Lab Manual2

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

KNS 1461 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 2

LABORATORY MANUAL

(Edited : December 2008)

CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 2

KNS 1461

LABORATORY MANUAL

CONTRIBUTED BY : Zamri Bujang Abdul Razak Abdul Karim Idawati Ismail Ismail Abusamat Nur Adha Abdul Wahab PREPARED BY : Jethro Henry Adam

TABLE OF CONTENT

Lab Code Title Page

S1

S2

S3

V1

V2

V3

V4

Shear Force

Bending Moment

Deflection of Beam

Vertical Distance Measurement (Leveling)

Angle and Distance Measurement

Traverse Survey

Setting Out Curve

1

6

11

15

17

19

22

Appendix

A

B

C

D

E

Safety First

Guidelines for Laboratory Report

Form A

Form B

Form C

25

26

28

29

30

KNS 1461 Civil Engineering Laboratory 2 Faculty of Engineering Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

1

TITLE :

S1 – Shear Force

THEORY :

The shear force at any point along the beam is the total forces acting perpendicular to

beam longitudinal axis up to the point. Given a horizontal beam with vertical loading

the internal forces will be :

a) for vertical equilibrium a shearing force in the section plane

b) for equilibrium of moments a moment of resistance due to compression in the top

half of the beam section and tension in the bottom half.

OBJECTIVE :

To determine the shear force at a particular section and compare with the theoretical

calculations.

APPARATUS :

a) Spring balance

b) Masses

c) Load hanger

PROCEDURE :

Referring to Figure S1-1, the experimental beam is in two parts; experiment 1 and

experiment 2.


Figure S1-1

The equation for shear at the section ‘x-x’ for Figure S1-2 is as follow :

Shear force, xW aS

L⋅

=

RB RA

L

W

x

a x

Figure S1-2

2


RB

W3

100mm 300mm

W1 W2

600mm

RA

Figure S1-3

A) Experiment 1

1. Check that the beam supports have been fixed at 900 mm span.

2. Position one load hanger 100 mm from A, the second hanger in the groove just to

the right of the shear section C (310 mm from A) and the third hanger 400 mm

from the right hand support B (500 mm from A).

3. The spring balance reading should be recorded as the 'no load' datum value.

4. Place a 10 N weight on the third hanger 400 mm from B and re-align the beam

using the tensioning adjustments.

5. Read and record the spring balance force.

6. Repeat the procedure with 20 N on the third hanger.

7. Remove the 20 N loads and place 10 N on the second hanger. Re-align the beam

and record the spring balance force.

8. Transfer the 10 N loads to the first hanger and re-align the beam. Record the

spring balance force.

3


4

B) Experiment 2

1. Unload the beam and move the third hanger to 300 mm from B.

2. Align the beam and record the new 'no load' datum value of the spring balance.

3. Place 5 N on the first hanger and 12 N on the third.

4. Record the balancing shear force of the realigned beam as shown in Figure S1-3.

5. Move the 2 N mass from the third to the second hanger.

6. Re-align the beam and record the spring balance force.

7. Replace the 2 N with a 10 N weight on the second hanger, re-align the beam and

record the balancing force.

RESULT :

For each loading arrangement calculate the shearing force at the section, draw the

shear force diagram, and compare the experimental and theoretical value. Be careful

to use the correct sign convention for shear force.

A) Experiment 1

a)

Load on 3rd hanger (400 mm from B)

N 0 10 20

Spring balance force

Shear Force, SE

Theoretical Shear Force, SX

Ratio SE/SX

b)

Load on 2nd hanger (310 mm from B)

N 0 10


Shear Force, SE


Ratio SE/SX


5

c) Load on 1st hanger (100 mm from B)

N 0 10


Shear Force, SE


Ratio SE/SX

B) Experiment 2

Load positions (N) Shear Force, S (N)

W1 W2 W3

Balance Force

(N) SE Sx Ratio

0 0 0 5 0 12 5 2 10 5 10 10

DISCUSSION :

1) When the load was doubled in Part 1 of the experiment, did the shearing force

double?

