kulturebi da organizaciebikulturiskvlevebi.weebly.com/uploads/1/8/3/7/18376403/... · 2018. 9....

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kulturebi da

organizaciebi

ილიას სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტითბილისი — 2011 წელი

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kulturebi da organizaciebigonebis programuli uzrunvelyofa

girt hofstede da gert ian hofstede

saxelmZRvanelo iTaArgmna da daibeWda tempusis prog ramiT da fi nansebuli proeqtis _ Tuningis midgomebis gamoyeneba sa qarT ve los umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi _ mier.

Copyright © 2005 by Geert Hofstede BVQqarTuli Targmanis ufleba

© 2011 ilias saxelmwifo universiteti

Sesavali da 1-7 Tavebi Targmna liana barabaZem

8-10 Tavebi da damatebebi Targmna Tamar gogiSvilma

redaqtori: nino javaxiSvili

kompiuteruli

uzrunvelyofa: lela maWaraSvili

ISBN 978-9941-18-031-6

ილიას სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა

ქაქუცა ჩოლოყაშვილის 3/5, თბილისი, 0162, საქართველო

ILIA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS 3/5 Cholokashvili Ave, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia

3s a rCe v i

sarCevi

sarCevi

Sesavali 9

Tavi 1 Sesavali: socialuri TamaSis wesebi 11

gansxvavebuli goneba, magram msgavsi problemebi 12kultura, rogorc gonebrivi daprogrameba 12kulturuli relativizmi 15simboloebi, gmirebi, ritualebi da Rirebulebebi 15kultura sakuTar Tavs amravlebs 18kulturis Sreebi 19kulturis cvlileba: cvladi qcevebi, mdgradi Rirebulebebi 19kulturis preistoria 21kulturuli mravalferovnebisa da cvlilebis wyaroebi 24erovnuli kulturuli gansxvavebebi 25erovnuli kulturebi Tu erovnuli institutebi? 26ra mdgomareobaSia marTvis erovnuli kultura? 27Rirebulebebis gazomva 27erovnuli kulturebis ganzomilebebi 28IBM-is kvlevis ganmeorebiTi kvlevebi 31korelaciebis gamoyeneba 34mexuTe ganzomilebis damateba 35qveynis kulturis qulebis validacia sxva sazomebTan mimarTebaSi 36erovnuli kulturis sxva klasifikacia 37kulturuli gansxvaveba regionis, eTnikurobis, religiis, genderis, Taobisa da klasis mixedviT 38organizaciuli kulturebi 40Sejameba: kultura, rogorc feniqsi 40

Tavi 2 sxvebze ufro Tanaswori 41

uTanasworoba sazogadoebaSi 41uTanasworobis xarisxis gazomva sazogadoebaSi: Zalauflebrivi distanciis indeqsi. 42Zalauflebrivi distanciis ganmarteba 46Zalauflebrivi distancia ganmeorebiT kvlevebSi 48Zalauflebrivi distanciis gansxvavebebi qveynebSi: socialuri klasi, ganaTlebis done da samuSao. 49Zalauflebriv distanciasTan dakavSirebuli sazomebi: wignis Tavebis struqtura 52

4 sarCevi

qveynebs Soris gansxvaveba Zalauflebriv distanciaSi: ojaxuri fesvebi 52Zalauflebrivi distancia skolaSi 53Zalauflebrivi distancia samsaxurSi 55Zalauflebrivi distancia da saxelmwifo 60Zalauflebrivi distancia da korufcia 62Zalauflebrivi distancia da ideebi 63Zalauflebrivi distanciis gansxvavebis warsuli 66Zalauflebrivi distanciis gansxvavebebis momavali 70

Tavi 3 me, Cven da isini 73

individi da koleqtivi sazogadoebaSi 73individualizmis donis gazomva sazogadoebaSi 75individualizmi da koleqtivizmi sxva kroserovnul kvlevebSi 78koleqtivizmi Tu Zalauflebrivi distancia 81individualizmi da koleqtivizmi profesiis mixedviT 83individualizmi da koleqtivizmi ojaxSi 84ena, pirovneba da qceva individualistur da koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi 90individualizmi da koleqtivizmi skolaSi 93individualizmi da koleqtivizmi samsaxurSi 95individualizmi, koleqtivizmi da saxelmwifo 99individualizmi, koleqtivizmi da ideebi 102individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis gansxvavebebis wyaroebi 105individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis momavali 108

Tavi 4 qali, kaci da qali (He , She (S)he) 110

asertiuli/daJinebuli Tu mokrZalebuli 110genderi da genderuli rolebi 111maskulinoba-feminuroba — sazogadoebrivi kulturis ga nzomileba 112feminuroba da maskulinoba sxva kroskulturul kvlevebSi 116maskulinoba individualizmis winaaRmdeg 117feminuroba da maskulinoba erTi, Tu ori ganzomileba? 118qveynis maskulinurobis qulebi genderis mixedviT da genderis qulebi asakis mixedviT 118maskulinoba da feminuroba samsaxurSi 120feminuroba da maskulinoba ojaxSi 121maskulinoba da feminuroba ganaTlebaSi 127maskulinoba da feminuroba sayidlebze yofnis dros 131

5s a rCe v i

maskulinoba da feminuroba samsaxurSi 132maskulinoba, feminuroba da saxelmwifo 137feminuroba, maskulinoba da religia 142feminuroba-maskulinurobis gansxvavebis safuZveli 145feminuroba-maskulinurobis momavali gansxvavebebi 149

Tavi 5 gansxvavebuli saSiSia 151

gaurkvevlobisadmi (ara)tolerantobis gazomva sazogadoebaSi: gaurkvevlobis Tavidan aridebis indeqsi 153gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba da SfoTva 156gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebas samuSao adgilis, genderisa da asakis mixedviT 159gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba ojaxSi 160gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba, bedniereba da janmrTeloba 162gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba skolaSi 164gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba sayidlebze siarulis dros 165gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba samuSao adgilas 168gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba, maskulinoba da motivacia 171gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba. moqalaqe da saxelmwifo 175gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba, qsenofobia da nacionalizmi 179gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba, religia da ideebi 181gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis wyaroebi 185gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis gansxvavebaTa momavali 187

Tavi 6 guSin, dRes Tu mogvianebiT? 189

erovnuli Rirebulebebi da konfucis moZRvreba 189xangrZlivi d a xanmokle orientaciis kulturebi 191xanmokle da xangrZlivi orientacia da ojaxi 194xangrZlivi da moklevadiani orientacia skolaSi 196xangrZlivi da xanmokle orientacia samsaxursa da biznesSi 198xangrZlivi da xanmokle ekonomikuri zrda 201ekonomikuri zrda da politika 203xangrZlivi da xanmokle orientacia da dapatimrebaTa raodenoba 206religia da azrovnebis tipebi 207fundamentalizmi, rogorc xanmokle orientacia 211xanmokle orientacia afrikaSi 213

6 sarCevi

xangrZlivi da xanmokle orientaciis momavali 215

Tavi 7 piramidebi, manqanebi, bazrebi da ojaxebi: organizeba sxva-dasxva erSi 218

organizaciaTa implicituri modelebi 219menejmentis profesorebi adamianebi arian 223kultura da organizaciuli struqtura: mincbergis garCeva 227dagegmva, kontroli da buRalteria 229korporaciuli mmarTveloba da biznesmiznebi 233motivaciis Teoriebi da praqtika 237lideroba, gadawyvetilebis miReba da gaZliereba 241Sesrulebis Semowmeba da menejmenti miznebis mixedviT 244menejmentis treningisa da organizaciuli ganviTareba 246daskvna: erovneba organizaciul racionalobas gansazRvravs 247

Tavi 8 spilo da wero: organizaciuli kultura 251

sayovelTao gataceba organizaciuli kulturiT 253gansxvaveba organizaciul da erovnul kulturas Soris: IRIC proeqti 256Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi midgomebi IRIC-is proeqtSi 259CaRrmavebuli interviuebis Sedegebi: SAS-is magaliTi 261gamokiTxvis Sedegebi: organizaciuli kulturis eqvsi ganzomileba 263kulturasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi konkurentul upiratesobaTa masStabi 269organizaciuli kultura da organizaciis sxva maxasiaTeblebi 271organizaciuli subkulturebi 275organizaciuli kulturis individualuri aRqma: yvavilebi, Taigulebi da baRebi 277profesiuli kultura 279IRIC-is kvleviTi proeqtis daskvnebi: ganzomilebebi Tu geStaltebi 280organizaciuli kulturis marTva 282

Tavi 9 kulturaTSorisi urTierTobebi 291

gamiznuli Tu aragamiznuli kulturaTSorisi konfliqti 292kulturuli Soki da akulturacia 294eTnocentrizmi da qsenofilia 297

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jgufuri urTierTobebi: avto da hetero stereotipebi 298ena da iumori 299komunikaciuri teqnologiebis mniSvneloba 301kulturaTSorisi urTierTobebi turizmis konteqstSi 302kulturaTSorisi urTierTobebi skolebSi 303umciresobebi, migrantebi da devnilebi 305kulturaTSorisi molaparakebebi 309mravalerovnuli biznesorganizaciebi 311multinacionaluri organizaciebis koordinireba: struqtura unda mohyvebodes kulturas 316mravalerovnuli organizaciebis gafarToeba: saerTaSoriso gaerTianebebi da sxva wamowyebebi 317saerTaSoriso marketingi, reklama da momxmareblis qceva 320saerTaSoriso politika da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 322ekonomikuri ganviTareba, arganviTareba da TanamSromloba ganviTarebis Taobaze 326kulturaTSorisi komunikaciis daswavla 329

Tavi 10 gadarCena multikulturul samyaroSi 334

am wignis gzavnili 334moraluri sakiTxi 336kulturuli msgavseba da gansxvaveba 337ganaTleba kulturaTSorisi gagebisTvis: rCevebi mSoblebs 337kulturuli gansxvavebebis marTva: rCevebi menejerebs 338mravalkulturuli urTierTgagebis gavrceleba: rCevebi medias 339gonebrivi programebis gaSifvra: rCevebi mkvlevrebs 340globaluri sirTuleebi saWiroebs kulturaTSoris TanamSromlobas 341

SeniSvnebi 346

bibliografia 375

saxelobiTi indeqsi 391

sagnobrivi indeqsi 412

avtorebis Sesaxeb 437

9

Sesavali

Sesavali

XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos girti sruliad SemTxveviT erovnuli kulturis gansxvavebebiT dainteresda. mas xeli miuwvdeboda am gansxva-vebebis Sesaswavl informaciaze. kvlevis Sedegad, 1980 wels man gamosca wigni, romelsac kulturis Sedegebi (Culture’s Consequences) ewodeboda. is akademiuri mkiTxvelisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili; asec unda yofiliyo, rad-gan am wignma eWvqveS daayena fsiqologiaSi, organizaciul sociologiasa da marTvis TeoriaSi gabatonebuli universaluri Teoriebi da sakuTari, Teoriuli msjeloba, monacemebi da statistikuri operaciebi warmoadgi-na. 1984 wels gamocemul wignSi statistikuri analizi da monacemebi ar Sesula, magram am Sesworebis garda, wigni 1980 wels gamocemuli wignis identuri iyo. kulturis Sedegebi erovnuli da organizaciuli kultu-ruli gansxvavebebiT dainteresebis dros gamoica. mocemul periodSi am Temaze mravali empiriulad damtkicebuli informacia moipoveboda. ms-gavsi informacia aRniSnul wignSic iyo warmodgenili, Tumca, saWiroze meti. mkiTxvelebma, rogorc Cans, gzavnilis mxolod nawili waikiTxes. magaliTad, girts uamravma adamianma moaxsena, rom man IBM-is („hermesis“) menejerebis Rirebulebebi Seiswavla. monacemebi ki IBM-is muSakebs exebo-da, rac, wignidan gamomdinare, didad gansxvavdeboda menejerebis Seswav-lisagan.

1991 wels, mas Semdeg, rac es sakiTxi araerT auditoriaSi gadasca msmenels da ramdenime gulmodgine mkiTxvelic Seiswavla, girtma kidev erTi wigni gamosca, amjerad moazrovne, araspecialisti mkiTxvelisaTvis — kultura da organizacia: gonebis programuli uzrunvelyofa, pirveli gamocema. kulturuli gansxvavebebis Tema, ra Tqma unda, ara mxolod, da araupirvelesad socialuri mecnierebis an saerTaSoriso biznes-studen-tebis interesis sferos warmoadgens; is yvelas exeba, vinc Tavisi uSualo wris miRmac icnobs adamianebs, rac, Tanamedrove samyaroSi yvelas moi-cavs. axali wigni gankuTvnilia nebismieri dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaT-vis. is mecnieruli terminebis minimalur raodenobas Seicavs, isic saWi-roebisamebr ganmartebulia da amisaTvis damatebulia leqsikoni. wignis gaumjobesebuli versiebi 1994 da 1997 wlebSi gamoica.

1991 wlidan politikis, biznesisa da ideebis samyaro swrafad icvle-boda. akademiur doneze, girtis 1980 wlis wigns sxva avtorebis mravali kvleva mohyva. 2001 wels man kulturis Sedegebis gaumjobesebuli versia gamosca. yvelas, visac kvlevis, an zogadad akademiuri interesi amoZra-vebs, SeuZlia zemoxsenebul wigns mimarTos. winamdebare wigni moazrovne, araspecialist mkiTxvels girtis Sesworebul gzavnils awvdis. is Tavidan daiwera. girtma Tavis Svils, gert ians SesTavaza Tanaavtoroba. gert ians studentebisa da praqtikosebisaTvis am sagnis swavlebis Tanamedro-ve, uSualo gamocdileba aqvs. 2002 wels man pol b. pedersenTan da girt-

10 Sesavali

Tan erTad gamosca wigni kulturis Seswavla: davalebebi, istoriebi da sinTetikuri kultura.

msoflios irgvliv mogzaurobisas, girtma msoflios sami ruka SeiZina. samive maTgani brtyelia, romlis zedapirzec globusis zedapiria proe-cirebuli. pirvel rukaze evropa da afrika SuaSi, amerika dasavleTiT, azia ki aRmosavleTiT mdebareobs. terminebi „dasavleTi“ da „aRmosavle-Ti“ evrocentruli xedvis produqtebia. meore ruka havaiSia nayidi; masze wynari okeane centrSia, azia da afrika marcxniv (evropa ki patara, zemo marcxena kuTxeSi), amerikis kontinentebi ki marjvniv mdebareobs. havaidan „aRmosavleTi“ dasavleTiTaa, xolo „dasavleTi“ — aRmosavleTiT! mesame ruka, axali zelandiaSi nayidi, Tavdayira amotrialebul meore rukas wa-agavda, romelzedac samxreTi zemoT imyofeboda, CrdiloeTi ki — qvemoT. am rukaze evropa qvemoT, marjvniv da Sors imyofeba. romeli maTgania swori? ra Tqma unda, samive — dedamiwa mrgvalia da misi zedapiris ro-melime wertili iseTive centria, rogorc nebismieri sxva. yvela adamians Tavisi qveyana samyaros centrad miaCnia. Cinelebi CineTs „Sua samefos“ (zhongguo) uwodeben, uZvelesi skandinavielebic sakuTar qveyanas msgavsi saxeliT moixseniebdnen (midgaard). darwmunebuli varT, rom dRes yvela moqalaqes, politikossa da mecniers, nebismier qveyanaSi, gulis siRrmeSi Tavisi qveyana centraluri hgonia — da sworadac iqceva.

es grZnobebi iseTi Zlieria, rom wignis kiTxvisas, avtoris erovnebis dadgena TiTqmis yovelTvis SesaZlebelia, miuxedavad imisa, rom erovneba miTiTebuli ar aris, igive SeiZleba iTqvas Cvens naSromzec. Cven niderlan-debidan varT da miuxedavad imisa, rom inglisurad vwerT, Cveni gonebis holandiuri programuli uzrunvelyofa dakvirvebuli mkiTxvelisTvis aSkaraa. amitom am wignis wakiTxva araholandielisTvis kulturaTSorisi gamocdileba da SeiZleba kulturuli Sokic ki iyos. es normaluria. kul-turis Seswavla kulturuli Sokis gareSe wylis gareSe curvas waagavs. „asteriqsSi“, cnobil frangul multfilmSi, mxcovani soflis mcxovrebi Camosuli ucxoelebisadmi negatiur damokidebulebas ase gamoxatavs: „uc-xoelebis sawinaaRmdego araferi maqvs. zogierTi Cemi saukeTeso megobari ucxoelia. magram, es ucxoelebi aqedan ar arian!“

kulturaTSorisi treningis mzard bazarze arsebobs kursebi da wigne-bi, romlebic mxolod mzian mxares asaxaven: kulturuli sinergia, kultu-ruli konfliqtis ararseboba. albaT amgvari gzavnilis mosmena biznesze orientirebul adamianebs surT, magram es realoba ar aris. kulturis Seswavla kulturuli Sokis gareSe mxolod im ucxoelebis mosmenas hgavs, romlebic aqedan arian.

girtis kvlevaSi holandia mkafiod individualisturia. koleqtivi-stur sazogadoebebTan SedarebiT, individualistur sazogadoebebSi va-Jebi mamebis nakvalevs naklebad mihyvebian. koleqtivisturi sazogadoebis wevrebi gert ians mamis saqmis gagrZelebisaTvis aqeben. individualistur sazogadoebis wevrebi „viRacis Svils“ kninobiT moixsenieben. isini gu-lisxmoben, rom vaJs, rogorc Cans, sakuTari ideebi ar gaaCnia. gert iani amas ar ganicdis, is xom ormoci wlis damoukidebeli mecnieri iyo, ro-

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desac mamasTan TanamSromloba daiwyo. misi disciplina, informaciuli sistemebi, internetis msoflio qselis gaZlierebiT, interkulturuli urTierTobisaken Semotrialda. amave dros, gert ianis wvlili am wignSi mokrZalebulia. „Tu ar gafuWebula, nu SeakeTeb“. gert ianma pirveli Tavis evoluciur perspeqtivaze iSroma, grafikebi, msjelobebi aago da uamravi patara cvlileba Seitana.

girtma 1991 wels wignis pirveli gamocema Tavis pirvel SviliSvilebs miuZRvna, isini momavlis Taobaa. am droisaTvis ki isini wamoizardnen da Cven madlobas vuxdiT lisbeT hofstedes, gert ianis ufros qaliSvils, axal gamocemaSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis. is dokumentaciaze pasuxismgebe-li asistenti da am bibliografiis Semqmneli gaxlavT.

pirveli gamocema Cvidmet enaze gadaiTargmna (inglisuridan iTargmna bulgarulad, Cinurad, Cexurad, daniurad, holandiurad, finurad, fran-gulad, germanulad, iaponurad, koreulad, norvegiulad, polonurad, portugaliurad, ruminulad, espanurad da Svedurad). vimedovnebT, rom am axali versiis gzavnilic ase farTod gavrceldeba.

kulturebi da organizaciebi

Sesavali: socialuri TamaSis wesebi

Tavi 1

me-11 msajuli: (dgeba) „gTxovT mapatioT, diskusiisas...”

me-10 msajuli: (awyvetinebs da ajavrebs) „gTxovT mapatioT. ratom xarT ase uazrod zrdilobiani?“

me-11 msajuli: (me-10 msajuls pirdapir uyurebs) „igive mizeziT, ratomac Tqven ar xarT zrdilobiani. me ase gamzardes“.

_rejinald rosi (Reginald Rose), Tormeti ganrisxebuli mamakaci, 1995rejinald rosis „Tormeti ganrisxebuli mamakaci“ amerikuli piesaa. is

SemdgomSi cnobili filmi gaxda, romelSic henri fonda TamaSobda. piesa 1955 wels gamoqveynda. aRwerili scena niu-iorkis sasamarTlos nafici msajulebis oTaxSi moxda. erTmaneTisTvis aqamde ucnob Tormet msajuls mkvlelobaSi eWvmitanili biWis bedi unda gadaewyvita. moyvanili citata bolo aqtidanaa, rodesac emociebma kulminacias miaRwia. me-10 msajuli, manqanebis SemkeTebeli saamqros mflobeli da me-11 msajuli, evropaSi (savaraudod avstriaSi) dabadebuli saaTebis SemkeTebeli, erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegebian. me-10 msajuls me-11 msajulis, misi azriT, zedmetad zrdilobiani manerebi aRizianebs. magram, saaTebis SemkeTebels sxvagva-rad moqceva ar SeuZlia. miuxedavad imisa, rom ukve mravali welia axal qveyanaSi cxovrobs, is mainc Tavisi aRzrdis Rirebulebebs mihyveba. mas

12 kulturebi da organizaciebi

qcevis waruSleli paterni axasiaTebs.

gansxvavebuli goneba, magram msgavsi problemebi

adamianebi, adamianTa jgufebi da mTeli qveynebi sxvadasxvagvarad az-rovneben, grZnoben da iqcevian da amitom mudmiv dapirispirebaSi imyo-febian. amave dros, igive adamianebi, jgufebi da qveynebi, Tormeti gan-risxebuli mamakacis msgavsad, saerTo problemebis winaSe dganan. aseTi problemebis amoxsnisaTvis ki erToblivi muSaobaa saWiro. ekologiuri, ekonomikuri, pilitikuri, higienuri da meteorologiuri sakiTxebi ero-vnuli an regionuli sazRvrebiT ar Semoifargleba. birTvuli iaraRis, globaluri daTbobis, organizebuli danaSaulis, siRaribis, terorizmis, okeanis dabinZurebis, cxovelebis gadaSenebis, Sidsis an ekonomikuri kri-zisis problemebis dasaZlevad mravali qveynis lideris erToblivi mu-Saobaa saWiro. liderebma ki, Tavis mxriv, miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis gansaxorcieleblad xalxis mxardaWera unda moipovon.

msoflio mniSvnelobis gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad aucilebelia qveynis liderebisa da moqalaqeebis azrovnebis, qcevisa da gancdis gansx-vavebebis gaTvaliswineba. qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri, sa-medicino da biologiuri TanamSromloba xSirad mxolod teqnikur pro-blemad moiazreba. mravali erToblivi gadawyvetileba ver xorcieldeba, radgan partniorebis gansxvavebuli midgoma gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris.

am wignis mizania dagvexmaros sxvadasxva adamianis azrovnebis, gancdi-sa da qmedebis gansxvavebebis gagebaSi. wignSi gamoCndeba, rom miuxedavad adamianebis azrovnebis mravalgvarovnebisa, am simravleSi arsebobs ur-TierTgagebis sawindari da igi erTobliv struqturaSia saZiebeli.

kultura, rogorc gonebrivi daprogrameba

yovel adamians Tan sdevs sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi SeZenili azrovne-bis, gancdisa da potenciuri qcevis paterni. misi Camoyalibeba yvelaze aqtiurad bavSvobaSi xdeba, radgan am dros adamiani ukeTesad swavlobs. adamianis gonebaSi azrovnebis, gancdisa da qcevis paternis Camoyalibebis Semdeg, gansxvavebuli paternis misaRebad da dasaswavlad, saWiroa arse-buli paternis daviwyeba. es procesi ki ufro rTulia, vidre Tavdapirve-li daswavla.

kompiuteruli analogiis gamoyenebiT, azrovnebis, gancdisa da qce-vis paternebi am wignSi gonebrivi daprogramebis terminiT moixsenieba, an, rogorc wignis saTaurSi, gonebrivi programuli uzrunvelyofa ewodeba. es, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs, rom adamianebi kompiuteris msgavsad arian daprogramebulni. gonebrivi programebi adamianis qcevis mxolod nawils gansazRvravs: adamiani flobs elementarul unars, gascdes arsebul pro-gramas da axali, kreatiuli, damangreveli da moulodneli gzebi ipovos. am wignSi naxsenebi programuli uzrunvelyofa im reaqciebze miuTiTebs, romlebic mosalodneli da gasagebia warsuli gamocdilebis gaTvalis-

13Se s av a l i : s o c i a l u r i Ta m aSi s w e s e b i

winebiT.gonebrivi programebis wyaro is socialuri garemoa, romelSic adami-

ani gaizarda da gamocdileba daagrova. daprogrameba ojaxSi, samezob-loSi, skolaSi, axalgazrdul jgufebSi iwyeba da Semdeg samuSao adgilas grZeldeba. wignis am Tavis dasawyisSi aRwerili saaTis SemkeTebeli ise-Ti qveynidan da socialuri klasidanaa, sadac zrdilobiani qceva dResac upiratesia. misi garemocvis umravles adamians aRweril situaciaSi aseTi-ve reaqciebi eqneboda. garaJis mflobeli amerikelia, romelic dabali so-cialuri klasidan gamovida da gansxvavebuli programis matarebeli iyo. gonebrivi programebi imdenad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, ramdenadac maTi warmomSobi socialuri garemo gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.

aseTi gonebrivi programis aRsaniSnavad termin kulturas iyeneben. am sityvas ramdenime mniSvneloba aqvs, romlebic saboloo jamSi misi laTin-uri mniSvnelobidan momdinareobs — miwis damuSaveba. bevr dasavlur enaSi termin — kulturaSi — „civilizacia“ an „gonebis ganviTareba“ igulisxmeba, rac ganaTlebaSi, xelovnebasa da literaturaSi gamoixateba. es kulturis SezRuduli ganmartebaa, kultura, rogorc gonebrivi programa ki, ufro vrceli ganmartebaa. is Seesatyviseba sociologebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, anTropologebis mier am terminis gamoyenebas1 da am wignSi swored aseTi ganmarteba igulisxmeba.

socialuri (kulturuli) anTropologia adamianebis sazogadoebas Seiswavlis, kerZod ki (Tumca, yovelTvis ara) tradiciul anu „primiti-ul“ sazogadoebebs akvirdeba. socialur anTropologiaSi kultura aR-niSnavs azrovnebis, gancdisa da qcevis zemoT aRweril paterns. is moi-cavs ara mxolod gonebis ganmaviTarebel aqtivobebs, aramed Cveulebriv, yoveldRiur qcevebsac — magaliTad, misalmeba, Wama, grZnobebis gamxela an damalva, sxvebisagan fizikuri distanciis SenarCuneba, seqsualuri ur-TierTobebi an sxeulis higienis dacva.

kultura koleqtiuri fenomenia, radgan mas nawilobriv mainc izi-areben adamianebi, romlebic am kulturis daswavlis socialur garemoSi imyofebian. kultura socialuri TamaSis dauwereli wesebisagan Sedgeba. zustad es koleqtiuri programireba ganasxvavebs erTi jgufis an kate-goriis adamianebs 2 meore jgufisagan. 3

kultura ar aris Tandayolili, is daiswavleba. is adamianis socialu-ri garemodan momdinareobs da ara misi genebidan. kultura unda gan-vasxvaoT rogorc adamianis bunebisagan, aseve adamianis individualuri pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebisagan (1.1 sqema), Tumca, sad gadis zRvari am sam termins Soris, socialuri mecnierebebis diskusiis sagania.4

adamianuri buneba yvelas saerTo aqvs, rusi profesoridan avstra-liel aborigenamde. is gonebrivi programuli uzrunvelyofis univer-salur dones warmoadgens. is genebTan erTad gadmodis. kompiuteruli analogiiT, es aris „operaciuli sistema“, romelSic adamianis fizikuri da elementaruli fsiqologiuri funqcionireba moiazreba. es aris SiSis, siyvarulis, sixarulis, sevdisa da sircxvilis gancda; sxvebTan kavSiris damyarebis saWiroeba; garemos dakvirvebisa da sxva adamianebTan ganxilvis


SesaZlebloba. Tumca, rogor arTmevs Tavs adamiani am gancdebs, rogor gamoxatavs SiSs, sixaruls, dakvirvebasa da sxvas, kulturis mixedviT sx-vadasxvanairad vlindeba.

individisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli. pirovneba

Tandayolili da daswavlili.

jgufisa da kategoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kultura

daswavlili

universaluri adamianuri buneba Tandayolili

1.1 sqema gonebrivi programirebis unikalurobis sami done

individis pirovneba is personaluri unikaluri programebia, romlebsac is sxvebs ar uziarebs. es maxasiaTeblebi nawilobriv daswavlas, xolo na-wilobriv genebs efuZneba. daswavla koleqtiuri programirebis an indivi-dualuri gamocdilebis Sedegad warmoSobil cvlilebas ewodeba.

kulturuli niSan-Tvisebebi xSirad genebsa da warmomavlobas miewerebo-da, radgan warsulSi moRvawe filosofosebi da mecnierebi sxvanairad ver xsnidnen adamianebis sxvadasxva jgufSi arsebuli kulturuli paternebis gansakuTrebul mdgradobas. isini ar iTvaliswinebdnen Taobebis mier gadar-Cenil codnasa da momavali Taobebis mier codnis SeZenas. warmomavlobis roli gazviadebulia rasis Sesaxeb arsebul fsevdoTeoriebSi. am da sxva mizezebis gamo, meore msoflio omis dros, nacistebma holokostis mowyoba moaxerxes. eTnikur oms xSirad amarTleben kulturuli dominantobisa da daqvemdebarebulobis usafuZvlo argumentebiT.

