La nueva caficultura en acción: los Sistemas Agroforestales Multiestrato como enfoque para la...

8/16/2019 La nueva caficultura en acción: los Sistemas Agroforestales Multiestrato como enfoque para la producción sostenible del café en ecosistemas frágiles

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Jpudths ah GdvhstgkJmmgýd D¿ 2, Dlvghierh 5?:8 - Ijyl 5?:2

_j`jerjs m`jvhs6 jkrgmu`turj, prlaumtlrhs jkrlblrhstj`hs, hmlsgsthij, sh`vj j`tj, thmdl`lkéj, mjbç.

*Fhbh ah prlyhmtls hd `j Lmgdj Uhkgldj` ah Jiçrgmj @jtgdj ah ]lùmgldhs _rêmtgmjs.

Uhsuihd

H` jrtému`l prhshdtj udj prlpuhstj thmdl`ýkgmj quh]lùmgldhs _rêmtgmjs cj ahsjrrl``jal j pjrtgr

ah` júl 5?:? quh eusmj ̀j rhmuphrjmgýd prlaumtgvj ah ̀js tghrrjs ah ̀j sh`vj j`tj, sgd ahprhajr h`

ihagljieghdth y thdghdal hd muhdtj ̀ls ahsjbéls jmtuj`hs quh h` mjiegl m`giêtgml p`jdthj j ̀ j

jkrgmu`turj ah hsth hmlsgsthij. @j prlpuhstj mldstj ah ud mldfudtl ah thmdl`lkéjs ah ijdhfl

ah` hmlsgsthij (suh`l, vhkhtjmgýd djturj`, y mu`tgvls jkréml`js y blrhstj`hs), ah udj hstrjthkgjah blrtj`hmgighdtl ah mjpjmgajahs ah phquhúls prlaumtlrhs jkrlblrhstj`hs y h` ahsjrrl``l ah

ud sgsthij ah hxthdsgýd jkréml`j ah mjiphsgdl j mjiphsgdl> hd pjrtgmu`jr ahdtrl ah ̀ j mjahdj

prlaumtgvj ah` mjbç, phrl mld plthdmgj`gaja ah shr jp`gmjaj hd ltrjs mjahdjs prlaumtgvjs mlil

`j ah` mjmjl. Ah hstj blrij, ̀ j prlpuhstj sh mldstgtuyh hd `j lpmgýd iês vgje`h (hd tçrigdls

hmldýigmls, ihagljieghdtj`hs y slmgj`hs) pjrj `j prlaummgýd slsthdge`h y mldshrvjmgýd ah `j

sh`vj j`tj ah` _hrö, mlil ̀l ahiuhstrjd ̀ js hvjùjmgldhs y ihagmgldhs rhj`gzjajs j hstj prlpuhstj

y quh h` jrtému`l tjiegçd rhshúj.

_lr6 Flsç Qgrjejdtg*

@j duhvj mjmu`turj hd jmmgýd6 ̀ ls ]gsthijs Jkrlblrhstj`hs Iu`tghstrjtl mlil hdblquh pjrj ̀ j

prlaummgýd slsthdge`h ah` mjbç hd hmlsgsthijs brêkg`hs


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Gdtrlaummgýd

H` ]gsthij Jkrlblrhstj` Iu`tghstrjtl (]JI) hs udj prlpuhstj thmdl`ýkgmj pjrj `j

prlaummgýd slsthdge`h ah mjbç hd hmlsgsthijs brêkg`hs, ahsjrrl``jaj plr]l`umgldhs _rêmtgmjs j

pjrtgr ah` júl 5?:?.

@j prlpuhstj thmdl`ýkgmj sh ejsj hd ̀ ls sgkughdths prgdmgpgls6

:. Mldtrgeumgýd j `j slsthdgeg`gaja jieghdtj` ah` hmlsgsthij (gigtjdal j` sgsthij

ah` elsquh y mldtrl`jdal `ls gipjmtls jieghdtj`hs).

5. J`gdhjighdtl j` ihrmjal (muip`ghdal mldsgsthdthihdth mld `js prhbhrhdmgjs ah

`ls m`ghdths hd mujdtl j mj`gaja ah `ls prlaumtls iês ahijdajals).

]u gip`hihdtjmgýd cj gip`gmjal h` ahsjrrl``l ah ud mldfudtl ah :5 thmdl`lkéjs ah ijdhfl ah`hmlsgsthij (suh`l, vhkhtjmgýd djturj`, mu`tgvls jkréml`js y blrhstj`hs), jahiês ah udj hstrjthkgj

ah blrtj`hmgighdtl ah mjpjmgajahs ah ̀ ls phquhúls prlaumtlrhs ahdtrl ah mjahdj prlaumtgvj

ah` mjbç.

Hd h` 5?:=, hstj prlpuhstj buh gip`hihdtjaj mld :3? phquhúls prlaumtlrhs mjbhtj`hrls

dl lrkjdgzjals ah :: mliudgajahs ah` agstrgtl ah J`ldsl ah J`vjrjal, prlvgdmgj ah

@jijs, rhkgýd ]jd Ijrtéd, _hrö, ̀ lkrêdalsh lethdhr ̀ uhkl ah trhs júls ah gdthrvhdmgýd ̀ls

sgkughdths rhsu`tjals6

• Uhaummgýd ah ̀j ahblrhstjmgýd hd :??% hd `js :: mliudgajahs ah gdthrvhdmgýd

ah` prlyhmtl.

• @j rhmuphrjmgýd prlaumtgvj ah 553 cj ah mjbç jbhmtjajs plr ̀ j rlyj jijrg``j.