2) How well did the experimental results agree with the theoretical values? Use the

average of the ratios Experiment 1/Theory 1.


6

TITLE :

S2 – Bending Moment

THEORY :

A length of material supported horizontally at two points in such a way that it will

carry vertical loads is called a beam. The loading perpendicular to its longitudinal axis

causes bending and in most cases transverse shearing. The bending moment at any

point along the beam is equal to the area under the shear force diagram up to the

point.

Given a horizontal beam with vertical loading the internal forces will be

a) for vertical equilibrium a shearing force in the section plane

b) for equilibrium of moments a moment of resistance due to compression in the top

half of the beam section and tension in the bottom half.

OBJECTIVE :

To determine the bending moment at particular sections and compare with the

theoretical calculations.

APPARATUS :

a) Spring balance

b) Masses

c) Load hanger

PROCEDURE :

Referring to Figure S1-2, this experiment is divided into two parts; experiment 1 and

experiment 2.


Figure S2-1

A) Experiment 1

1. Check that the beam supports have been fixed at 900 mm span.

2. Position the first load hanger 100 mm from A, the second hanger in the groove

just to the right of the section (300 mm from A) and the third hanger 300 mm

from B.

3. Align the two parts of the beam using the adjustment on the spring balance and

record the initial 'no load' reading.

4. Place a 10 N weight on the first hanger, re-align the beam and record the balance

reading.

5. Move the weight to the second and third hangers in turn repeating the procedure.

6. Repeat the whole procedure using a 20 N weight.

7


8

B) Experiment 2

1. Without altering the load hangers put a 5 N weight on the second hanger, align the

beam and record the balance reading.

2. Then add 10 N weights to the first and third hangers, align, and re-read the

balance. Record the reading.

3. Move the third hanger to 400 mm from B and after aligning the beam record the

new 'no load' reading.

4. Try two arrangements of the same total loading by placing 5N on the first hanger

and 12N on the third hanger for one balance reading followed by moving the 10N

from the third to second hanger for the next reading.

RESULT :

By subtracting the 'no load' value from each spring balance reading the net force

causing the bending moment at C is found. Multiply this by the 150 mm lever arm to

derive the beading moment. For every case the theoretical bending moment at C is to

be calculated.

In the first section of Experiment 2 the load hangers remain in the Experiment 1

positions. Hence the net force for a single load on any hanger can be derived as a

proportion of the Experiment 1 values. As the system is a linear elastic structure the

individual readings can be summed for multiple loading. Compare the net force when

all three loads are applied with the sum of the values derived from Part 1.

Draw the bending moment diagrams for the Experiment 2 loadings.


A) Experiment 1

Bending moment at C for loading shown;

9

W2 W1

100mm 300mm

600mm

RA

W3

RB

Loading Positions

W1 W2 W3 Load (N)

Balance reading

(N)

Force (N)

Balance reading

(N)

Force (N)

Balance reading

(N)

Force (N)

0

10

20

Bending Moment (Nmm) Load (N)

Experimental Theoretical Experimental Theoretical Experimental Theoretical

10

20


10

B) Experiment 2

a) Bending Moment

(Nmm) W1 (N)

W2 (N)

W3 (N)

Force (N)

RA (N)

RB (N)

Experimental Theoretical

0 0 0

0 5 0

10 5 10

b) Bending Moment

(Nmm) W1 (N)

W2 (N)

W3 (N)

Force (N)

RA (N)

RB (N)

Experimental Theoretical

0 0 0

5 0 12

5 10 2

DISCUSSION :

1) Show the calculations for every load cases.

2) Plot a graph, which compares your experimental results and theoretical results.

3) Did the experimental results verify the theory?

4) Explain briefly the importance of bending moment in civil engineering.


TITLE :

S3 –Deflection of Beam

THEORY :

The elastic bending of a beam leads to a linear relationship between the bending

moment M and radius of curvature R at any point on the beam. It also shows that the

radius depends on the modulus of elasticity E of the beam material and the second

moment of area / of the beam section in the expression;

MEIR =

The more a beam curves (that is, the less the radius of curvature) the greater will be

the deflections.