SeerTebul StatebSi periodulad ganixileba sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis inteleqtis sakiTxi. magaliTad, kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, aris Tu ara zogier-Ti eTnikuri jgufi (kerZod ki Savkanianebi) genetikurad naklebi intele-qtis matarebeli, vidre sxva eTnikuri jgufi (kerZod ki TeTrkanianebi).5 genetikuri gansxvavebulobis am argumentis mixedviT, SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovrebi azielebi ufro didi inteleqtis matareblebi arian, vidre Te-Tri amerikelebi. sagulisxmoa, rom Zalian Znelia, SeuZlebelic ki, kultu-risagan Tavisufali inteleqtis testebis mopoveba. aseTi testebi mxolod Tandayolil unarebs unda zomavdes da socialuri garemos gavlenisadmi mdgradi unda iyos. SeerTebul StatebSi Savkanianebis didi nawili socialu-


rad araprivilegirebul wreebSi gaizarda da es sworad iseTi kulturu-li gavlenaa, romelsac verc erTi testi ver iTvaliswinebs. msgavsi logika vrceldeba sxva qveyanaSi Catarebul inteleqtis testebzec.

kulturuli relativizmi

yoveldRiuri ganxilvisas, politikur diskurssa da mediaSi, ucxo kultura xSirad moraluri xasiaTis terminebiTaa warmodgenili, rogorc uaresi an ukeTesi. amave dros, ar arsebobs erTi jgufis azrovnebis, gancdisa da qcevis meore jgufze upiratesad gamocxadebis mecnieru-li standarti. kulturuli relativizmis poziciiT, kulturis Seswavla neitralurad unda mimdinareobdes. didma frangma anTropologma klod levi strosma (1908) brZana:

kulturuli relativizmi amtkicebs, rom erT kulturas ar gaaCnia absoluturi kriteriumi sxva kulturis qcevebis „cudad“ an „kargad“ gamocxadebisaTvis. magram yvela kulturas SeuZlia da unda gansajos am kriteriumebiT sakuTari qcevebi, radgan mis wevrebs qcevis rogorc gan-xorcieleba, ise masze dakvirveba ZaluZT.6

kulturuli relativizmi ar gulisxmobs normebis ararsebobas sakuTa-ri sazogadoebis farglebSi. is mogviwodebs ar ganvsajoT gansxvavebuli jgufebi an sazogadoeba. adamiani unda dafiqrdes, sanam erTi pirovnebis, jgufisa Tu sazogadoebis normebs sxvaze gaavrcelebs. sazogadoebebs So-ris gansxvavebis da misi fesvebisa da Sedegebis gaazreba win unda uswreb-des gansjasa da qcevas.

informirebulobis miuxedavad, ucxo damkvirvebeli mainc daTmobs sxva sazogadoebis zogierT wess. Tu is ucxo sazogadoebaSi profesiulad aris CarTuli, magaliTad, menejeris an eqspertis saxiT, SesaZlebelia cvlilebebis damkvidrebac scados. kolonizaciis dros ucxoelebs da-pyrobil sazogadoebaze absoluturi Zalaufleba hqondaT da misi marT-va SeeZloT. postkoloniur xanaSi, sxva sazogadoebaSi cvlilebebis gan-xorcielebis msurvel ucxoelebs am uflebis mopoveba sWirdebaT. aseT uflebas ki isini mxolod im SemTxvevaSi moipoveben, Tu dainteresebuli mxareebi gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis mizezs xedaven.

simboloebi, gmirebi, ritualebi da Rirebulebebi

kulturuli gansxvavebebi mravalgvarad vlindeba. maTi aRmweri ter-minebi moxerxebulad oTx ZiriTad cnebamde daiyvaneba: simboloebi, gmire-bi, ritualebi da Rirebulebebi. 1.2 sqema am cnebebs Sreebad gamoxatavs: simboloebi yvelaze zedapirulia, Rirebulebebi —yvelaze Rrma, xolo gmirebi da ritualebi maT Sorisaa moqceuli.simboloebi iseTi sityvebi, xatebi an obieqtebia, romelTa konkretul mniSvnelobas mxolod maTi ma-tarebeli kulturis wevrebi aRiqvamen. garkveuli enis sityvebi da Jargo-


nebi, Cacmis wesi, Tmis varcxniloba, droSebi da Zeglebi simboloebs war-moadgens. axali simboloebi advilad warmoiqmneba da Zveli qreba; erTi kulturis simbolo regularulad gadadis meore kulturaSi. amitom, sim-boloebi 1.2 sqemis yvelaze zedapirul SreSi moTavsda.

s i m b o l o e b i

g m i r e b ir

i t u a l e b i

q c e v e b i Rirebulebebi

1.2 sqema `xaxvi“: kulturis manifestacia siRrmis sxvadasxva doneze

gmirebi cocxali an gardacvlili, realuri an warmosaxviTi adamianebi arian, romelTa maxasiaTeblebic mocemul kulturaSi fasobs da misabaZad iTvleba. iseTi personaJebic ki, rogoricaa barbi, betmeni an snupi ame-rikis SeerTebul StatebSi, asteriqsi safrangeTSi da oli bomeli nider-landebSi, kulturuli gmiris rols asruleben. televiziis xanaSi gmiris garegnobam ufro didi mniSvneloba SeiZina, vidre warsulSi hqonda.

ritualebi iseTi koleqtiuri aqtivobebia, romlebic miznis misaRwe-vad teqnikurad aucilebeli ar aris, magram kulturaSi socialurad ar-sebiTad iTvleba. ritualebi ritualebis gamo xorcieldeba. ritualebis magaliTia misalmebisa da pativiscemis wesebi, iseve rogorc socialuri da religiuri ceremoniebi. saqmiani da politikuri Sexvedrebi, romle-bic erTi SexedviT miznobrivia, xSirad ritualuri xasiaTisaa da jgufis erTobliobis an liderebis poziciebis gasamtkiceblad gamoiyeneba. ri-tuali gvaCvenebs diskurss, imas, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba sityvebi weriT da zepir saubarSi, yoveldRiur interaqciasa da Sexedulebebis gaziarebaSi.7


1.2 sqemaSi simboloebi, gmirebi da ritualebi erTi terminiT erTian-deba: qcevebi. amgvarad, damkvirvebels maTi danaxva SeuZlia; maTi kul-turuli mniSvneloba ki garedan ar Cans da gamovlindeba mxolod imaSi, rogor ganixilaven am qcevebs kulturis wevrebi.

1.2 sqemis mixedviT, kulturis safuZveli Rirebulebebia. Rirebuleba erTi garkveuli mdgomareobis sxva mdgomareobasTan SedarebiT mowonebas gulisxmobs. Rirebuleba gancdaa, romelsac Tan axlavs plus an minus ni-Sani. is Semdeg polusebs moicavs:

• kargi — cudi;

• WuWyiani — sufTa;

• usafrTxo — safrTxisSemcveli;

• daSvebuli — dauSvebeli;

• wesieri — uxamsi;

• moraluri — amoraluri;

• lamazi — uSno;

• bunebrivi — arabunebrivi;

• normaluri — aranormaluri;

• logikuri — paradoqsuli;

• racionaluri — iracionaluri.

Rirebulebebi adre yalibdeba. sxva cxovelebTan SedarebiT adamiani ar ibadeba cxovrebasTan gamklavebis sruli mzadyofnis unariT. adamia-nis fiziologia saSualebas gvaZlevs garemos Sesaxeb aucilebeli infor-macia cxovrebis pirveli 10-12 wlis ganmavlobaSi swrafad da umetesad aracnobierad gaviTavisoT. es informacia moicavs simboloebs (magaliTad ena), gmirebs (mSoblebi) da ritualebs (tualetis Cveva) da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, bazisur Rirebulebebs. am wlebis Semdeg, TandaTanobiT gadavdivarT daswavlis gansxvavebul, cnobier gzaze da yuradRebas vamax-vilebT axal qcevebze. es procesi 1.3 sqemaSia aRwerili.

0

10

20

asaki ojaxi

skola

samsaxuri

Rirebulebebi

qcevebi

sqema 1.3 Rirebulebebisa da qcevebis daswavla


kultura sakuTar Tavs amravlebs

gaixseneT bavSvoba. rogor SeiZineT Rirebulebebi? cxovrebis pirveli wlebi aRar gaxsovT, magram maT Tqvenze gavlena moaxdines. dedas xelSi ekaveT Tu zurgze hyavdiT Semosmuli? gqondaT Tu ara sakuTari akvani? orive mSobeli givlidaT, mxolod deda Tu sxva adamiani? Tqven irgvliv xmauri iyo Tu siwynare? rogor adamianebs xedavdiT: mocinars, moTama-Ses, momuSaves, nazs an moZalades? ra xdeboda, rodesac tirodiT? Semdeg gaxsendebaT — vin iyo misabaZi modeli da ra mizani gqondaT sicocxleSi? SesaZloa Tqveni gmirebi mSoblebi an ufrosi da-Zma iyvnen da Tqven maT imitacias cdilobdiT. iswavleT, romeli sagnebia WuWyiani da cudi, ro-meli ki — sufTa da kargi. magaliTad, daiswavleT wesebi, romlis mixed-viTac SegeZloT gansazRvra, ra warmoadgens sufTas da WuWyians Tqvens sxeulTan mimarTebaSi da es exeboda dafurTxebas, marcxena xeliT Wamas, cxvirsaxocis xmarebas, defekacias, sazogadoebaSi boyins da sxvadasxva Jests, magaliTad, sxeulis nawilebis Sexebas an maT Cvenebas jdomisas Tu dgomisas. iswavleT, rom wesebis darRveva cudia; iswavleT, ramdenad Se-giZliaT iniciativis gamoCena da ra aris dasaSvebi sxva adamianebis siax-loves; iswavleT, gogo xarT Tu biWi, kidev vin aris gogo an biWi da ras niSnavs es.

Semdeg, 6-dan 12 wlamde asakSi bavSvi brZandebodiT, skolis maswavleb-lebi da klaselebi, sportisa da televiziis kerpebi, erovnuli an reli-giuri gmirebi gaxdnen Tqveni modelebi. xan erTs baZavdiT, xan — meores. mSoblebi, maswavleblebi da sxvebi garkveuli qcevisaTvis an gajildo-vebdnen an gsjidnen. iswavleT, rodis iyo kargi da rodis cudi — kiTx-vebis dasma, saubari, Cxubi, tirili, muSaoba, tyuilis Tqma da uwesod moqceva; iswavleT, rodis unda geamayaT da rodis — SegrcxvenodaT. iwa-febodiT politikaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki TanatolebTan: rogor xdeba dame-gobreba? SesaZlebelia Tu ara ierarqiaSi amaRleba? rogor? vis marTebs visi da ra?

gardamaval periodSi yuradReba Tqveni asakis adamianebs miapyariT. intensiurad gainteresebdaT genderuli identoba da TanatolebTan ur-TierTobis damyareba. sazogadoebaSi arsebuli wesebis mixedviT, dros um-etesad Tqveni sqesis an orive sqesis TanatolebTan atarebdiT. SesaZloa, Zalian did pativs scemdiT Tqvens Tanatols.

Semdeg, SeiZleba partniori airCieT, Tqvens qveyanaSi axalgazrdebis mier gamoyenebuli kriteriumebis mixedviT; SeiZleba bavSvebi gaaCineT — da cikli Tavidan daiwyo.

am ciklSi arsebobs Zlieri mastabilizebeli Zala, romelsac bio-logebi homeostazs uwodeben. mSoblebi avrceleben im ganaTlebas, ro-melic miiRes, surT es Tu ara. teqnologia ki mxolod mokrZalebuli rols asrulebs. ganviTarebisTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani wlebi sxeulsa da sxvebTan urTierTobas eTmoba. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom orive maTgani amavdroulad tabus wyaros warmoadgens.

adreul asakSi SeZenili Rirebulebebi aracnobieria. gare mayurebli-saTvis maTi ganxilva an danaxva SeuZlebelia. maT Sesaxeb daskvnebis gamo-


tana SeiZleba. adamianebis qcevaze dakvirvebiT SekiTxvaze, ratom iqcevian adamianebi ase, pasuxad xSirad gvesmis, rom maT `ician“ an `grZnoben“, ro-gorc moiqcnen sworad. maT guli an sindisi karnaxobT.

kulturis Sreebi

adamianebis yovel jgufs an kategorias kulturis Semadgeneli saerTo gonebrivi programebi aqvs. TiTqmis yoveli adamiani erTdroulad ram-denime jgufs an kategorias miekuTvneba da amitom gonebrivi programis ramdenime Sre aqvs, TiTo Sre ki kulturis sxvadasxva dones Seesatyviseba. magaliTad:

• erovnuli done, qveynis mixedviT (an qveynebis mixedviT, imigraciis

SemTxvevaSi);

• regionuli/eTnikuri/religiuri/enobrivi done, radgan qveynebis

umravlesoba moicavs gansxvavebul regionul/eTnikur/religiur/

enobriv jgufebs;

• genderuli done, imis mixedviT, gogod Tu biWad daibada individi;

• Taobis done, romelic bebia-babuebs mSoblebisa da bavSvebis Tao-

bisagan gamohyofs;

• socialuri klasis done, romelic ukavSirdeba ganaTlebis Sesa-

Zleblobebs da adamianis profesia/samuSaos;

• momuSave adamianebisaTvis organizaciuli, departamentuli an ko-

rporaciuli done, imis mixedviT, isini socialurad rogor daax-

arisxa organizaciam.

sxvadasxva donis mentaluri programebis harmoniuli Tanwyoba ar aris maTi arsebobis aucilebeli piroba. Tanamedrove samyaroSi xSiria maT Soris konfliqti; magaliTad, SeiZleba arsebobdes konfliqti religiur Rirebulebasa da Taobis Rirebulebas Soris, an kidev, genderuli Rire-bulebasa da organizaciul saqmianobas Soris. konfliqturi gonebrivi programebi arTulebs axal situaciaSi adamianis qcevis prognozirebas.

kulturis cvlileba: cvladi qcevebi, mdgradi Rirebulebebi

drois manqaniT mogzauroba rom SegeZloT da Tqveni mSoblebis an maTi mSoblebis 50 wlis winandeli dro rom mogenaxulebinaT, aRmoaCen-diT, rom mas mere samyaro Zalian Seicvala. warsulSi kompiuterebi ar iqneboda, xolo televizorebi siaxles warmoadgenda. qalaqebi patara da provinciuli mogeCvenebodaT, TiTo-orola manqaniTa da didi maRaziebis mcire raodenobiT. kidev ormocdaaTi wliT ukan dabrundiT da manqanebi saerTod gaqreba, iseve, rogorc telefonebi, sarecxi manqanebi, mtversas-rutebi Cveni saxlebidan da TviTmfrinavebi cidan.

Cveni samyaro icvleba. dRes adamianebis mier gamogonili teqnologie-


biT varT garSemortymulni. internetis msoflio qselma dedamiwa daapa-tarava, amitom termini `globaluri sofeli“ misaRebad migvaCnia. bizne-skompaniebi mTel msoflios moicavs. isini swrafad ganicdian inovacias. bevrma kompaniam ar icis, wlis bolos romel produqts gamouSvebs, an ra saxis samuSao adgilebi eqneba xuT weliwadSi. safondo birJis cvaleba-doba aryevs biznesis landSafts.

amgvarad, zedapirulad, cvlilebebi yovlismomcvelia. magram, ram-denad Rrmaa es cvlilebebi? hgavs Tu ara adamianTa sazogadoeba gems, romelic umiznod dacuravs cvlilebebis zRvaSi? an napirebs, romlebsac SigadaSig axali talRebi faravs da wylis yovel moqcevaze nel-nela icv-leba?

frangi mogzauris wignSi aRwerilia viziti amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi:

amerikeli mRvdlebi ar cdiloben adamianis azrebis warmarTvas moma-vali cxovrebisaken; isini mzad arian gulis nawili awmyos sazrunavs dau-Tmon...TviTon Tu ar monawileoben produqciul muSaobaSi, misi winsvliT mainc arian dainteresebulni da taSs ukraven mis Sedegebs...

SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom avtori amerikel satelevizio mqadageblebs gulisxmobs. sinamdvileSi, avtori aleqsi de tokvili iyo, misi wigni ki 1835 wels gamoica8.

ucxo qveynis stumris dafiqsirebuli STabeWdilebebi kargad gamoxa-tavs, araamerikelebis mier warsulSi amerikis aRqmas, agreTve imas, ram-denad axlosaa es aRqma ucxoelebis mier am qveynis Tanamedrove Sefase-basTan.

sazogadoebaSi uamravi ramaa, rasac teqnologia ver Secvlis. Tu Tur-qebi axla koka-kolas svamen, es ar niSnavs, rom maTi damokidebuleba av-toritetebis mimarT Seicvala. garkveuli kuTxiT, axalgazrda Turqebi gansxvavdebian moxuci Turqebisagan, iseve rogorc axalgazrda amerikele-bi gansxvavdebian moxuci amerikelebisagan. 1.2. sqemaze asaxuli Sreebidan, cvlilebebi umetesad zedapirul Sreebs exeba, kerZod, simboloebs da gmirebs, modas da moxmarebas. rac Seexeba Rirebulebebis sferos — anu cxovrebisa da sxvebis Sesaxeb fundamentur warmodgenebs — axalgazrda Turqebi zustad ise gansxvavdebian axalgazrda amerikelebisagan, rogorc — moxuci Turqebi moxuci amerikelebisagan. sxvadasxva qveynis Tanamedro-ve Taobebis Rirebulebebis gaerTianebas monacemebi ar adasturebs.

kultura swrafad icvleba zedapirul SreebSi, anu qcevebSi. qcevebi ki kulturis xilvad nawils warmoadgens. axali qcevebi sicocxlis ganmav-lobaSi daiswavleba; samocdaaTs gadacilebuli adamianebi TavianT pirvel personalur kompiuterze internetis moxmarebas swavloben, axal simbo-loebs euflebian, axal gmirebs xvdebian da axali ritualebis meSveobiT urTierToben. Rirebulebebis Rrma SreebSi kulturis cvlileba nela mim-dinareobs. rogorc ukve avxseniT, Rirebulebebis SeZena bavSvobaSi mox-da mSoblebisagan, romlebmac isini sakuTar bavSvobaSi SeiZines. amgvarad,


qcevebis swrafi cvlilebebis miuxedavad, sazogadoebis bazisuri Rirebu-lebebi SedarebiT stabiluria.

es bazisuri Rirebulebebi kulturis genderul, erovnul da, SesaZ-lebelia, regionul donesac moicavs. arasdros endoT politikosebs, religiur winamZRolebs an biznesliderebs, romlebic erovnuli Rire-bulebebis Secvlas gvpirdebian. es Rirebulebebi faqtad unda aRviqvaT, iseve, rogorc qveynis geografia an klimati. ufro mogvianebiT SeZenili Sreebi SedarebiT advilad icvleba. aseTia, magaliTad, organizaciuli kultura, romelsac adamianebi ufros asakSi SeuerTdnen. es ar niSnavs, rom organizaciebis Secvla iolia — amas me-8 TavSi vnaxavT — magram, mainc SesaZlebelia.

ueWvelia, rom mimdinareobs didi teqnologiuri Zvrebi, romlebic yvelas exeba, Zalian Sors myofi an Zalian Raribi xalxis garda. magram adamianebi am teqnologiebs nacnobi saqmianobisaTvis iyeneben. isini axal teqnologiebs imisTvis iyeneben, rom kvlav gaagrZelon TavianTi winapre-bis saqmianoba, rogoricaa: fulis Sovna, sxvebze STabeWdilebis moxdena, cxovrebis gaioleba, sxvebis dayolieba, potenciuri partniorebis Sec-dena. yvela es aqtivoba socialuri TamaSis nawilia. Cven yuradRebas va-qcevT, rogor iyeneben adamianebi teqnologiebs, ra acviaT, ras Wamen, sad isveneben da ra gvkarnaxobs ra gadawyvetilebebi unda miviRoT sasurvel socialur wreSi mosaxvedrad.

socialuri TamaSi dRevandel sazogadoebaSi ar Secvlila. warmatebis, warumateblobis, mikuTvnebulobis da sxva ZiriTadi atributebis dauwe-reli kanonebi mudam msgavsia. saWiroa jgufs movergoT, ise moviqceT, rom jgufma migviRos. cvlilebebis umetesoba am TamaSSi gamoyenebul saTama-Soebs exeba.

kulturis preistoria

ramdenad Zvelia es socialuri TamaSi? milioni wlebis. Tanamedrove adamiani (homo sapiensi) 100 000 welze meti xania arsebobs. daTvlilia, rom boloswinandeli gamyinvarebis periodSi (130 000 w. Zv. w. aR-iT), mTels msoflioSi, anu afrikaSi 10 000-dan 50 000-mde homo sapiensi arsebobda.

xuTi milioni wliT adre Cveni winaprebi gamoeyvnen Simpanzeebsa da bonobos maimunebs, Cvens yvelaze axlo monaTesave cxovelebs. cxovelis qcevis Semswavlelma studentebma aRmoaCines, rom am maimunebs kulturis yvela mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli gaaCniaT, kerZod ki, maT esmiT, ras warmoadgens cudi da kargi moqceva, anu is, rasac Cven Rirebulebas vuwo-debT9. yovel socialur jgufs iseTi socialurad mniSvnelovani qcevis sakuTari versia gaaCnia, rogoricaa TviTmovla an saWmlis gaziareba. jgu-fis wevrebi gasakvirad did dros atareben erTad am ritualebis Sesrule-bisas da, kvlevebis mixedviT, maT stabiluri urTierTobebi aqvT. yovel jgufs teqnologiuri eqspertizis sakuTari forma gaaCnia (magaliTad, palmis Txilis gasatexad qvis gamoyeneba an termitebis mosapoveblad joxis moSvelieba). es ritualebi da unarebi socialuri daswavliT, anu,


SeiZleba iTqvas, maimunobiT vrceldeba. Simpanzeebma SesaniSnavad ician, saWmlis dayofis SemTxvevaSi vis visi ra marTebs — maT daxvewili gonebri-vi modeli aqvT.

Simpanzesa da bonobos maimunebis sazogadoebas Soris mniSvnelova-ni gansxvavebaa. orive saxeobas erTi winapari hyavs. fizikurad imdenad msgavsni arian, rom bonobos didi xani Simpanzes qvesaxeobad Tvlidnen. magram, Simpanzeebi monadire-Semgrovebeli sazogadoebis wevrebi arian, romelsac endemuri Zaladobis meSveobiT mamrebis politikuri koalicie-bi marTaven. bonobos maimunebi ki vegetarianeli, mdedrobiTi kavSirebis sazogadoebaa, romelSic mamrebi naklebad dominanturebi arian da so-cialuri konfliqtebi Zaladobis nacvlad erotiuli aqtivobiT wydeba. Simpanzeebi marsidan arian, bonobos maimunebi ki — veneradan.

es primatebi adamianebze mniSvnelovnad naklebi inteleqtis matare-belni arian, magram mainc gaaCniaT kulturis gansazRvruli socialuri erTeulebi. ratom, maT Soris populaciis gacvla xom mudmivad mimdi-nareobs? Simpanzeebis SemTxvevaSi, mozardi mdedrebi gadadian bonobos jgufSi, genetikuri mravalferovnebis SesanarCuneblad; magram es imi-grantebi Simpanzeebis qcevebs Tan ar iyolieben. amis nacvlad, isini mim-Rebi jgufis qcevas eguebian, raTa advilad Cajdnen am jgufSi. amgvarad, miuxedavad imisa, rom mdedrebis qmedeba uzrunvelyofs genetikur Ta-nakveTas, is ar uzrunvelyofs kulturul TanakveTas. TiToeuli jgufis ritualebi da qcevebi am jgufis identobis SenarCunebis efeqtur gzas warmoadgens.

amave dros, Simpanzesa da bonobos kulturebi icvleba — sxvagvarad rogor miaRwies aseT gansxvavebebs, an Simpanzes yovel kolonias rogor gaaCnia sakuTari gansakuTrebuli qcevebi? magram maT Soris kulturuli gacvla nela mimdinareobda. zogierTi socialuri Zala aferxebs kultu-rul gacvlas status kvos sasargeblod. jgufuri kulturebi mdgradad meordeba.

Simpanzesa da bonobos msgavsad, adreuli adamianebic Semgrovebel-monadireni iyvnen. magram isini ufro sxartad azrovnebdnen. maT cecxli xelT igdes da rTuli sanadiro iaraRebi gamoigones. aseve, rTuli sim-boluri metyvelebis meSveobiT, daxvewili sazogadoeba Camoayalibes. amis Sedegad maT SeeZloT cxovelebis gadaadgilebis, mcenareebis Tvisebebisa da nadirobis gegmebis Sesaxeb informaciis gacvla. 100 000 wels Zv. w. aR-iT, maT dedamiwis garSemo migracia daiwyes. Tanamedrove gamokvle-vebiT, dnm-is meSveobiT SesaZlebelia am migraciis dafiqsireba, afriki-dan centralur aziamde, iqidan evropamde, avstraliamde da amerikamde.10 bolo gamyinvarebis periodSi, 100 000 wels Zv. w. aR-iT, adamiani yvela kontinents moedo. am drois Semdeg arqeologebma Cveni preistoriis uke-Tesi suraTi Seakowiwes. monadire-Semgroveblebis samarxebisa da gamoqva-bulebis naxatebis Seswavlam stilisa da mowyobis didi mravalferovneba gamoavlina. gamyinvarebis periodis dros mravali kultura arsebobda.

Cv.w.aR-mde 10 000-dan 5 000 wlamde, klimati darbilda, populacia gaizarda da dedamiwis resursebi Semcirda. dedamiwis sxvadasxva nawil-


Si adamianebma garemos Secvla daiwyes, magaliTad, gaToxnes miwebi, sad-ac gareuli burRuleuli modioda (mcire aziaSi xorbali, xolo ianZis mdinareze — brinji) da moiSinaures gareuli cxovelebi (cxvari da Txa — xmelTaSua zRvispireTSi, saqoneli — evropaSi, cxenebi — centralur aziaSi). ase warmoiSva agrikultura. aman socialuri revolucia gamoiw-via. socialuri erTeulebi gansazRvruli ierarqiisa da moqnili samuSao danawilebis monadire-Semgroveblebis mcire jgufebs aRar warmoadgend-nen. SesaZlebeli gaxda saWmlis Senaxva. gaCnda samuSaos specializacia da codnisa da Zalauflebis koncentracia, amasTanave, daiwyo masStaburi omebi. Tanamedrove samyaros yvela atributi im dros ukve saxeze iyo.11

Zv. w. aR-iT 3 000 wlidan preistoria istoriaSi gadadis, radgan am droidan ukve arsebobs werilobiTi matianeebi. dedamiwis nayofier adgi-lebSi, erTi adgilis mmarTvelis mier meore adgilis dapyrobis xarjze, didi imperiebi warmoiqmna. yvelaze Zveli CineTis imperiaa. CineTi mudam gaerTianebuli ar iyo, magram miuxedavad amisa, Cinur imperias 4 000 wlia-ni uwyveti istoria aqvs. sxva imperiebi daingra. aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvis regionSi imperiebi gaizarda, ayvavda da ganadgurda, maTi adgili ki sxva imperiebma daikava: Sumerebi, babiloni, asureTi, egvipte, sparseTi, saberZneTi, romi da Turquli imperia — maT magaliTad vasaxelebT. samx-reT aziasa da — malaiziaSic warmoiqmneboda imperiebi, magaliTad mairia, gufTa, mugali, indoeTSi da majapahiTi — iavas kunZulze. centralur da samxreT amerikaSi actekebis, maiasa da inkebis imperiebma Tavisi nakvalevi datoves. afrikaSi ki eTiopia da benina uZvelesi imperiebis magaliTebia.

am teritoriebis gverdze da xSirad sazRvrebSic ki ufro patara, da-moukidebeli samefoebi an tomebi yalibdeboda. axlac ki, axali gvineis populacia izolirebul tomebad cxovrobs, yovel toms sakuTari ena aqvs da ufro did sazogadoebaSi integrirebuli ar aris.

socialur cxovrebaSi, ekonomikuri procesebis CaTvliT, praqtikulad nulidan Zalian cota rame gamoigones. mravalerovnuli kompaniebi Zv. w. aR-iT 2 000 welsac ki arsebobda: asirielebs, finikielebs, berZnebsa da romaelebs — yvelas hqondaT globaluri biznesis sakuTari versia.12

Cveni winaprebis kulturuli mravalferovneba Tanamedrove Taobas ga-daeca. erovnuli da regionuli kulturuli gansxvavebebi axlac ki nawi-lobriv asaxavs didi imperiebis sazRvrebs. momaval TavebSi vnaxavT, rom laTinuri kulturebi romauli imperiis niSan-Tvisebebis matarebelia, xolo Cinuri kultura Cinuri imperiis kulturas asaxavs.

am mokle istoriulma eqskursma dagvanaxa, rom is daxvewili socialu-ri TamaSi, romelic kulturul arsebebad gvaqcevs, namdvilad Zalian Zve-lia.


kulturuli mravalferovnebisa da cvlilebis wyaroebi

Tanamedrove samyaroSi bevri mravalferovani kulturaa, rogorc qce-vebis, aseve Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT. Tu mTel kacobriobas erTi winapari hyavs da Tu kultura mdgradia, ra Zalebma ganapiroba Cveni wina-prebis kulturebis gamravleba? am sakiTxis gageba momavali cvlilebebis winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebas mogvcems. bunebisa da adamianis didi Zala axlac da momavalSic kulturul cvlilebebs ganapirobebs.

kulturuli mravalferovnebis pirveli mizezia axal garemosTan Se-gueba. mas Semdeg, rac kacobriobam dedamiwa dafara, gadarCenis saWiroe-bam kulturulad gansxvavebuli gzebis Zebnas misca biZgi. magaliTad, meore TavSi gamoCndeba, rom civi klimatis qveynebSi adamianebi ufro Ta-nasworuflebianni arian, vidre tropikuli klimatis qveynebSi.

gansxvavebul garemoSi koleqtiur migracias ramdenime mizezi hqon-da: SimSili (udabnoebis zrdis Sedegad), zedmeti populacia, araswori politikuri marTva (rogoric iyo, magaliTad, mecxramete saukuneSi bri-taneTis politika irlandiis mimarT). bunebrivi kataklizmebi, rogoricaa miwisZvra da wyaldidoba, xandaxan mTeli sazogadoebebis gaqrobis da ax-lebis aRmocenebis mizezi xdeboda.

arqeologiurma gamokvlevebma gamoavlina, rom kulturebs Soris gacv-la-gamocvla kulturebis arsebobis xangrZlivobas utoldeba. vaWrebs ara mxolod saqoneli gadahqondaT, aramed axali Cvevebi da teqnologie-bic.

samxedro SemoWrisa da dapyrobis Sedegad populacia ireoda, iRupe-boda, sacxovrebel adgilebs icvlida da axali mmarTveloba da wesebi Se-modioda. meore-meeqvse Tavebi naTlad asaxavs romauli da Cinuri imperiis gaxangrZlivebul gavlenas.

misionerebi adamianebs axal religias sTavazobdnen da amiT maT kul-turas cvlidnen. religiis istoriaze dakvirvebisas aRmovaCenT, rom is, Tu ra religias an religiis ra versias miiRebs populacia, ara mxolod manamde arsebul kulturul paternebs mohyveba, aramed xSirad Tavad xde-ba kulturuli gansxvavebebis mizezi. didi msoflio religiebi Tavian-Ti istoriis romeliRac etapze danawevrdnen; qristianobaSi gamoiyvnen kaTolikebi, marTlmadidebelni da protestantebi; islamSi — sunitebi da Siitebi; iudevelebSi — liberalebi da fundamentalistebi; budizm-Si — hinaiana da mahaiana. religiebis dayofaSi didi roli winaT arsebul kulturebs ekuTvnis. magaliTad, kaTolikuri eklesiis reformatoroba dasawyisSi mTel evropas moedo. magram, im qveynebSi, sadac kaTolikoba as weliwadze did xans iyo damkvidrebuli, kontr-reformatorobam kaToli-kuri eklesiis roli ganamtkica. sabolood, reformatoroba mxolod im qveynebSi damkvidrda, romlebSic romauli tradicia ar iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom CrdiloeT evropa umetesad protestantulia samxreT evropa ki — kaTolikuri, maT Soris kulturuli gansxvavebebis mizezi ara reli-giuri, aramed romauli imperiis zegavlenaa. amgvarad, religiuri mikuTv-nebuloba naklebad mniSvnelovania kulturisaTvis, vidre iTvleba13. es ar niSnavs, rom religiis miRebisas, is gavlenas ar axdens kulturaze. am Sem-


TxvevaSi, religia Tavisi swavlebiT im kulturul paterns ganamtkicebs, romlis safuZvelzec es religia miiRes.

mSobliuria Tu SemoRebuli mecnieruli aRmoCenebi da inovaciebi, ro-gorc gavarkvieT, isini mxolod qcevebs cvlis da ara Tavad socialur Ta-maSs. zogierTi ki iseTi fundamenturi aRmoCnda, rom kultura da misi Ri-rebulebebi Secvala. aseTia, magaliTad, soflis meurneobis ganviTareba.