• H` gdmrhihdtl ah ̀ j prlaumtgvgaja ah :5 j 58 qq/cj ah mjbç phrkjigdl.

• @j ihflrj ah ̀ j mj`gaja bésgmj ah` mjbç ah 88% j ;=% y ̀ j mj`gaja hd tjzj ah ;2 j 35

pudtls.

• @j jrtgmu`jmgýd mlihrmgj` ah =.??? qugdtj`hs ah mjbç phrkjigdl j hiprhsjs y

mllphrjtgvjs hxplrtjalrjs.

Mlil rhsu`tjal ah tlal ̀ l jdthrglr, :3? phquhúls prlaumtlrhs mjbhtj`hrls gdmrhihdtjrld sugdkrhsl dhtl ah ]/. 5.231 j ]/. 1.=18> hs ahmgr ud 2=% iês.

Jmtuj`ihdth ̀ j prlpuhstj thmdl`ýkgmj hstê sghdal mldsgahrjaj pjrj su hsmj`jighdtl j dgvh`

djmgldj` j trjvçs ah` DJIJ (Ihagajs Djmgldj`hs ah Igtgkjmgýd) pjrj h` mjbç, jsé mlil hd

prlpuhstjs ah ltrjs lrkjdgzjmgldhs prgvjajs, hdtrh h``js6 ‐Ahse`lquhjdal ̀js djdzjs pjrj ̀ls

elsquhs’ ah` mldslrmgl ̀ gahrjal plr K`lej` Mjdlpy _rlkrjiih ah` Uhgdl Xdgal.


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Lefhtgvls y j`mjdmh ah ̀ j prlpuhstj

@j prlpuhstj cj sgal gip`hihdtjaj hd dmjs ah phquhúls prlaumtlrhs dl lrkjdgzjals

ah hmlsgsthijs brêkg`hs ah ̀ j sh`vj j`tj, quh hd prlihagl tghdhd 8 cj ah thrrhdl y ah ̀ js muj`hs

5,1 cj hstêd ahagmjals j` mu`tgvl ah mjbç. @j gdstj`jmgýd ah ̀ ls mu`tgvls y hd pjrtgmu`jr h` mjbçhd hstjs zldjs cj sgal rhj`gzjaj sgd thdhr hd muhdtj ̀ j mjpjmgaja ah usl ijylr ah ̀ ls suh`ls,

sgkughdal ̀ j prêmtgmj ah ̀ j jkrgmu`turj igkrjtlrgj, ̀ l muj` cj khdhrjal ud krjd gipjmtl hd ̀ j

eglagvhrsgaja y hd ̀j hmldliéj ah ̀ls phquhúls prlaumtlrhs.

H` lefhtgvl ah ̀j prlpuhstj buh ̀j rhmldvhrsgýd ah ̀js p`jdtjmgldhs ah mjbç usjdal ud hdblquh ah

]gsthijs Jkrlblrhstj`hs Iu`tghstrjtl. _jrj h``l sh ahsjrrl``jrld ud pjquhth ah :5 thmdl`lkéjs

lrghdtjajs j gdmrhihdtjr ̀j prlaumtgvgaja, ̀j ihflrj ah ̀j mj`gaja, ̀j rhmuphrjmgýd prlaumtgvj ah

`ls suh`ls y ̀j rhaummgýd ah higsgldhs.

Ihtlal`lkéj ah rhmldvhrsgýd ah mjbhtj`hs

@j rhmldvhrsgýd ah p`jdtjmgldhs ah mjbç hd ]gsthijs Jkrlblrhstj`hs Iu`tghstrjtl sh rhj`gzj

thdghdal hd muhdtj ̀js htjpjs l pjsls sgkughdths6

Agjkdýstgml ah `j udgaja prlaumtgvj l dmj

H` agjkdýstgml ah ̀ j dmj phrigth mldlmhr ̀ j mjpjmgaja ah usl ah ̀ js tghrrjs j dgvh` igmrl, ̀ jagstrgeumgýd ah `ls mu`tgvls jkréml`js y blrhstj`hs, h` sgsthij ah ijdhfl, `j prlaummgýd,

prlaumtgvgaja y mj`gaja ah ̀ls prlaumtls, h` dgvh` tçmdgml, mu`turj` y slmgj` ah ̀ j bjig`gj mjiphsgdj

y, plr ö`tgil, mýil hsth mldfudtl ah h`hihdtls y mjrjmthréstgmjs gdstuhdmgjals plr ̀js jmtgvgajahs

quh rhj`gzj h` clierh gdthrjmtöjd ah ijdhrj plsgtgvj l dhkjtgvj hd h` ahsjrrl``l y budmgldjighdtl

ah` hmlsgsthij.

@j hvjùjmgýd ah `j mjpjmgaja ah usl ijylr ah `js tghrrjs j dgvh` igmrl

_hrigth ahthrigdjr `j jptgtua djturj` ah `ls suh`ls, ahthrigdjdal su mjpjmgaja h gahdtgmjdal

sus ̀gigtjmgldhs pjrj prlaumgr hd blrij mldstjdth ejfl trjtjighdtls mldtgduls y usls hsphmémls.H` rhk`jihdtl djmgldj` ah m`jsgmjmgýd ah tghrrjs plr su mjpjmgaja ah usl ijylr mldsgahrj

mgdml krupls6 tghrrjs jptjs pjrj mu`tgvl hd `gipgl (J), tghrrjs jptjs pjrj mu`tgvl phrijdhdth (M),

tghrrjs jptjs pjrj pjstl (_), tghrrjs jptjs pjrj prlaummgýd blrhstj` (B), tghrrjs ah prlthmmgýd (S).

