Myrtle 1.5 x 2 S yes Artemisia arborescens Silver Wormwood 1.5 x 2 CS yes Goodenia ovata Hop Goodenia 1.5 x 2 CS yes Grevillea rosmarinifolia Rosemary Grevillea 1.5 x 2 S yes Muehlenbeckia florulenta Tangled Lignum 1.5 x 2 CS - Myoporum viscosum Sticky Boobialla 1.5 x 2 CS yes

Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemary 1.5 x 2 S yes Muehlenbeckia complexa Maidenhair Creeper 1.5 x 3 CS yes Correa alba White Correa 2 X 2 CS yes Correa glabra Rock Correa 2 X 2 CS yes Doryanthes palmeri Spear Lily 2 x 2 CS yes

Euryops pectinatus Grey Leafed Euyops 2 x 2 CS yes Gahnia sieberiana Red-fruited Saw Sedge 2 x 2 C yes Melaleuca squarrosa Scented Paperbark 2 x 2 CS yes Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy Bush 2 x 2 S yes

Teucrium fruticans Tree Germander 2 x 2 CS yes

Rhogodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Seaberry Salt Bush 2 x 2.5 S -


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BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME H X W (m) SOIL HEDGING Euonymus japonicus ‘Aureo Marginatus’ Variegated Euonymus 2 x 3 CS yes

Allocasuarina paludosa Swamp Sheaok 2 x 3 C with age

Atriplex cinerea Coastal Salt Bush 2 x 3 CS yes Cassinia arcuata Drooping Cassinia 2 x 3 CS yes Cassinia longifolia Shiny Cassinia 2 x 3 CS yes Hymenanthera dentata Tree Violet 2 x 3 CS yes Lantana montevidensis Creeping Lantana 2 x 3 CS - Plumbago auriculata Plumbago 2 x 3.5 CS yes Phormium tenax New Zealand Flax 2.5 x 2.5 CS yes

Phragmites australis Common Reed 2.5 C - Myoporum insulare Boobialla 2.5 x 3 CS yes

Shrubs: 3 to 4 metres Prescribed container size: < 50 units = 140 mm - 200 mm; > 50 units = tubestock - 140 mm Suggested spacing: 1 500 mm Bursaria spinosa var. spinosa Sweet Bursaria 3 x 3 CS with age Leptospermum continentale Prickly Teatree 3 x 3 CS yes Solanum rantonetii Blue Potato Bush 3 x 3 CS yes Tecomaria capensis Cape Honeysuckle 3 x 3 CS yes Acacia verticillata Prickly Moses 3 x 4 CS yes Punica granatum Pomegranate 3 x 4 CS yes Solanum laciniatum Kangaroo Apple 3 x 4 CS yes Strelitzia nicholaii Bird of Paradise Tree 4 x 3 CS with age Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle 4 x 4 CS yes Acacia retinodes Swamp Wattle / Wirilda 4 x 4 CS yes Bankisa praemorsa Cut-leafed Banksia 4 x 4 S yes Melaleuca nesophila Showy Honey Myrtle 4 x 5 CS yes


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BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME H X W (m) SOIL HEDGING Small trees: 5 – 7 metres Prescribed container size: < 50 units = 330 mm - 40 litre; > 50 units = 200 mm - 330 mm Suggested spacing: 1 500 mm – 5 000 mm Cordyline australis New Zealand Cabbage Palm 5 X 2 S copse

Banksia marginata Silver Bankisa 5 x 5 CS yes Callistemon varieties Bottlebrush 5 x 5 CS yes

Leptospermum laevigatum Coastal Teatree 5 x 5 CS yes Melaleauca lanceolata Moonah 5 x 5 CS yes Syringa vugaris varieties Common Lilac 5 x 5 CS yes Butia capitata Jelly Palm / Wine Palm 6 x 3.5 CS - Laurus nobilis Bay Tree 6 x 6 CS yes Leptospermum lanigerum Wooly Teatree 6 x 6 CS with age