TiTqmis yvela es cvlileba erTze met sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebs; zo-gierTi maTgani ki WeSmaritad globaluria. rodesac kulturebi saerTo mizezis gamo icvleba, maT Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi ar qreba. ami-tom, de tokvilis da sxva mogzaurebis wina saukunis mosazrebebi dResac aqtualuria.

erovnuli kulturuli gansxvavebebi

erebis Camoyalibeba adamianis istoriaSi axali fenomenia. eri mTeli msoflios damyofi politikuri erTeulia, romelSic yoveli adamiania ga-wevrianebuli — rac mis pasportSi Cans. msoflioSi erebis sistema meoce saukunis Sua wlebSi damkvidrda. erebamde saxelmwifo arsebobda, magram mas yvela ar ekuTvnoda, an mis wevrad Tavs ar Tvlida. erebis Camoyali-beba wina saukuneebSi arsebul koloniur sistemas mohyva. koloniur peri-odSi, dasavlurma, teqnologiurad ganviTarebulma erebma TiTqmis mTe-li msoflio daipyres. isini im miwebs daepatronen, romlebic sxva Zlier politikur Zalas ar ekava. yofili koloniuri erebis sazRvrebi axlac koloniur dayofas asaxavs. afrikaSi, magaliTad, erovnuli sazRvrebis logika koloniur wyobas asaxavs da ara gansxvavebuli kulturebis saz-Rvrebs.

amgvarad, eri ar aris sazogadoebis ekvivalenti, romelic socialu-ri organizaciis istoriul, organul formas warmoadgens. mkacri gan-sazRvrebiT, kulturas erebi ki ara, sazogadoebebi iziareben. amisda mi-uxedavad, mravali eri istoriul erTobliobas warmoadgens. is sxvadasxva jgufisa da xandaxan naklebad integrirebuli umciresobebisagan Sedgeba.

garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi arsebuli erebi Semdgomi integraciisa-ken miiswrafvian. amas Semdegi faqtorebi ganapirobebs: erTi dominantu-ri erovnuli ena, saerTo masobrivi media, ganaTlebis erovnuli siste-ma, sportul RonisZiebebSi erovnuli warmomadgenloba simboloebiTa da emociuri mowonebiT, garkveuli unarebis erovnuli bazari, produqtebi da momsaxureba. dRevandeli erebi anTropologebis mier nakvlevi izoli-rebuli sazogadoebis msgavsad homogenuri ar aris, magram moqalaqeebis gonebrivi programirebis did wyaros warmoadgens14.

amgvarad, kulturuli gansxvavebebis kvlevisas erovneba, anu paspor-tiT mikuTvnebuloba, kulturuli dayofisaTvis xSirad sando ar aris. mi-uxedavad amisa, xSirad es klasifikaciis erTaderTi kriteriumia. sworad Tu arasworad, garkveuli qveynis moqalaqeebs koleqtiuri maxasiaTeblebi miewerebaT: adamianebi moixsenieben „tipur amerikul~, „tipur germanul~, „tipur iaponur~ qcevas. erovnebis kriteriumad aReba ufro advilia, vid-


re organuli homogenuri sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb informaciis mopoveba. erebi, rogorc politikuri erTeulebi, TavianT populacias mravalgvar statistikas usadageben. kulturis Sesaxeb gamokiTxvebi xSirad erovnul doneze tardeba. rodesac SesaZlebelia, aucilebelia Sedegebis religi-uri, eTnikuri da lingvisturi jgufebis doneze dayofa.

erovnul doneze informaciis akrefis mTavari mizezi erovnebebs So-ris kulturaTSorisi kvlevis waxalisebaa. rogorc am TavSi vnaxeT, mso-flioSi orasze meti eri arsebobs da Cven erTad gadavrCebiT an daviRu-pebiT. amitom, praqtikuli mniSvnelobisaa kulturebis gamaerTianebeli an damSleli faqtorebis Seswavla.

erovnuli kulturebi Tu erovnuli institutebi?

gansxvavebul qveynebs gansxvavebuli institutebi aqvs: mTavroba, kano-nebi da legaluri sistemebi, asociaciebi, religiuri kavSirebi, saskolo sistemebi, ojaxis struqturebi. zogierTi adamiani, sociologebisa da ekonomistebis CaTvliT, miiCnevs, rom es institutebi qveynebs Soris az-rovnebis, gancdisa da qcevebis gansxvavebebis amxsnel mizezebs warmoad-gens. Tu am gansxvavebebs TvalsaCino institutebiT avxsniT, ra saWiroa kulturis, rogorc faruli gonebrivi programis ganxilva?

am kiTxvaze ori saukunis win frangma Tavadma, Sarl-lui monteskiem (1689-1755) gasca pasuxi Tavis nawarmoebSi kanonebis suli (De l’esprit de Lou-is).

monteskies mixedviT, arsebobs „eris zogadi suli~ (rasac Cven axla kulturas vuwodebT) da „kanonmdebeli eris suls unda mihyvebodes.…imaze ukeTesad araferi gamogvdis, rasac Tavisuflad da Cveni bunebri-vi geniis mixedviT vasrulebT~15. amgvarad, institutebi gonebriv pro-gramebs mihyveba da Tavisi funqciiT adgilobriv kulturas miesadage-ba. rogorc evrokavSiris magaliTma aCvena, msgavsi kanonebi gansxvavebul qveynebSi gansxvavebulad moqmedebs. kulturaSi Sezrdili institutebi im mentalur programebs avrcelebs, romlebzedac es institutebi dafuZnda. institutebis gageba kulturis ganxilvis gareSe SeuZlebelia, xolo kul-turis gageba institutebis ukeT gaazrebas uwyobs xels.

amis mniSvnelovani Sedegi isaa, rom ucxouri instituciebis SemotaniT Cven ver SevcvliT qveynis mosaxleobis azrovnebas, gancdasa da qcevas. yofili sabWoTa kavSiris ganadgurebis Semdeg zogierT ekonomists ego-na, rom yofil komunistur qveynebs mxolod kapitalisturi, amerikuli stilis institutebi esaWiroeba, raTa es qveynebi simdidris mosapovebel gzas daadgnen. sinamdvileSi ase ar gamovida. yovel qveyanas Tavis re-formebTan Widili da sakuTari xalxis programuli uzrunvelyofis gaT-valiswineba sWirdeba. mravalerovnul korporaciebisa da zenacionaluri institutebis (rogoricaa msoflio banki) globalizacia did adgilobriv winaaRmdegobas awydeba, radgan ekonomikuri sistemebi kulturisagan da-moukidebeli ar aris.


ra mdgomareobaSia marTvis erovnuli kultura?

biznesliteratura xSirad axsenebs „marTvis~ an „liderobis~ kultu-ras. magram marTva da lideroba sazogadoebis sxva funqciebidan ver ga-moiyofa. amerikeli anTropologi marvin harisi gvafrTxilebs: „anTropo-logebi xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom socialuri cxovrebis erTi SexedviT daukavSirebeli mxareebi sinamdvileSi dakavSirebulia~16.

winamZRolebi da menejerebi, maTi daqvemdebarebuli muSakebi erov-nuli sazogadoebis nawils warmoadgenen. Tu maTi qcevis gageba gvsurs, sazogadoebac unda gavigoT — magaliTad, pirovnebis ra tipebia gavrce-lebuli maT qveyanaSi, rogor funqcionirebs ojaxi da rogor zemoqme-debs am ojaxSi aRzrdil bavSvebze, rogoria saskolo sistema da vin ra tipis skolaSi dadis, ra gavlenas axdens mTavroba da politikuri siste-ma moqalaqeebis cxovrebaze da ra istoriuli movlenebi ganicada maTma Taobam. SeiZleba davinteresdeT, rogori momxmareblebi arian sazogadoe-bis wevrebi da ra damokidebuleba aqvT janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis, danaSaulisa da sasjelis, agreTve religiis mimarT. SesaZloa, rom maTi qveynis literaturis, xelovnebisa da mecnierebis Seswavlis Semdeg maT Sesaxeb meti gavigoT. Semdgomi Tavi qveynis menejmentis gasagebad re-levantur sakiTxebs moicavs. kulturaSi ar arsebobs biznessamyarosTan misasvleli mokle gza.

Rirebulebebis gazomva

kulturis SedarebiTi kvlevisaTvis aucilebelia Rirebulebebis ga-zomva, radgan swored Rirebulebebia qcevebze ufro mdgradi. adamianis qcevebidan gamomdinare, Rirebulebebis Sefaseba Zneli da zogadia. daxu-ruli1 tipis kiTxvarebi SeTavazebuli alternativebidan respondentebis arCevans adgens. magram pasuxebs zedmeti mniSvneloba ar unda mivaniWoT: sinamdvileSi adamiani SeiZleba ise ar iqceodes, rogorc kiTxvarSi aR-niSna. miuxedavad amisa, kiTxvarebi gamosadegia. isini xom respondentebis jgufebs an kategoriebs Soris gansxvavebul pasuxebs avlenen. magaliTad, kiTxvari respondents ekiTxeba, damatebiTi Semosavali urCevnia Tu das-veneba. calkeulma TanamSromelma, romelic kiTxvarSi aRniSnavs, rom das-veneba urCevnia, SeiZleba arCevanis SemTxvevaSi fulis Sovna gadawyvitos, magram Tu A jgufi ganacxadebs, rom dasveneba urCevnia, xolo B jgufi, rom — damatebiTi Semosavali, es fulisa da dasvenebis sakiTxSi am jgu-febs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebze miuTiTebs.

Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb respondentebis ganacxadebis interpretaciisas erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT sasurveli da Cafiqrebuli, anu rogo-ri samyaro surT adamianebs zogadad da ra aqvT Cafiqrebuli sakuTari TavisaTvis. zogadad sasurvelis Sesaxeb SekiTxvebi yvela adamianisTvisaa Sedgenili da Semdeg terminebSi gamoisaxeba: swori/araswori, veTanxmebi/

1 redaqtoris SeniSvna: kiTxvas mohyveba SesaZlo pasuxis ramdenime varianti, saidanac respondenti irCevs imas, romelsac eTanxmeba. xolo

Ria kiTxvaSi pasuxebis variantebi mocemuli ar aris.


ar veTanxmebi, mniSvnelovani/umniSvnelo, an raime msgavsi. ideali yvelas moswons sikeTe da ewinaaRmdegeba borotebas. sasurvelis Sesaxeb pasuxebi gviCvenebs adamianebis Sexedulebas imis Sesaxeb, ra Seesabameba sikeTes da ra _ borotebas. Cafiqrebulis Sesaxeb SekiTxvebi sapirispiro xasiaTisaa. aseT SekiTxvebSi gamoiyeneba nacvalsaxelebi da vlindeba is, Tu ra gvinda sakuTari TavisTvis, rac nakleb idealur survilebsac Seicavs. zogadad, Cafiqrebuli kiTxvebi mxolod mkrTalad asaxavs sinamdvileSi ganxorcie-lebul qcevas. is kiTxvebic ki, romlebic ikvlevs, konkretulad ra surs adamians da ufro mWidro kavSirSia, ganxorcielebul qcevasTan yovelT-vis ar asaxavs, rogor moiqceva pirovneba arCevanis dros. zogadad, sa-surveli Cafiqrebulisagan normebis bunebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba. norma adamianebis jgufSi an kategoriaSi qcevis miRebul standarts warmoad-gens17. sasurvelis dros norma absoluturi, eTikurad swori gadawyve-tilebaa. Cafiqrebuli ki statistikuri normaa: is umravlesobis arCevans asaxavs. sasurveli ideologias ukavSirdeba, Cafiqrebuli ki — praqtikul sakiTxebs.

Tu Rirebulebebis kvlevis interpretaciisas am ori cnebis gamoyo-fa ar moxda, Sedegebi SeiZleba paradoqsuli aRmoCndes. Semdeg TavebSi aRwerilia IBM-is gamokiTxva, romelSic am orma cnebam diametrulad gansxvavebuli pasuxebi daafiqsira. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi momuSave adamian-ebs sTxoves daTanxmebodnen, an ar daTanxmebodnen Semdeg debulebas: „am dargSi momuSave adamianebma menejmentis gadawyvetilebebSi ufro meti monawileoba unda miiRon~. es SekiTxva sasurvels exeba. sxva SemTxveva-Si respondents hkiTxes, piradad Tu urCevnia iseTi menejeri, romelic „gadawyvetilebis miRebis win azrs daekiTxeba daqvemdebarebul TanamS-romlebs~. es debuleba asaxavs Cafiqrebuls. pasuxebis Sedarebis Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom im qveynebSi, sadac TanamSromlebTan moTaTbire menejeri naklebad popularuli iyo, respondentebi daeTanxmnen zogad debulebas da piriqiT; es ideologia sarkisebrad asaxavda ufrosTan yoveldRiur urTierTobas18.

erovnuli kulturebis ganzomilebebi

meoce saukunis pirvel naxevarSi socialur anTropologiaSi gavrcel-da mosazreba, rom yvela sazogadoeba, Tanamedrove Tu tradiciuli, erT-nairi problemebis winaSe dgas — mxolod problemebis gadaWris gzebia gansxvavebuli. amerikelma anTropologebma, kerZod ki ruT benediqtma (1887-1948) da margaret midma (1901-1978) mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules am gzavnilis gavrcelebaSi.

amas logikurad mohyva yvela sazogadoebisaTvis saerTo problemebis gamovlenis mcdeloba. amisTvis socialuri mecnierebis warmomadgenlebi konceptualur msjelobas, savele gamocdilebis ganxilvas da statisti-kur kvlevebs iyenebdnen. 1954 wels orma amerikelma, sociologma aleqs inkelesma da fsiqologma deniel levinsonma erovnuli kulturis Sesaxeb arsebuli inglisurenovani literaturis vrceli mimoxilva gamoaqveynes.


maT gamoTqves mosazreba, rom qvemoT moyvanili sakiTxebi mTel msoflio-Si arsebuli bazisuri problemebia, romlebic mniSvnelovania sazogadoe-bebis, am sazogadoebebSi arsebuli jgufebisa da jgufebSi myofi indivi-debis funqcionirebisaTvis;

1. ufrosobasTan, avtoritetTan urTierToba;2. TviTmyofadobis koncefcia — gansakuTrebiT ki individisa da

sazogadoebis urTierTobis WrilSi — maskulinoba-feminurobis cnebebi;

3. konfliqtebTan gamklavebis gzebi, raSic agresiis kontroli da grZnobebis gamoxatva moiazreba19.

oci wlis Semdeg girts gamokiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli vrceli infor-maciis Seswavlis SesaZlebloba mieca. gamokiTxva 50-ze met qveyanaSi Ca-tarda. respondentebi erTi didi mravalerovnuli korporaciis filia-lebSi muSaobdnen. es korporacia iyo IBM. erTi SexedviT ucnauria, rom mravalerovnuli kompaniis TanamSromlebs — Zalian specifikur adamianebs — mimarTes erovnul RirebulebaTa sistemis gamosakvlevad. magram qvey-nebis Sesadareblad isini TiTqmis srulyofilad dawyvilebul SerCevas warmoadgendnen: erovnebis garda, yovelmxriv erTnairi jgufebi iyvnen, ris gamoc maT pasuxebSi asaxuli erovnuli gansxvavebebi kargad gamoCnda. IBM-is sxvadasxva qveynis TanamSromlebma Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb kiTxvebs upasuxes.

Semdeg statistikurma analizma qveynis masStabiT am pasuxebis saSu-aloebi gamoavlina. kvlevam aCvena, rom sxvadasxva qveynis TanamSromlebs saerTo problemebi hqondaT, magram gadaWris gzebi20 — gansxvavebuli, Sem-deg sferoebSi:

1. socialuri uTanasworoba, ufrosobasTan urTierTobis CaTvliT;2. individisa da jgufis urTierToba;3. maskulinoba-feminurobis cnebebi: biWad an gogod dabadebis so-

cialuri da emociuri Sedegebi;4. gaurkvevlobasTan da ganusazRvrelobasTan gamklavebis gzebi, rac

agresiis kontrolTan da agresiis gamoxatvasTan aRmoCnda kavSir-Si.

es empiriuli monacemebi gasaocrad daemTxva inkelesisa da levinsonis oci wlis winaT nawinaswarmetyveleb sferoebs. maTi mosazrebebis gamarT-leba empiriuli kvlevis Zlieri, Teoriuli ganmamtkicebeli aRmoCnda. yvela sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli problema sxvadasxva kvlevaSi unda gamoCndes, kvlevis midgomis miuxedavad. inkelesisa da levinsonis naSromis garda Cveni kvleva sxva naSromebis daskvnebTanac TanxvedraSia. Tumca aRniSnuli kvleva yvelaze ukeT winaswarmetyvelebs girtis aRmo-Cenas.

inkelesisa da levinsonis naSromSi da IBM-is kvlevis SedegebSi aR-


moCenili oTxi bazisuri problemis sfero kulturis ganzomilebebs warmoadgens. ganzomileba kulturis is nawilia, romelic SeiZleba sxva kulturebTan mimarTebaSi gaizomos. meore-mexuTe TavebSi aRwerili pro-blemuri sakiTxebi oTx ganzomilebas Seesabameba. es ganzomilebebia: Za-lauflebrivi distancia (mcire-didi), koleqtivizmi da individualizmi, feminuroba da maskulinoba, gaurkvevlobis Tavidan arideba (susti-Zlie-ri). es cnebebi socialur mecnierebaSi arsebuli terminebia. isini kargad gamoxataven im problemas, romelsac yoveli ganzomileba moicavs. isini erTad, nacionaluri kulturis gansxvavebebis oTxganzomilebian models warmoqmnian. am modelis WrilSi yovel qveyanas oTx ganzomilebaSi miniWe-buli qulebi axasiaTebs.

ganzomileba ajgufebs sazogadoebis iseT movlenebs, romlebic em-piriulad dakavSirebuli xdeba miuxedavad imisa, saWiroa Tu ara aseTi kavSiri. sazogadoebis logika masze damkvirvebeli individis logikisagan gansxvavdeba. ganzomilebis sxvadasxva aspeqtis dajgufeba statistikur kavSirs eyrdnoba — anu movlenebis kombinacia tendenciebs da sustad gadajaWvul kavSirebs gamoxatavs. SesaZloa zogierTi sazogadoebis zo-gierTi aspeqti sazogadoebaTa umravlesobis tendencias daupirispirdes. radgan ganzomilebebs safuZvlad statistikuri meTodebi udevs, maT da-sadgenad bevri qveynis Sedarebaa saWiro (minimum aTis). kvlevisas girtma 50 kulturulad gansazRvruli qveynisa da 3 mravalqveyniani regionis in-formacia moipova, ris Sedegadac naTlad gamoCnda ganzomilebebis gansx-vavebebi.

erT ganzomilebaze yoveli qveynis qulebs erT xazze ganlagebuli wer-tilebi aRniSnavs. ori ganzomilebis dros wertilebi diagramas Seadgens. sami ganzomilebis SemTxvevaSi maTi sivrceSi ganlagebul wertilebad dan-axvac SeiZleba. oTxi an meti ganzomilebisas maTi warmodgena Znelia, rac ganzomilebiani modelebis naklia. qveynebs (an sxva socialur sistemebs) Soris gansxvavebebis gamoxatva tipologiiTac SeiZleba. tipologia ide-aluri tipebis nakrebia da yoveli tipi advilad dasanaxia. magaliTad, me-20 saukunis meore naxevarSi qveynebis dayofis Semdegi tipologia iyo gavrcelebuli: pirveli, meore da mesame msoflios qveynebi (kapitali-sturi, komunisturi da yofili koloniuri bloki). tipologiebi gansaz-Rvrebaze advilad mosargebia, magram empiriuli kvlevisaTvis proble-muria. sinamdvileSi movlenebi iSviaTad Tavsdeba erT idealur tipSi — umravlesoba hibridia da maTi tipologiuri klasifikaciisaTvis sadavo wesebis SemoRebaa saWiro. ganzomilebis modelis gamoyenebisas ki SesaZ-lebelia movlenebis zusti Sefaseba. ganzomilebis qulebze dayrdnobiT movlenebi empiriulad iyofa msgavsi qulebis klasterebad. es klasterebi empiriul tipologias warmoqmnis. IBM-is kvlevaSi monawile 50-ze meti qveyana oTxganzomilebiani modelis safuZvelze 12 klasterad daiyo21.

praqtikaSi tipologiuri da ganzomilebis modeli erTmaneTs avsebs. ganzomilebis modeli gamosadegia kvlevisaTvis, tipologiuri ki — swav-lebisaTvis. am wignSi ganzomilebis asaxsnelad tipologiuri midgoma gamoiyeneba. yoveli calkeuli ganzomilebisaTvis arsebuli ori sapi-


rispiro monacemi sufTa tipad aris warmodgenili. SemdgomSi oTxi gan-zomileba or-orad aris daxazuli da TiToeuli naxazi oTx tips moicavs. am ganzomilebebis mixedviT qveynebis qulebze dakvirvebiT aRmoCnda, rom sinamdvileSi movlenebi ukiduresobebs Soris mdebareobs.

IBM-is kvlevis ganmeorebiTi kvlevebi

IBM-is kvlevis paralelurad girtma igive SekiTxvebi IBM-sgan da-moukidebel saerTaSoriso menejerebs dausva. es adamianebi 15 sxvadasxva qveynidan Camovidnen da Sveicariis biznesskolaSi swavlobdnen. am sko-laSi girti leqciebs kiTxulobda22. am droisaTvis ganzomilebebis cneba Camoyalibebuli jer ar iyo, magram kiTxvaris gameorebiT Catarebam ga-moavlina, rom Zalauflebis mTavar kiTxvaze (SemdgomSi es kiTxva Zal-auflebrivi distanciis ganzomilebaSi Sevida) qveynebis pasuxebi kvlevis Sedegebs TiTqmis zustad daemTxva. sxva kiTxvebma individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis gansxvavebebi aCvena qveynebis mixedviT da pasuxebi IBM-is kvlevis Sedegebs hgavda. es imis pirveli damamtkicebeli sabuTi iyo, rom IBM-Si qveynebs Soris aRmoCenili gansxvavebebi yvelgan gvxvdeba.

momavalSi mravalma adamianma gamoiyena IBM-is kiTxvari, an misi nawi-lebi, an misi gaumjobesebuli versia, romelsac Rirebulebis kiTxvaris modulebi ewodeba (VSM). replikaciebis sargeblianoba qveynebis ricxve-bis zrdasTan erTad matulobda. rac meti qveyana Seiswavleba, miT ufro advilia statistikuri kriteriumebis gamoyeneba Sedegebis msgavsebis Se-mowmebisaTvis. 2002 wlamde patara kvlevebTan erTad 6 didi ganmeorebiTi kvleva Catarda, romlebSic IBM-is monacemTa bazidan 14-ze meti qveyana monawileobda. kvlevis monacemebi 1.1 cxrilSia warmodgenili.

1.1 cxrilSi warmodgenili 6-dan 4 replikacia mxolod sam ganzomile-bas adasturebs da yovel replikaciaSi gansxvavebulia erTi daudastu-rebeli ganzomileba. magaliTad, momxmareblisagan mopovebulia infor-maciis Sedegi ar daemTxva Zalauflebrivi distanciis ganzomilebas. amis SesaZlo mizezia respondentebis gansxvavebuli saqmianoba, Zalauflebis mqone adamianebTan gansxvavebuli urTierToba an umuSevari studentebisa da diasaxlisebis gamokiTxva.

patara kvlevebi or-sam qveyanas adarebda erTmaneTs. Zalian kargi iq-neboda, Tu yvela sxva kvleva IBM-is Sedegebs daadasturebda, Tumca, da-nielma mkvlevarma miqael sondergardma (Mikael Sondergaard) aRmoaCina, rom 19 patara kvlevaSi statistikurad damtkicda oTxive ganzomileba.23 yve-laze Zlieri Tanxvedra individualizmis ganzomilebaze aRmoCnda. mcire kvlevebis umravlesoba aSS-Si daiwyo, romelmac kvlevis mixedviT maRali qulebi miiRo individualizmze da am qveyanasTan nebismieri Sedareba am ganzomilebaSi naTel gansxvavebas gamoavlenda.

1.2 cxrilSi CamoTvlilia is 74 qveyana an regioni, romlebSic IBM —is kvlevam da misma replikaciebma ganzomilebebisaTvis gamosadegi qulebi gamoavlina. kiTxvebis qulebi me-2-6 TavebSia moyvanili.


1.1. cxrili IBM-is kvlevis eqvsi didi replikacia

gameorebuli ganzomilebebi

avtori gamoq. SerCeva qveynebis Zalauf. ind. mask. gaurkv.

weli r-ba

Hoppe 1990 1 18 X X X X

Shane 1995 2 28 X X X

Merrit 1998 3 19 X X X X

de Mooij 2001 4 15 X X X

Mouritzen 2002 5 14 X X X

van Nimvegen

2002 6 19 X X X

1. elita— mTavrobisa da parlamentis wevrebi, Sromisa da damsaqmeblebis liderebi, mecnier-muSakebi, xelovanebi. amerikis Seswavlis zalcburgis seminaris meSveobiT 1984 wels respondentebs CautardaT gamokiTxva. VSM- 82-Si arsebuli formulis mixedviT, maTi kiTxvebiT dadasturda Zalauflebrivi distancia, gaurkvevlobis Tavidan arideba da individualizmi (Hoppe, 1990); VSM-94-is meSveobiT dadasturda maskulinurobis ganzomileba (Hoppe, 1998).

2. IBM-is garda eqvsi sxva saerTaSoriso korporaciis TanamSromlebi 28-dan 32 qveynamde (Shane, 1995) (Shane & Venkataraman, 1996). am kvlevam daadastura Zalauflebrivi distancia, gaurkvevlobis Tavidan arideba da individualizmi, ar moicavda politikurad arakoreqtulad gamocxadebul maskulinurobis ganzomilebis kiTxvebs.

3. pilotebi — komerciuli aeroxazebis pilotebi 19 qveynidan (Helreich & Merritt, 1998). VSM-82-is gamoyenebiT am kvlevaSi damtkicda Zalauflebrivi distancia da individualizmi; IBM-is im kiTxvebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic pilotebisaTvis relevanturi aRmoCnda, yvela ganzomileba dadasturda (Merritt, 2000).

4.momxmareblebi — momxmareblebi 15 evropuli qveynidan (de Mooij, 2004); Culture’s Consequences (2001), pp.187, 262, 336. VSM-94-is meSveobiT am kvlevam daadastura gaurkvevlobis Tavidan arideba, individualizmi da maskulinoba. ar dadasturda Zalauflebrivi distancia, radgan yvela momxmarebeli samuSaos safuZvelze ar iyo arCeuli (zogierTi saerTod umuSevari iyo).

5. municipaluri muSakebi — xelmZRvaneli municipaluri sajaro moxeleebi 14 qveynidan (Sondergaard, 2002), (Mouritzen & Svara, 2002) VSM-94-is gamoyenebiT daadastures Zalauflebrivi distancia, gaurkvevlobis Tavidan arideba da maskulinoba da pirveli ori ganzomileba qveynebSi arsebul adgilobrivi marTvis formas daukavSires.

6. bankis TanamSromlebi — saerTaSoriso bankis TanamSromlebi 19 qveynidan (van Nimwegen, 2002). am kvlevam daadastura Zalauflebrivi distancia da individualizmi, aseve, naklebad sandod, maskulinoba da grZelvadiani orientacia, magram ar damtkicda gaurkvevlobis Tavidan arideba.


1.2. cxrili. qveynebi da regionebi, romlebisTvisac dadginda ganzomilebebis qulebi

arabulenovani qveynebi

(egvipte, erayi, kuveiti,

libia, libani, saudis arabeTi, gaerTianebuli arabeTis emiratebi)

argentina

avstralia

avstria

bangladeSi

belgia — flandria (holandiurenovani)

belgia— valoni (frangulenovani)

brazilia

bulgareTi

kanada — kvebeki

kanada — mTliani

Cile

CineTi

kolumbia

kosta-rika

CexeTi

xorvatia

dania

aRmosavleTi afrika (eTiopia, kenia, tanzania da zambia)

ekvatori

estoneTi

fineTi

safrangeTi

germania

didi britaneTi

saberZneTi

gvatemala

hong-kongi (CineTi)

ungreTi

indoeTi

indonezia

irlandia

israeli

italia

iamaika

iaponia

korea (samxreT)

luqsemburgi

malaizia

malta

meqsika

maroko

holandia

axali zelandia

norvegia

pakistani

panama

peru

filipinebi

poloneTi

portugalia

rumineTi

ruseTi

el salvadori

serbeTi

singapuri

slovakeTi

slovenia

samxreTi afrika (informacia mxolod TeTrkanianebisagan iqna miRebuli)

espaneTi

surinami

SvedeTi

Sveicaria — franguli

Sveicaria — germanuli

taivani

tailandi

trinidadi

TurqeTi

aSS

urugvai

venesuela

vietnami

CrdiloeTi afrika (gana, nigeria, siera-leone)


korelaciebis gamoyeneba

IBM-is kiTxvarsa da replikaciebis Sesadareblad korelaciis stati-stikuri meTodi gamoviyeneT.

maTTvis, vinc ar icis statistikuri terminis — korelaciis ganmarte-ba, mogvyavs mokle ganmarteba. ori cvladi erTmaneTTan korelaciaSia, Tu isini erTad icvleba. magaliTad, Tu gavzomavT quCidan SemTxveviT ayvanili 100 adamianis wonas da simaRles, aRmovaCenT, rom es ori cv-ladi korelaciaSia: maRlebi xSirad ufro mets iwonian, xolo dablebi —naklebs. radgan zogierTi adamiani maRali da gamxdaria, xolo zogierTi ki — dabali da msuqani, korelacia srulyofili ar iqneboda.

korelaciis kavSiris siZlieres korelaciis koeficienti24 gamoxatavs. Tu korelacia srulyofilia, ise rom erTi cvladi sruliad misdevs me-ores, maSin koeficienti 1.00-is tolia. Tu korelacia ar arsebobs, ori cvladi saerTod ar aris dakavSirebuli, koeficienti nulis tolia. koeficienti uaryofiTia, Tu cvladebi sapirispiroa — magaliTad, adami-anis simaRle da ramdenjer Sexvdeba is masze maRal sxva adamians. yvelaze dabali monacemi = 1.00, niSnavs, rom cvladebi srulyofil korelaciaSia, oRond Tu erTi dadebiTia, meore uaryofiTia da piriqiT. adamianebis wo-nisa da simaRlis magaliTSi 0.80 koeficients unda velodeT, Tuki SerCeva mxolod zrdasrulebs moicavs; koeficienti ufro maRali iqneba, bavSve-bic rom daematos, radgan bavSvebi mozrdilebze bevrad ufro dablebi da msubuqebi arian.

korelaciis koeficienti statistikurad sandoa, Tuki is mniSvnelov-nad gansxvavdeba 0-sgan (dadebiTad Tu uaryofiTad). am dros or sazoms Soris msgavseba ar aris SemTxveviT gamowveuli. mniSvnelovnebis kriteri-umi 0,05; 0,001 an 0 SemTxveviTobis riskia. Tu mniSvnelovnebis koeficien-ti 0.05-is tolia, kavSiris ararsebobis albaToba = 19:1. Tu koeficienti 0.001-is tolia, albaToba 999:1-ia25.