Hvjùjmgýd ah `j agstrgeumgýd ah `ls mu`tgvls jkréml`js

H` shkudal pjsl hs hvjùjr sg `ls mu`tgvls jkréml`js y blrhstj`hs sh cjd gdstj`jal rhsphtjdal `j

mjpjmgaja ah `ls suh`ls. Hd hstj htjpj hs giplrtjdth h`jelrjr h` ijpj ah `j dmj gdagmjdal `j

m`jsgmjmgýd ah `js tghrrjs, `j agstrgeumgýd ah `ls mu`tgvls y `js êrhjs ah prlthmmgýd.


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Hvjùjmgýd ah` sgsthij ah ijdhfl ah `ls mu`tgvls jkréml`js y blrhstj`hs

Hstj hvjùjmgýd phrigth ahthrigdjr sg h` sgsthij ah ijdhfl ah `ls mu`tgvls jkréml`js y blrhstj`hs

rhspldah j `j mj`gaja jkrl`ýkgmj (prlpghajahs ah bhrtg`gaja, mldagmgldhs bésgmjs, rh`jmgldhs

suh`l-jkuj, `js mjrjmthréstgmjs ah rh`ghvh y m`giêtgmjs aligdjdths, y rhprhshdtj h` rhsuihdah `j plthdmgj`gaja ah` suh`l pjrj prlaumgr p`jdtjs hsphmémjs l shmuhdmgjs ah h``js ejfl ud

mldfudtl ah prêmtgmjs ahdgajs).

Hvjùjmgýd ah `j prlaummgýd, prlaumtgvgaja y mj`gaja ah `ls prlaumtls

Hstj hvjùjmgýd phrigth ahthrigdjr h` rhdagighdtl prlaumtgvl ah `ls mu`tgvls y `j mj`gaja ah

`ls prlaumtls. Hd h` mjsl ah` mjbç, `j hvjùjmgýd ah `j prlaummgýd sh rhj`gzj jdths ah` gdgmgl

ah `j mlshmcj (hstgijmgýd ah `j prlaummgýd) y j` dj` ah `j mjipjúj pjrj thdhr ud ajtl

mlipjrjtgvl, ̀ j mj`gaja ah` mjbç (rhdagighdtl bésgml y mj`gaja hd tjzj) sh rhj`gzj hd mjaj mlshmcj

y `j gdblrijmgýd sgrvh mlil chrrjighdtj ah dhklmgjmgýd. Ah ijdhrj pjrj`h`j sh vj hvjùjdal`j gdbrjhstrumturj ah prlaummgýd, mlshmcj y plsmlshmcj, mld `j dj`gaja ah ahthrigdjr `ls

pudtls mrétgmls hd mjaj htjpj prlaumtgvj.

Hvjùjmgýd tçmdgmj, mu`turj` y slmgj` ah `j bjig`gj mjiphsgdj

Hstj hvjùjmgýd phrigth ahthrigdjr h` phr` ah `j bjig`gj mjiphsgdj y, j pjrtgr ah h``l, plahr

agshújr `j prlpuhstj, hstrjthkgj y ihtlal`lkéj ah mjpjmgtjmgýd. Hstj gdblrijmgýd sh letghdh

ihagjdth ̀ j jp`gmjmgýd ah udj mcj ah gdblrijmgýd slmglhmldýigmj.

H`jelrjmgýd ah` p`jd ah dmj

H` p`jd ah dmj sh h`jelrj mld pjrtgmgpjmgýd ah ̀ j bjig`gj y h` bjmg`gtjalr> pjrj h``l hs dhmhsjrgl

h`jelrjr h` ijpj jmtuj` ah `j dmj gdmlrplrjdal `j gdblrijmgýd ah` agjkdýstgml (gdblrijmgýd

khdhrj`, ̀j agstrgeumgýd ah ̀ls mu`tgvls, ̀ls pudtls mrétgmls y plthdmgj`gajahs). Mld ̀j gdblrijmgýd

ah` agjkdýstgml rhprhshdtjaj ah ijdhrj krêmj hd ud ijpj, h` sgkughdth pjsl hs h`jelrjr h`

ijpj buturl ah ̀ j dmj, h` muj` aheh mldthdhr ̀ j sgkughdth gdblrijmgýd6 gdblrijmgýd khdhrj`,

vgsgýd, agstrgeumgýd ah ̀ls mu`tgvls y h` p`jd ah ihflrjs.

H`jelrjmgýd h` p`jd ah rhmldvhrsgýd ah `j pjrmh`j ah mjbç

Hsth p`jd hs hsphmébgml pjrj h` mu`tgvl ah mjbç y blrij pjrth ah` p`jd khdhrj` ah ̀ j bgdmj. @j

rhmldvhrsgýd ah udj p`jdtjmgýd ah mjbç hd ud ]gsthij Jkrlblrhstj` Iu`tghstrjtl mldsgsth hd ̀ j

gip`hihdtjmgýd ah ud mldfudtl ah :5 thmdl`lkéjs, lrghdtjajs j gdmrhihdtjr ̀j prlaumtgvgaja y

mj`gaja ah` mjbç hd blrij slsthdge`h quh phrigtj sjtgsbjmhr ̀j ahijdaj ah ̀ls ihrmjals ah mjbçs

hsphmgj`hs. Hsth p`jd ahehrê mldtjr mld ud mrldlkrjij ah jmtgvgajahs y prhsupuhstl.