Nerium oleander Oleander 6 x 6 CS yes Callistemon salignus Willow Bottlebrush 7 x 3 CS yes Eucalyptus leucoxylon ‘Eukie Dwarf’ Dwarf Yellow Gum 7 x 5 CS - Bougainvillea glabra Bougainvillea 7 x 7 CS yes

Prunus cerasifera ‘Nigra’ Purple Leafed Plum 7 x 7 CS yes Medium trees: 8 – 12 metres Prescribed container size: 330 mm – 50 litre Suggested spacing: 5 000 mm – 10 000 mm Acacia dealbata Silver Wattle / Mimosa 8 X 6 CS coppice

Allocasuarina torulosa Rose Sheoak 8 x 6 CS yes

Allocasuarina verticillta Drooping Sheoak 8 x 8 CS copse

Fraxinus ornus Flowering Ash 8 x 10 CS copse

Acacia implexa Lightwood 10 x 5 CS copse Agonis flexuosa Willow Myrtle 10 x 8 S - Melaleauca styphelioides Prickly Paperbark 10 x 10 CS yes Melia azedarach White Cedar / Chinaberry 10 x 10 CS - Metrosideros excelsus Pohutukawa / NZ Christmas Tree 10 x 10 S yes Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. connata Yellow Gum 12 x 10 CS copse


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BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME H X W (m) SOIL HEDGING Large trees: 15–20 metres Prescribed container size: 330 mm – 50 litre Suggested spacing: 10 000 mm – 15 000 mm Banksia integrifolia Coastal Banksia 15 x 5 CS yes Cupressus sempervirens Italian Cypress 15 X 5 CS yes

Brachychiton acerifolius Illawarra Flame Tree 15 x 10 CS - Quercus robur ‘Fastigiata’ Upright English Oak 18 x 6 CS yes

Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine 18 x 15 CS - Eucalyptus cinerea Cider Gum 18 x 18 CS - Quercus ilex Holly Oak / Holme Oak 18 x 18 CS yes Quercus suber Cork Oak 18 x 18 CS - Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood 20 x 10 CS yes

Casuarina cunninghamiana River Sheoak 20 x 12 CS yes Eucalyptus sideroxylon Red Ironbark 20 x 15 CS - Maclura pomifera Osage Orange 20 x 18 CS yes

Eucalyptus camaldulensis River Red Gum 20 x 20 CS - Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus Blue Gum 20 x 20 CS - Quercus canariensis Algerian Oak 20 x 20 CS - Populus nigra ‘Italica’ Lombardy Poplar 25 x 3 CS yes Pinus pinea Italian Stone Pine / Umbrella Pine 25 x 15 CS - Araucaria bidwillii Bunya Bunya Pine 30 x 6 CS - Pinus canariensis Canary Island Pine 30 x 8 CS - Eucalyptus cladocalyx Sugar Gum 30 x 20 CS copse