Tu korelaciis koeficienti 1.00 da -1.00-ia. SegviZlia winaswarme-tyveleba. meore cvladze dayrdnobiT Tu korelaciis koeficienti ±0.90-ia, SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT erTi cvladis 81%, Tu viciT meore; Tu korelacia ±0.80-ia, SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT 64% da a.S. ko-relaciis koeficientis kvadratSi ayvanas mosdevs winaswarmetyvelebis Semcireba. Tu bevri monacemi gvaqvs da korelaciis koeficienti 0.40-is tolia, korelacia mainc mniSvnelovania, Tumca, pirveli cvladi meore cvladis mxolod 0.40X0.40=16%-s winaswarmetyvelebs. msgavsi susti aso-ciaciebi imitom gvainteresebs, rom socialur samyaroSi movlenebze be-vri faqtori erTdroulad moqmedebs: isini multikauzaluri arian. kore-laciuri analizis meSveobiT SesaZlo mizezebis TiTo-TiTod izolirebaa SesaZlebeli.


mexuTe ganzomilebis damateba

1980 wels, kulturis Sedegebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, girti maikl ha-ris bonds Sexvda hong-kongis Cinuri universitetidan. bondma da misma kolegebma azia-wynari okeanis regionidan TavianT regionSi arsebuli 10 erovnuli an eTnikuri jgufis fsiqologiis fakultetis studentebis Se-dareba daamTavres26. maT milton rokiCis mier SemuSavebuli rokiCis Ri-rebulebebis kiTxvaris (RVS)-is adaptacia moaxdines. es kiTxvari 1970-iani wlebis amerikuli sazogadoebis Rirebulebebis bazaze Seiqmna. rodesac bondma girtis IBM-is msgavsad gaaanaliza Tavisi kvlevis Sedegebi, manac oTxi mniSvnelovani ganzomileba miiRo. eqvs qveyanaSi, romlebic orive kvlevaSi Sedioda, RVS ganzomileba sando korelaciaSi iyo IBM—is erT ganzomilebasTan27.

gansxvavebul masalaze msgavsi ganzomilebebis aRmoCena maT bazisur bunebaze miuTiTebs. sxva kiTxvarebis gamoyenebiT, sxva respondentebis monawileobiT (IBM-is TanamSromlebis nacvlad studentebi), dros sxva monakveTSi (monacemebi Segrovda1979 wels da ara 1970) da qveynebis Sez-Rudul jgufSi, oTxi msgavsi ganzomileba gamovlinda. aman bondi da gir-ti ara mxolod gaaxara, aramed daabnia kidec. kiTxvarebma gamoavlina, rom adamianebis azrovneba kulturiT aris SezRuduli. mkvlevrebi, rogorc adamianebi, aseve TavianTi kulturis Svilebi iyvnen. IBM-is kiTxvaric da RVS-ic dasavluri gonebis produqti iyo. orive SemTxvevaSi aradasavluri qveynebis respondentebi dasavlur kiTxvebs pasuxobdnen. agebda Tu ara es faqti pasuxs korelaciaze? daisva Tu ara ararelevanturi kiTxvebi da daikarga Tu ara relevanturebi? kiTxvarebis kulturuli mikerZoebebis gadasalaxi standartuli meTodi decentralizaciaa: kvlevaSi sxva qvey-nis mecnierebi iRebdnen monawileobas. am mxriv, IBM-is kiTxvari RVS-ze ukeTesi iyo: is xuTi erovnebis warmomadgenelTa gundma SeimuSava da aT qveyanaSi Semowmda.

RVS amerikuli produqtia, Tumca azielma mkvlevrebma adaptaciisas oTxi iseTi Rirebulebac daamates, romelic rokiCis CamonaTvalSi ar aris, magram maTi qveynebisaTvis relevanturia28.

decentralizebuli kvlevis problema mkvlevarTa gundis urTierTo-bebis dinamikaSia. yvela wevri Tanasworia, magram zogierTs ufro meti uflebebi aqvs, sxvebTan SedarebiT. rogorc wesi, arsebobs mTavari mkv-levari mamakaci (iSviaTad qalbatoni), romelmac wamoiwyo kvleva da xSi-rad is dasavleTidanaa. iseTi qveynebis mkvlevrebi, sadac ufrosi gurus pativiscema da gundis harmonia mniSvnelovania, jgufis prestiJul li-ders zedmeti rwmeniT mihyvebian. es ki niSnavs, rom gundis aradasavluri Semadgenlobis pirobebSic ki, gundi dasavlur mikerZoebas SeinarCunebs. rodesac mTavari mkvlevari aradasavluri qveynidan Camodis, mas ganaTle-ba dasavleTSi aqvs miRebuli da zedmetad iTavisebs dasavlur Rirebule-bebs, is „romis papze ufro kaTolike~ xdeba.

bondma, romelic kanadeli iyo da aRmosavleTSi 1971 wlidan muSaobda, Tavisi dasavluri mikerZoebulobis gadasalaxad SemoqmedebiTi gza mona-xa. man Seqmna axali kiTxvari, romelic specialurad iyo dawerili aRmo-


savluri, kerZod ki Cinuri Rirebulebebis poziciebidan da misi Sedegebi dasavlur ekvivalents Seadara. bondma hong-kongel da taivanel mecnie-rebs sTxova miewodebinaT misTvis Cineli xalxis 10 bazisuri Rirebulebis sia. gameorebebis amoRebiT da Cineli filosofosebisa da socialur mec-nierebaTa warmomadgenlebis naSromebidan moZiebuli kiTxvebis damatebiT man 40 kiTxvisagan Semdgari kiTxvari Seqmna — kiTxvebis raodenoba RVS-s utoldeboda. axal kiTxvars Cinuri Rirebulebebis kiTxvari (CVS) ewoda.

Semdeg, msoflios TiToeul qveyanaSi CVS 100-100 students, 50 qals da 50 mamakacs Cautarda, RVS-is msgavsad. studentebma Cinuri, inglisuri an sxva rvaenovani versia miiRes, romelic pirdapir Cinuridan iyo Targm-nili. CVS-is statistikurma damuSavebam kvlav gamoavlina 4 ganzomileba. 20 qveyanaSi CVS-is 3 ganzomileba IBM-is kiTxvars daemTxva, magram CVS-is meoTxe ganzomileba IBM-is ganzomilebasTan korelaciaSi ar aRmoCnda: gaurkvevlobis Tavidan aridebis ekvivalenti CVS-Si ar moipoveboda. CVS-is meoTxe ganzomileba moicavda momavalze orientaciis dapirispirebas warsulsa da awmyoze orientaciasTan29. girtma mas grZelvadiani da mok-levadiani orientacia uwoda da universalur me-5 ganzomilebad miiCnia. me-6 Tavi amis siRrmiseul analizs moaxdens.

qveynis kulturis qulebis validacia sxva sazomebTan mimarTebaSi

Semdegi nabiji qveynebis ganzomilebebis qulebis praqtikuli mniSv-nelobebis gamovlena iyo. es raodenobrivad gakeTda. gaizoma ganzomi-lebebis qulebis sxva sazomebTan korelacia. mosalodneli iyo, rom es sazomebi logikurad asaxavs imave kulturul gansxvavebebs. raodenobriv informacias qveynis aRmweri Tvisebrivi informacia daemata. am process validacia ewodeba. me-2-6 TavebSi ganxilulia amis magaliTebi.

ase, rom Zalauflebrivi distancia korelaciaSi aRmoCnda adgilobriv politikaSi Zaladobis gamoyenebasa da qveyanaSi Semosavlis araTanabar ga-nawilebasTan; individualizmi korelaciaSi aRmoCnda erovnul simdidresa (GNP) da Taobidan TaobaSi socialur klasebs Soris mobilobasTan; mas-kulinoba negatiur korelaciaSi imyofeboda ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro im daxmarebasTan, romlebsac mdidari qveynebi TavianTi mTliani erovnuli produqtidan gamoyofen mesame msoflios dasaxmareblad; gaurkvevlobis Tavidan arideba kavSirSi aRmoCnda kaTolikobasa da piradobis damada-sturebeli sabuTis yovelTvis Tan tarebis moTxovnasTan; grZelvadiani orientacia korelaciaSi aRmoCnda danazogebis erovnul maCveneblebTan.

kulturis Sedegebis 2001 wlis gamocema IBM-is ganzomilebebis qule-bisa da sxva sazomebis 400-ze met sando korelacias ganixilavs30. valida-ciam saintereso ram aCvena: korelacia droTa ganmavlobaSi ar sustdeba. IBM-is ganzomilebis erovnuli qulebi (an maTi SedarebiTi poziciebi) ise-Tive validuria 2000 wels, rogorc 1970 wels iyo, rac miuTiTebs, rom isini am qveynebis sazogadoebebis SedarebiT mdgrad aspeqtebs aRweren.


erovnuli kulturis sxva klasifikacia

1980 wels gamocemuli wignis kulturis Sedegebi mTavari siaxle gan-zomilebebis mixedviT erovnuli kulturebis klasifikacia iyo. kulturis SeswavlaSi es axal paradigmas, anu radikalurad axal midgomas warmoad-genda. paradigma Teoria ar aris, mas Teoriamde erTi nabiji aklia. es aris azrovnebis principi, romelic axali Teoriebis warmoSobas uwyobs xels. axali paradigmebi yovelTvis sadavoa, radgan isini damkvidrebul WeSmari-tebas ewinaaRmdegeba, magram axali perspeqtivebis momtanicaa31. kulturis Sedegebis Semdeg, erovnuli kulturis ramdenime sxva Teoriamac gamoiyena igive paradigma da klasifikaciis sakuTari gzebi SemogvTavaza.

yvelaze met kvlevaze dafuZnebuli klasifikacia israelSi moRvawe fsiqologma Salom Svarcma SeimuSava. literaturuli wyaroebis SejamebiT man 56 Rirebuleba SeimuSava. kolegebis daxmarebiT man Seagrova 54 qvey-nis kolegis moswavleebisa da 56 qveynis dawyebiTi klasis maswavleblebis qulebi32. TiToeuli Rirebulebis mniSvneloba maT Seafases rogorc „Cemi cxovrebis mTavari principi~. Svarcma Tavidan individebi Seadara, Semdeg ki qveynebzec gadavida. monacemebidan gamomdinare, man 7 ganzomileba ga-moiyvana: konservatizmi, ierarqia, kompetencia, afeqturi avtonomia, inte-leqtualuri avtonomia, egalitaruli erTguleba da harmonia. 1994 wels Svarcis mier gamocemul kvlevaSi moyvanil qveynebis monacemebsa da IBM-is qulebs Soris mniSvnelovani korelacia aRmoCnda33. amgvarad, misi kvleva „igive namcxvars Wris~.

biznessamyaroSi cnobili klasifikacia holandielma bizneskonsul-tantma fons trompenaarsma gamoaqveyna. man ganasxvava: universalizmi da partikularizmi, individualizmi da koleqtivizmi, afeqturoba da neitraliteti, specifikuroba da difuzuroba, miRweva, droze orienta-cia, bunebasTan urTierToba34. es ganzomilebebi 1950-iani da 60-iani35 wle-bis socialuri Teoriebidan momdinareobs. trompenaarsma 19 debulebiani kiTxvari sxvadasxva qveynis sxvadasxva organizaciis TanamSromlebsa da menejerebs Cautara.

1993 wels wignSi kulturis talRebze mocurave, trompenaarsma 17 kiTxvaze 39 qveynis pasuxebis qulebi warmoadgina, magram qveynisaTvis gan-zomilebis qulebi ar daudgenia. wignSi ar Cans trompenaarsis Svidi gan-zomilebis validacia, romelic qveynebis qulebis gareSe isedac SeuZlebe-lia. trompenaarsis monacemebi britanelma fsiqologebma piter smiTma da Son dugalma gaaanalizes da mxolod ori damoukidebeli ganzomileba aR-moaCines. erTi IBM-is individualizm-koleqtivizmTan korelirebda, meore ki — Zalauflebriv distanciasTan, magram amavdroulad individualizm-koleqtivizmTanac36. trompenaarsis kiTxvarma erovnuli kulturis sxva mxareebi ar moicva. individualizm-koleqtivizmi Cveni xuTi ganzomilebi-dan yvelaze naklebad sadavoa, rac trompenaarsis gzavnilis popularobas xsnis im menejerebs Soris, romlebsac konfliqtebi ar uyvarT.

kulturis ganzomilebebis paradigmis Sedegia globaluri liderobisa da organizaciaSi qcevebis efeqturobis (GLOBE) kvleviTi proeqti, rome-lic 1991 wels amerikelma menejmentis profesorma robert hausma daiwyo.


kvleva ganixilavs socialur kulturas, organizaciul kulturasa da li-derobas Soris kavSirebs. hausma mkvlevarTa 150 kaciani gundi Seqmna. maT informacia 61 qveynis, 500 gansxvavebuli organizaciis, 9000 menejerisgan Seagroves. proeqtis mizani 9 ganzomilebis gazomva iyo. es ganzomilebebi literaturis, maT Soris kulturis Sedegebis, ganxilvis Sedegad Camoya-libda. esenia: Zalauflebrivi distancia, gaurkvevlobis Tavidan arideba, socialuri koleqtivizmi, Sidajgufuri koleqtivizmi, genderuli Tanas-woroba, asertiuloba, orientacia momavalze, Sesrulebasa da humanizmze37. es hipoTezuri ganzomilebebia. Sedegebi gamoavlens, ramdenad emTxveva em-piriuli ganzomilebebi Teoriuls38.

amerikeli politikuri mecnieris, ronald inglhartis kvleva, romels-ac Rirebulebebis msoflio kiTxvari (WVS) ewodeba, ar efuZneba kultu-ris ganzomilebebis paradigmas. miuxedavad amisa, miRebuli Sedegebi mniSv-nelovania kulturebis klasificirebisaTvis. es kvleva 1980-ian wlebSi daiwyo da sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvas eyrdnoboda. 1990 wlamde mas Rirebulebebis evropuli kiTxvari ewodeboda. sabolood proeqtma 60,000 respondenti, 43 sazogadoeba da msoflios mosaxleobis 70% moicva. is 360 daxuruli kiTxvisgan Sedgeboda da moicavda ekologias, ekonomikas, ganaTlebas, emociebs, ojaxs, gendersa da seqsualobas, mTavrobasa da po-litikas, bednierebas, janmrTelobas, dasvenebasa da megobrobas, morals, religias, Sromas, agreTve sazogadoebasa da ers39. statistikuri analizis Semdeg, inglhartma ori mTavari kulturuli ganzomileba gamoyo, rom-lebsac man kargad yofna Tu arsebobisaTvis brZola da sekularuli-ra-cionaluri Tu tradiciuli xelisufleba daarqva40. orive sandod kore-lirebda IBM-is ganzomilebebTan. kargad yofna Tu arsebobisaTvis brZola individualizmsa da maskulinobasTan korelirebs.

sekularul-racionaluri Tu tradiciuli xelisufleba negatiur ko-relaciaSi aRmoCnda Zalauflebriv distanciasTan. anu saqme kvlav ~igive namcxvris gaWras~ exeboda. mosalodneli iyo, rom VWS-is monacemTa uzar-mazari baza damatebiT ganzomilebebs gamoavlenda. am droisTvis VWS-is mesame raundis Catareba daiwyo41.

kulturuli gansxvaveba regionis, eTnikurobis, religiis, genderis, Taobisa da klasis mixedviT

regionuli, eTnikuri da religiuri kulturebi qveynis Sida gansxva-vebebis mizezia. eTnikuri da religiuri jgufebi xSirad scildeba qvey-nis politikur sazRvrebs. aseTi jgufebi TavianTi tradiciuli jgufis kulturisa da qveynis dominanturi kulturis gzagasayarze umciresobebis jgufebs qmnian. zogi asimilacias ganicdis umravlesobis kulturasTan, Tumca es ramdenime Taobas moiTxovs; zogi ganagrZobs Tavisi tradiciebis mixedviT cxovrebas. aSS imigrantebis Tanacxovrebis yvelaze kargi maga-liTia. aq asimilaciac (erT qvabSi xarSva) moxda da TaobebSi jgufuri identobis SenarCunebac (mag. pensilvaniaSi mcxovrebi holandieli imigran-tebi). eTnikuri kuTxiT diskriminacia xels uSlis asimilacias da mravali


qveynis problemas warmoadgens. regionuli, eTnikuri da religiuri kultu-ra dabadebidan iswavleba da amitom SesaZlebelia maTi erovnuli kulturis terminebSi aRwera. umTavresad igive ganzomilebebi ganasxvavebs, rac qveyne-bis kulturebs Soris, rogorc qveynebs SigniT arsebul kulturebs.

genderuli gansxvavebebi xSirad ar moixsenieba kulturis terminebSi. arada, Tu yuradRebas mivaqcevdiT imas, rom yovel sazogadoebaSi arsebobs kacis kultura, romelic qalis kulturisgan gansxvavdeba, mivxvdebodiT, ra-tom aris tradiciuli genderuli rolebis Secvla ase Zneli. qalebs tradi-ciulad mamakacuri samuSaoebisaTvis morgebulad ar Tvlian. maT iwuneben ara imitom, rom maT am samuSaos Sesruleba teqnikurad ar SeuZliaT, aramed imitom, rom qalebs ar gaaCniaT Sesabamisi simboloebi, ar Seesabamebian gmi-rebis imijs, ar iReben monawileobas ritualebSi, ar aqvT kacebis kulturaSi arsebuli dominanturi Rirebulebebi da piriqiT.

sapirispiro sqesis qcevis Sesaxeb arsebuli grZnobebi da SiSebi SeiZleba iseTive intensiuri iyos, rogorc ucxo qveynis adamianebis mimarT arsebuli grZnobebi. genderis kulturebis sakiTxs me-4 TavSi mivubrundebiT.

simboloebis, gmirebis, ritualebisa da Rirebulebebis TaobebsSorisi gansxvavebebi yvelasTvis naTelia. maT xSirad zedmet yuradRebas aniWeben. axalgazrdebis mier ufrosebis Rirebulebebis upativcemuloba jer kidev Zv. w. aR-iT 2000 wels iyo aRniSnuli egviptur papirusis gragnilebSi, ise-ve rogorc hesiodes, Zv. w. aR-iT me-8 saukunis berZeni avtoris nawerebSi. Taobebs Soris qcevebisa da Rirebulebebis gansxvavebebi asakis Cveulebri-vi atributia, romelic yovel momdevno TaobaSi meordeba. Tumca, Taobebze gansakuTrebul gavlenas axdens istoriuli movlenebi. 1966-76 wlebis Cinuri kulturuli revoluciis momswre Cineli studentebi amis cocxali mowmeebi arian. am periodis studentebi skolebSi samuSaod gaagzavnes da maT ganaT-leba veRar miiRes. Cinelebi maT ~dakargul Taobas~ uwodeben. teqnologiebis ganviTareba Taobebs Soris gansxvavebebs iwvevs. magaliTad, televiziis meS-veobiT adamianebma msoflios is nawilebi naxes, romlebic adre maTi perspe-qtivis miRma rCeboda.

socialuri klasebi gansxvavebul klasobriv kulturebs atareben. so-cialuri klasi ganaTlebis SesaZleblobasTan da adamianis profesiasTan aris dakavSirebuli. ar arsebobs socialuri klasis standartuli defini-cia — sxvadasxva qveynis xalxi klasebis gansxvavebul tipebsa da raodenobas gamoyofs. adamianis klasSi moxvedris kriteriumi xSirad kulturulia: ise-Ti simboloebi, rogoricaa manerebi, mSobliur enaze laparakis aqcenti da garkveuli sityvebis xmareba Tu arxmareba mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. Tavis dasawyisSi moyvanili dialogi 2 nafic msajuls Soris ~12 ganrisxebu-li mamakaci~-dan aSkarad Seicavs klasis komponents.

genderi, Taoba da klasis kultura mxolod nawilobriv xasiaTdeba ero-vnuli kulturebis ganzomilebebiT, radgan isini adamianebis kategoriebs warmoadgenen socialuri sistemebis SigniT da ara integrirebad socialur sistemebs, rogoricaa qveynebi an eTnikuri jgufebi. genderis, Taobisa da klasis kultura amave kulturebis terminebiT unda aRiweros maTi spe-cialuri kvlevebis safuZvelze.


organizaciuli kulturebi

organizaciuli, anu korporaciuli kulturebi menejmentis literatu-raSi 1980-iani wlebis Semdeg popularuli sakiTxia. amave dros, vrceldeba azri, rom organizaciis sikeTe im saerTo gzebSi gamoixateba, romlebic misma wevrebma iswavles da azrovnebis, gancdebisa da qcevis dros iyeneben. korporaciuli kultura rbili, holisturi koncefciaa, romelsac SesaZ-loa seriozuli Sedegebi mohyvebodes.

organizaciuli sociologebi naxevar saukuneze metia, xazs usvamen am rbili faqtorebis rols. organizaciaSi myofi adamianebis saerTo gone-brivi programuli uzrunvelyofisTvis iarliy „kulturis~ mikereba am so-ciologiuri Sexedulebebis repopularizaciis kargi iaraRia. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom organizaciuli kulturac movlenaa da is erovnuli kulturisa-gan mravalmxriv gansxvavdeba. organizacia erisagan gansxvavebuli bunebis mqone socialuri sistemaa, Tundac imitom, rom misi wevrebi am sistemaSi bavSvobidan ar izrdebian. garkveuli gavlenis gamo, maT Tavad gadawyvites organizacias SeerTebodnen, iq mxolod samuSao saaTebs atareben da erT dResac datoveben mas.

erovnuli kulturis Semswavleli kvlevebis Sedegebi mxolod nawi-lobriv gamodgeba organizaciuli kulturebis gasagebad. me-8 Tavi orga-nizaciul kulturul gansxvavebebs exeba, is ar aris IBM-is kvlevaze da-fuZnebuli. misi safuZveli 1980 wels daniasa da holandiaSi Catarebuli kvleviTi proeqtia, romelic 20 organizaciul erTeulSi Catarda.

Sejameba: kultura, rogorc feniqsi

adamianis cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi sxeulis axali ujredebi Zvel uj-redebs cvlis. 21 wlis adamians axaldabadebulis arc erTi ujredi aRar gaaCnia. garkveulwilad, SesaZlebelia imis Tqma, rom fizikurad Cven ar gagvaCnia TviTmyofadoba da mxolod ujredebis kavSirebis Tanmimdevroba varT. miuxedavad amisa, Tavadac viciT, rom adamians aqvs identoba. es ki imitom xdeba, rom yvela am ujreds saerTo genebi aqvs.

sazogadoebis donezec analogiur fenomens aqvs adgili. Cvens sazo-gadoebebs identobis SenarCunebis gasaocari unari aqvs. es sazogadoebis wevrTa Taobebis meSveobiT xdeba, romlebic kulturas cvlilebebis mra-valgvari Zalebis miuxedavad gadascemen. cvlileba zedapirze boboqrobs, Rrma Sreebi mdgradia da kultura xelaxla aRdgeba ferflidan, feniqsis msgavsad.

magram risgan Sedgeba kulturis Rrma Sreebi? kulturis matarebeli genebi ar arsebobs. kultura socialuri TamaSis wesebis wignia, romlebsac wevrebi axalmosulebs gadascemen da es wigni maT gonebaSi ibudebs. Cven am dauwereli wesrigis mTavar Temebs aRvwerT. isini adamianis socialuri cxovrebis mTavar sakiTxebs Seexeba.

41

Tavi 2.

erovnuli kulturebis ganzomilebebi

sxvebze ufro Tanaswori

SvedeTis istoriaSi bolo revolucia mSvidobiani iyo. is 1809 wels mox-da. Svedebma arakompetenturad miCneuli mefe gustav IV gaaZeves da gasao-caria, magram mefoba Jan-batist bernadots SesTavazes. bernadoti frangi generali iyo, romelic Svedebis mtris, napoleonis jarSi msaxurobda. bernadoti daTanxmda da da samefo taxti daikava. mas mefe Carlz XIV joni ewoda; misi STamomavlebi dRemde ikaveben SvedeTis samefo taxts. gamefebis Semdeg bernadotma Svedur parlaments maT enaze mimarTa. misma damtvreulma Svedurma parlamentarebi gaamxiarula, isini lamis siciliT daixocnen. mefed arCeuli frangi ise ganawyenda, rom Svedurad saubari aRarasdros ucdia.

bernadoti kulturuli Sokis msxverpli aRmoCnda: franguli gamoc-dilebisa da samxedro karieris ganmavlobaSi daqvemdebarebulebis mier ufrosis Secdomebis abuCad agdebas ar Seswrebia. istorikosebis mixed-viT, bernadots Svedur da norvegiul (is norvegiis mefec gaxda) ega-litarul mentalitetTan da qveSevrdomebis konstituciur uflebebTan Segueba gauWirda. Tumca man yvelaferi (enis garda) swrafad aiTvisa, 1884 wlamde marTavda qveyanas da pativsacem konstituciur monarqadac iTv-leboda.

uTanasworoba sazogadoebaSi

erT-erTi sakiTxi, riTac SvedeTi safrangeTisagan gansxvavdeba, uTa-nasworobasTan gamklavebaa. Tanasworobis disbalansi nebismier sazoga-doebaSi arsebobs. yvelaze martiv, monadire-Semgroveblur sazogadoe-baSic ki zogierTi adamiani sxvebTan SedarebiT didi, Zlieri an Wkviania. Semdeg, zogierT adamians ufro meti Zalaufleba aqvs, vidre sxvebs: maT metad SeuZliaT sxvebis qcevis gansazRvra da piriqiT. zogierT adamians sxvebze meti qoneba aqvs. zogierTi adamiani sxvebze met pativiscemas imsa-xurebs da ufro didi statusi aqvs.

fizikuri da inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi, Zalaufleba, simdidre da statusi SesaZloa erTad ar gvxvdebodes. warmatebuli aTletebi, xe-lovanebi da mecnierebi statuss floben, magram mxolod garkveul sazo-gadoebaSi aqvT simdidrec da TiTqmis arasodes —politikuri Zalaufleba. zogierT qveyanaSi politikosebs statusi da Zalaufleba aqvT, xolo sim-didres ar floben, biznesmenebs ki simdidre da Zalaufleba aqvT, magram statusi akliaT. gamodis, rom uTanasworoba sxvadasxva sferoSi gansxva-vebulad iCens Tavs da es xSirad problemurad aRiqmeba. zogierT sazoga-doebaSi adamianebi am problemis gadawyvetis mizniT cdiloben sxvadasxva sferoebi erTmaneTs dauaxlovon. magaliTad, sportsmeni profesionali

42 erovnuli kulturebis ganzomilebebi

xdeba da simdidres ixveWs; politikosebi imaves misaRwevad Zalauflebas borotad iyeneben; warmatebuli biznesmenebi sajaro Tanamdebobas statu-sis mosapoveblad iyeneben. es tendencia sazogadoebaSi saerTo uTanaswo-robas zrdis.

sxva sazogadoebaSi dominanturia mosazreba, rom problemuri ki ara, piriqiT kargia, rodesac adamianis rangi erT sferoSi ar Seesatyviseba mis rangs meore sferoSi. erT areSi maRali rangi meore sferoSi dabali ran-giT unda dabalansdes. es procesi zrdis saSualo klass, romelic yvela aspeqtSi maRla myofi da yvelanair SesaZleblobas moklebul adamianebs Soris aris moTavsebuli. mravali qveynis kanoni Tanasworobis am idea-lis misaRwevad Seiqmna. am kanonebis mixedviT statusis, simdidrisa da Zalauflebis miuxedavad, adamianebs Tanasworad eqcevian. qristianul bi-bliaSi siRaribis dideba aseTi Tanasworobis survilis gamovlenaa, iseve, rogorc karl marqsis mowodeba „proletariatis diqtaturisaken~.

uTanasworobis xarisxis gazomva sazogadoebaSi: Zalauflebrivi di-stanciis indeqsi.