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Gip`hihdtjmgýd ah` p`jd ah rhmldvhrsgýd

H` p`jd ah rhmldvhrsgýd sh rhj`gzj jp`gmjdal ̀js thmdl`lkéjs sgkughdths6

:. Mlehrturj ah êrel`hs pjrj mjiegl m`giêtgmlHstj thmdl`lkéj mldsgsth hd `j gdstj`jmgýd ah êrel`hs pjrj ajr slierj j` mjbç, y

j` igsil tghipl, khdhrjr mldagmgldhs igmrlm`giêtgmjs hsphmgj`hs quh phrigtjd

rhaumgr `j gdmgahdmgj ah p`jkjs y hdbhrihajahs, ihflrjr `j mj`gaja ah` mjbç, rhaumgr

h` gipjmtl ah `js shquéjs prl`ldkjajs y mldtrl`jr `j hrlsgýd. Jsgigsil, `ls êrel`hs

ah slierj sld mjpjmhs ah rhmgm`jr dutrghdths> ihflrjdal ̀ j bhrtg`gaja ah ̀ ls suh`ls,

y kjrjdtgzjdal mlshmcjs slsthdge`hs j `jrkl p`jzl.

5. _laj sgsthiêtgmj ah` mjbç

@j plaj sgsthiêtgmj sh ahdh mlil `j jp`gmjmgýd ah `j plaj j ud krupl ah p`jdtjs

(plr hfhip`l, udj pjrmh`j ah mjbç), `j igsij quh puhah shr rhj`gzjaj plr surmls,

`lths l hd blrij shmuhdmgj` y hd mgm`ls ah rhdlvjmgýd ah =, 1, 8 y 2 júls. @j aurjmgýd

ah` mgm`l ah rhdlvjmgýd hstê hd budmgýd ah ̀ j haja ah` mjbhtj`, ahdsgaja ah sghierjy `j `lmj`gaja.

Mld hstj thmdl`lkéj sh `lkrj gdmrhihdtjr `j prlaumtgvgaja j mlrtl p`jzl (: j 5

júls), rhaumghdal `ls mlstls ah prlaummgýd j` bjmg`gtjr `js `jelrhs ah bhrtg`gzjmgýd

y mldtrl` ah p`jkjs.


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=. _rlaummgýd ah jeldls lrkêdgmls j trjvçs ah igmrllrkjdgsils hmghdths

Hstj thmdl`lkéj mldsgsth hd `j ahsmliplsgmgýd ah rhsgauls lrkêdgmls prlaumgals

hd `j dmj (pu`pj ah mjbç, hxmrhihdtls ah jdgij`hs, rhsgauls ah mlmgdj, hdtrh

ltrls) j trjvçs ah `j jp`gmjmgýd ah igmrllrkjdgsils hmghdths (HI) quh jmh`hrjd h`

prlmhsl ah ahsmliplsgmgýd, phrigtghdal lethdhr jeldl lrkêdgml tgpl mliplst

y egl` hd ud phrglal ah 58 j 18 aéjs, ahphdaghdal ah` ijdhfl y `js mldagmgldhs

m`giêtgmjs ah mjaj zldj.

Mld hstj thmdl`lkéj sh `lkrj rhaumgr `ls mltls ah bhrtg`gzjmgýd ah `j p`jdtjmgýd

ah mjbç hd ud 8?%, `j rhaummgýd ah higsgldhs ah ihtjdl prgdmgpj`ihdth y `j

rhaummgýd ah `ls dgvh`hs ah mldtjigdjmgýd ah `js jkujs.


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1. Jeldjighdtl lrkêdgml ah` mjbç

Hstj thmdl`lkéj mldsgsth hd `j jp`gmjmgýd ah bhrtg`gzjdths lrkêdgmls (mliplst, egl`,

htm.) j` suh`l y clfj ah` mjbhtj`> quh sld prlaumgals plr `ls prlpgls prlaumtlrhs hd

sus dmjs y hd j`kudls mjsls mlip`hihdtjals mld bhrtg`gzjdths lrkêdgmls hxthrdls

(kujdl ah gs`js, su`bjtl ah pltjsgl, rlmj blsbýrgmj, htm.), mld h` d ah suigdgstrjr

j` mu`tgvl `ls dutrghdths dhmhsjrgls quh phrigtjd gdmrhihdtjr `j prlaumtgvgaja,

ihflrjr `j mj`gaja y rhaumgr `j gdmgahdmgj ah p`jkjs y hdbhrihajahs.


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8. Qhrrjzjs ah blrijmgýd `hdtj

Hstj thmdl`lkéj mldsgsth hd `j blrijmgýd ah thrrjp`hdhs ah ijdhrj prlkrhsgvj hd

`ls surmls ah` mjbç plr hbhmtl ah jrrjstrh y jmuiu`jmgýd ah suh`l. Hstjs thrrjzjs

sh puhahd mldstrugr sgd `j dhmhsgaja ah rhilvhr h` suh`l, utg`gzjdal vêstjkls ah

p`êtjdl, tj``ls y rjijs prlvhdghdths ah `j plaj ah` mjbç y êrel`hs ah slierj.Jsgigsil, sh aheh utg`gzjr Hrytrgdj sp mlil ejrrhrj vgvj, mld h` d ah gdmrhihdtjr

`j mjpjmgaja ah rhthdmgýd ah` suh`l mldtrj `j hrlsgýd.

Mld hstj thmdl`lkéj sh `lkrj rhaumgr `j hrlsgýd ah` suh`l, gdmrhihdtjr `j mjpjmgaja

ah rhthdmgýd ah `j cuihaja y bjmg`gtjr `j gdmlrplrjmgýd ah dutrghdths j` suh`l.