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Appendix 4. Alphabetical list of recommended landscape plants BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME HEIGHT X WIDTH (m) Acacia dealbata Silver Wattle / Mimosa 8 X 6 Acacia implexa Lightwood 10 x 5 Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood 20 x 10 Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle 4 x 4 Acacia retinodes Swamp Wattle / Wirilda 4 x 4 Acacia verticillata Prickly Moses 3 x 4 Acaena novae-zealandiae Bidgee Widgee 0.3 x 1.5 Acanthus mollis Bears Breeches 1.5 x 1.5 Acca sellowiana Feijoa / Pineapple Guava 3 x 3 Acer monspessulanum Montpelier Maple 8 x 5 Agave attenuata Soft-leafed Agave 1.5 x 1.5 Agonis flexuosa ‘Nana’ Dwarf Willow Myrtle 1.5 x 2 Agonis flexuosa Willow Myrtle 10 x 8 Allocasuarina littoralis Black Sheoak 8 x 4 Allocasuarina paludosa Swamp Sheaok 2 x 3 Allocasuarina torulosa Rose Sheoak 8 x 6 Allocasuarina verticillta Drooping Sheoak 8 x 8 Aloe arborescens Candelabra Plant 1.5 x 2 Aloe bainesii Tree Aloe 6 x 4 Alogyne huegelii Native Hibiscus 2 x 2.5 Alpinia zerumet Shell Ginger 2 x 2 Angophora costata Smooth-barked Apple Mytrle 20 x 15 Anigozanthus flavidus Yellow Flowering Kangaroo Paw 2 x 1 Anthemis tinctoria Golden Marguerite 0.3 x 0.3 Araucaria bidwillii Bunya Bunya Pine 30 x 6 Arctotis X hybrida varieties African Daisy 0.4 x 0.4 Artemisia ‘Powis Castle’ Dwarf Artemisia 0.4 x 1 Artemisia arborescens Silver Wormwood 1.5 x 2 Arthropodium cirrhatum Renga Lily / NZ Rock Lily 0.6 x 0.6 Atriplex cinerea Coastal Salt Bush 2 x 3 Bankisa praemorsa Cut-leafed Banksia 4 x 4 Banksia integrifolia Coastal Banksia 15 x 5


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Banksia marginata Silver Bankisa 5 x 5 Baumea species Twig Rush 0.3 x 1 Berberis thunbergii ‘Atropurpurea’ Red Barberry 2 x 3 Bolboschoenus species Club-rush 0.5 x 0.5 Bougainvillea glabra Bougainvillea 7 x 7 Brachychiton acerifolius Illawarra Flame Tree 15 x 10 Brachyscome multifida Rock Daisy 0.3 x 0.3 Browallia jamesonii Marmalade Bush 1.5 x 1.5 Brugmansia X candida Angel’s Trumpet 4 x 4 Buddleja davidii varieties Summer Lilac 3 x 3 Buddleja salvifolia Butterfly Bush 4 x 4 Bursaria spinosa var. spinosa Sweet Bursaria 3 x 3 Butia capitata Jelly Palm / Wine Palm 6 x 3.5 Callistemon salignus Willow Bottlebrush 7 x 3 Callistemon varieties Bottlebrush 5 x 5 Calothamnus quadrifida One-Sided Bottlebrush 2 x 2 Canna indica Canna Lily 1.5 x 1.5 Carex appressa Tall Sedge 1 x 1 Carex incomitata Sedge 0.5 x 0.5 Carex tereticaulis Common Sedge 1 x 1 Carpobrotus rossii Karkalla / Pigface 0.2 x 1.5 Cassinia arcuata Drooping Cassinia 2 x 3 Cassinia longifolia Shiny Cassinia 2 x 3 Casuarina cunninghamiana River Sheoak 20 x 12 Cercis canadensis American Redbud 5 x 4 Chaenomeles speciosa Japonica / Flowering Quince 2 x 2 Citrus varieities Lemon 5 x 5 Clematis microphylla var. microphylla Small-leafed Clematis 1 x 2 Convovulus sabatius Ground Morning Glory 0.3 X 0.5 Cordyline australis New Zealand Cabbage Palm 5 X 2 Corokia cotoneaster Corokia 2 x 2 Correa alba White Correa 2 X 2 Correa glabra Rock Correa 2 X 2 Correa reflexa Common Correa 1 X 1 Corymbia maculata Spotted Gum 20 X 10 Cotyledon orbiculata Pig’s Ear / Round-Leafed Navel Wort 0.4 X 1 Cupressus macrocarpa Montery Cypress 20 X 20 Cupressus sempervirens Italian Cypress 15 X 5 Cydonia sinensis Quince 4 x 5 Cyperus species Sedge 0.6 x 0.6 Dais cotonifolia Pom-Pom Tree 4 x 4