SvedeTisa da safrangeTis garda, sxva qveynebic gansxvavdeba Tanaswo-robis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi erTnair Tanamdebobaze momuSave adamianebze Catarda IBM-is kvleva, ramac yoveli qveynisaTvis qulebis miniWebis saSualeba mogvca. Zalauflebrivi distancia pirvel TavSi aRniSnuli erovnuli kulturis erT-erTi ganzomilebaa. is sxva-dasxva qveynis mosaxleobis pasuxebis speqtrs moicavs zogad kiTxvaze _ rogor umklavdeba mosaxleoba im faqts, rom yvela Tanaswori ar aris. misi saxeli mauk malderis, holandieli eqperimentuli socialuri fsi-qologis naSromebidan modis. malderi im emociur distancias ikvlevda, romelic daqvemdebarebul adamianebs maTi ufrosebisagan gamohyofda.1

50 qveynisa da sami mravalqveyniani regionis Zalauflebrivi distan-ciis ganmsazRvreli qulebi erTi da imave Tanamdebobaze momuSave IBM-is TanamSromlebis erTi da imave kiTxvaris Sevsebis Sedegad gamovlinda. kiTxvaris yvela kiTxvas winaswar mieniWa kodi da amgvarad, pasuxebi Semde-gi qulebiT gamoixateboda: 1, 2, 3, 4 an 5. mkvlevrebma yovel qveyanaSi Tana-bari Semadgenlobis SerCevisaTvis pasuxebis saSualo qula (magaliTad, X qveynis SerCevis saSualo=2,53 xolo Y qveynis SerCevis saSualo = 3,43), an konkretuli pasuxebis arCevis procenti (magaliTad, X qveyanaSi 45%-ma airCia pasuxi 1 an 2, xolo Y qveyanaSi - 33%-ma) gamoTvales. amgvarad, yve-la qveynisaTvis Seiqmna saSualo qulebisa da procentebis cxrili.

gamokiTxvaSi Sesuli kiTxvebi (faqtoruli analizis) statistikuri proceduris meSveobiT jgufebad daiyo; maT klasterebi an faqtorebi uwodes da maTi saSualo qulebi, an procentebi erTad varirebda.2 igu-lisxmeboda, rom Tu qveynis qulebi maRali iyo klasteris erTi kiTxvi-saTvis, mosalodneli iyo maRali qulebi klasteris meore kiTxvisTvi-sac da aseve mosalodneli iyo dabali qulebis arseboba sawinaaRmdego mniSvnelobis kiTxvebisaTvis. meore mxriv, Tu qveynis qulebi dabalia

43sx v e bz e u f r o Ta n a sw o r i

klasteris erTi kiTxvisaTvis, mosalodnelia, rom qulebi aseve dabali iqneba amave klasteris sxva kiTxvebisaTvisac, an maRali iqneba sapirispi-rod formulirebuli kiTxvebisTvis. Tu qveynis qula saSualoa klaste-ris erTi kiTxvisaTvis, mosalodnelia, rom am klasteris sxva kiTxvebzec saSualo qulebs miviRebT.

erT-erT klasterSi yvela kiTxva Zalauflebasa da Tanasworobas exe-boda. am klasterSi sami erTmaneTTan yvelaze dakavSirebuli kiTxva avir-CieT.3 am kiTxvebze IBM-is TanamSromlebis standartuli SerCevis saSua-lo qulebidan TiToeuli qveynisaTvis Zalauflebrivi distanciis indeqsi (PDI) gamoiTvala. amisaTvis ioli maTematikuri formula gamoviyeneT (erTmaneTs vumatebT an vaklebT sam qulas mas Semdeg, rac yovel maT-gans gavamravlebT fiqsirebul ricxvze; bolos vumatebT sxva fiqsirebul ricxvs). formulis mizani iyo: 1. yoveli kiTxvis saboloo indeqsisaTvis erTnairi wonis uzrunvelyofa da 2. indeqsis mniSvnelobebis ranJireba 0-dan (mcire Zalauflebrivi distanciis mqone qveyana) 100-mde (didi Za-lauflebrivi distanciis mqone qveyana). mogvianebiT kvlevaSi kidev ori qveyana CaerTo, maT am qulaze meti mniSvneloba aRmoaCndaT.

qvemoT moyvanilia kiTxvaris sami debuleba, romelic Zalauflebrivi distanciis indeqsis dasaTvlelad gamoiyeneboda:

1. aramenejerebis pasuxebi kiTxvaze: ~Tqveni gamocdilebiT, ramdenad xSirad Cndeba Semdegi problema: TanamSromlebs eSiniaT menejer-Tan sawinaaRmdego azris gamoTqmis?~ (saSualo qulebi gamoiTvle-boda 1-dan 5-mde skalaze, 1= Zalian xSirad, 5= Zalian iSviaTad).

2. rogor aRiqvams daqvemdebarebuli personali Tavisi ufrosis gadawyvetilebis miRebis stils? (SeTavazebuli iyo pasuxebis 5 varianti, maTgan oTxi SesaZlo stili da varianti ~arc erTi sti-li~. miwodebul stilebs Soris iyo avtokratiuli da paternalis-turi stilebi. iTvleboda procentebi).

3. gadawyvetilebis miRebis rogori stili urCevnia daqvemdebarebul personals Tavisi ufrosis mxridan? (ramden procents urCevnia av-tokratiuli an paternalisturi stili, an sapirispirod, umravle-sobis arCevanze dafuZnebuli, magram ara konsultaciuri stili).

qveynebis PDI qulebi mocemulia 2.1 cxrilSi. CamoTvlili qveynebidan da regionebidan 57 IBM-is monacemTa bazidanaa gamoTvlili (cxrilSi isi-ni gamuqebulia). danarCeni monacemebi ganmeorebiTi kvlevebis an cnobili Sefasebebis2 safuZvelze miviReT.4 es qulebi isea gamoTvlili, rom ga-moxatavs qveynebis SefardebiT da ara absolutur mdgomareobas. qule-bi mxolod gansxvavebebs aCvenebs. gasakviria, rom IBM-is TanamSromlebis pasuxebisagan miRebuli qulebi ar moicavs informacias IBM-is korpora-ciuli kulturis Sesaxeb. es qulebi mxolod imas gamoxatavs, ramdenad

2 redaqtoris SeniSvna: estimate statistikuri terminia da niSnavs, rom raRac maCveneblis Sesaxeb gakeTda daskvna sxva maCveneblis mixedviT —

am process Sefaseba ewodeba.


gansxvavebulad upasuxes X da Y qveynebis msgavsi Tanamdebobis adamianebma erTsa da imave kiTxvebs. IBM-is garda, daaxloebiT msgavsi gansxvavebebi aRmovaCineT sxva gamokvleul populaciaSic, rac imas amtkicebs, rom es gansxvavebebi asaxavs im gansxvavebul kulturas, romelSic adamianebi gai-zardnen.

2.1 cxrili Zalauflebrivi distanciis indeqsi (PDI) 74 qveynisa da re-

gionisaTvis

qveyana/regioni qula rigi qveyana/regioni qula rigi

malaizia 104 1-2 portugalia 63 37-38

slovakeTi 104 1-2belgia (flamandiuri)

61 39-40

gvatemala 95 3-4 urugvai 61 39-40

panama 95 3-4 saberZneTi 60 41-42

filipinebi 94 5 korea (samxreTi) 60 41-42

ruseTi 93 6 irani 58 43-44

rumineTi 90 7 taivani 58 43-44

serbeTi 86 8CexeTis respublika

57 45-46

surinami 85 9 espaneTi 57 45-46

meqsika 81 10-11 malta 56 47

venesuela 81 10-11 pakistani 55 48

arabeTis qveynebi 80 12-14 kanada (kvebeki) 54 49-50

bangladeSi 80 12-14 iaponia 54 49-50

CineTi 80 12-14 italia 50 51

ekvatori 78 15-16 argentina 49 52-53

indonezia 78 15-16 samxreTi afrika* 49 52-53

indoeTi 77 17-18 trinidadi 47 54

dasavleT afrika 77 17-18 ungreTi 46 55

singapuri 74 19 iamaika 45 56

xorvatia 73 20 estoneTi 40 57-59

slovakeTi 71 21 luqsemburgi 40 57-59


bulgareTi 70 22-25 aSS 40 57-59

maroko 70 22-25 kanada (mTliani) 39 60

Sveicaria (franguli)

70 22-25 niderlandebi 38 61

vietnami 70 22-25 avstralia 36 62

brazilia 69 26 kosta-rika 35 63-65

safrangeTi 68 27-29 germania 35 63-65

hong-kongi 68 27-29 didi britaneTi 35 63-65

poloneTi 68 27-29 fineTi 33 66

belgia (valoni) 67 30-31 norvegia 31 67-68

kolumbia 67 30-31 SvedeTi 31 67-68

el salvadori 66 32-33 irlandia 28 69

TurqeTi 66 32-33Sveicaria (germanuli)

26 70

aRmosavleTi afrika

64 34-36 axali zelandia 22 71

peru 64 34-36 dania 18 72

tailandi 64 34-36 israeli 13 73

Cile 63 37-38 avstria 11 74

muqi SriftiT dawerili qveynebisa da regionebis qulebi IBM-is mo-nacemTa bazidan daiTvala. sxva qveynebis qulebi ganmeorebiTi kvleve-biT an cnobili SefasebebiT aris gamoTvlili.

* monacemebi mxolod TeTrkaniani respondentebisgan iqna aRebuli.

belgia3 da Sveicaria mravalenovani qveynebia da 2.1 cxrilSi moce-mulia am qveynebSi Semavali ori yvelaze didi enobrivi jgufi. kanadaSi IBM-is kvlevis qulebi mTel qveyanas moicavs, xolo ganmeorebiTi kvle-va ki — frangulenovan nawils (kvebeks). IBM-is kvlevis SerCeva yofili iugoslaviisaTvis xorvatiis, serbeTisa da sloveniis monacemebad daiyo. 2.1 cxrilSi moyvanil sxva qveynebs TiTo qula aqvs. es ar niSnavs, rom maTi kultura aucileblad homogenuria, ubralod, arsebuli informacia ar iZleoda subkulturebad dayofis saSualebas.

Zalauflebrivi distanciis indeqsis 2.1 cxrili Zalauflebrivi di-stancia maRal maCvenebels asaxavs umravlesi aziuri qveynebis umravle-sobisaTvis (rogoricaa malaizia da filipinebi); aRmosavleT evropisaTvis (rogoricaa slovakeTi da ruseTi); laTinuri qveynebisaTvis (laTinuri amerika, rogoricaa panama da meqsika da ufro naklebad laTinuri evr-opa, magaliTad, safrangeTi da valonia — belgiis frangulenovani na-wili), arabuli da afrikuli qveynebisaTvis. cxrilze aRniSnulia Zal-

3 redaqtoris SeniSvna : ixileT pirveli SeniSvna


auflebrivi distanciis dabali qulebi germanulenovani qveynebisaTvis, rogoricaa avstria, Sveicariis germanulenovani nawili da Tavad germa-nia; israelisaTvis; CrdiloeTis qveynebisaTvis (dania, fineTi, norvegia da SvedeTi);aSS-saTvis; didi britaneTisa da misi yofili imperiis TeTrka-niani nawilisaTvis (axali zelandia, irlandia, avstralia da kanada) da niderlandebisaTvis (magram ara belgiis holandiurenovani flandriisaT-vis, romlis monacemebi valoniasTan iyo miaxloebuli). SvedeTs 31, xolo safrangeTs 68 qula aRmoaCnda. Tu aseTi kulturuli gansxvaveba 200 wlis win arsebobda — rac sruliad mosalodnelia da rasac SemdgomSi vaCvenebT — bernadotis kulturuli Soki gasagebi xdeba. 2.1 cxrilis mesame sveti regionebis ranJirebas warmoadgens (1= yvelaze didi Zalauflebrivi di-stancia, 74= yvelaze mcire Zalauflebrivi distancia). safrangeTi 27-29-e adgils ikavebs, xolo SvedeTi—67-68-es, rac maT Soris arsebul gansxvave-bas kidev erTxel usvams xazs.

Zalauflebrivi distanciis ganmarteba

PDI-is gamosaTvlel sam SekiTxvas rom daakvirdeT, aRmoaCenT, rom pirveli kiTxva (TanamSromlebs eSiniaT) da meore kiTxva (paternalistu-ri an avtokratiuli ufrosi) yoveldRiuri samuSaosa da garemos mimarT respondentebis ganwyobilebas gamoxatavs. mesame kiTxva ki aRwers, ra ur-CevniaT respondentebs, anu rogori samuSao garemo surT.

is faqti, rom samive es kiTxva erTi klasteris nawilia, imaze miuTi-Tebs, rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mWidro kavSiria imas Soris, ras aRiqvams adamiani da ra surs mas.5 im qveynebSi, sadac TanamSromlebs ufrosis ar eSiniaT da ufrosi ki Tavis mxriv, ar ganixileba, rogorc avtokratiuli an paternalisturi pirovneba, TanamSromlebs ufrosis mier gadawyveti-lebis miRebis konsultaciuri stili urCevniaT, rac kiTxvarSi ase gamoi-xateba: „gadawyvetilebis miRebamde xSirad daekiTxeba daqvemdebarebul TanamSromlebs~.

Zalauflebrivi distanciis skalis meore polusze TanamSromlebs eSi-niaT acnobon ufross uTanxmoebis Sesaxeb, ufrosi ki paternalisturi an avtokratiulia. aseTi poziciis mqone TanamSromlebs naklebad urCevniaT molaparakebis moyvaruli ufrosi. piriqiT, mravalma gamoxata survili, rom misi ufrosi avtokratulad an paternalisturad iRebdes gadawyve-tilebas; amave dros, zogierTi meore ukiduresobas irCevs — maT iseTi ufrosi urCevniaT, romelic umravlesobis arCevniT ganpirobebul ga-dawyvetilebas iRebs, anu Tavad saerTod ar iRebs gadawyvetilebas. bevri organizaciis praqtikaSi umravlesobis arCevani Zneli samarTavia da cota adamians miaCnia, rom maTi ufrosi am stils iyenebs (im ufrosebs, romle-bic Tavs aCveneben, viTom am stils misdeven, xSirad manipulaciebSi sdeben brals).

amgvarad, PDI qulebi gviCvenebs damokidebulobis urTierTobebs mo-cemul qveyanaSi. im qveynebSi, sadac Zalauflebrivi distancia mcirea,


daqvemdebarebuli TanamSromlebi ufrosze naklebad arian damokide-bulni da upiratesoba konsultaciebs eniWeba (anu, ufrosi da TanamS-romlebi erTmaneTze arian damokidebulni). maT Soris SedarebiT mcire emociuri manZili arsebobs: TanamSromlebi advilad midian ufrosTan da ewinaaRmdegebian mas. im qveynebSi, sadac Zalauflebrivi distancia didia, daqvemdebarebuli TanamSromlebi ufrosze arian damokidebulni. amas TanamSromelTa ornairi pasuxi mowmobs: maT moswonT es damokidebuleba (avtokratiuli an paternalisturi ufrosi) an mTlianad uaryofs, rac fsiqologiaSi erTmaneTze damokidebulebiTaa cnobili — es aris damoki-debuleba minus niSniT. didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis mqone qveynebSi damokidebulebisa da ukudamokidebulebis polarizebuli paternia. am dros TanamSromlebsa da ufross Soris didi emociuri manZilia: nakle-bad mosalodnelia, rom TanamSromeli ufrosTan mivides da pirdapir See-winaaRmdegos.

maSasadame, Zalauflebrivi distancia Semdegnairad ganimarteba: ram-denad mosalodneli da misaRebia institutisa da organizaciis naklebi Zalauflebis mqone wevrebisaTvis is mosazreba, rom Zalauflebis ganawi-leba Tanabari ar aris. institutebi sazogadoebis elementaruli nawile-bia: ojaxi, skola da sazogadoeba. organizacia is adgilia, sadac adamiani muSaobs.

amgvarad, Zalauflebrivi distancia naklebi Zalauflebis mqone wevre-bis RirebulebaTa sistemazea agebuli. rogorc wesi, Zalauflebis gana-wilebas Zalauflebis mqone adamianebi gansazRvraven — winamZRolebi da ara isini, visac winamZRoloben. liderobis Sesaxeb arsebul menejmentis popularul literaturaSi xSirad miviwyebulia is faqti, rom lideroba daqvemdebarebulobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. avtoritarizmi mxolod maSin arsebobs, rodesac mas morCileba Seesabameba. bernadotis problema is ki ar iyo, rom mas lideroba uWirda, Svedebs mmarTvelis pativiscemis fran-gebisagan gansxvavebuli warmodgena hqondaT — bernadoti ki frangi iyo.

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi liderobis Rirebulebis Semadarebelma kvlevebma gamoavlina, rom gansxvaveba rogorc liderebis, aseve daqvemdebarebuli wevrebis azrovnebaSia, magram xSirad daqvemdebarebuli wevrebisgan miRe-buli pasuxebi ukeT aCvenebs qveynebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebas, vidre liderebis pasuxebi. amis mizezi ki is gaxlavT, rom Cveni ufrosebis qce-vebs ukeTesad vxedavT, vidre Cvens sakuTars. ufrosis sasurveli da aR-qmuli liderobis stilis Sesaxeb kiTxvebis garda (PDI-s me-2 da me-3 kiTx-va), IBM-is kvlevisas menejerebsac sTxoves — sakuTari stilis Sefaseba. aRmoCnda, rom menejerebis TviTSefaseba Zalian hgavda im stils, romlis danaxvac maT TavianT ufrosSi erCivnaT, magram saerTod ar asaxavda im stils, romelic maT daqvemdebarebulma TanamSromlebma mianiWes. sinamd-vileSi, TanamSromlebi menejers ise ganixilavdnen, rogorc menejeri — sa-kuTar ufross. aqedan menejerebisaTvis erTi gakveTilis miReba SeiZleba: Tu gainteresebT, rogor giyureben TanamSromlebi, nu CaixedavT sarkeSi, iq mxolod imas dainaxavT, risi danaxvac gsurT. 180 gradusiT Semotrial-diT da sakuTar ufross SexedeT.6


Zalauflebrivi distancia ganmeorebiT kvlevebSi

1.1 cxrilSi 1990-2002 wels gamoqveynebuli eqvsi kvlevis Sedegi iyo moyvanili. am kvlevebSi sxvadasxva qveynis populaciis sakvlevad IBM -is kiTxvebs an maT Semdgom versiebs iyenebdnen. xuTi kvlevis Sedegad miRe-buli PDI monacemebi maRal korelaciaSi aRmoCnda IBM-is Tavdapirvel qulebTan.7 meeqvse kvlevis respondentebi momxmareblebi iyvnen, romelTa SerCevac ZalauflebasTan urTierTobis kuTxiT ar momxdara. maT Zalian gansxvavebuli samuSaoebi hqondaT, an, studentebisa da diasaxlisebis Sem-TxvevaSi, saerTod ar iyvnen dasaqmebuli. SeviswavleT, SeiZleboda Tu ara axali qulebis mixedviT IBM-is qulebis Sesworeba, magram axali monaceme-bi am miznisaTvis sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda.8 axali populaciebi IBM-is kvle-vasaviT bevr qveyanas ar moicavda da aseTi kargad morgebuli SerCevebic ar arsebobda. korelacia IBM-is Tavdapirvel qulebsa da sxva monacemebs Soris (rogoricaa momxmareblis mier SeZenili produqcia) droTa gan-mavlobaSi ar Sesustebula.9 unda gvaxsovdes, rom kvleva qveynebis kul-turebs Soris gansxvavebebs zomavda da ara absoluturi gagebiT, Tavad kulturas. kulturebi SesaZloa Seicvala, magram Tu isini erTad Seicva-la, erTi da imave globaluri Zalebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad, monacemebi validuri rCeba.

pirvel TavSi aRwerili bondis Rirebulebebis Cinuri kiTxvari 23 qveynis students Cautarda. gamokiTxvis Sedegad moraluri disciplinis ganzomileba gamoikveTa. am ganzomilebaSi qveynebi iseve ganlagda, ro-gorc IBM-is Zalauflebrivi distanciis ganzomilebaSi (statistikurad moraluri disciplina sandod korelirebda PDI qulebTan).10 im qveynebSi, romlebsac Zalauflebrivi distanciis maRali monacemebi hqondaT, stu-dentebma aRniSnes, rom maTTvis Semdegi debulebebia mniSvnelovani:

• hqondeT cota survili;

• iyvnen zomieri da airCion Sualeduri pozicia;

• iyvnen ganyenebulni da sufTa.

araTanaswor sazogadoebebSi, studentebis msgavsad, Cveulebriv adami-anebs hgoniaT, rom maTi miswrafebebi ar unda gascdes TavianT rangs. im qveynebSi, sadac Zalauflebrivi distanciis dabali monacemebi dafiqsir-da, studentebma aRniSnes, rom maTTvis Semdegi debulebebia mniSvnelova-ni:

• adapturoba/morgebis unari;

• keTilgoniereba (sifrTxile)

kidev ufro egalitarul (Tanabar) sazogadoebebSi, sadac problemebi ZalauflebiT ver gadaiWreba, studentebma miznis misaRwevad moqnilobis mniSvnelobas gausves xazi.


Zalauflebrivi distanciis gansxvavebebi qveynebSi: socialuri klasi, ganaTlebis done da samuSao.

sazogadoebis uTanasworoba sxvadasxva socialuri klasis arsebobiT vlindeba: maRali, saSualo da dabali, an sxvagvari dayofiT (sxvadasx-va qveyanaSi SesaZloa sxvadasxva dayofa iyos). klasebi gansxvavdeba imis mixedviT, ramdenad miuwvdebaT xeli da ramdenad SeuZliaT isargeblon sazogadoebis miRwevebiT, magaliTad, ganaTlebiT. umaRlesi ganaTleba in-divids, sul mcire, saSualo klasis warmomadgenlad mainc aqcevs. ganaT-leba sasurveli samuSaos miRebis erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli faqtoria. amgvarad, mraval sazogadoebaSi socialuri klasi, ganaTleba da samu-Sao adgili dakavSirebulia. pirvel TavSi samive faqtori Cveni gonebrivi programuli uzrunvelyofis wyarod davasaxeleT: Cvens kulturaSi arse-bobs klasis, ganaTlebisa da samuSaos doneebi da isini erTmaneTze damo-kidebulni arian.

2.1 cxrilSi moyvanili PDI-s gamosaTvlelad saWiro informacia IBM-Si sxvadasxva Tanamdebobaze momuSave TanamSromlebisagan aikrifa. mogvarda respondentebi sxvadasxva ganaTlebis mqone da gansxvavebuli socialuri klasis warmomadgenlebi arian. Tumca Seswavlili Tanamdebobebi yovel qveyanaSi erTi da igive iyo. qveynebisa da regionebis Sedareba msgavsi profesiebis mqone adamianebze unda xdebodes. ar SeiZleba espaneli in-Jinrebisa da Svedi mdivnebis Sedareba. yvela filialSi Sedarebuli Ta-namdebobebi gayidvebisa da momsaxurebis departamentebidan SeirCa: aR-moCnda, rom yvela qveyanaSi mxolod es samuSao adgilebi arsebobs. IBM-is produqtis ganviTarebis laboratoriebi mxolod 10 did filialSi, xolo warmoebis qarxana mxolod 13 did filialSi imyofeboda.

gayidvebisa da momsaxurebis dargSi momuSave personals saskolo an umaRlesi ganaTleba hqonda miRebuli. amitom isini umTavresad saSualo klasis wevrebad miviCnieT. amgvarad, 2.1 cxrilSi moyvanili PDI qulebi sx-vadasxva qveyanaSi saSualo klasis gansxvavebebs gamoxatavs. saSualo kla-sis Rirebulebebi ufro metad zemoqmedebs qveynis iseT institutebze, rogoricaa mTavroba da ganaTlebis sistema, vidre dabali klasis Rire-bulebebi. amis mizezi ki is gaxlavT, rom institutebis makontrolebeli adamianebi, rogorc wesi, saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi arian. dabali klasis warmomadgenlebic ki, magaliTad, profkavSirebis liderebi, sx-vebTan SedarebiT ukeTesad ganaTlebuli an TviT-ganaTlebuli arian da amis gamo saSualo klasis zogierT Rirebulebas iziareben. dabali klasis mSoblebs xSirad surT, rom TavianTi Svilebi saSualo klasSi moxvdnen.

im sam did qveyanaSi (safrangeTi, germania da didi britaneTi), romel-Ta IBM-is filialebSic industriuli saqmianobis yvelaze didi speqtri iyo, PDI qulebi korporaciaSi arsebuli yvela TanamdebobisTvis gamoiT-vala. amgvarad, im Tanamdebobebis monacemebic Segrovda, romlebsac ga-naTlebis mxolod dabali done esaWiroeba da dabali, anu ~muSaTa~ klasis warmomadgenlebi asrulebdnen.11 sabolood, am sam qveyanaSi 38 sxvadasxva profesia Seadares erTmaneTs.

Tanamdebobis mixedviT PDI-s qulebis daTvla imitom gaxda SesaZlebe-


li, rom 53 qveyanasa da regionSi dasmuli PDI-s gamosaTvleli sami kiTxva korelaciaSi aRmoCnda 38 TanamdebobasTan. kiTxvebis klasterebad daj-gufeba respondentebis dajgufebazea damokidebuli. kiTxvebi, romlebic qveynis SemTxvevaSi klasterebad erTiandeba, igive klasterebad SeiZleba ar jgufdebodes TanamdebobisTvis. gamonaklisia mxolod PDI-s gamosaTv-leli sami kiTxva, romlebic indeqss warmoqmnida rogorc qveynis, aseve profesiis donezec. amis mizezi ki isaa, rom PDI sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ar-sebul socialur uTanasworobas ikvlevs. socialuri statusis gansxva-veba, romelic socialur uTanasworobas iwvevs, sxvadasxva profesiisa da Tanamdebobis ganmasxvavebeli kriteriumic gaxlavT. IBM-is kvlevis sami sxva ganzomilebidan mxolod maskulinoba-feminurobis ganzomilebisaT-vis moxerxda qveynis indeqsis profesiebze gamoyeneba.

38 samuSao adgilis Sedarebis Sedegebi 2.2 cxrilSia moyvanili. cxri-lidan Cans, rom yvelaze dabali statusis Tanamdebobisa da ganaTlebis donisaTvis (kvalifikaciis armqone an minimaluri kvalifikaciis mqone muSakebi) PDI maCveneblebi yvelaze maRalia, xolo yvelaze maRali statu-sis Tanamdebobisa da ganaTlebis donisaTvis (profesiuli/kvalificiuri TanamSromlebis — inJinrebi da mecnierebi, menejerebi) PDI maCveneble-bi yvelaze dabalia. ukidures Tanamdebobebs Soris daSoreba 100 qulas udrida — es masStabi 75 qveynisa da regionis qulebs Soris daSorebas emTxveva (2.1 cxrili; magram, qveynebs Soris gansxvavebebi erTi da imave samuSaosa da ganaTlebis mqone adamianebis SerCevebis kvleviT dadginda!)

Semdegi sakiTxia, ramdenad Zlieria yvela qveyanaSi sxvadasxva Tanam-debobis mqone muSakebis Zalauflebriv distancias Soris gansxvaveba. amis dasadgenad erTmaneTs Sedarda Zlier gansxvavebuli socialuri statusis oTxi Tanamdeboba. airCa 11 qveyana, romelTac mkveTrad gansxvavebuli Zalauflebrivi distanciis maCveneblebi hqondaT. Seiqmna oTxi Tanamde-bobisa da TerTmeti qveynis cxrili, romelzedac 44 (4 X 11) PDI maCvenebe-li iyo aRniSnuli. am cxrilis mixedviT Tanamdebobebs Soris gansxvaveba ufro maRali iyo im qveynebSi, romlebSic PDI maCveneblebi dabalia, da dabali iyo im qveynebSi, romlebSic PDI maCveneblebi maRalia.12

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu qveyanaSi saerTo PDI maCvenebeli maRa-li iyo (2.1 cxrili), es maCvenebeli yvela TanamSromlisaTvis, miuxeda-vad maTi Tanamdebobisa, erTnairad maRali iyo. Tu qveyanaSi saerTo PDI maCvenebeli dabali iyo (2.1 cxrili), es maCvenebeli dabali mxolod saSu-alo an maRali statusis adamianebisaTvis iyo: dabali statusis, naklebi ganaTlebis mqone muSakebs Zalauflebrivi distanciis TiTqmis iseTive maRali maCveneblebi hqondaT, rogorc maT kolegebs maRali PDI-s mqone qveynebidan. maRali statusis TanamSromlebis uTanasworobis maCveneble-bi erovnebazea damokidebuli, xolo dabali statusis mqone TanamSromle-bisa — naklebad.13


2.2 cxrili eqvsi kategoriis samuSaos PDI monacemebi ( IBM-is kvlevis monacemebi

didi britaneTidan, safrangeTidan da germaniidan)

diapazoni

Tanamdebobis kategoria

am kategoriaSi Tanamdebobebis raodenoba

minimumi maqsimumi saSualo

arakvalificiuri da nawilobriv kvalificiuri muSebi

3 85 97 90

klerkebi da gayidvebis sferos araprofesionali muSakebi

8 57 84 71

specialuri ganaTlebis mqone muSebi da teqnikosebi

6 33 90 65

winamdebare kategoriebis menejerebi

8 22 62 42

profesionali/kvalificiuri muSakebi

5 -22* 36 22

profesionali muSakebis menejerebi

8 -19* 21 8

sul 38 -22* 97 47

*uaryofiTi mniSvnelobebi cdeba qveynebisaTvis dadgenil 0 — 100 diapazons

is, rom dasavlur qveynebSi naklebad ganaTlebul, dabali statusis mqone muSakebs maRali statusis mqone adamianebTan SedarebiT ~avtori-taruli~ Rirebulebebi aqvT, sakmaod bevr sociologs aqvs aRwerili. es avtoritaruli Rirebulebebi ara mxolod samsaxurSi, aramed ojaxSic vlindeba. 1960 wels aSS-sa da italiaSi Catarebulma kvlevam gamoavlina, rom muSaTa klasis mSoblebi met morCilebas moiTxovdnen TavianTi Svi-lebisagan, vidre saSualo klasis mSoblebi. es gansxvaveba ufro maRali

iyo aSS-Si. 14


Zalauflebriv distanciasTan dakavSirebuli sazomebi: wignis Tavebis struqtura

am Tavis Semdeg nawilSi ganvixilavT qveynebisaTvis Zalauflebrivi distanciis qulebs Soris gansxvavebas ojaxis, skolis, samuSao adgilis, saxelmwifosa da qveyanaSi dominanturi ideebis gansxvavebis mixedviT. me-3-6 Tavebi sxva ganzomilebebs moicavs, magram msgavsi struqturis iqneba. aRwerili kavSirebi statistikur analizs efuZneba, romlis meSveobiTac IBM-is ganzomilebis qulebis sxva raodenobrivi kvlevebis SedegebTan ko-relacia moxda (rogorc pirvel TavSi iyo aRwerili). aseve, gamoviyeneT Tvisebrivi informacia sxvadasxva qveynis ojaxebze, skolebze, samuSao adgilebze da a.S. am wignSi statistikuri procedurebi gamotovebulia; dainteresebul mkiTxvels SeuZlia kulturis Sedegebis wakiTxva.

qveynebs Soris gansxvaveba Zalauflebriv distanciaSi: ojaxuri fesvebi

adamianebis umetesoba ojaxSi ibadeba. yoveli adamiani dabadebidanve iwyebs gonebrivi programuli uzrunvelyofis Camoyalibebas im ufrosebis modelirebis gziT, romlebTanac izrdebian.

didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis SemTxvevaSi, mosalodnelia, rom bavS-vebma mSoblebs unda daujeron. xandaxan bavSvebs Sorisac aris ierar-qia — umcrosebma ufrosebs unda daujeron. bavSvis damoukidebeli qce-va waxalisebuli ar aris. ufrosebisa da mSoblebis pativiscema mTavar Rirsebad aris miCneuli amas; bavSvebi xedaven, rom sxvebic gamoxataven aseT pativiscemas da male Tavadac eCvevian. mSoblebi da ufrosi Svilebi umcros Svilebs gansakuTrebuli siTboTi epyrobian, gansakuTrebiT ki — Zalian patara bavSvebs. maT uvlian da ar elian, rom patarebi damoukide-blad daiwyeben aRmoCenebis gakeTebas. mSoblebisa da ufrosebis pativis-cema mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi rCeba: mSoblis avtoriteti individis cxovrebaSi mSoblebis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba. mSoblebsa da bebia-babuebs yurs ugdeben imis Semdegac ki, rodesac Svilebi sakuTar cxovrebas Tavad akontroleben. nebismier adamianur kontaqtSi arsebobs ufrosebze damokidebulebis paterni da adamianebis gonebriv programul uzrunvelyofaSi Cadebulia am damokidebulebis Zlieri moTxovnileba. rodesac ufrosebi moxucdebian an dauZlurdebian, mosalodnelia, rom Svilebi maT finansurad da praqtikulad daexmarebian. bebia-babuebi xSi-rad cxovroben TavianTi Svilebis ojaxTan erTad.

mcire Zalauflebrivi distanciis qveynebSi Svilebi met-naklebad Ta-nasworad aRiqmebian, im momentidan, rogorc ki maT moqmedeba SeuZliaT. amis danaxva bavSvis banaobis drosac SeiZleba.15 mSoblebis mizania bavSvs saSualeba miscen, rac SeiZleba male daiwyos sakuTari saqmeebis marTva. bavSvs xels uwyoben imaSi, rom aqtiurad gamoscados sakuTari Tavi; bavSvs uflebas aZleven SeewinaaRmdegos mSoblebs, is adre swavlobs sityvas ~ara~. sxvebis mimarT qceva ar aris damokidebuli maT asakze an statusze; formaluri pativiscema iSviaTad gamoixateba. aseT sazogadoebaSi arse-


buli ojaxuri urTierToba sxva sazogadoebis wevrebs araintensiurad mi-aCniaT. rodesac bavSvebi izrdebian, mSoblebs megobrebad an, sul mcire, Tanasworebad mainc aRiqvamen da zrdasruli adamiani arasdros sTxovs mSobels nebarTvas, an Tundac rCevas, mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis win. idealur ojaxSi zrdasruli wevrebi erTnairad damoukide-belni arian. damoukideblobis moTxovnileba zrdasrulebis gonebrivi programuli uzrunvelyofis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Semadgenelia. mSob-lebma Tavad unda mouaron sakuTar Tavs, rodesac isini dauZlurdebian an daberdebian; isini Svilebis daxmarebas da maTTan cxovrebas ar unda elodebodnen.

wina abzacebSi aRwerili situacia specialurad aris polarizebuli. realurad arsebuli situacia, albaT, Zalauflebrivi distanciis konti-nuumis or ukiduresobas Soris moTavsdeba. Cven davinaxeT, rom mSoblebis socialuri klasi da ganaTlebis done, gansakuTrebiT ki mcire Zalauf-lebrivi distanciis mqone qveynebSi, mniSvnelovani aspeqtia am sakiTxSi. ojaxebma SeiZleba sazogadoebisagan gansxvavebuli ojaxuri kultura gai-Tavison da mSoblebisa da Svilebis pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi SeiZleba aratipur qcevaSi gamovlindes. miuxedavad amisa, es ori ukiduresi situa-cia gamoxatavs im kontinuumis polusebs, romelzec ganlagdeba adamianTa uTanasworobis dilemis gadaWris gansxvavebuli midgomebi ojaxebSi.

ojaxi socialuri gonebrivi daprogramebis pirveli wyaroa, misi gav-lena Zlieria da am stadiaze SemuSavebuli programebis Secvla Zalian Zne-lia. fsiqiatrebsa da fsiqoanalitikosebs esmiT individis ojaxuri isto-riis mniSvneloba, magram yovelTvis ar iTvaliswineben ojaxis kulturul konteqsts. fsiqiatriis amocanaa daexmaros im individebs, romelTa qceva sazogadoebriv normaSi ar jdeba. am wignSi aRwerilia, rogor gansxvavde-ba sxvadasxva sazogadoebis normebi. gansxvavebuli normebis arseboba ki imas niSnavs, rom sxva sazogadoebis an imave sazogadoebis sxva seqtoris warmomadgenlis mier gaweuli fsiqiatriuli daxmareba sarisko saqmea. am dros aucilebelia damxmarem icodes sakuTari kulturuli gansxvavebebi da gaacnobieros klientisadmi mikerZoebuli damokidebuleba.16

Zalauflebrivi distancia skolaSi

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTa umetesobaSi bavSvebi skolaSi dadian, ram-denime wliT mainc. ufro SeZlebul sazogadoebebSi skolaSi siarulis periodi SeiZleba 20 weliwadze met xans gagrZeldes. skolaSi xdeba bavS-vis gonebrivi daprogramebis Semdgomi ganviTareba. maswavleblebi da kla-selebi im Rirebulebebs amtkiceben, romlebic mocemul sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovnad iTvleba. ramdenad ZaluZs ganaTlebis sistemas sazogadoe-bis Secvla, upasuxo kiTxvad rCeba. SeuZlia skolas axali Rirebulebis Seqmna, Tu is mxolod im Rirebulebebs ganamtkicebs, romlebic mocemul sazogadoebaSi isedac arsebobs? sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi arsebuli sko-lebis Sedarebisas, gansxvavebebis paterni ojaxebSi arsebul gansxvavebebs daemTxva. mSobeli-bavSvis roluri wyvili icvleba maswavlebeli-bavSvis


roluri wyviliT, magram elementaruli Rirebulebebi da qcevebi erTi sferodan meoreSi gadadis. da, ra Tqma unda, skolis asakis bavSvebis ume-tesoba drois udides nawils ojaxSi atarebs.

didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis qveynebSi bavSvsa da mSobels Soris arsebuli uTanasworo urTierToba maswavleblisa da moswavlis ur-TierTobaSic grZeldeba. amiT kmayofildeba moswavlis gonebaSi kargad damkvidrebuli sxvaze damokidebulebis moTxovnileba. maswavleblebs pativs scemen (ufrosebs metad, vidre axalgazrdebs); moswavleebi mas-wavleblis danaxvaze SeiZleba adgnen. ganaTlebis procesi maswavlebelze aris centrirebuli. maswavlebeli gansazRvravs moswavlis mier gasavlel inteleqtualur gzebs. saklaso oTaxSi mkacri disciplinaa mosalodne-li da nebismier komunikacias maswavlebeli iwyebs. klasSi moswavleebi mxolod maSin saubroben, rodesac amis uflebas miscemen; maswavlebels sajarod ar akritikeben an ewinaaRmdegebian da skolis gareTac pativisce-miT epyrobian. rodesac bavSvi dauSveblad iqceva, maswavlebeli mSobels mouxmobs da moelis, rom mSobeli daexmareba disciplinis aRdgenaSi. ga-naTlebis procesi Zalze pirovnuli xdeba, gansakuTrebiT ki universi-tetSi. rTul sagnebSi gadacemuli codna zogad, upirovno `WeSmaritebad~ ki ar aRiqmeba, aramed maswavleblis pirad sibrZned. maswavlebeli gurus warmoadgens. es termini sanskritidan modis da „mniSvnelovans~ an „pativ-sacems~ niSnavs. indoeTsa da indoneziaSi maswavlebels swored ase mimar-Taven. franguli terminia `maitre a penser~, rac `azrovnebis maswavlebels~ niSnavs. aseT sistemaSi individis swavlis xarisxi Zalian aris damokidebu-li maswavleblis mondomebaze.

mcire Zalauflebrivi distanciis mqone qveyanaSi maswavlebeli moswav-les eqceva, rogorc Tanaswors da moswavlisganac msgavs damokidebulebas elis. axalgazrda maswavleblebi ufro Tanasworni arian da isini moxuceb-ze metad moswonT. ganaTlebis procesi studentze aris centrirebuli da aqcenti moswavlis iniciativaze keTdeba. mosalodnelia, rom moswavlem Tavisi inteleqtualuri gza Tavad daisaxos. moswavleebs SeuZliaT dau-kiTxavad CaerTon maswavleblis saubarSi da SekiTxvebi dasvan, rodesac raime ar esmiT. isini kamaToben maswavleblebTan, gamoxataven kritikasa da uTanxmoebas, xolo skolis gareT maswavleblisadmi gansakuTrebul pa-tiviscemas ar gamoxataven. rodesac bavSvi dauSveblad iqceva, mSobeli xSirad dgeba bavSvis mxares maswavleblis winaaRmdeg. ganaTlebis pro-cesi Zalian upirovnoa; moswavleebs gadaecemaT garkveuli maswavlebli-sagan damoukideblad arsebuli `WeSmariteba~ da `faqtebi~. am sistemaSi efeqturi ganaTleba didad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu ramdenad Sedga moswavlesa da maswavlebels Soris warmatebuli ormxrivi urTierToba. mTliani sistema moswavlis damoukideblobis kargad ganviTarebul moT-xovnilebas efuZneba; ganaTlebis miRebis dones didad gansazRvravs mos-wavlis mondomeba.

am Tavis dasawyisSi iTqva, rom Zalauflebrivi distanciis qulebi naklebi iyo iseTi samuSaosaTvis, romelic umaRles ganaTlebas moiT-xovs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, iseT qveynebSi mainc, romlebsac Zalauflebrivi


distanciis dabali maCvenebeli aqvT. es niSnavs, rom aseT qveynebSi ga-naTlebaSi win wawevis dros, moswavleebi ufro da ufro Tavisufalni xdebian maswavleblisagan da maTi sxvaze damokidebulebis moTxovnileba klebulobs. didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis qveynebSi ki moswavleebi mas-wavlebelze damokidebulni rCebian umaRlesi ganaTlebis drosac ki.

mcire Zalauflebrivi distanciis qveynebi ganaTlebis biujetis did nawils yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi saSualo ganaTlebis ganviTarebaze xarjaven. amiT sazogadoebis saSualo klasi iqmneba da izrdeba. didi Za-lauflebrivi distanciis qveynebi universitetebze met fuls xarjaven, vidre saSualo skolebze. es ki sazogadoebaSi elitasa da gaunaTlebel adamianebs Soris polarizaciis SenarCunebas uwyobs xels.

skolaSi fizikuri dasjis meTodebi (yovel SemTxvevaSi, prepubertatis asakis bavSvebSi) didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis qveynebSi ufro misa-Rebia, vidre mcire Zalauflebrivi distanciis qveynebSi. is xazs usvams maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris arsebul uTanasworo mdgomareobas da xSirad bavSvis xasiaTis CamoyalibebisaTvis sasargeblod iTvleba. mcire Zalauflebrivi distanciis qveyanaSi aseTi mopyroba bavSvze Zaladobad aris miCneuli da SeiZleba mSoblebis policiaSi misvlis mizezi aRmoCn-des. arsebobs gamonaklisic, rac maskulinoba-feminurobis ganzomileba-sTan aris dakavSirebuli da me-4 TavSia aRwerili. zogierT maskulinur, mcire Zalauflebrivi distanciis kulturaSi, magaliTad, did britaneT-Si, yvela ar ewinaaRmdegeba skolaSi fizikur dasjas.

rogorc ojaxebis SemTxvevaSi, aqac realoba am or ukiduresobas So-risaa. mniSvnelovani faqtoria moswavlis SesaZleblobac: naklebad ni-Wieri an SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone bavSvi mocemul kulturaSi mosalodnel damoukideblobas ver miaRwevs da mas didi Zalauflebrivi distanciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli midgomiT moekidebian. mcire Zalauf-lebrivi distanciis qveynebis muSaTa klasis ojaxebSi dabadebuli niWieri bavSvebi daCagrulebi aRmoCndebian iseT universitetebSi, romlebsac mci-re Zalauflebrivi distanciis midgoma axasiaTebT: rogorc wina nawilSi aRvniSneT, muSaTa klasis ojaxebi xSirad didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis subkulturas warmoqmnian. 2.3 cxrilSi Sejamebulia mcire da didi Za-lauflebrivi distanciis mqone sazogadoebis aqamde ganxiluli mTavari gansxvavebebi.

Zalauflebrivi distancia samsaxurSi

ojaxsa da skolaSi swavlebisa da gamocdilebis miRebis Semdeg axal-gazrdebis umravlesoba muSaobas iwyebs. mSobeli-bavSvisa da maswavlebe-li-moswavlis rolur wyvilebs axla ufrosi-daqvemdebarebuli TanamS-romlis roluri wyvili emateba da aravis unda gaukvirdes, rom Cveni gonebrivi daprogramebis iseTi Semadgeneli, rogoric aris mSoblebis-admi (gansakuTrebiT ki mamisadmi) arsebuli damokidebuleba, samsaxuris ufrosze gadadis.

didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis qveynebSi ufrosi da TanamSromlebi


erTmaneTs egzistenciurad araTanabrad miiCneven; ierarqiuli sistema eg-zistenciur uTanasworobazea agebuli. organizaciebi rac SeiZleba met Zalauflebas rac SeiZleba naklebi adamianis xelSi aTavseben. daqvemde-barebuli TanamSromlebi elodebian, rom miuTiTon, ra gaakeTon. didi raodenobiT zedamxedveli personali ierarqiul kibeze Tavsdeba da erT-maneTs angariSs abarebs. organizaciis maRal da dabal safexurebze momu-Save adamianebis xelfasi didad gansxvavdeba. muSebi SedarebiT gaunaTle-belni arian da xeliT Sesrulebul samuSaos naklebi statusi aqvs, vidre saofise samuSaos. ufrosebs privilegiebi aqvT (sityvasityviT, `sakuTari kanonebi~) da kontaqtebi ufrosebsa da daqvemdebarebul personals Soris mxolod ufrosebis iniciativiT xdeba. daqvemdebarebuli TanamSromlis TvalTaxedviT, yvelaze misaRebi da pativsacemi ufrosi keTili avtokra-ti, an `kargi mamaa~. `cud mamebTan~ miRebuli gamocdilebis Sedegad maT SeiZleba ufrosis avtoriteti ideurad mTlianad uaryon, magram praqti-kaSi daemorCilon.

Ddidi Zalauflebrivi distanciis organizaciebSi daqvemdebarebul personalsa da ufrosebs Soris xSirad emociurad datvirTuli urTier-Tobaa. filip diribarni marTvis saerTaSoriso sajaro kvleviT centrs uZRveba safrangeTSi. misma kvleviTma gundma bevri muSaobis Sedegad Seadara erTi da imave mravalerovnuli kompaniis warmoebis qarxana sa-frangeTSi (PDI 68), aSS-sa (PDI 40) da niderlandebSi (PDI 38). proeqtis angariSSi diribarni wers:

safrangeTSi arsebuli ierarqiuli urTierTobebis emociuri xasiaTi maintrigebelia. ufrosebisadmi gancdili grZnobebis didi mravalfero-vneba arsebobs: isini SeiZleba erTnairi intensivobiT sZuldeT an uyvar-deT. es universaluri situacia ar aris: is ver aRmovaCineT niderlandeb-sa da aSS-Si.17

es citata mxars uWers im mosazrebas, rom safrangeTSi ufrosebs po-larizebulad aRiqvamen, maTze damokidebulni an urTierTdamokidebul-ni arian. es didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis qveynebisaTvis aris damaxa-siaTebeli.

didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis qveynebSi ufrosis avtoritets sta-tusis xiluli niSnebi ganamtkicebs; SesaZlebelia, daqvemdebarebul muSaks eamayebodes da mezobelTanac trabaxobdes, rom Tavisi ufrosis manqana mezoblis ufrosis manqanaze didia. asakiT ufros xelmZRvanelebs ufro metad scemen pativs, vidre axalgazrdebs. ufrosis mier Zalaufle-bis borotad gamoyenebis msxverpli cud iRbals uCivis; aseTi situaciis winaaRmdeg gamosvla SesaZlebelad ar miaCniaT. Tu situacia Zalian gam-wvavda, maSin adamianebi gaerTianebulad iwyeben Zaladobriv gamosvlas. aSS-Si gamogonili liderobis meTodebis paketebi (rogoricaa, magaliTad, menejmentis miznebi, MBO)18 efeqturi ar aris. aseTi meTodebi ufrossa da daqvemdebarebul personals Soris molaparakebas gulisxmobs, rac arc erTi mxarisaTvis araa misaRebi.

mcire Zalauflebrivi distanciis qveynebSi ufrosebi da TanamSrom-lebi erTmaneTis Tanasworad ganixileba; ierarqiuli sistema ubralod


mosaxerxebeli roluri uTanasworobaa; rolebis gamocvla SeiZleba, ami-tom vinc dRes Cemi xelqveiTia, xval SeiZleba Cemi ufrosi gaxdes. or-ganizaciebi decentralizebulia, ierarqiis piramidebi — dabali, xolo zedamxedveli personali — SezRuduli raodenobis; xelfasebSi SedarebiT mcire sxvaobaa; muSebi mniSvnelovan unarebs floben da xelis samuSao, romelic mravalgvar unar-Cvevas moiTxovs, iseT saofise samuSaoze metad fasobs, romelic nakleb codnas moiTxovs, maRal safexurze mdgomi Ta-namSromlebis privilegiebi misasalmebeli ar aris; yvela unda sargeblob-des manqanebis erTi da imave sadgomiT, sapirfareSoTi da kafeTi. ufro-sebi daqvemdebarebuli TanamSromlebisaTvis xelmisawvdomni unda iyvnen da idealuri ufrosi SemoqmedebiTi (da amitom, pativcemuli) demokratia. TanamSromlebi moelian, rom maTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis ga-motanis win ufrosi maT moeTaTbireba, Tumca isic ician, rom saboloo sityva ufross ekuTvnis.

statusis simboloebi saeWvod iTvleba da mosalodnelia, rom mezobe-li uaryofiTad miiCnevs imas, rom misi ufrosi kompaniis fuls ZviradRi-rebul manqanaze xarjavs. axalgazrda ufrosebi zogadad ufro moswonT, vidre ufro xanSiSesulebi. organizaciebs evalebaT gaiTvaliswinon Ta-namSromlebis gancxadebebi ufrosis mier Zalauflebis borotad gamoy-enebis Sesaxeb da hqondeT amasTan gamklavebis struqturizebuli gzebi. SesaZloa aq gamodges liderobis zogierTi meTodi, magaliTad, MBO, Tu menejmenti sakmaris yuradRebas dauTmobs am sakiTxebs.

didi britaneTis saseqsis univeersitetis mecnierma piter smiTma, 1990-ian wlebSi, kolegebis daxmarebiT, 47 qveynis 7.000-ze meti menejerisagan moiZia informacia. mas ainteresebda, rogor umklavdebian menejerebi rva iseT mdgomareobas, romelic nebismier organizaciaSi warmoiqmneba (ma-galiTad, `rodesac Tqvens ganyofilebaSi arsebul mowyobilobas an te-qnikas gamocvla sWirdeba~). yoveli movlenisaTvis problemis gadaWris Sesabamisi wyaroebi iyo CamoTvlili, menejerebs unda eCvenebinaT, romel wyaros endobodnen ufro metad (magaliTad, `formaluri wesebi da pro-cedurebi~). smiTma daiTvala vertikalurobis indeqsi 47 qveynisaTvis. man gaaerTiana ufrosisa da formaluri wesebis ndoba da daupirispira is sakuTari gamocdilebisa da daqvemdebarebuli TanamSromlebis ndobas. vertikalurobis indeqsi maRal korelaciaSi aRmoCnda PDI qulebTan: didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis qveynebSi SerCevaSi moxvedrilma menejerebma ganacxades, rom ufro endobodnen ufrosebsa da formalur wesebs, vidre TavianT gamocdilebasa da daqvemdebarebul personals.19


2.3 cxrili. didi da mcire Zalauflebrivi distanciis mqone sazogadoebebis mTa-

vari gansxvavebebi: zogadi norma, ojaxi da skola

mcire Zalauflebrivi distancia didi Zalauflebrivi distancia

adamianebs Soris uTanasworoba unda Semcirdes.

adaminebs Soris uTanasworoba mosalodneli da sasurvelia.

socialur urTierTobebs sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT.

statusi TavSekavebiT unda dabalansdes.

meti da naklebi Zalauflebis mqone adamianebs Soris unda iyos, da garkveuli doniT, aris kidec urTierTdamokidebuleba.

naklebi Zalauflebis mqone adamianebi sxvebze damokidebulni unda iyvnen; arsebobs polarizebuli mdgomareoba damokidebulebasa da urTierTdamokidebulebas Soris.

mSoblebi Svilebs eqcevian, rogorc Tanasworebs.

mSoblebi Svilebs morCilebas aswavlian.

Svilebi ar monawileoben moxuci mSoblebis movlaSi.

Svilebi moxuc mSoblebs uvlian.

Svilebi mSoblebsa da ufrosebs TanasworebiviT eqcevian.

ufrosebisa da mSoblebis pativiscema sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba da dasafasebeli Tvisebaa.

moswavleebi maswavlebels TanasworiviT eqcevian.

moswavleebi maswavlebels pativs scemen klasis gareTac ki.

saklaso oTaxSi maswavlebeli bavSvebisgan moelis iniciativis gamoCenas.

saklaso oTaxSi iniciativas maswavlebeli iCens.

maswavlebeli eqspertia, romelic upirovno WeSmaritebas gadmoscems.

maswavlebeli gurua, romelic pirovnul sibrZnes gadmoscems.

swavlis xarisxi ormxriv komunikaciasa da moswavlis mondomebazea damokidebuli.

swavlis xarisxi maswavleblis mondomebazea damokidebuli

naklebad ganaTlebul adamianebs metad ganaTlebul adamianebze ufro avtoritaruli Rirebulebebi aqvT.

rogorc naklebad, aseve metad ganaTlebul adamianebs avtoritaruli Rirebulebebi aqvT.

ganaTlebis politika saSualo skolebzea mimarTuli.

ganaTlebis politika universitetzea mimarTuli.

am nawilSi ukiduresi situaciebi aRvwereT didi da mcire Zalauf-lebrivi distanciis qveynebis organizaciebis efeqtianobis sistematuri sxvaobis Sesaxeb kvlevis monacemebi ar arsebobs. sxvadasxva amocanis ga-dawyvetaSi sxvadasxva tipis kulturaa warmatebuli: mcire Zalauflebrivi distanciis kulturebi warmatebulia iseT amocanebSi, romlebic TanamS-


romlebisagan iniciativis gamoCenas moiTxovs, xolo didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis kulturebi — amocanebSi, romlebic disciplinas moiTxovs. menejmentis mTavari sazrunavi adgilobrivi kulturis Zlieri mxareebis gamoyeneba unda iyos.

samuSao situaciebis umetesoba maT Soris aRmoCndeba da rogorc mcire, ise didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis elementebs moicavs. marTvis TeoriebSi iSviaTad ganixilaven kulturiT ganpirobebul gansxvavebul modelebs. me-7 Tavi daubrundeba am sakiTxs da aRwers, rogor airekleba avtorebis gansxvavebuli erovneba marTvisa da organizaciis TeoriebSi.

2.4 cxrilSi Sejamebulia mcire da didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis qveynebs Soris arsebuli mTavari gansxvavebebi samsaxuris WrilSi.

2.4 cxrili: didi da mcire Zalauflebrivi distanciis sazogadoebis mTavari gansx-

vavebebi: samsaxuri

mcire Zalauflebrivi distancia didi Zalauflebrivi distancia

ierarqia organizaciaSi araTanabar rolebs gulisxmobs, romlebic simartivisaTvis SemoiRes.

ierarqia organizaciaSi maRal da dabal dones Soris arsebul egzistenciur uTanasworobas ireklavs.

popularulia decentraliazcia. popularulia centraliazacia.

naklebi zedamxedveli personalia. meti zedamxedveli personalia.

organizaciuli kibis zeda da qveda safexurs Soris xelfasSi mcire gansxvavebaa.

organizaciuli kibis zeda da qveda safexurs Soris xelfasSi didi gansxvavebaa.

menejerebi sakuTar da TanamSromlebis gamocdilebas eyrdnobian.

menejerebi ufrosebsa da formalur wesebs eyrdnobian.

daqvemdebarebuli TanamSromlebi moelian, rom maTTan moiTaTbireben.

daqvemdebarebuli TanamSromlebi moelian, rom miuTiTeben, ra gaakeTon.

idealuri ufrosi SemoqmedebiTi demokratia.

idealuri ufrosi keTili avtokrati da `kargi mamaa~.

ufrosi-daqvemdebarebuli TanamSromlis urTierToba pragmatulia.

ufrosi-daqvemdebarebuli TanamSromlis urTierToba emociuria.

statusis simboloebi da privilegiebi miuRebelia.

statusis simboloebi da privilegiebi misaRebi da popularulia.

manualur da saofise samuSaoebs Tanabari statusi aqvs.

saofise (TeTri sayelos samuSao) ufro mniSvnelovnad iTvleba, vidre xelis (lurji sayelos samuSao).


Zalauflebrivi distancia da saxelmwifo

am Tavis wina nawilebSi ganxiluli iyo Zalauflebrivi distanciis gavlena iseT rolur wyvilebze, rogoricaa mSobeli-bavSvi, maswavlebe-li-moswavle da ufrosi-daqvemdebarebuli TanamSromeli; TvalsaCinoa, rom aseTive efeqtia mosalodneli mmarTvel-moqalaqes Sorisac. is, vinc msoflios axal ambebs zereled mainc adevnebs Tvalyurs, imTaviTve mixv-deba, rom zogierT qveyanaSi mmarTvelebsa da moqalaqeebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi sxva qveynebisagan gansxvavebulad xorcieldeba. zedapirze ar Cans, magram aranakleb mniSvnelovania gavigoT, rom qveyanaSi Zalauf-lebis gamoyeneba damokidebulia im rwmenebze, romlebic mosaxleobis um-etesobas gaaCnia. es rwmenebi exeba mmarTveli adamianebis misaReb qcevas.

43 sazogadoebis monacemebis analizis Semdeg (romlebic Rirebulebe-bis msoflio kiTxvaris meSveobiT dadginda, ix.Tavi 1), amerikelma mec-nierma ronald inglhartma qveynebi or ganzomilebad dayo: sekularul-racionalur da tradiciul-avtoritarulad. korelaciuri analizis meSveobiT gamoirkva, rom es ganzomileba axlos dgas Zalauflebrivi di-stanciis ganzomilebasTan. didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis sazogadoeba-Si mmarTveloba tradiciuli, xandaxan religiuric ki aris. Zalaufleba sazogadoebis zogad faqtad aRiqmeba, romelic win uswrebs arCevans ke-Tilsa da borots Soris. mis legitimurobas mniSvneloba ara aqvs. simarT-le Zalis mxaresaa. es mniSvnelovani gamonaTqvamia, romelic aseTi formiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba, magram Zalauflebis mqone da Cveulebrivi xalxis qce-vaSi airekleba. gamouTqmeli konsesusia, rom am samyaroSi uTanasworobis wesrigi unda arsebobdes da yvelas unda hqondes sakuTari adgili. aseTi wesrigi akmayofilebs sxvaze damokidebulebis moTxovnilebas da rogorc mmarTvel, ise Cveulebriv xalxs daculobis gancdas uCens.

am Tavis dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, rom zogierT sazogadoebaSi aris ten-dencia adamianebi Zalauflebis, simdidrisa da statusis mixedviT moaTav-son Sesabamis poziciebze. aseT kulturebSi Zalauflebis mqone adamian-ebs privilegiebi ekuTvniT da es privilegiebi maT TavianTi simdidris gasazrdelad unda gamoiyenon. maTi statusi sazrdoobs simboluri qce-viT, romlis meSveobiTac isini rac SeiZleba Zlierad gamoiyurebian. Za-lauflebis mTavari wyaro adamianis ojaxi da megobrebi, qarizma da/an Zalis gamoyenebis unaria; amiT aixsneba militaristuli diqtaturis six-Sire Zalauflebrivi distanciis skalis am naxevarSi. mosalodnelia Za-lauflebis mqone adamianTan dakavSirebuli skandalebi, Tumca am skan-dalebs miCqmalaven. Tu raime daSavda, pasuxs ierarqiis qveda safexurze mdgomi adamianebi ageben. Tu saqme Zalian cudad wavida, sistemis Secvla revoluciis gziT xdeba. warmatebis SemTxvevaSi, revoluciebis umeteso-ba mainc warumatebelia, radgan Zalauflebis axali mflobelebi, cota xnis Semdeg, TavianTi winamorbedebis qcevebs imeoreben. amis sawindari ki sazogadoebis uTanasworo Rirebulebebia. didi Zalauflebrivi distan-ciis qveynebSi adamianebi iSviaTad kiTxuloben gazeTebs (magram ndobas gamoxataven im gazeTebis mimarT, romlebsac kiTxuloben) da politikaze iSviaTad msjeloben: politikuri uTanxmoeba xSirad ZaladobaSi gadadis.


sistema xSirad mxolod erTi politikuri partiis arsebobas uSvebs; Tu meti partiaa daSvebuli, rogorc wesi, arCevnebSi erTi da igive partia imarjvebs. Tu mainc daSvebulia, politikuri speqtri ukiduresad memar-jvene an memarcxenea, susti centraluri poziciiT. es adre ganxiluli damokidebulebisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis politikuri anareklia. aseT qveynebSi Semosavali araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli, cotaa Zalian mdidari adamiani da bevria Zalian Raribi adamiani. garda amisa, gadasaxa-debi mdidrebs icavs da amitom gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg Semosavali kidev ufro araTanabari xdeba. profkavSirul gaerTianebebs saxelmwifo akontrolebs; Tu es ase ar xdeba, gaerTianeba ideologizebuli da poli-tikaSi CarTulia.

mcire Zalauflebrivi distanciis qveynebis mmarTvelobas inglhart-ma sekularul-racionaluri uwoda: is praqtikul da aratradiciul msoflmxedvelobazea agebuli. aseT sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebulia azri, rom religia da saxelmwifo erTmaneTisagan gamoyofili unda iyos. Za-lauflebis gamoyeneba kanonis mixedviT unda xdebodes da keTilisa da borotis gansjas eqvemdebarebodes. uTanasworo sazogadoeba zogadad arasasurvelad miiCneva; miuxedavad imisa, rom mas Tavidan ver avicilebT, uTanasworoba politikuri xerxebis gamoyenebiT unda Semcirdes. kanoni unda iyos garanti, rom statusis miuxedavad, yvelas Tanaswori uflebebi gaaCnia. Zalaufleba, statusi da simdidre erTdroulad ar unda arsebob-des, kargic ki aris, rodesac isini erTi adamianis xelSi araa. mmarTvele-bis statusis simboloebi saeWvoa da TavianTi araformaluri statusis gasamyareblad maT SeiZleba formaluri simboloebi miatovon (magaliTad, ministri tramvaiT miva samsaxurSi). aseT qveynebSi adamianebis umetesoba mdidaria da didi saSualo klasi arsebobs. Zalauflebis mTavari wyaro adamianis formaluri pozicia, gamocdileba da dajildoebis unaria. skan-dalebi, rogorc wesi, politikuri karieris dasasruls niSnavs. revolu-ciebi ar aris popularuli; sistema evoluciurad icvleba da Zalauf-lebis mqone pirebis gadagdebis saWiroeba ar arsebobs. gazeTebs bevri kiTxulobs, Tumca maT mimarT didi ndoba ar aris. politika xSirad xdeba ganxilvis sakiTxi da saSinao politikaSi Zaladoba Zalian iSviaTia. mcire Zalauflebrivi distanciis qveynebSi mTavrobis pluralisturi sistemebia da erTi partia an koalicia meoreTi icvleba arCevnebis meSveobiT. aseT qveynebSi politikuri speqtris centri ufro Zlieria, vidre radikaluri marjvena an marcxena frTa. Semosavali naklebad araTanabrad aris dana-wilebuli, vidre didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis qveynebSi. gadasaxadebi Semosavlis redistribucias emsaxureba da gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg Semosavali naklebad araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli, vidre gadaxdamde. profkavSiruli organizaciebi ideologiasa da politikaze naklebadaa orientirebuli, maT TavianTi wevrebis praqtikuli saWiroebebi ufro ain-teresebT.

mkiTxveli advilad mixvdeba, rom orive ukiduresobis elementebi mra-val qveyanaSia. magaliTad, espaneTSi 1970-ian wlebamde diqtatura iyo, romelic mTavrobis pluralisturi sistemiT Seicvala.20 yofili sabWoTa


kavSiris qveynebic msgavs problemebs umklavdebian, zogi metad da zogi naklebad warmatebulad. Zveli demokratiebis mmarTvelebic avlenen di-qtaturis elementebs — magaliTad, cdiloben arasasurveli informaciis publikaciis SeCerebas.

politikuri idealebis gamo, didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis qvey-nebs xSirad mcire Zalauflebrivi distanciis qveynebis institutebi gadmoaqvT. sxva qveynebSi naswavlma politikurma liderebma SesaZloa am qveynebis politikuri sistemebis damkvidreba scadon. mcire Zalauf-lebrivi distanciis qveynebi ganviTarebisaTvis TanamSromlobis konte-qstSi xSirad cdiloben TavianTi institutebis eqsports. magram mxolod arCevnebiT qveynis Rrma Sreebi ar Seicvleba, gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini Rrmadaa fesvgadgmuli mosaxleobis umetesi nawilis gonebriv programul uzrunvelyofaSi. gaunaTlebeli da daupurebeli masebi kargi demokrate-bi ver gamovlen da mdidari qveynebisaTvis misaRebi gzebi Rarib qveynebSi naklebad imuSavebs. ucxouri mTavrobebis mier ganxorcielebuli qmede-bebi, romlebic sxva qveynebis demokratizaciasa da adamianis uflebebis pativiscemas emsaxureba, ucxouri damxmareebis daprogramebis Sedegia da is maT qveynebis eleqtoratTan gasamkvlaveblad ufro gamodgeba, vidre sxva qveynebis daxmarebisaTvis. me-9 TavSi am dilemis gadawyvetis SesaZlo gzebze visaubrebT.