2. Mlehrturjs vgvjs suphrmgj`hs

@js mlehrturjs vgvjs suphrmgj`hs sld jquh``js p`jdtjs ‑prgdmgpj`ihdth ̀hkuigdlsjs‑

quh sh jslmgjd mld ̀ls mu`tgvls phrijdhdths mlil h` mjbç, mld ̀j dj`gaja ah prlthkhr

`j hrlsgýd y rhmuphrjr `j bhrtg`gaja ah `ls suh`ls, yj quh budmgldjd mlil buhdth

prlvhhalrj ah dutrghdths y ijthrgj lrkêdgmj. Hstjs p`jdtjs tghdhd ̀ j mjpjmgaja ah fjr

h` dgtrýkhdl jtilsbçrgml y trjdsblrijr`l hd dutrghdth jprlvhmcje`h pjrj `j p`jdtj.

Mld hstj thmdl`lkéj sh `lkrj rhaumgr `ls mlstls ah flrdj`hs pjrj h` mldtrl` ah

ij`hzjs y `ls mlstls ah bhrtg`gzjmgýd.


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;. Mldtrl` lrkêdgml y egl`ýkgml ah p`jkjs y hdbhrihajahs

H` mldtrl` lrkêdgml hstê rhbhrgal j` usl ah gdsuils quéigmls prlvhdghdths ah

buhdths djturj`hs (mj` jkréml`j, su`bjtl ah mlerh, jzubrh, htm.) y ah j`kudjs p`jdtjs

quh tghdhd prlpghajahs gdshmtgmgajs, budkgmgajs y dhijtgmgajs mlil lrtgkj, jfl,

jfé, pjpjyj, tlijth, htm.

H` mldtrl` egl`ýkgml hs ud içtlal ah mldtrl` ah p`jkjs y hdbhrihajahs mlil `j

rlyj jijrg``j y erlmj ah` mjbç> utg`gzjdal ahprhajalrhs (lrkjdgsils vgvls) mlilEhjuvhrgj ejssgjdj, @hmjdgmg``gui ̀ hmjddg , hdtrh ltrls.

Mld hstj thmdl`lkéj sh `lkrj rhaumgr `j gdmgahdmgj ah p`jkjs y hdbhrihajahs sgd

j`thrjr h` jkrlhmlsgsthij, ahegal j su ejfl dgvh` ah tlxgmgaja.


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3. Mlshmcj sh`hmtgvj ah mjbç

Hstj thmdl`lkéj mldsgsth hd rhml`hmtjr sl`jihdth `ls krjdls l mhrhzls quh cjd

j`mjdzjal su p`hdj ijaurjmgýd, ahsmjrtjdal `ls krjdls vhrahs, pgdtldhs, shmls

y ‐slerhijaurls’.

Mld hstj thmdl`lkéj sh `lkrj ihflrjr `j mj`gaja bésgmj ah` krjdl y `j mj`gaja hd tjzj

ah` mjbç, `l muj` gdstuyh agrhmtjihdth hd su prhmgl j` ilihdtl ah `j dhklmgjmgýd

y mlihrmgj`gzjmgýd.

7. ]gsthij ah ehdhmgl cöihal ah mjbç

]h ahdh mlil `j gdbrjhstrumturj eêsgmj quh mjaj prlaumtlr aheh gip`hihdtjr

hd su dmj pjrj lethdhr ud ehdhmgl hd `j htjpj ah plsmlshmcj ah` mjbç. Hstj

gdbrjhstrumturj hstê mlipuhstj plr udj ahspu`pjalrj, tjdquh-tgdj y shmjalr

sl`jr. Hsth sgsthij phrigth trjdsblrijr h` mjbç mhrhzl hd mjbç phrkjigdl shml j`

:5% ah cuihaja, `gstl pjrj su mlihrmgj`gzjmgýd.

Mld hstj thmdl`lkéj sh `lkrj ihflrjr `j mj`gaja bésgmj y hd tjzj ah` mjbç, bjmg`gtjdal`j jrtgmu`jmgýd j `ls ihrmjals ah mjbçs hsphmgj`hs. Jsgigsil, phrigth rhaumgr h`

mldsuil ah jkuj ah 58 j 8 `gtrls plr ng`lkrjil ah mjbç y `j rhaummgýd ah `ls

mlstls hd ud =?% aurjdth `j htjpj ah plsmlshmcj.

Hd h` mjsl ah` prlyhmtl gip`hihdtjal plr ]l`umgldhs _rêmtgmjs, `uhkl ah =2

ihshs ah gdthrvhdmgýd sh `lkrý ihflrjr `j mj`gaja bésgmj ah` mjbç ah 88% j ;=%

y `j mj`gaja hd tjzj ah ;2 j 35 pudtls, `l muj` khdhrý iumcl gdthrçs ah `js

prgdmgpj`hs hiprhsjs y mllphrjtgvjs hxplrtjalrjs j dgvh` rhkgldj` y djmgldj`.


11/16

::

:?. Qrjtjighdtl ah jkujs pjrj rhaumgr higsgldhs

H` trjtjighdtl ah jkujs sh rhj`gzj hd als htjpjs utg`gzjdal als plzjs l `jkudjs

ah trjtjighdtl.

@j prgihrj htjpj sh gdgmgj hd `j prgihrj plzj mld `j alsgmjmgýd ah mhpjs

jmtgvjajs ah igmrllrkjdgsils quh ahkrjajd `j ijthrgj lrkêdgmj hxgsthdth hd h`

jkuj. _jrj h``l sh jkrhkj ud `gtrl ah mhpj ah HI jmtgvjal plr mjaj 5.??? `gtrls

ah jkuj igh`, sghdal dhmhsjrgl ijdthdhr h` jkuj hd hstj htjpj plr ud tghipl

iédgil ah = aéjs.