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Dianella species Flax Lily 1 X 1 Dietes bicolour Yellow Flowering Wild Iris 1.5 X 1.5 Dietes grandiflora Wild Iris 1.2 x 1.2 Disphyma crassifolium ssp.clavellatum Rounded Noon-Flower 0.1 x 1.5 Doryanthes palmeri Spear Lily 2 x 2 Draceana draco Dragon Tree 6 x 6 Echeveria species Hen and Chicken Plant 0.1 x 0.2 Einadia nutans ssp. nutans Nodding Salt Bush 0.3 x 1.2 Eleocharis species Spike Rush 0.5 x 0.5 Eriobotrya japonica Loquat 10 x 10 Erythrina species Coral Tree 8 x 8 Eucalyptus camaldulensis River Red Gum 20 x 20 Eucalyptus cinerea Cider Gum 18 x 18 Eucalyptus cladocalyx Sugar Gum 30 x 20 Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus Blue Gum 20 x 20 Eucalyptus leucoxylon ‘Eukie Dwarf’ Dwarf Yellow Gum 7 x 5 Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. connata Yellow Gum 12 x 10 Eucalyptus melliodora Yellow Box 20 x 15 Eucalyptus sideroxylon Red Ironbark 20 x 15 Euonymus japonicus ‘Aureo Marginatus’ Variegated Euonymus 2 x 3 Euryops pectinatus Grey Leafed Euyops 2 x 2 Ficinia nodosa Knoddy Club Rush 1 x 1 Ficus carica subsp. carica Fig 7 x 8 Forsythia varieties Forsythia 3 x 4 Fraxinus ornus Flowering Ash 8 x 10 Furcrea bedinghousii Furcrea 2.5 x 2.5 Gahnia filum Chaffy Saw-sedge 1.2 x 1.2 Gahnia sieberiana Red-fruited Saw Sedge 2 x 2 Gahnia trifida Coast Saw-sedge 1 x 1 Ginkgo biloba Maidenhair Tree 15 x 10 Goodenia ovata Hop Goodenia 1.5 x 2 Grevillea rosmarinifolia Rosemary Grevillea 1.5 x 2 Hedychium gardnerianum Ginger Lily 1.5 x 1.5 Helichrysum italicum Curry Plant 0.4 x 0.4 Hymenanthera dentata Tree Violet 2 x 3 Hymenosporum flavum Native Frangipani 8 x 3.5 Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacaranda 12 x 15 Juglans regia Walnut 18 x 18


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Juncus krausii Sea Rush 1 x 1 Juncus pallidus Pale Rush 1 x 1 Juncus procerus Tall Rush 1 x 1 Juncus subsecundas Finger Rush 0.5 x 0.5 Kennedia prostrata Running Postman 0.4 x 2.5 Kniphofia species Redhot Poker 1.5 x 1.5 Lagerstroemia indica X fauriei Crepe Myrtle 5 x 5 Lantana montevidensis Creeping Lantana 2 x 3 Laurus nobilis Bay Tree 6 x 6 Lavandula dentata French Lavender 1 x 1 Lavandula X allardii Allard’s Lavender 2 x 2 Leptospermum continentale Prickly Teatree 3 x 3 Leptospermum laevigatum Coastal Teatree 5 x 5 Leptospermum lanigerum Wooly Teatree 6 x 6 Leucophyta brownii Cushion Bush 0.5 x 1 Limonium perezii Perennial Statice 0.5 x 0.5 Lomandra species Spiny Mat Rush 1.2 x 1.2 Maclura pomifera Osage Orange 20 x 18 Melaleauca lanceolata Moonah 5 x 5 Melaleauca styphelioides Prickly Paperbark 10 x 10 Melaleuca nesophila Showy Honey Myrtle 4 x 5 Melaleuca squarrosa Scented Paperbark 2 x 2 Melia azedarach White Cedar / Chinaberry 10 x 10 Mentha diemenica var. diemenica Native Mint 0.3 x 0.5 Metrosideros excelsus Pohutukawa / NZ Christmas Tree 10 x 10 Muehlenbeckia complexa Maidenhair Creeper 1.5 x 3 Muehlenbeckia florulenta Tangled Lignum 1.5 x 2 Myoporum insulare Boobialla 2.5 x 3 Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla 0.2 x 2.5 Myoporum viscosum Sticky Boobialla 1.5 x 2 Myrtus communis Myrtle 2.5 x 3 Nepeta varieties Catnip 0.4 x 0.5 Nerium oleander Oleander 6 x 6 Olea euopea selections Olive 5-10 x 5-10 Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy Bush 2 x 2 Origanum vulgare Oregano 1 x 1 Orthrosanthus multiflorus Blue Flag 0.5 x 0.5 Osteospermum ecklonis Veldt Daisy 0.3 x 1.5 Pandorea jasminoides Bower of Beauty 6 x 6 Patersonia occidentalis Native Iris 1 x 1 Paulowina tomentosa Empress Tree 20 x 20