OBJECTIVE :

To verify the general expression for the deflection of a beam.

APPARATUS :

a) HST.I 12 frame

b) Steel beam

c) Masses

d) Load hanger

e) Dial gauge

11


12

PROCEDURE :

This experiment is divided into three parts, experiment 1, experiment 2 and

experiment 3.

A) Experiment 1 : Deflection proportional to load

1. Set up the knife edge supports to a span of 1 m and lay the 25 x 5 mm beam in

position.

2. Set up the dial gauge over the hanger clamp so that it will follow a downward

deflection of 22-23 mm.

3. Record the initial reading of the dial gauge (both the small and large outer dials)

as the “no-load” datum.

4. Add 50 N load by 5 N increments placing the weights on gently.

5. Record the dial gauge readings for each load.

6. Unload the beam.

B) Experiment 2 : Relationship between deflection and span

1. Change the beam span to 900 mm by moving each knife edge in by 50 mm. The

dial gauge and load hanger will still be at mid-span.

2. Record the no-load datum reading of the dial gauge, and the reading when a 50 N

load is placed on the hanger.

3. Unload the beam.

4. Repeat this procedure for beam spans of 800, 700, 600 and 500 mm.

C) Experiment 3: Deflection inversely proportional to second moment of area

1. With the knife edge supports still at 500mm span change the beam for the 25 x 3mm

cross section specimen. . The load hanger and dial gauge should be kept at mid-span.

2. Record the no-load and 50 N load readings.


RESULT :

For the present let it be accepted that the basic pattern of beam deflections y can be

expressed in a form :

EI

WLcy3

=

which is in some way related to :

EIM

R=

1

A) Experiment 1

E value = . I = .

Width, b = . Depth, d = .

Deflection (mm) Load (N)

Dial Gauge Reading (0.01 mm) Actual Theoretical

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

B) Experiment 2

Dial Gauge Reading (0.01 mm) Deflection (mm) Beam span,

L (mm) L3

No Load 50 N Load Actual Theoretical 0 5 10 15 20

13


14

C) Experiment 3

E value = . I = .

Width, b = . Depth, d = .

Deflection (mm) Load (N)

Dial Gauge Reading (0.01 mm) Actual Theoretical

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

DISCUSSION :

1) Plot a graph of deflection versus mass for all three experiments both for actual and

theoretical values.

2) Comment on the relationship between the mass and the beam deflection.

3) Based on the theoretical and actual deflections, does the equation accurately

predict the behavior of the beam?


15

TITLE :

V1 – Vertical Distance Measurement (Leveling)

THEORY :

Leveling is the procedure used to determining differences in elevation between points

that are some distance from each other. An elevation is a vertical distance above or

below a reference datum. In surveying, the reference datum that is universally

employed is the mean sea level (MSL).

OBJECTIVE :

To make a leveling survey and calculate the results relative to some chosen datum.

APPARATUS :

a) Leveling instrument

b) Leveling staffs

c) Tripod

PROCEDURE :

1. The level is set up at position I1 and a BS taken to the first TBM, the foot of the

staff being held on the TBM and the staff held vertically. (Figure V1-1)

2. The staff is moved to points A and B in turn and readings taken. Points A and B

are intermediate sights.

3. The staff is moved to C (change point) and reading taken. This is an FS.

4. While the staff remains at C, the instrument is moved to another position, I2. A

reading is taken from the new position to the staff at C. This is a BS.

5. The staff is moved to D (intermediate sight) and reading taken.

6. The staff is moved to E being another change point and reading taken.


7. The level is moved to I3 and a new reading is taken from the new position to the

staff at E.

8. Repeat step 6 and 7 until the final staff position is at a point of known RL

(TBM1).

Figure V1 – 1

RESULT :

Booking and Reduced Level Calculations :

The booking and reduction of the readings can be done by the Rise and Fall Method.

Record your booking in Form A (refer Appendix C).

Precision of Leveling :

The allowable misclosure for any leveling sequence is given by:

Allowable misclosure = n5± mm

where n is the number of instrument positions. When the actual and allowable

misclosures are compared and it is found that the actual value is greater than the

allowable value, the leveling should be repeated.