@j shkudaj htjpj mlrrhspldah j ̀j hstjeg`gzjmgýd ah ̀lal ihagjdth ̀j gdtrlaummgýd

ah p`jdtjs jmuêtgmjs. Hsth prlmhsl sh rhj`gzj hd `j shkudaj plzj.

Mld hstj thmdl`lkéj sh `lkrj rhaumgr `js higsgldhs aurjdth h` prlmhsl ah

plsmlshmcj y, j` igsil tghipl, agsigdugr `ls dgvh`hs ah mldtjigdjmgýd ah `js

buhdths jmuébhrjs.


12/16

:5

::. Uhdlvjmgýd ah mjbhtj`hs ihagjdth sghierjs duhvjs

Hstj thmdl`lkéj mldsgsth hd `j rhgdstj`jmgýd ah p`jdtjmgldhs ah mjbç ahegal j

bjmtlrhs prgdmgpj`ihdth ah ejfj prlaumtgvgaja y mj`gaja, j`tl dgvh` ah gdmgahdmgj

ah p`jkjs y hdbhrihajahs.

@j rhdlvjmgýd ah mjbhtj`hs ̀ h phrigth j` prlaumtlr udj ihflr p`jdgmjmgýd y agshúl

ah su p`jdtjmgýd, lrghdtjaj j gdmrhihdtjr `j prlaumtgvgaja y ihflrj ah `j mj`gaja

ah blrij slsthdge`h.

:5. Jeldjighdtl ah pjrmh`js rhdlvjajs

H` jeldjighdtl ah pjrmh`js rhdlvjajs sh rhj`gzj hd budmgýd ah` jdê`gsgs ah suh`ls.

Hd `js prgihrjs htjpjs ah mrhmgighdtl ah `j p`jdtjmgýd hs giplrtjdth jp`gmjr j`

suh`l bhrtg`gzjdths lrkêdgmls mld ijylr mldmhdtrjmgýd ah býsblrl, dgtrýkhdl y

pltjsgl> mlil plr hfhip`l mliplst, kujdl ah gs`js y rlmj blsbýrgmj> jahiês ah

igmrldutrghdths hd blrij bl`gjr (su`bjtl ah mlerh, zgdm, elrl, ijdkjdhsl, jzubrh,hrrl, htm.). Aurjdth `j htjpj ah gdgmgl ah `j prlaummgýd (j pjrtgr ah `ls trhs júls

ah haja) sh aheh mlip`hihdtjr `j bhrtg`gzjmgýd shköd `ls rhsu`tjals ah` jdê`gsgs ah

suh`l y h` plthdmgj` prlaumtgvl.


13/16

:=

Mlstl ah` p`jd ah rhmldvhrsgýd ah mjbhtj`hs

J mldtgdujmgýd prhshdtjils ̀ ls mlstls ah gip`hihdtjmgýd ah ̀ js thmdl`lkéjs ah ijdhfl ah`

]gsthij Jkrlblrhstj` Iu`tghstrjtl ejfl ̀ ls sgkughdths supuhstls6

• Hxgsth ud mjbhtj` quh dhmhsgtj rhcjeg`gtjrsh.

• @ls prlaumtlrhs jsuihd h` :??% ah ̀j ijdl ah lerj.

• Hxgsthd gdvhrsgldhs (prlaummgýd ah jeldls) quh sld krupj`hs y muyl mlstl ah

prlaummgýd dl sh rhsthfj hd ̀ls mlstls ah` mjbhtj`.

• Hxgsth ud mlstl ah mjpjmgtjmgýd ah prliltlrhs (yjmcjmcgqs) quh aheh

rhj`gzjrsh prhvgjihdth.

• @ls mlstls dl gdm`uyhd ̀j jsgsthdmgj tçmdgmj, dg ildgtlrhl, dg kjstls jaigdgstrjtgvls>

mldthip`jd sl`l ̀j gip`hihdtjmgýd agrhmtj.


14/16

:1

Qje`j :6 Mlstls ah rhmldvhrsgýd ah : cj ah mjbç

Qje`j 56 Iýau`l6 Ijdhfl ah` mu`tgvl ah mjbç hd hmlsgsthijs brêkg`hs

Htjpjs ah` tj``hr ah _II Xdgaja Mlstl tltj`

Bgdjdmgjighdtl

_rlyhmtl _rlaumtlrhs

Qltj` Qltj`

Mlehrturj ah êrel`hs pjrj mjiegl m`giêtgml cj =1?,?? 13,?? 575,??Uhdlvjmgýd ah mjbhtj`hrjs ihagjdth plaj sgsthiêtgmj cj 13?,?? ?,?? 13?,??

_rlaummgýd ah jeldl lrkêdgml j trjvçs ah igmrllrkjdgsils hmghdths cj 33=,58 582,?? 25;,58

Jeldjighdtl lrkêdgml ah mjbç cj 5.5=2,?? 18?,?? :.;32,??

Qhrrjzjs ah blrijmgýd `hdtj cj 27:,?? ?,?? 27:,??

Mlehrturjs vgvjs suphrmgj`hs cj =5?,?? ?,?? =5?,??

Mldtrl` lrkêdgml y egl`ýkgml hd p`jkjs y hdbhrihajahs ah` mjbç cj 727,?? 5==,8? ;=8,8?

Mlshmcj sh`hmtgvj ah mjbç cj 1?3,?? ?,?? 1?3,??

]gsthij ah ehdhmgl cöihal ah mjbç ]gsthij =.:8;,?? 2;;,?? 5.13?,??