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Pelagonium peltatum Ivy Leaf Geranium 2 x 3 Pelagonium radens Crowfoot 1 x 1.5 Pelagonium tomentosum Peppermint-scented Geranium 0.4 x 1.5 Pelagonium X domesticum Regal Pelagonium 0.5 x 0.5 Pelagonium X hortorum Zonal Pelagonium 0.5 x 0.5 Persicaria decipiens Slender Knotweed 0.6 x 1 Philadelphus species Mock Orange 1.5 x 2 Phormium tenax New Zealand Flax 2.5 x 2.5 Phragmites australis Common Reed 2.5 Pinus canariensis Canary Island Pine 30 x 8 Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine 18 x 15 Pinus mugo Swiss Mountain Pine 2 x 2.5 Pinus pinea Italian Stone Pine / Umbrella Pine 25 x 15 Pittosporum eugenoides ‘Variegata’ Variegated Pittosporum 6 x 6 Pittosporum tobira Mock Orange 2 x 3 Plectranthus argentatus Silver Spur Flower 0.3 x 0.5 Plectranthus ecklonii Spur Flower 1.5 x 1.5 Plumbago auriculata Plumbago 2 x 3.5 Poa species Native Tussock Grass 1 x 1 Poplus nigra ‘Italica’ Lombardy Poplar 15 x 3 Prunus amygdalus Almond 3.5 x 3.5 Prunus cerasifera ‘Nigra’ Purple Leafed Plum 7 x 7 Punica granatum Pomegranate 3 x 4 Pyrus calleryana ‘Capita’ Upright Callery Pear 11 x 4 Quercus canariensis Algerian Oak 20 x 20 Quercus ilex Holly Oak / Holme Oak 18 x 18 Quercus robur ‘Fastigiata’ Upright English Oak 18 x 6 Quercus suber Cork Oak 18 x 18 Rhogodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Seaberry Salt Bush 2 x 2.5 Robinia pseudoacacia Robinia 6 x 5 Romneya coulteri Californian Tree Poppy 2 x 2.5 Rosa Alistair Clarke varieties Alistair Clarke rose varieties 2 x 1.5 Rosa rugosa varieties Rugosa Rose 1 x 1.5 Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemary 1.5 x 2 Salvia leucantha Mexican Bush Sage 1.5 x 2 Salvia officinalis Common Sage 0.8 x 0.8 Santolina chamaecyparissus Lavender Cotton 0.5 x 0.5 Scabiosa anthemifolia Pincushion Flower 0.3 x 0.3 Sedum spectabile Ice Plant 0.4 x 0.4 Solanum laciniatum Kangaroo Apple 3 x 4 Solanum rantonetii Blue Potato Bush 3 x 3