DISCUSSION :

1) Explain the difference between change points and bench marks.

2) Discuss the sources of error exist in leveling.

16


17

TITLE :

V2 – Angle and Distance Measurement

THEORY :

One of the basic purposes of surveying is to determine the relative positions of points

on or near the earth’s surface. Angles, as well as linear distances, are usually

measured to compute the coordinates of any particular point. Angles are measured

between two intersecting lines in either a horizontal plane or a vertical plane. They are

usually expressed in terms of degrees, minutes and seconds of arc.

OBJECTIVE :

To take the reading, recording and reduction of angle and distance measurement data.

APPARATUS :

a) Total station

b) Tripods

c) Prism

d) Nail

e) Hammer

f) Wooden peg

PROCEDURE :

1. The total station is plumbed over peg 1 and accurately leveled. Prisms are

plumbed over peg 2 and 3. (Figure V2-1).

2. Peg 2 is sighted on face left with theodolite set to the required horizontal angle.

The reading is entered in the field book.

3. Peg 3 is sighted and the horizontal angle is taken.


4. The instrument is set to face right (by transiting the telescope) and peg 2 is sighted

again.

5. Peg 3 is sighted and the reading is taken.

6. To measure the distance, collimate the center of prism at peg 2. The reading is

taken and entered in the field book.

7. The total station is moved to peg 3. Prisms are plumbed over peg 1 and 4. Peg 1 is

sighted on face left with theodolite set to the reading taken from step 3 above.

8. Peg 4 is sighted and the horizontal angle is taken. The instrument is set to face

right and peg 1 is sighted again. Then peg 4 is sighted and the reading is taken.

9. Collimate the center of prism at peg 4 and the distance is taken.

4

3

2

1

Figure V2 – 1

RESULT :

Booking and Calculations :

Record your booking in Form B (refer Appendix D).

DISCUSSION :

1) Calculate all the interior angles of your traverse.

2) Explain the accuracy of the angle measurement.

18


19

TITLE :

V3 – Traverse Survey

THEORY :

A traverse consists of an interconnected series of lines, running between a series of

points on the ground called traverse stations. A traverse survey is performed to

measure both the distances between the stations and the angle between the lines.

Traverses have been used for local horizontal control over relatively small area or for

precise control over relatively large area.

OBJECTIVE :

To make a traverse survey, reduce the field data and plot the results graphically.

APPARATUS :

a) Total station

b) Tripods

c) Prism

d) Nail

e) Hammer

f) Wooden peg

PROCEDURE :

1. The total station is plumbed over peg 100 and accurately levelled. Prisms are

plumbed over peg 101 and 3. (Figure V3 – 1)

2. Peg 101 is sighted on face left with theodolite set to the required horizontal angle.

The reading is entered in the field book.

3. Peg 3 is sighted and the horizontal angle is taken.

4. The instrument is set to face right (by transiting the telescope) and peg 101 is

sighted again.


5. Peg 3 is sighted and the reading is taken.

6. To measure the distance, collimate the center of prism at peg 3. The reading is

taken and entered in the field book.

7. The total station is moved to peg 3. Prisms are plumbed over peg 100 and 4. Peg

100 is sighted on face left with theodolite set to the reading taken from step 3

above.

8. Peg 4 is sighted and the horizontal angle is taken. The instrument is set to face

right and peg 100 is sighted again. Then peg 4 is sighted and the reading is taken.

9. Collimate the center of prism at peg 4 and the distance is taken.

10. Repeat step 7 and 8 until the final total station position is at peg 100.

Figure V3-1

20


21

RESULT :

Record your booking in Form B (refer appendix D) and Form C (refer Appendix E).

Accuracy :

The allowable misclosures for any traversing depend on the class of survey. For the

first class survey, the maximum misclosure permissible is 1:8000 and the maximum

angular misclosure permissible is 1’ 15”.

DISCUSSION :

3) Prepare the survey plan for your control traverse.