Qrjtjighdtl ah jkujs pjrj rhaumgr higsgldhs ]gsthij 581,8? :=3,8? ::2,??

_rhsupuhstl tltj` (]/.) 7.;=3,;8 :.3?=,?? ;.7=8,;8

_lrmhdtjfh (%) :??,??% :3,8:% 3:,17%

Mlipldhdths D¿ Xdgajahs agaêmtgmjs Clrjs

Blrijmgýd hsphmémj (;?%)

: Jdê`gsgs ah` jkrlhmlsgsthij 5?

5 Uhdlvjmgýd ah mjbhtj`hs ihagjdth plaj 5?

= Uhdlvjmgýd ah mjbhtj`hs ihagjdth sghierjs duhvjs 5?

1 Dutrgmgýd y bhrtg`gzjmgýd ah` mu`tgvl ah mjbç 5?

8 Ijdhfl ah vgvhrls y khrigdjalrhs 5?

2 Ijdhfl gdthkrjal ah p`jkjs y hdbhrihajahs ah` mjbç 5?

; ]uh`ls, ijdhfl y mldshrvjmgýd 5?

3 Mjiegl m`giêtgml y su gipjmtl hd h` mu`tgvl ah mjbç 5?

7 Jeldls lrkêdgmls, prhpjrjmgýd y blrijs ah usjr`js 5?

:? Jkrlblrhsthréj iu`tghstrjtl mlil hstrjthkgj ah jajptjmgýd j`mjiegl m`giêtgml 5?

:: Ijdhfl ah mlshmcj, plsmlshmcj y jdê g̀sgs ah mj`gaja ah` mjbç 5?

:5 Ihtlal`lkéjs ah hxthdsgýd y bjmg`gtjmgýd 5?

_rêmtgmj prh prlbhsgldj` (=?%) ;5

Qltj` ah clrjs ah` iýau`l =:5

Hstrjthkgj ah blrtj`hmgighdtl ah mjpjmgajahs pjrj `j gip`hihdtjmgýd ah` p`jd

:. Blrijmgýd ah prliltlrhs jkrlblrhstj`hs

@ls prliltlrhs muip`hd udj budmgýd hstrjtçkgmj ahdtrl ah` sgsthij ah hxthdsgýd

rurj`, lrkjdgzjtgvj y mlihrmgj`. _lr `l khdhrj`, sld prlaumtlrhs fývhdhs ah hdtrh

:3 y =8 júls ah haja mld mghrtl krjal ah `gahrjzkl y quh jahiês muhdtjd mld h`

rhspj`al ah `j mliudgaja pjrj ahshiphújr h` mjrkl ah jshslrhs tçmdgmls.

Hd h` prlyhmtl ‐Gdmrhihdtl ah `j mliphtgtgvgaja prlaumtgvj-mlihrmgj` ah mjbhtj`hrls ahJ`ldsl ah J`vjrjal, rhkgýd ]jd Ijrtéd’ (prlyhmtl Mjbç) ah ]l`umgldhs _rêmtgmjs sh

blrijrld := prliltlrhs jkrlblrhstj̀hs j dgvh` thýrgml y prêmtgml (=:5 clrjs ̀hmtgvjs). Hstls

prliltlrhs sh hdmjrkjd ah jshslrjr j `ls prlaumtlrhs hd sus rhsphmtgvjs mliudgajahs.


15/16


16/16

:2

Krêml :6 Ijpj ah` sgsthij ah ihrmjal ah mjbç ah` agstrgtl ah

J`ldsl ah J`vjrjal, prlvgdmgj ah @jijs, rhkgýd ]jd Ijrtéd - 5?:8

Lrkjdgzjals hdMligtçs6 :?%Rlùihd6 5?%

Lrkjdgzjals hdMllphrjtgvjs6 8%

Rlùihd6 8%

Gdagvgauj`hs6 38%Rlùihd6 ;8%

IHUMJAL BGDJ@ HS_LUQJALUH]_rlmhsjalrhs _ULAXMQLUH]GDQHUIHAGJUGL]

Jmlpgjalrhs

]uphrihrmjals

Igdlrgstjs

Mjbhthréjs

Mldsuigalrbgdj`

GI_LUQJALUH]6]usthgdje`h Cjrvhst,Ulyj` Mlbbhh, L`ji,

Ehdhmnh Mlbbhh, J`hkrl,_jdjihrgmjd Mlbbh

QL]QJALUH]6Ulyj` Mlbbhh, Dhst`ç,]jrj @hh, Nrjbt Blla

_l`étgmjs ah ahsjrrl``l ah ̀ j mjahdj ahsjrtgmu`jajs hdtrh ̀ js Gdstgtumgldhs KU ]I y `js gdstgtumgldhssusmrgtjs j` IGDJKUG (]HDJ]J, GDGJ) trjejfjd hd muip`gighdtl ah lefhtgvls y ihtjs gdstgtumgldj`hs

JIEGHDQH

AH DHKLMGL

MJAHDJ AH

RJ@LU

@HWHDAJ

Uh`jmgýd açeg`6

Uh`jmgýd ihagj6

Uh`jmgýd buhrth6

Aheg` mllragdjmgýd hdtrh ̀ ls jmtlrhs ah `j mjahdj ah` mjbç, KU]I, AUJ]JI, IGDJKUG, ]HDJ]J,GDGJ, ``hkjd ah ijdhrj hsmjsj j `js zldjs rurj`hs plr bj`tj ah prhsupuhstl

Dgvh`hs ah jsgsthdmgj tçmdgmj hsmjsj mld mlehrturj ihdls j` :%

Hxplrtjd plml vlùihd (:?% j 5?% prlaummgýd/ jslmgjals)Mjpgtj` ah trjejfl g̀igtjal (gdt. 7-:5% jduj` $.)