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Sparmannia africana African Hemp 4 x 3 Stachys byzantina Lamb’s Ears 0.3 x 0.3 Strelitzia nichoalii Bird of Paradise Tree 4 x 3 Syringa vugaris varieties Common Lilac 5 x 5 Tecomaria capensis Cape Honeysuckle 3 x 3 Tetrapanax papyrifera Rice Plant 3 x 3 Teucrium fruticans Tree Germander 2 x 2 Themeda australis Kangaroo Grass 0.3 x 0.3 Trachelospermum jasminoides Star Jasmine 1.5 x 3 Trachycarpus fortuneii Windmill Palm 8 x 3 Viburnum opulus ‘Sterile’ Snowball Tree / Guelder Rose 4 x 4 Viola hederaceae Native Violet 0.2 x 0.5 Viola odorata Violet 0.2 x 0.5 Vitis vinifera Grape Vine 3 x 3 Washingtonia filifera Desert Fan Palm 20 x 4 Weigela floribunda Weigela 2.5 x 2.5 Westringia varieties Westringia / Native Rosemary 1.5 x 1.5 Wigandia caracasana Wigandia 4 x 4 Xanthorrea australis Grass Tree 3 x 2


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Appendix 5. Tree planting detail

tied loosely one third from the base of the trunk

hessian tree tie stapled to stake

hardwood stake

backfill using loosened unamended site soil

existing compacted site soil

scarified root ball

raised soil profile with a 75 mm mulch layer of shredded bark or wood

Adapted from Gilman, 1997.

existing soil level


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Appendix 6. Landscape bonds To maintain consistent standards of finished landscape a bond in the form a bank guarantee is payable prior to the receipt of endorsed plans. The schedule of fees is as follows: Residential: $500 per dwelling Industrial: 0.5 % of the cost of the development. The condition on a planning permit should read: Prior to the collection of endorsed plans, a bank guarantee of $ (insert amount) is to be lodged by the owner with the Responsible Authority to ensure the satisfactory establishment of landscaping works. Once landscaping has been completed in accordance with the endorsed landscaping plan, a 12 week establishment period will commence. The bank guarantee will be returned after landscaping has been initially maintained for that period to the satisfaction of the Responsible Authority. After the establishment period, the landscaping must be maintained in accordance with the endorsed landscaping plan to the satisfaction of the Responsible Authority.


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References Aitken, R. & M. Looker (eds), 2002, Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, Oxford University Press. Australian Landscape Management, 2001, Hobsons Bay City Council Skeleton Creek Landscape Master Plan. City of Los Angeles Department of Public Works, Street Tree Division: http://www.lacity.org/BOSS/streettree/NewTree.htm. Craul, P.J, 1992, Urban Soil in Landscape Design, John Wiley & Sons, State University of New York, Syracuse, and Harvard University. Gildemeister, H. 2002, Mediterranean Gardening: A Waterwise Approach, University of California Press. Gilman, E.F. 1997, Trees for Urban and Suburban Landscapes, Delmar, New York. Gray, M. & J. Knight (eds), Flora of Melbourne: A Guide to the Indigenous Plants of the Greater Melbourne Area, Hyland House, Flemington, Victoria. Handreck, K. & N. Black, 2002, Growing Media for Ornamental Plants and Turf, University of New South Wales Press, Randwick. Harris, R.W, J.R. Clark & N.P. Matheny, 1999, Arboriculture: Integrated Management of Landscape Trees, Shrubs and Vines, 3rd edn, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Kinhill Stearns, 1993, City of Williamstown Conservation Study, Hackworth, D. (ed), City of Williamstown. Society for Growing Australian Plants website: http://farrer.riv.csu.edu.au/ASGAP. Spencer, R. 1997, Horticultural Flora of South-eastern Australia: Volume 2, Flowering Plants, University of NSW Press. Staff of The University of Melbourne, 2000, The Burnley Plant Directory: A Guide to the Selection and Recognition of Landscape Plants for South-eastern Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne. United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, 1997, The Brundtland Report: Our Common Future, United Nations. Will, J. 2004, The Tree Handbook 2004 – 2005: Tree Selections for Urban Planting, 4th edn, Metropolitan Tree Growers, Alphington.

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