4) Discuss the sources of error that may arise when measuring traverse angles.


22

TITLE :

V4 – Setting Out Curve

THEORY :

The centre lines of the highways and railroads consist of a series of straight lines

connected by curves. The shape of the curves must be computed by the surveyor so

they can be located on the ground for construction.

OBJECTIVE :

To perform calculations to fix the positions of points forming a horizontal curve.

APPARATUS :

a) Total station

b) Tripods

c) Prism

d) Nail

e) Ranging pole

f) Hammer

g) Wooden peg

h) Measuring tape

PROCEDURE :

1. The total station is set up, centered and leveled at survey station 1, and the final

bearing to point 2 is set on the instrument or set 180° to point 2. (Figure V4 – 1).

2. The horizontal distance to point 2 is measured as a check.

3. The total station is rotated until you get the required bearing and horizontal

distance to the first setting-out point, C1.


4. Hold ranging pole (with prism) vertically at the approximate position of the point

to be set out.

5. The prism is set up, centered and leveled at that approximate position and the

prism is then moved until you get the required bearing and distance.

6. Inserts a peg, re-checks the complete operation and when satisfied that it is

correct, moves to the next setting-out location, C2.

7. With station C1 set, measure the chord length from it and stake station C2, where

the line of sight of the instrument, now set to the required bearing for C2 intersects

the end of that chord.

8. Repeat the procedure 3 - 7 for all the remaining pegs to be set out.

Figure V4 – 1

23


24

RESULT :

Record your booking in Form B (refer Appendix D) and Form C (refer Appendix E).

All curve, calculation and setting out should be submitted in your report.

Accuracy :

The allowable misclosure for any traversing depends on the class of survey. For the

first class survey, the maximum misclosure permissible is 1:8000 and the maximum

angular misclosure permissible is 1’ 15”.

DISCUSSION :

Prepare the survey plan for your control traverse and your design curve.


25

APPENDIX A

SAFETY FIRST

• Follow all instructions carefully.

• Appropriate clothing must be worn in the lab. No loose clothing or jewelry around

operating equipment. Do not wear open toe shoes or sandal in operating

laboratories.

• Do not operate equipment or carry on experiments unless the instructor/technician

is present in the laboratory.

• Assure that necessary safety equipment is readily available and in usable

condition.

• Become familiar with safety precautions and emergency procedures before

undertaking any laboratory work.

• All injuries, no matter how small, must be reported.


APPENDIX B

GUIDELINES

• All laboratory works should be conducted within the period given.

• The laboratory rules and regulations apply throughout the lab sessions.

• Lab report should be submitted ONE (1) WEEK after every lab session.

• Each lab group is to submit only ONE (1) report per lab session (GROUP

SUBMISSION).

• Attendance for every lab session is COMPULSORY. No mark will be given to

any report(s) submitted without attending the lab session(s).

• Reports must be written in the following format :-

Formatting guidelines

– Font type & size : Times new roman, 12

– Spacing : 1.5 spacing

– Margin : left (1.5”), right (1.25”), top (1”) and

bottom (1”)

– Front Cover : See below

– Tape binding

Content guidelines

– Cover page

– Table of content

– Lab code & title of experiment

}

Your own word! – Theory / Introduction

– Objectives Do NOT copy/scan

– Procedure from the lab manual!!!!!– Result

– Discussion

– Conclusion &/ recommendation

– References

26

KNS 1461 Civil Engineering Laboratory 2 Faculty of Engineering Univ

ersiti Malaysia Sarawak

Cover page format

27


28

APPENDIX C

Form A

RISE & FALL METHOD

BS IS FS Rise Fall Initial

RL Adj.

Adj. RL

Remarks

APPENDIX D

Form B

BEARING STATION FROM TO FACE LEFT FACE RIGHT MEAN

FROM STN

FINAL BEARING

TO STN

VERTICAL ANGLE DISTANCE FINAL

DISTANCE

29

APPENDIX E

Form C

LATITUDE DEPARTURE STN FROM TO BEARING DISTANCE REF.

N+ S- E+ W- COORDINATES

30

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