J`tls mlstls lphrjtgvls y ejfj lbhrtj ah mjbç ah mj`gaja

_rlaummgýd djmgldj 6̀ 152.??? cj, Uhda. 2:5 nk/cj._rlaummgýd rhkgldj 6̀ 73.??? cj, Uhda. ;1? nk/cj, rhp. 5=%_rlaummgýd @jijs6 :5.15: cj, Uhda. 3:2 nk/cj, rhp. 5,37%_rlaummgýd J`ldsl ah J`vjrjal6 5.?31 prlaumtlrhs, 3.==8 cj, Uhda.3:2 nk/cj, rhp. :,32 %

Buhdth AUJ]JI 5?:2_rlyhmtl Mjbç6 :3? prlaumtlrhs, 153,1 cj, Uhda. :.??3 nk/cj, rhp. ?,:%

_ULRHHALUH]

AH ]HURGMGL]

MLL_HUJQGRJ]MHDQULBJBÇ,

JAG]J, BUXQL] AH]H@RJ, J_ULHML,

MJBÇ ALDMH@,MJ_HRJ

Rlùihd :3%

HI_UH]J] JI]J, _HUCX]JM,

_ULAH@]XU,MJBHDLU, MLGDMJ,

@LXG] AUHWBX],LXQ]_JI

Rlùihd 35%

IlylejiejRl`öihd 3%

Khrjral J`vjrjal,

jmlpgjalrhs

Ihrmjal Jyjydjd

Mjshrélsvl`öihd 57%

UhdjàlKjrméj, Cg`jrglcujiêd, _harl

Fu`gl Kjrméj,

Ijrgl Ah`kjalUlfjs, JaêdRêsquhz

Uhqugs6vl`öihd 3=%

Khrjral J`vjrjal,

Uýiu`l @lmjdl,[g̀ g̀ji

Ulargkuhz

@hýd, Ijrmgj`Mlrldh`, Cg̀ jrgl@lzjdl, Jkdj`

Rêsquhz

BGDJDMGHUJ]6 Jkrlejdml,MIJM _gurj,MJM ]jdtlMrgstl ahEjkjrjd,Mllpjm

Dlrjdagdl

@HWH]6@hy

Blrtj`hmgighdtlah `j mjahdj.@hy blrhstj`hs y

jieghdtj`hs.LrahdjdzjsUhkgldj`hs.

_L@GQGMJ AHH]QJAL6

_`jd Djm.Mliphtgtgvgaja_rlkrjij Ahs.

Jkrjrgl_`jd Djm.

Uhdlv.Mjbhtj`hs

]XDJQ. Bldalsmldmursje`hs

GDBLUIJ@GAJAMllphrjalrhs y

vhdahalrhsgdblrij`hs.Qhdhdmgj ah

prhagls sgd tgtu`l.

MJIEGLM@GIÊQGML6

Jpjrgmgýd ahp`jkjs,hdbhrihajahs(Ulyj, lfl ahpl`l, erlmj`,cujymls yshqugjs)

_L@ÉQGMJ]BGDJDMGHUJ]6

J`tjs tjzjs ahgdthrçs. _lr h``lsmjiegjrgjgdhstje`h.

Gdvhrsgldhs hdshmtlr

mldstrummgýd yvgvghdaj

_L@ÉQGMJ]BGDJDMGHUJ]6

J`tjs tjzjs ahgdthrçs. _lr h``lsmjiegjrgjgdhstje`h.

Gdvhrsgldhs hdshmtlr

mldstrummgýd yvgvghdaj

L_LUQXDGAJAH]MLIHUMGJ@H]6

Ahijdaj ahmjbçs ah j`tjmj`gaja (tjzj 38)

]ustjgdje`hcjrvhst.

GDth`gkhdmgjmlbbhh.

MLL_HUJMGÝDGDQHUDJMGLDJ@6

Lplrtudgajahsah bgdjdmgjighd-tl ah prlyhmtl

J]G]QHDMGJQÇMDGMJ6

]l`gajrgaja,Qhmcdlshrvh,

_HCMEI,AUJ]JI,]lùmgldhs_rêmtgmjs

GDRH]QGKJ-MGÝD WQUJD][email protected], GGJ_

(hsmjsj plrbj`tj ah

prhsupuhstl)

MHUQGBGMJ-MGÝD BQL6

Mldtrl`Xdgýd

Egl`jtgdjGil Mldtrl`

MhrhsB@L-MHUQ

]HDJ]J6(Jushdth plr

bj`tj ahprhsupuhstl)

GD]XIL]6 JKULUX-UJ@ BJ]H

_hröWjrj _huMli. y

MlipjúgjQKM

CHUUJIGHD-QJ] W

HZXG_L]6AGDJMLD

HGU@ @JI_HU,QHMDLQUL_,

GI]J J.M.Gdaustrgj`,Ulthrijr

_ULMH]J-IGHDQL6

AUHWBX],MLGDMJ,

_HUXRGJDMLBBHH,

UJGDBLUH]-QUJAGDL

BULDQHUJ WDLUJDAGDL

QUJD]_LUQH6IJMLI]J

GDAXJIHUGMJQUXM ]D JDMILQLU QUJD]MLUMJUAL

WL@HVW,DXÚH]

]HURGMGL]AH

HS_LUQJ-MGÝD6

_HUXRGJDMLBBHH,

UJGDBLUH]-QUJAGDL, WDLUJDAGDL

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