Zalauflebrivi distancia da korufcia

korufcia is movlenaa, romelic saxelmwifos da zogjer kerZo or-ganizaciis funqcionirebaze axdens gavlenas. msoflioSi bevr situacia-Si xdeba oficialuri da araoficialuri fulis gadaxda. mniSvnelovania SevTanxmdeT korufciis ganmartebaze. korufciaze vsaubrobT, rodesac adamiani Tavisi poziciis Zalauflebas ukanono gamdidrebisaTvis iyenebs, an rodesac moqalaqeebi TavianTi kerZo saqmisaTvis zemdgomi adamianis mxardaWeras yiduloben. magram, ra SeiZleba iTqvas zogierTi kompaniis mTavari aRmasruleblis kompensaciaze, an zogierT qveynebSi lobireba-ze daxarjul fulze? es kanonieri, magram imave motivebze dafuZnebuli aqtebia. iaponiaSi, CineTsa da mraval sxva kulturaSi saCuqrebis gadacema mniSvnelovani ritualia da Znelia imis dadgena, ra aris saCuqari da ra — qrTami. maqsimalistebisaTvis oficiantisTvis zedmeti fulis datovebac ki qrTamia.

1995 wlis Semdeg saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba (Transparency International) (arasamTavrobo organizacia, romelic berlinSi mdebareobs) bevri qvey-nisaTvis yovelwliurad internetiT aqveynebs korufciis aRqmis indeqss (CPI). CPI-Si Sedis 12 sxvadasxva wyarodan momavali informacia, iqneba es biznesi, presa Tu ucxouri servisebi. indeqsi 10-dan (srulyofilad `suf-Ta~ qveyana) 1-mdea (korufciiT aRsavse qveyana). 2002 wlis CPI-is Cveneul-ma analizma gamoavlina, rom indeqsi damokidebulia simdidreze: 64 qveyni-saTvis, romelzedac aucilebeli informacia gvqonda, CPI-Si gansxvavebis 74%-is winaswarmetyveleba qveynis simdidriT SeiZleboda (mTliani Sida


produqti). an, ufro swori iqneba, rom vTqvaT, misi siRaribiT da kidev 5% Zalauflebrivi distanciis indeqsiT (PDI). siRaribis pirobebSi fu-lis araoficialuri gziT miTviseba mxolod sixarbiT ar aris gamowveuli; xSirad es gadarCenis mizniT keTdeba. Raribi qveynis oficialuri pirebi, policielebi da maswavleblebi xSirad did xelfass ar iReben da damate-biTi fulis gareSe TavianT ojaxebs ver gamokvebaven, amitom, aseTi gziT fulis Sovnis Cveva mTel sistemaSi vrceldeba. siRaribis garda, koruf-ciis mizezi aris Zalauflebrivi distanciac, radgan didi Zalauflebri-vi distanciis qveynebSi Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis kontrolis naklebi meqanizmi arsebobs.

korufciis siRaribiT axsna ver miesadageba mdidar qveynebs. mdidari qveynebis CPI-is asaxsnelad nakleb rols TamaSobda GNP da meti mniSvne-loba eniWeboda Zalauflebriv distancias. 1984 wels germanel-amerikel-ma mkvlevarma, miqael hopem qveynis elitis TviTSefasebul PDI qulebsa da CPI-s Soris Zlieri korelacia aRmoaCina. hopem 18 ganviTarebuli qveynis parlamentarebisagan, mTavrobis wevrebisagan, mosamsaxureebisa da meneje-rebisagan, mecnierebisagan da xelovanTagan IBM-is tipis Rirebulebebis qulebi Seagrova (ix. 1.1 cxrili). 2002 wlis CPI-is indeqsebSi gansxvavebis 76%-is winaswarmetyveleba maTi elitebis 1984 wlis PDI qulebidan iyo SesaZlebeli. elitam Tavisi Rirebulebebi aRwera; CPI-is meSveobiT ki gai-zoma, rogor uyureben maT qveyanas sxvebi. amgvarad, 1984 wels dadgenili ZalauflebasTan dakavSirebuli Rirebulebebis meSveobiT saocari sizu-stiT moxda 18 wlis Semdeg korufciis winaswarmetyveleba.

korufcia, ra Tqma unda, gulisxmobs adamianebs, romlebic amas sCadi-an. aqedan zogierTi savaWro partnioria. CPI-is garda, arsebobs qrTamis gadamxdelTa indeqsi (BPI). 21 qveynisaTvis am indeqsis 2002 wlis qulebic PDI-sTan mniSvnelovan korelaciaSi aRmoCnda. BPI-is gansxvavebis 45%-is winaswarmetyveleba eqsportis mwarmoebeli qveynebis PDI qulebidan iyo SesaZlebeli (2.1 cxrili). mosalodnelia, rom didi Zalauflebrivi di-stanciis mqone eqsportis mwarmoebeli qveynebi qrTams miscemen ucxour momxmareblebs.21

mecxramete saukuneSi moRvawe britanel politikoss, lord aqtons, romelic SemdgomSi kembrijis profesori gaxda, Semdegi cnobili afo-rizmi ekuTvnis: `Zalauflebas aqvs tendencia korufcia gamoiwvios da absoluturi Zalaufleba absolutur korufcias iwvevs~ an `Zalaufle-bas aqvs wabilwvis tendencia da absoluturi Zalaufleba absoluturad bilwavs.4~

Zalauflebrivi distancia da ideebi

mSoblebi, maswavleblebi, menejerebi da xelisufalni, yvelani Tavian-Ti kulturis Svilebi arian; isini TavianTi mimdevrebis mimdevrebi arian da maTi qcevis gageba mxolod maTive Svilebis, moswavleebis, daqvemdeba-

4 wabilwva da korufcia inglisurad erTi da igive sityvaa —l.b.


rebuli personalisa da moqalaqeebis gonebrivi programuli uzrunvelyo-fis gagebis Semdeg aris SesaZlebeli. magram qveynis ara mxolod moqmedi, aramed moazrovne pirebic TavianTi kulturis Svilebi arian. marTvis Se-saxeb dawerili wignebis avtorebisa da politikuri ideologiebis dam-fuZneblebis ideebi im safuZvlidan aRmocendeba, romlebic maT zrdis procesSi iswavles. amgvarad, qveynebs Soris Rirebulebebis ganzomilebis — magaliTad, Zalauflebrivi distanciis _ mixedviT gansxvaveba ara mxo-lod liderebisa da maTi mimdevari adamianebis azrovnebis, gancdisa da qcevis gansxvavebis gagebaSi gvexmareba, aramed gvixsnis mocemul qveyanaSi warmoqmnil Tu adaptirebul Teoriebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, gansazRv-raven an xsnian, rogor azrovneben, ganicdian da iqcevian adamianebi.

msoflios istoriidan viciT, rom filosofosebi da religiebis da-maarseblebi Riad saubrobdnen uTanasworobaze Cv. welTaRricxvamde 500 wels CineTSi moRvaweobda filosofosi kong ci. iezuitma misionerebma mas 2000 wlis Semdeg laTinuri saxeli, konfuciusi, daarqves (ufro Zve-li saxelidan kong fu ci). is Tvlida, rom sazogadoebis stabiluroba adamianebs Soris araTanabar urTierTobas eyrdnoboda. man ganasaxvava wu lun, xuTi elementaruli urTierToba: mbrZanebeli-qveSevrdomi, mama-vaJiSvili, ufrosi Zma-umcrosi Zma, qmari-coli da ufrosi megobari-um-crosi megobari. am urTierTobas Tan axlda ormxrivi da urTierTSemav-sebeli valdebulebebi: magaliTad, umcrosi partniori pativs scems da emorCileba ufross, xolo ufrosi ki icavs da angariSs uwevs umcross. konfucis ideebi dResac warmarTavs Cinelebis saqciels. CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi mao Ze duni konfucianizmis ganadgurebas Seecada, magram misi mmarTvelobac konfuciseul elementebs Seicavda.22 IBM-is kvlevaSi monawile Cinuri umravlesobis, an Cinuri gavlenis qveynebia (2.1 cxrilis mimdevrobiT): CineTi, singapuri, hong-kongi, samxreT korea, taivani da iaponia; isini PDI-is Sua-zeda da Sua zonebs ikaveben. am qveynebis adamian-ebs moswonT araTanabari mdgomareoba, magram fiqroben, rom Zalauflebis gamoyeneba movaleobis grZnobiT unda gawonaswordes.

Zv. w. aR-iT 350 wels, platons antikur saberZneTSi esmoda adamianTa Soris Tanasworobis zogadi saWiroeba, magram, amave dros, icavda iseT sazogadoebas, sadac elitas, meurveebs eqnebodaT mmarTveloba. is am ori konfliqturi azris gaerTianebas Seecada da amisaTvis sityva Tanaswor-obis ori mniSvneloba gamoiyena (raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi), magram misi argumenti jorj oruelis cxovelebis fermis cnobil frazas waagavs: `yvela cxoveli Tanasworia, magram zogierTi sxvebze ufro Tanasworia~. dRevandel saberZneTs Zalauflebrivi distanciis skalaze Sua adgili ukavia (2.1 cxrili, 41-42-e adgili, qula 60).

Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi dawerili qristianuli axali aRTqma siRaribis sikeTes qadagebs.23 am debulebis ganxorcieleba Tanas-worobis sawindaria, magram sinamdvileSi ase mxolod ramdenime religi-uri ordeni moiqca. is ar yofila popularuli, arc saxelmwifoebs da arc biznesebs Soris, arc Tavad eklesiaSi. kaTolikurma eklesiam romis imperiis ierarqiuli wyoba SeinarCuna; analogiuri ram xdeboda marTl-


madideblur eklesiebSi; protestantuli eklesiebi garkveuli doniT ar aris ierarqiuli. tradiciulad protestantul qveynebs kaTolikur an marTlmadideblur qveynebze dabali PDI qulebi aqvT.

italieli nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527) politikuri Zalauflebis ga-moyenebis sakiTxSi msoflio literaturaSi yvelaze didi avtoritetia. is or models ganasxvavebs: meliisa da lomis. makiaveli Tvlis, rom kargi mmarTveli saWiro dros orive models iyenebs: eSmaki mela Tavs aaridebs xafangebs, xolo lomis Zala SeaSinebs mglebs.24 makiavelis azrebis Zal-auflebis gansxvavebasTan dakavSireba Semdegnairad SeiZleba: mcire Zal-auflebrivi distanciis qveynebi meliis models arian miCveulebi, xolo didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis qveynebi — lomisas. IBM-is kvlevis in-formaciiT, italia Zalauflebrivi distanciis SuaSi mdebare qveyanaa (51-e adgili, qula 50). SesaZloa italiis regionebis Seswavlis Semdeg aRmoCn-des, rom CrdiloeTi meliis msgavsia, xolo samxreTi — lomisa. makiavels ar dauweria, magram politikuri sistemebisa da moqalaqeebis programul uzrunvelyofas Soris arsebuli kavSiri migviTiTebs rom Tu romeli cxo-veli gaxdeba mmarTveli, didad aris damokidebuli imaze, ra cxovelebi arian misi mimdevrebi.

karl marqsic (1818-83) ganixilavs Zalauflebis sakiTxs, magram mas surda Zalaufleba Zalauflebis armqone adamianebs mieRoT; sinamdvile-Si mas arasdros ganuxilavs, mis mier qadagebuli revolucia Seqmnis Tu ara axal, Zalauflebis armqone klass. rogorc Cans, mas sjeroda, rom SesaZlebelia Zalauflebis adamianidan sistemaze gadacema. es filosofia damaxasiaTebelia mcire Zalauflebrivi distanciis qveynebisTvis. dRes aseTi qveyanaa marqsis samSobloc, germania.

Tanamedrove samyaros tragediaa, rom marqsis ideebi iseT qveynebSi gavrcelda, romlebic Zalauflebrivi distanciis kontinuumis aqeTa mxares imyofebian, da romlebSic, rogorc am TavSi vamtkicebdiT, Zalauf-leba kanonis winaSe qeds ar ixris. Zalauflebis maregulireblis ararse-bobis gamo gadarCa iseTi marTvis sistemebi, romlebic marqsis ideebis memkvidreobas ki ibralebdnen, magram amave dros romelTa arseboba marq-sis `saflavSi gadatrialebis~ sawindari iyo. marqsiseul `proletariatis diqtatura~-Si didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis mqone zogierTi qveynis mmarTvelebma diqtatura aitaces, proletariati ki daaviwydaT. sinamd-vileSi, es koncefcia gulubryviloa: radgan adamianebs uTanasworobis tendencia aqvT, proletariatis diqtatura logikurad urTierTgamom-ricxavia.

sxva qveynebis mosaxleobisaTvis ideebis eqsporti ise, rom am ideebis RirebulebaTa konteqsti ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli — da am ideebis impor-ti am qveynebSi adgilobrivi gulubryvilo enTuziastebis mier — mxolod politikaSi ki ara, ganaTlebis, menejmentisa da organizaciis sferoebSic niSandoblivia. meore msoflio omamde da mis Semdeg aTwleulebis gan-mavlobaSi aSS-is ekonomikuri warmatebulobis gamo sxva qveynebis mosax-leobam aSS-is ideebi menejmentis Sesaxeb ukeTesad da amitom, misabaZad miiCnia. maT daaviwydaT ekiTxaT, rogor sazogadoebaSi SemuSavda da dain-


erga es ideebi — Tu isini marTlac dainerga, rogorc amas wignebi amtki-cebs. 1960 wlis Semdeg igive bedi ewia iaponur ideebs.

2.1 cxrilSi aSS-is Zalauflebrivi distanciis ganzomilebaSi dabali, magram arcTu Zalian dabali adgili ekava (57-59-e adgili, 74-dan). aSS-Si liderobis Teoriebi daqvemdebarebuli adamianebis saSualo donis damo-kidebulebazea agebuli: arc Zalian didi, arc Zalian patara. mTavari idea monawileobiT menejments exeba — anu iseT situacias, sadac menejerebis iniciativiT, gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, TanamSromlebis monawileoba sa-survelia. Tu aSS-is liderobis Teoriebs SvedeTisa da daniis (romlebsac PDI skalaze Zalian dabali qulebi hqondaT) `industriul eqsperiments~ SevadarebT, aRmovaCenT, rom am skandinaviur qveynebSi TanamSromlebi Ta-vad iwyeben gadawyvetilebis procesSi monawileobas. amerikeli meneje-rebisaTvis es Zneli asatania, radgan amgvari situacia maT `menejerul prerogativebs~ safrTxes uqmnis. menejeruli prerogativebi naklebad wmindaa skandinaviaSi. erT kvlevaSi aRwerilia berZeni TanamSromlis sircxvili, rodesac mas amerikelma ufrosma hkiTxa, ra droa saWiro gark-veuli samuSaos Sesasruleblado. berZenma TanamSromelma ganacxada: ~is aris ufrosi. Tavad ratom ar metyvis?~25

2.5 cxrilSi Sejamebulia bolo sam nawilSi ganxiluli gansxvavebebi didi da mcire Zalauflebrivi distanciis qveynebSi; 2.3 da 2.4 cxrilebTan erTad, Zalauflebrivi distanciis gansxvavebis ganxilva cxovrebis yvela sferoSi SeiZleba.

Zalauflebrivi distanciis gansxvavebis warsuli

im qveynebma, romelTa mSobliuri ena romaulidanaa wamosuli (fran-guli, italiuri, portugaliuri, ruminuli, espanuri) Zalauflebrivi distanciis skalaze Sua qulebi miiRes (2.1 cxrili: italiidan — 50, ru-mineTamde - 90). germanulenovanma qveynebma (daniuri, holandiuri, ingli-suri, germanuli, nirvegiuli, Sveduri) dabali qulebi miiRes (avstriidan — 11, luqsemburgamde — 40). safiqralia, rom enis regionsa da Tanamedrove gonebriv programul uzrunvelyofas Soris kavSiri arsebobs. qveyanaSi enis dominanturobas istoriuli fesvebi gaaCnia: romauli enebi laTin-uridan modis da romis imperiis qveynebSi gavrcelda. laTinuri amerikis SemTxvevaSi, es qveynebi espaneTis da portugaliis koloniebi gaxldaT, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, romis yofil koloniebs warmoadgenen. germanuli ena gavrcelebulia an romisdroindel ~barbarosul~ qveynebSi, an odes-Rac romis mbrZaneblobis qveS myof, Semdeg ki barbarosebis mier dakave-bul teritoriebze (magaliTad, inglisi).


2.5 cxrili didi da mcire Zalauflebrivi distanciis mqone sazogadoebis mTavari

gansxvavebebi: saxelmwifo

didi Zalauflebrivi distancia mcire Zalauflebrivi distancia

Zalauflebis gamoyeneba kanonieri unda iyos da keTilisa da borotis kriteriums akmayofilebdes.

Zala sjobs simarTles: visac Zalaufleba ukavia, kargi da sworia.

unarebi, simdidre, Zalaufleba da statusi erTad ar unda iyos.

unarebi, simdidre, Zalaufleba da statusi erTad unda iyos.

umetesad mdidari qveynebi didi saSualo klasiT.

umetesad Raribi qveynebi patara saSualo klasiT.

yvelas Tanabari ufleba unda hqondes.

Zalauflebis mqone adamianebs privilegiebi ekuTvniT.

Zalaufleba formalur pozicias, eqspertizas da dajildoebis unars efuZneba.

Zalaufleba tradicias, ojaxs, qarizmas an Zalis gamoyenebas efuZneba.

politikuri sistemis Sesacvlelad wesebi unda Seicvalos (evolucia).

politikuri sistemis Sesacvlelad mTavroba unda Seicvalos (revolucia).

Sida politikaSi meti dialogi da naklebi Zaladobaa.

Sida politikaSi naklebi dialogi da meti Zaladobaa.

pluralisturi mTavroba, romelic umravlesobis arCevanzea dafuZnebuli.

avtokratiuli an oligarqiuli mTavroba, romelic umravlesobis arCevanze ar aris dafuZnebuli.

politikur speqtrSi Zlieri centri da susti marjvena-marcxena frTaa.

politikur speqtrSi, Tuki arsebobis ufleba misces, susti centri da Zlieri marjvena-marcxena frTaa.

sazogadoebaSi Semosavlis gansxvaveba mcirea da gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg kidev ufro mcirdeba.

sazogadoebaSi Semosavlebis raodenobis sakmaod gansxvavebuli maCveneblebia da gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg, ufro izrdeba.

korufcia naklebad Cans; skandali politikuri karieris dasasruls udris.

korufcia ufro aSkaraa; skandals Cqmalaven.

amgvarad, Zalauflebriv distanciad wodebuli gonebrivi programa romaul epoqamde mainc midis, anu 2000 wlisaa. Cinuri (konfuciuri) kul-turis matarebeli qveynebi Zalauflebrivi distanciis skalaze jgufde-ba saSualodan maRal qulebamde _ maTi kuluturuli memkvidreoba 4000 wels mainc iTvlis.

aravin davswrebivarT im dros, rodesac xalxebs Soris kulturuli


paternebis sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganviTareba daiwyo. gansxvavebebis wyaroebis dadgena mxolod istoriul da preistoriul wyaroebze dayrd-nobiT, spekulaciis Sedegad aris SesaZlebeli. romauli da Cinuri im-periac centridan iyo marTuli. es imis maniSnebelia, rom mosaxleoba mzad aris centridan miiRos brZanebebi. meore mxriv, evropis germanuli mxare patara tomebad iyo dayofili. maT adgilobrivi Tavadebi marTavd-nen, romlebic aravis brZanebas ar daemorCilebodnen. azrs moklebuli araa, rom am adamianebSi saxelmwifos adreuli gamocdilebis daxmarebiT saerTo gonebrivi programebi Camoyalibda. es programebi aucilebeli iyo maTi politikuri da socialuri sistemis gadasarCenad.

ismeba kiTxva: ratom gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan saxelmwifos adreu-li gamocdilebebi? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi dagvexmareba qveynebis Sesaxeb arsebuli raodenobrivi informacia, romelic Zalauflebrivi di-stanciis qulebTan korelirebs, ramdenime aseTi raodenobrivi cvladi movipoveT da nabij-nabij mravlobiTi regresiis _ statistikuri iaraRis _ meSveobiT davadgineT, am cvladebidan romeli zemoqmedebs yvelaze me-tad PDI qulebis gansxvavebaze (2.1 cxrili). gamoirkva, rom Semdeg faqto-rebze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebelia qveynis PDI qulis winaswarmetyveleba:

1. qveynis geografiuli ganedi (maRali ganedebi dabal PDI qulebTan aris dakavSirebuli).

2. mosaxleobis raodenoba (didi raodenoba maRal PDI qulebTan aris dakavSirebuli).

3. simdidre (mdidari qveynebi dabal PDI qulebTan aris dakavSire-buli).26

mxolod geografiuli ganedi (anu, ramdenad daSorebulia qveynis de-daqalaqi ekvatoridan), IBM kvlevis 50 qveyanaSi PDI qulebis gansxvavebis 43%-is winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. ganedi da mosaxleobis raodenoba erTad gansxvavebis 51%-s winaswarmetyvelebs. ganedi, mosax-leobis raodenoba da simdidre ki 58%-is winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. Tu adamianma am sami, SedarebiT myari monacemis garda qveyanaze araferi icis, mas SeuZlia maTze dayrdnobiT 2.1 cxrilSi moyvanil quleb-Tan miaxloebuli PDI qulebi miiRos. saSualod, mosalodneli minacemebi IBM-is kiTxvaris monacemebisagan 11 skaluri punqtiT gansxvavdeba. yve-laze cudi mdgomareoba israelis SemTxvevaSia, mosalodneli qula 47-ia, realuri monacemi ki — 13. maT Soris 34 quliani gansxvavebaa.

pirveli prediqtori, geografiuli ganedi, Zalauflebriv distancia-sTan dakavSirebuli saintereso faqtoria. is qveynebis klimatis uxeSi maCvenebelia: dabal ganedze mdebare qveynebSi tropikuli klimatia, saSu-aloze — zomieri, xolo maRalze — civi. saukuneebis manZilze filosofo-sebi avrceleben popularul sibrZnes, rom klimaturi gansxvavebebi xsnis mosaxleobis xasiaTs. ase magaliTad, Tbil klimatSi adamianebi zarmacebi arian, civSi ki _ mSromelebi. aseTi debulebebis damtkiceba SeuZlebelia da sapirispiro magaliTebis moZebnac advilia, magaliTad, zed ekvatorze


mcxovrebi mSromeli singapurelebi. magram, PDI-sTan kavSiri myari da ma-Rali statistikuri mniSvnelovnebis mqonea.5mkiTxvels, romelsac alba-Tobis gamoTvla ar uswavlia, avuxsniT: es kavSiri imas ki ar niSnavs, rom geografiuli ganedi Zalauflebriv distancias gansazRvravs, aramed imas, rom maRal ganeds, sxva elementebTan erTad, mcire Zalauflebrivi di-stanciis qulaSi Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs.

statistikuri kavSiri kauzalobas ar gviCvenebs: Cven ar viciT, rome-lia mizezi da romeli _ Sedegi, an aris Tu ara dakavSirebuli elementebi mesame mizezis Sedegi. magram ganedis unikalur SemTxvevaSi, Znelia qveynis unikaluri geografiuli mdebareoba mizezis anda arqimizezis garda, sxva raimed miviCnioT, Tuki ar davuSvebT, rom preistoriul xanaSi adamianeb-ma im klimatSi daiwyes migracia, romelic maT Zalauflebriv distancias Seesabameboda, rac sakmaod gazviadebuli mosazrebaa.

sxvadasxva kvleviT dadasturebuli27 am kavSiris logika aseTia: yvela ganxilul sazogadoebaSi adgilobrivi soflis meurneobisa da urbanuli industriis garkveuli done ganviTarda. gansxvavebul logikas morgebul, ufro primitiul monadire-Semgrovebel sazogadoebas axla ar ganvixi-lavT. dabal ganedze (anu ufro tropikul klimatSi) meurne sazogadoebas ufro uxvi buneba aqvs. gadarCenisa da mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdi-saTvis adamians bunebaSi Careva naklebad sWirdeba: yvelaferi TavisiT izrdeba. amgvar situaciaSi, safrTxe erTi teritoriis an resursisaTvis ramdenime jgufis konkurenciaa. gadarCenis Sansi ufro didia iseTi sa-zogadoebisaTvis, romelic ierarqiulad aris awyobili da balansisa da mowyobis SesanarCuneblad centralur mmarTvelobazea damokidebuli.

maRal ganedze (zomier da civ klimatSi) buneba naklebad uxvia. ga-dasarCenad aucilebelia adamianis Careva. aseT pirobebSi soflis meur-neobis gverdiT industriac warmoiqmneba. gasamklavebeli mteri bunebaa da ara sxva adamianebi. aseT pirobebSi gadarCenis Sansi ufro didia iseTi sazogadoebisaTvis, romlis wevrebic sakuTari Tavis gadasarCenad ibrZvi-an da sxvebze damokidebulni ar arian. iseTi sazogadoebisaTvis, romlis wevrebi bavSvebs morCilebas aswavlian, gadarCenis Sansi naklebia.

meore prediqtori mosaxleobis raodenobaa. ufro mravalricxovan qveyanaSi adamianebi naklebad arian damokidebulni mmarTvelobaze, radgan politikuri Zalaufleba ufro Sori da naklebad xelmisawvdomia, vidre patara qveynebSi. meore mxriv, sapirispiros damtkicebac SeiZleba, radgan ufro damoukidebeli patara eris adamianebi did qveyanaSi integraciis winaaRmdeg ibrZoleben.

mesame prediqtori, erovnuli simdidre, TavisTavad bevr sxva faqtor-Tan aris dakavSirebuli. yoveli es faqtori mcire Zalauflebrivi di-stanciis mizezad an Sedegad SeiZleba miviCnioT. Cven iseT movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme, romlis kazualoba kvercxisa da qaTmis ar iyos, spiraluri

5 redaqtoris SeniSvna: meti informacia am terminze SeiZleba moiZioT statistikis nebismier saxelmZRvaneloSi. sxva sityvebiT es termini

niSnavs, rom moyvanili kavSiri realuria.


xasiaTisaa. erovnul simdidresa da Zalauflebaze naklebad damokidebu-lebasTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebia:

• naklebad tradiciuli soflis meurneoba;

• ufro Tanamedrove teqnologia;

• meti urbanuli dasaxleba;

• meti socialuri mobiloba;

• ganaTlebis ukeTesi sistema;

• ufro didi saSualo klasi.

yofil kolonizator qveynebTan SedarebiT, yofil koloniebSi Zal-auflebrivi distancia ufro didia. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ori sauku-nis win koloniad an kolonizatorad yofna Tanamedrove simdidresTanaa kavSirSi. monacemebi ar gvaZlevs saSualebas siRaribis, kolonizaciisa da Zalauflebis did sxvaobebs Soris kauzaluri damokidebulebis mkafio xazi-mimarTuleba davadginoT. aseT SemTxvevaSi kauzalobis interpreta-ciebi damokidebulia imaze, risi damtkiceba surs mkvlevars.

