Submitted by:Bablu kumar (EC/10/129)Gaurav Bansal(EC/10/45)Krishna Gopal(EC/10/119)Hemant Sharma (EC/10/61)

Guided by:

POORNIMA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONSDEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERINGSubmitted to:Mr. Chandan Kumar Dubey(Project Coordinators, ECE-A)A presentation onLand Mine Detector Robot With Defence

Contents

IntroductionObjectivesDetectorWorkingLand mine Detection and Marking robotHistoryBlock Diagram of TransmitterBlock Diagram of ReceiverComponent UsedConclusionReferences

INTRODUCTION PURPOSE The landmine crisis is globally alarming since there are presently 500 millions unexploded, buried mines in about 70 countries. The purpose of this project is to design a robot which is capable of detecting buried land mines and marking their locations, while enabling the operator to control the robot wirelessly from a distance.

Objectives 1. A land mine detection robot is needed to be designed to employ in peace support operations and in the clearance of contaminated areas. 2. The robot shall be able to detect 90% of landmines (Anti-personnel mines and Anti-tank mines) and mark the locations of the mines within a tolerance of 5cm. 3. For the safety of the operator, the designed robot must be able to operate remotely, moreover, must be equipped with wireless data transmitting capabilities.

METHODS FOR DETECTIONProbing the ground -For many years, the most sophisticated technology used for locating landmines was probing the ground with a stick or bayonet. Soldiers are trained to poke the ground lightly with a bayonet and search for buried mines. Metal Detectors - The detectors try to discover a buried mine by sensing the metal components inside the mines.

Ground Penetrating Radar - This equipment detects the inconsistencies in the soil and tries to identify the differences in the densities of the soil and a buried mine. The use of trained dogs and rats -They are trained to sniff out vapors coming from the explosive ingredients inside the landmine.

DETECTOR landmines, both anti-personnel and anti-tank mines, are made in metal casings. Therefore, the detection of landmine by using metal detectors is a simple and workable method.The metal detectors give out false signals upon sensing every presence of metal pieces instead of only when detecting the real mine. In statistical language, it can be said that 100 to 10,000 false signals are sent out before detecting a real landmine.

WORKINGEach element or each material has their own thermal properties, such as thermal conductivity, rate of heat absorption and thermal radiation. A buried landmine comprises of different materials from the surrounding soil and they will react to the surrounding heat in a different manner from the soil.

They will absorb the heat slower or faster than the surrounding soil and they will release or radiate the contained heat slower or faster than the surrounding soil. Therefore, at any point of time, the land mine will possess slightly different temperature form the surrounding, due to the constantly varying heat supply from day time and night time.

A processing unit, installed on the robot, will be transmitting data from the robot to the operator, such as images from the cameras, and it will receive and process the commands from the operator to the robot. These signals will be transmitted and received through radio channels and the command signals received by the robot will be redistributed to the respective mechanisms to carry out the required processes.

Landmine detection and marking robot.The aim of the processing unit is to synchronize the movements of the mechanisms to perform the desired job. This mine detection robot is intended to detect the buried mines, make a mark on their locations and then continue looking for another mine without disturbing the marked mine. Firstly, the scanner which is located at the front of the robot processes a metal detector that will scan and clear the path of 1.2m width.

The scanner will stop scanning if there is no detection of a mine, and the robot will advance one step forward by activating the forward motor for 5 seconds. After which, the scanner will restart its scanning sequence. The robot would move forward again with no detection of mine. This scanning loop will continue until the scanner detects a mine. Once the scanner detects a mine, the robot comes to a standstill and sends out signals back to the operator by both illuminating the Light Emitting Diode (LED) as well as beeping.

The operator will then have to decide if it is a false alarm or a real detection of a mine. If the operator takes the warning as a false alarm, he will ignore it and restart the scanning loop. If warning is taken as a real detection of the mine, the operator has to send a command to the robot to mark the location by spraying distinctive colour paint on that spot.

HistoryFirst descriptions of a pressure activated landmine was provided by a German military historian H. Frieherr von Fleming in 1726.The first devices designed to explode on targetcontact were floating mines first employed by the US Confederate Navy in 1861. Reference was made to these mines during the Battle of Williamsburg in 1862.The British Army was interested to use landmines during their African campaigns in the 1880s. During these wars, tripwire and pressure-operated mines were generally manufactured in the field.The Americans were actually the first nation to develop and use operational landmines. On May 4th 1862 while scouting a road, a horse rider activated one of these mines becoming the first person killed by a pressure-operated landmine

Components UsedMicrocontrollerDiode Encoder Decoder AntenaLCD (Liquid Crystal Display)Power Supply 8051 Series MC Metal Detector Motor

APPLICATION In DefenseIn IndustriesDuring warsFor Public Safety In Gatherings

ConclusionLAND MINE DETECTOR ROBOT is used to provide safty and authenticationThis project has fulfilled most of its objectives and has even gone beyond in some aspects. The requirement whereby it states that the robot must detect 90% of the mines is beyond the limitations that are set by the circumstances of this project. Interfacing between all sections required for system and microcontroller has been done successfully.

References[1] Making Land mine Detection And Removal Practical http://www. llnl.gov/str/Azevedo.html [2]Use of unmanned aerival vechicles http://www.mondialogo.org/129.html[8]How stuff work www.howstuffwork.com

**(NIST) to study the process of automated fingerprints classification , searching and maching. **For example,a system for physical access control has been used at the Olympic Games in Atlanta. fingerprint recognition has been used in forensic applications since early 20th century.ID cards based on fingerprint recognition are used in Brunei.

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