Zalauflebrivi distanciis gansxvavebebis momavali

aqamde Zalauflebrivi distanciis mixedviT qveynebis mdgomareobas sta-tikurad ganvixilavdiT. wina nawilSi isic ki ganvacxadeT, rom gansxvavebe-bis istoriuli fesvebi 4000 wels an mets iTvlis. es yvelaferi warsuls Seexeboda. magram ra moxdeba momavalSi? Cven saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis uprecendento intensifikaciis eraSi vcxovrobT: es gansxvavebebis waSlasa da saerTo msoflio standartis Seqmnas xom ar Seuwyobs xels? da Tu asea, ras gulisxmobs es standarti: did, mcire, Tu saSualo Zalauflebriv di-stancias?

iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom ramdenime Taobis ganmavlobaSi samyaros um-etes nawilSi Zalauflebaze damokidebuleba Semcirda. bevr Cvengans ufro damoukideblad migvaCnia Tavi, vidre Cvens mSoblebs da maT mSoblebs miaC-niaT. garda amisa, damoukidebloba politikurad misaRebi sakiTxia. bevria ganmanTavisuflebeli da emansipaciis moZraobebi. ganaTlebis SesaZlebloba bevr qveyanaSi gaumjobesda da rogorc viciT, ganaTlebis zrdasTan erTad, Zalauflebrivi distancia mcirdeba. es imas ar niSnavs, rom am TavSi aR-weril qveynebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebac icvleba. SesaZlebelia yvela qveyanas Seumcirda Zalauflebrivi distanciis done, magram es ar cvlis 2.1 cxrilSi mocemul rangebs.

IBM kvlevis proeqtis saSualebiT erTmaneTs SevadareT 1968 da 1972 wlis monacemebi.28 am oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi damoukideblobis survili gaizarda. amis mizezi ideebis saerTaSoriso gacvlaa. magram, am survilma mxolod im qveynebSi Secvala sasurveli Zalauflebis done ufro Tanaswori mdgoma-reobisaken, romlebSic Zalauflebrivi distancia isedac mcire iyo. amitom skalis sapirispiro mxares myofi qveynebi ufro daSordnen erTmaneTs.

Rirebulebebis evropuli da msoflio kiTxvarebis monacemebis meSveo-


biT erTmaneTs SevadareT 1980, 1990 da 2000 wlis pasuxebi. 10 ganviTare-bul evropul qveyanaSi pasuxi gaeca Semdeg debulebas: `Tvisebebi, romle-bic bavSvma saxlSi unda iswavlos~. 2000 wels, qveynis PDI qulebi dadebiT korelaciaSi aRmoCnda imasTan, rom bavSvebs xeli unda SevuwyoT gul-modgine Sromisa da dazogvis swavlaSi, xolo uaryofiT korelaciaSi _ damoukideblobisa da fantaziis swavlasTan. maTgan 1980-dan 1990 da 2000 wlamde gulmodgine Sromisa da dazogvis mniSvneloba Semcirda, xolo warmosaxvis mniSvneloba gaizarda. damoukideblobis mniSvneloba ar Secv-lila. amgvarad, oTxidan sami maxasiaTeblis mniSvneloba mcire Zalauf-lebrivi distanciisken Seicvala, rac zomier zogad Semcirebas niSnavs.29

grZelvadiani cvlilebebis winaswarmetyveleba winamdebare nawilSi aR-werili cvlilebebis gamomwvev Zalebze dakvirvebiTac aris SesaZlebeli (`Zalauflebrivi distanciis gansxvavebis warsuli~). Zalauflebriv di-stanciasTan dakavSirebuli sami faqtoridan (ganedi, mosaxleobis rao-denoba da simdidre), pirveli udavoa. rac Seexeba populaciis raodenobas, globalizebul samyaroSi mcire da didi qveynebic ki sul ufro naklebad SeZleben gadawyvetilebis damoukideblad miRebas da sul ufro metad iqnebian damokidebuli saerTaSoriso doneze miRebul gadawyvetilebebze, ramac, SesaZloa, Zalauflebrivi distanciis globaluri momateba gamoi-wvios.

mesame faqtori, simdidre, zogierTi qveynisaTvis izrdeba, zogier-TisaTvis ki — ara. simdidris gazrda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gamoiwvevs Zalauflebrivi distanciis Semcirebas, Tu es simdidre mTel mosaxleo-bas argebs. mdidar qveynebSi, aSS-is meTaurobiT, Semosavlis ganawileba meoce saukunis bolo aTwleulSi SedarebiT uTanabro gaxda: simdidris moxveWa iseTi adamianebisaTvis aRmoCnda xelmisawvdomi, romlebic isedac mdidarni iyvnen. amas sapirispiro efeqti mohyveba: sazogadoebaSi uTanas-woroba ara mxolod ekonomikurad, aramed legaluradac izrdeba. Zalian mdidar adamianebs kanonmdeblebis lobireba da iseTi advokatebis daqi-raveba SeuZliaT, romlebic mosamarTleebis xelfasebze bevrad met fuls Souloben. simdidris gazrdis aseT SemTxvevaSi Zalauflebrivi distancia gaizrdeba. iseT qveynebSi ki, sadac ekonomika erT adgilze dgas an uares-deba (isedac Rarib qveynebSi), Zalauflebrivi distancia ar Semcirdeba da SesaZloa gaizardos kidec.

ramdenadac viciT, Zalauflebrivi distanciis ganzomilebaSi qveynebs Soris gansxvavebis Semcirebis monacemebi aravis miuRia. gvjera, rom am TavSi SemoTavazebuli erovnuli gansxvaveba, misi uZvelesi istoriuli fesvebiT, did xans, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSic ki SenarCundeba. Zalauf-lebisa da damokidebulebis, damoukideblobisa da urTierTdamokidebu-lebis gonebrivi programebis homogenizacia kulturebis aRqmuli aRre-vis zegavleniT kidev Zalian didi xani ar moxdeba, Tuki odesme saerTod moxdeba.

1988 wlis dekemberSi presaSi Semdegi axali ambavi gamoCnda:

stokholmi, 23 dekemberi. SvilebisaTvis saSobao saCuqrebis yidvisas,


SvedeTis mefe karl gustavi sagrZnoblad Seayovnes. man sayidlebis CekiT gadaxda moisurva. gamyidvelma kanonieri dadasturebis gareSe Cekis miRebaze uari ganacxada. mxolod mas Semdeg, rac garSemomyo-febma mefis saxis gamosaxulebiani erTkroniani monetebi amoiRes, ga-myidvelma es damadasturebel sabuTad CaTvala da Ceki miiRo — Tumca, manamde Ceki siyalbeze Seamowma da misi patronis saxeli da misamarTi Caiwera.30

bernadotebis gvaris es warmomadgeneli (frangi generlis pirdapiri STamomavali), Tavisi winapariviT Tanasworobis imave normebs gadaeyara. ramdeni dro unda gavides rom aSS-is, ruseTis an zimbabves moqalaqeebi ase moeqcnen TavianT prezidentebs? an Svedebi iseTive mowiwebiT moepy-ron TavianT mefeebs, rogorc taivanelebi?

73

Tavi 3

me, Cven da isini

Svedi biznesmeni saSualo sididis maRali teqnologiis Svedur korpora-ciaSi mivida. mas saudis arabeTTan kargi kontaqtebi hqonda. korporaciam riadaSi (Riyadah) Tavisi TanamSromeli — pirobiTad, iohansoni vuwodoT — gaagzavna. iohansonma 30-40 wlis Zmebi gaicno. orives britanuli ganaT-leba hqonda miRebuli; isini mcire sainJinro firmas xelmZRvanelobdnen. Zmebs saudis mTavrobis mier wamowyebul ganviTarebis proeqtSi asistenti sWirdebodaT. magram ori wlis ganmavlobaSi Catarebuli eqvsi vizitis miuxedavad, araferi xdeboda. Zmebisa da iohansonis Sexvedrebi yovelT-vis maTi pirvelad warmdgeni Svedi biznesmenis TanxlebiT mimdinareobda. es mas da mis ufrosebs ar siamovnebdaT, radgan eWvi hqondaT, rom Sve-di biznesmeni maT konkurentebTanac urTierTobda. sxva gamosavali ar iyo, radgan saudis mxare Suamavals iTxovda. xSirad saubrebi saqmisgan ganyenebul Temebze mimdinareobda, magaliTad, Zmebi Seqspiris Tayvanis-mcemlebi iyvnen da mis Semoqmedebas ganixilavdnen. rodesac iohansonis ufrosebi korporaciis xarjze ZviradRirebuli mogzaurobis sargebelSi daeWvdnen, riadadan misi gadaudebeli Camosvlis moTxovniT faqsi movida. ramdenime milionian kontraqts xelis mowera sWirdeboda. saudeli Zmebis damokidebuleba dRiTi dRe icvleboda, Suamavali biznesmenis daswreba aRar iyo saWiro, xolo iohansonma pirvelad naxa, rom saudelebi iRimod-nen da exumrebodnen kidec.

yvelaferi kargad midioda, sanam iohansonis damsaxurebis gamo, is sxva danayofSi menejerul Tanamdebobaze ar gadaiyvanes. is aRar xelmZRva-nelobda saudis proeqts. korporaciam misi Semcvleli waradgina, rome-lic iohansonma piradad gaacno saudel Zmebs. ramdenime kviris Semdeg riadidan faqsi Camovida, romelSic umniSvnelo detalis gamo saudelebi kontraqtis gawyvetiT imuqrebodnen. maT iohansonis daxmareba moiTxoves. rodesac is riadaSi Cavida, aRmoCnda, rom konfliqti patara da advilad mosagvarebeli problemis gamo warmoiSva. saudelebis azriT, misi gadawy-veta mxolod korporaciis mier iohanosnis warmodgenis SemTxvevaSi iyo SesaZlebeli. amitom, korporaciam Tavisi struqtura Secvala ise, rom iohansons SeeZlo saudis proeqtis marTva, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi mTa-vari movaleobebi axla sul sxva iyo.

individi da koleqtivi sazogadoebaSi

am namdvil ambavSi aRweril Svedebsa da saudelebs biznesSi piradi ur-TierTobebis sxvadasxva koncefcia hqondaT. Svedebis azriT, saqmis warmo-eba kompaniasTan xdeba; saudelebisaTvis ki — im adamianTan, romelic maT gaicnes da endobian. rodesac adamiani sxva pirovnebas kargad ar icnobs, jobia rom kontaqti orive mxris ndobiT aRWurvili Suamavali adamianis TandaswrebiT moxdes. am kulturaTSorisi gansxvavebis safuZveli adami-


anTa sazogadoebis fundamenturi sakiTxia: individis roli Tu jgufis roli?

Cvens samyaroSi adamianebis umravlesoba iseT sazogadoebaSi cxovrobs, romelSic jgufis interesi individis interesze maRla dgas. aseT sazo-gadoebebs Cven koleqtivisturs vuwodebT. zogierTi mkiTxvelisaTvis es sityva politikuri mniSvnelobis matarebelia, magram Cven am sityvas yo-velgvari politikuri azris gareSe viyenebT. is, individTan SedarebiT, saxelmwifos met Zalauflebas ki ar aRniSnavs, aramed jgufis Zalauf-lebas. dabadebis Semdgom, pirveli socialuri jgufi Cveni ojaxia. Tum-ca, ojaxis struqtura sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi gansxvavdeba. koleqti-visturi sazogadoebebis umetesobaSi bavSvi izrdeba `ojaxSi~, romelSic erTad mcxovrebi xalxTa jgufi Sedis: mxolod mSoblebi da sxva Svilebi ki ara, aramed bebia-babuebi, biZebi, deidebi, mosamsaxureebi an saxlis sxva mosaxleebi. kulturul anTropologiaSi amas did ojaxs uwodeben. bavSvebi izrdebian da swavloben, rom `Cven~ jgufis nawils warmoadge-nen. es kavSiri nebayoflobiTi ki ara, bunebis moniWebulia. `Cven~ jgufis wevrebi gansxvavdebian sazogadoebaSi mravlad arsebuli `isini~ jgufebs mikuTvnebuli adamianebisagan. `Cven~ jgufi (anu Sida jgufi) pirovnebis identobisa da cxovrebis siZneleebisagan Tavdacvis umTavresi wyaroa. amgvarad, mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi adamiani Tavisi Sida jgufis erTguli unda darCes da am erTgulebis darRveva saSineli saqcielia. pirovnebasa da Sida jgufs Soris praqtikuli da fsiqologiuri ormxrivi damokidebuleba yalibdeba.

dedamiwis mcxovrebTa umciresoba iseT sazogadoebaSi cxovrobs, ro-melSic individis interesebi jgufebis interesebze maRla dgas. aseT sa-zogadoebebs individualisturs vuwodebT. msgavs sazogadoebaSi bavSve-bis umravlesoba iseT ojaxebSi ibadeba, sadac ori mSobeli da SesaZloa, sxva Svilebic arian; zogierT sazogadoebaSi erTmSobliani ojaxebis ricx-vi izrdeba. naTesavebi sxvagan cxovroben da maT iSviaTad xedaven. ojaxis aseT tips patara an nukleuri ewodeba (laTinuri sityva nucleus-idan, ro-melic birTvs niSnavs). aseTi ojaxis Svilebi izrdebian da Tavis Tavs `me~-d aRiqvamen. es ̀ me~ aris maTi pirovnuli identoba da sxva adamianebis ̀ me~-sgan gansxvavdeba. sxva adamianebis klasificireba ara jgufebis, aramed individualuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT xdeba. magaliTad, TamaSis dros, partnioris arCeva pirovnul Tvisebebze dayrdnobiT irCeva. ganaTlebis mizania bavSvebs damoukideblad moRvaweoba aswavlos. amis miRwevisTanave, mosalodnelia bavSvebis mier mSobelTa saxlis mitoveba. xSirad, saxlis mitovebis Semdeg, bavSvebi mSoblebTan urTierTobas amcireben anda su-lac wyveten. arc praqtikulad da arc fsiqologiurad, am sazogadoebis janmrTeli wevri ar unda iyos sxvebze damokidebuli.

75m e, Cv e n d a i s i n i

individualizmis donis gazomva sazogadoebaSi

Zalauflebrivi distanciis Semdeg (Tavi 2), ukiduresi individualizmi da koleqtivizmi meore globaluri ganzomilebis polusebia. IBM-is kvle-vaSi CarTuli yoveli qveynisaTvis SesaZlebeli iyo individualizmis inde-qsis qulebis miniWeba, romelic dabali iqneboda koleqtiuri da maRali _ individualisturi sazogadoebisaTvis.

am ganzomilebis gansazRvrebaa: individualizmi axasiaTebs iseT sa-zogadoebas, romelSic individebs Soris arsebuli kavSirebi sustia: mo-salodnelia, rom yvela TavisTavs an ojaxis uaxloes wevrebs mouvlis. sapirispirod, koleqtivizmi axasiaTebs iseT sazogadoebas, romelSic adamianebi dabadebidan mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi Zlier, Sekrul Sida jgufebSi erTiandebian. mudmivi erTgulebis sanacvlod, Sida jgu-febi pirovnebas mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi icaven.

individualizmis done qveynebs Soris da qveynebs SigniT gansxvavdeba. amitom aucilebelia, rom qveynis qulebi SedarebisaTvis gamosadeg SerCe-vebze iyos damyarebuli. IBM SerCevebi amis saSualebas iZleva.

individualizmis indeqsi kiTxvaris ToTxmet samuSao miznis Semcvel debulebas efuZneba. respondentebs hkiTxes: SeecadeT ifiqroT TqvenTvis idealuri samuSaosaTvis mniSvnelovan faqtorebze; ar gaiTvaliswinoT, ramdenad aris es faqtorebi warmodgenili Tqvens dRevandel samsaxur-Si. ramdenad mniSvnelovania TqvenTvis...~ da amas mohyveboda 14 debule-ba. yoveli debuleba fasdeboda 1-dan 5-qulamde (Zalian mniSvnelovnidan naklebad, an saerTod umniSvnelomde). 40 qveynis 14 debulebis analizis Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom respondentebis pasuxebis paterni or ganzomilebas gamoxatavs. erTi individualizmi da koleqtivizmia. meore ki — masku-linoba da feminuroba ( Tavi 4).

individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis ganzomileba yvelaze Zlierad im SedarebiT mniSvnelobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, romelic samuSao miznebis amsaxvel Semdeg debulebebs mianiWes:

individualisturi polusisaTvis1. piradi dro: samuSao, romelic sakmaris Tavisufal dros tovebs

piradi an ojaxuri cxovrebisaTvis;2. Tavisufleba: mniSvnelovani Tavisufleba _ saqmes Tqveni sakuTari

midgoma miusadagoT;3. gamowveva: samuSao gamomwvevi unda iyos — iseTi, romlisganac

pirovnuli miRwevis SegrZneba geuflebaT.

koleqtivisturi polusisaTvis4. treningi: treningis SesaZleblobebis arseboba (unarebis gasaum-

jobeseblad an axlebis SesaZenad);5. fizikuri pirobebi: kargi samuSao pirobebis arseboba (kargi ga-

naTeba da ventilacia, adekvaturi samuSao adgili da a.S.);


6. unarebis gamoyeneba: samsaxurSi SegeZlebaT mTlianad gamoiyenoT Tqveni unarebi da SesaZleblobebi.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erT qveyanaSi IBM-is TanamSromelma pirveli miza-ni SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad Seafasa, rogorc wesi, man meore da mesamec mniSvnelovnad miiCnia, maSin, roca meoTxe, mexuTe da meeqvse umniSvnelod miiCnia. aseTi qveyana individualisturad CaiTvala. Tuki pirveli samuSao mizani SedarebiT aramniSvnelovnad Sefasda, rogorc wesi, igive Sefaseba hqonda meore da mesame mizans, magram meoTxe, mexuTe da meeqvse SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad CaiTvala. aseTi qveyana koleqtivisturad CaiTvala.

TvalsaCinoa, rom IBM kiTxvaris es debulebebi sazogadoebaSi arsebul individualizmsa da koleqtivizms Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs mTlianad ver dafaravs. isini IBM kvlevis mxolod im sakiTxebs warmoadgens, romle-bic am gansxvavebebTan arian dakavSirebuli. qveynis IBM-is individualiz-mis qulebis korelacia ara IBM-is monacemebTan (romelic sazogadoebis sxva maxasiaTeblebs Seexeba) adasturebs debulebas, rom IBM monacemebis es ganzomileba namdvilad individualizms zomavs.

Zneli gasagebi araa, ratom aris piradi dro, Tavisufleba da (pira-di) gamowveva individualizmisTvis mniSvnelovani: isini xazs usvamen Ta-namSromlis organizaciisgan Tavisuflebas. sapirispiro polusis samuSao miznebi — treningi, fizikuri pirobebi da samsaxurSi unarebis gamoye-neba — aRniSnavs, ras akeTebs organizacia TanamSromlisaTvis, da amiT xazs usvams TanamSromlis damokidebulebas organizaciaze. es koleqti-vizms ergeba. am urTierTobis meore maCvenebeli is aris, rom rogorc naCvenebi iqneba, individualisturi qveynebi, rogorc wesi, ufro mdidari, xolo koleqtivisturi qveynebi ki — ufro Raribni arian. mdidar qveynebSi treningis, fizikuri pirobebisa da unarebis gamoyeneba TavisTavad igu-lisxmeba da amitom es umniSvnelo samuSao miznebia. Rarib qveynebSi maTi arseboba TavisTavad ar igulisxmeba: isini kargi samsaxuris cudisgan gar-Cevis mniSvnelovani faqtorebia da amitom mniSvnelovani samuSao miznebia.

individualizmis indeqsis gamoTvla Zalauflebrivi distanciis msgav-sad garkveul ricxvze gamravlebis Semdeg qulebis mimateba-gamoklebiT ar SeiZleba. statistikurma proceduram, romelic saWiroa individua-lizmisa da meoTxe TavSi aRwerili maskulinurobis ganzomilebis daTv-lisaTvis (qveynis 14 samuSao miznis faqtoruli analizi), Sedegad mogvca faqtoruli qula yoveli qveynis TiToeuli ganzomilebisaTvis. es fa-qtoruli qulebi ganzomilebis mixedviT qveynis poziciis ufro zusti sazomia, vidre kiTxvebze miRebuli qulebis Sekreba an gamokleba. indi-vidualizmis ganzomilebis faqtoruli qulebi 25-ze gamravlda da miema-ta konstanta — 50. amis Sedegad miviReT ranJirebuli sia 0-dan 100-mde quliT. koleqtivisturi qveynebi axlos aRmoCdnen 0-Tan, xolo indivi-dualisturi qveynebi — 100-Tan. gamoTvlis es meTodi IBM-is kvlevis monacemTa bazisaTvis gamoviyeneT. Semdgomi kvlevebisaTvis miaxloebis formulebi gamoviyeneT, sadac individualizmis indeqsis qulis gamoTvla pirdapir gaxda SesaZlebeli oTxi samuSao miznis saSualo qulebidan.1

individualizmis indeqsis (IDV) qulebi 3.1 cxrilSia warmodgenili.


rogorc meore TavSi ganxiluli Zalauflebrivi distanciis indeqsis Sem-TxvevaSi, qulebi qveynebis SedarebiT poziciebs aRniSnavs. 3.1 cxrili ada-sturebs, rom TiTqmis yvela mdidar qveyanas maRali IDV qula aqvs, xolo TiTqmis yvela Rarib qveyanas — dabali. qveynis erovnul simdidresa da mis kulturaSi arsebul individualizmis dones Soris Zlieri kavSiria; amas SemdgomSi ganvixilavT.

3.1 cxrili individualizmis indeqsis (IDV) mniSvnelobebi 74 qveynisa da regionisaTvis


aSS 91 1 ruseTi 39 37 - 38

avstralia 90 2arabeTis qveynebi

38 39 - 40

didi britaneTi 89 3 brazilia 38 39 - 40

kanada (mTliani) 80 4 - 6 TurqeTi 37 41

ungreTi 80 4 - 6 urugvai 36 42

niderlandebi 80 4 - 6 saberZneTi 35 43

axali zelandia 79 7 xorvatia 33 44

belgia (flamandiuri)

78 8 filipinebi 32 45

italia 76 9 bulgareTi 30 46 - 48

dania 74 10 meqsika 30 46 - 48

kanada (kvebeki) 73 11 rumineTi 30 46 - 48

belgia (valiuri) 72 12aRmosavleTi afrika

27 49 - 51

safrangeTi 71 13 - 14 portugalia 27 49 - 51

SvedeTi 71 13 - 14 slovakeTi 27 49 - 51

irlandia 70 15 malaizia 26 52

norvegia 69 16 - 17 hong-kongi 25 53 - 54

Sveicaria (germanuli)

69 16 - 17 serbeTi 25 53 - 54

germania 67 18 Cile 23 55

samxreTi afrika* 65 19 bangladeSi 20 56 - 61


64 20 CineTi 20 56 - 61

fineTi 63 21 singapuri 20 56 - 61

estoneTi 60 22 - 24 tailandi 20 56 - 61

luqsemburgi 60 22 - 24 vietnami 20 56 - 61


poloneTi 60 22 - 24dasavleTi afrika

20 56 - 61

malta 59 25 el salvadori 19 62

CexeTis respublika

58 26 korea (samxreTi) 18 63

avstria 55 27 taivani 17 64

israeli 54 28 peru 16 65 - 66

slovakeTi 52 29 trinidadi 16 65 - 66

espaneTi 51 30 kosta-rika 15 67

indoeTi 48 31 indonezia 14 68 - 69

surinami 47 32 pakistani 14 69

argentina 46 33 - 35 kolumbia 13 70

iaponia 46 33 - 35 venesuela 12 71

maroko 46 33 - 35 panama 11 72

irani 41 36 ekvatori 8 73

iamaika 39 37 - 38 gvatemala 6 74

gamuqebuli asoebiT moyvanili qveynebisa da regionebis monacemebi gamoTvlilia IBM-is monacemTa bazaze dayrdnobiT. danarCeni qveyne-bisa da regionebis monacemebi eyrdnoba ganmeorebiT kvlevas an Sefa-sebas.

* monacemebi mxolod TeTrkaniani mosaxleobisganaa miRebuli

SvedeTs IDV-ze 71 qula hqonda, arabulenovan qveynebs (maTSi saudis arabeTi Sedis) ki — 38. es iohansonis dilemis kulturul fesvebs cxa-dyofs. ra Tqma unda, arabuli qveynebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia. sainteresoa, rom am regionSi saudelebi sxva arabebTan SedarebiT (liba-nelebi an egviptelebi) ufro koleqtivisturebi arian. IBM-is SerCevaSi libanelebi da egviptelebi saudelebze ukeT iyvnen warmodgenilni. Svede-Tis adgili 74 qveyanasa da regionSi me-13-me-14-a, arabuli qveynebis adgi-li ki — 39-e-me-40, rac niSnavs, rom arabul qveynebze ufro kolqtivisti bevri qveyanac arsebobs. rogorc adre vTqviT, Cvens samyaroSi koleqti-vizmi wess warmoadgens, individualizmi ki _ gamonakliss.

individualizmi da koleqtivizmi sxva kroserovnul kvlevebSi

1.1 cxrilSi aRwerilia IBM-is kvlevis eqvsi didi ganmeorebiTi kvleva. isini 1990-2002 wlebSi gamoqveynda. aqedan xuTi ikvlevda IBM-is kvleva-Si CarTul 15-28 qveyanas. am kvlevebis Sedegad gamovlinda IDV qulebi, romlebic mniSvnelovnad korelirebda Tavdapirvel IBM-is qulebTan.2


rogorc PDI qulebis dros (Tavi 2), IDV-s SemTxvevaSic, ganmeorebiTma kv-levebma qveynebis qulebis Secvla ar gamoiwvia. IBM-is SerCeva sxvadasxva kvlevisaTvis saukeTeso saerTo mniSvneli gamodga.

pirvel TavSi aRwerili bondis Rirebulebebis Cinuri kiTxvari 23 qvey-nis students Cautarda. Sedegad, integraciis ganzomileba gamoikveTa. am ganzomilebis mixedviT, qveynebis mdebareoba IBM kvlevaSi individua-lizm-koleqtivizmis ganzomilebis mixedviT qveynebis mdebareobis msgavsi iyo (anu, statistikurad integracia da IDV mniSvnelovan korelaciaSi aR-moCnda).3 `individualisturi~ maCveneblebis mqone qveynebis studentebma mniSvnelovnad Semdegi Rirebulebebi miiCnies:

• sxvebis mimarT tolerantoba;

• sxvebTan harmonia;

• arakonkurentoba;

• axlo, piradi megobari;

• arsebuli mdgomareoba/poziciiT kmayofileba;

• sxvebTan solidaroba;

• konservatiuloba.

es CVS Rirebulebebis yvelaze didi klasteri aRmoCnda, romelic IBM-is ganzomilebis yvela polusTan iyo kavSirSi. individualistur sazoga-doebaSi sxvebTan urTierToba TvalsaCino da winaswar dadgenili ar aris. urTierToba nebayoflobiT myardeba da saTuTad mosavlelia. integra-ciis ganzomilebis am polusis Rirebulebebi idealuri nebayoflobiTi urTierTobis pirobebs aRwers.

koleqtivisturi qveynebis studentebma mniSvnelovnad Semdegi Rire-bulebebi miiCnies:

• mSoblebis pativiscema (mSoblebisadmi pativiscema, morCileba, fi-

nansuri daxmareba da winaprebis pativiscema);

• qalebis umankoeba;

• patriotizmi.

koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi damegobrebis saWiroeba ar arsebobs: ojaxis an jgufis wevroba adamianis megobrebs gansazRvravs. ojaxuri ur-TierTobis SenarCuneba mSoblebis pativiscemisa da qalebis umankoebis sa-fuZvelze xdeba. amas patriotizmic ukavSirdeba. IBM kiTxvaris zogierT versiaSi `sakuTari qveynis msaxureba~ samuSao miznad iyo Setanili. esec Zlier kavSirSi aRmoCnda koleqtivizmTan.

pirvel TavSi Rirebulebis kidev oTxi kroserovnul monacemTa baza iyo moxseniebuli: Svarci, trompenaarsi, GLOBE da RirebulebaTa msoflio kiTxvari _ WORLD VALUES SURVEY. oTxivem mogvca IDV-sTan korelaciaSi myofi ganzomileba an kategoria. Svarcma daasaxela Svidi kategoria, ro-melTagan xuTi mniSvnelovnad korelirebda IDV-sTan. 4


smiTma trompenaarsis monacemTa baza gaaanaliza da ori ganzomileba gamoyo. erTi IDV-sTan korelirebda, meore ki — PDI-sTan.5

GLOBE proeqtSi koleqtivizmis ori kategoria gamoikveTa: socialu-ri da Sida jgufis. rogorc aRvniSneT, IDV -sTan maTi korelacia jer ar gamoqveynebula. savaraudod, orives maRali korelacia eqneba IDV-is qulebTan.

inglhartis WORLD VALUE SURVEY-s sruli analizis Sedegad ori sta-tistikuri faqtori dadginda. pirveli faqtori wina TavSi ganvixileT. es iyo sekular-racionaluri da tradiciuli mmarTveloba, rac mcire da did Zalauflebriv distancias ukavSirdeboda; meore ki, kargad yofna da gadarCenisaTvis brZola _ individualizmsa da koleqtivizmTan aRmoCnda korelaciaSi.6

britanelma fsiqologma piter smiTma inovaciuri kvleva Caatara, ro-melSic erTmaneTs saerTaSoriso kvlevebis Sedegebi ki ar Seadara, aramed _ kiTxvebze daTanxmebis done. daTanxmeba yvela e. w. furclisa da fan-qris kiTxvarSi gvxvdeba. respondentebs axasiaTebT tendencia Sinaarsis miuxedavad kiTxvebs dadebiTi pasuxi gascen. smiTma 34 an meti qveynis momcveli eqvsi kvleva Seadara erTmaneTs. am kvlevebSi Sedioda girtis, Svarcisa da GLOBE kvlevebi. kiTxvaris im nawilSi, romelic Rirebulebebs Seexeboda, eqvsive kvlevaSi daTanxmebis msgavsi suraTi gamoCnda. smiTma aRniSna, rom Cven mier koleqtivisturad miCneul da didi Zalauflebri-vi distanciis mqone qveynebSi daTanxmebis tendencia ufro Zlieri iyo. smiTma uefeqto sazomi6 mogvca, romelic gviCvenebs, ramdenad cdiloben mocemuli kulturis respondentebi formaluri harmoniisa da mkvlevris mimarT pativicemis SenarCunebas. 7

individualizmi da koleqtivizmi. erTi Tu ori ganzomileba?xSirad warmoiSoba SekiTxva: marTebulia Tu ara individualizmisa da

koleqtivizmis erTi ganzomilebis sapirispiro polusebad moxsenieba? pa-suxad aRvniSnavT, rom es damokidebulia imaze, erTmaneTs vadarebT mT-lian sazogadoebebs (rasac Cveni wigni Seexeba) Tu am sazogadoebaSi myof individebs. amas analizis donis sakiTxs uwodeben.

sazogadoebebi sxvadasxva piradi Rirebulebis mqone gansxvavebuli in-dividebisagan Sedgeba. testirebebis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom adamians SesaZlebelia hqondes maRali qulebi rogorc individualistur, ase ko-leqtivistur Rirebulebebze an erTze maRali, xolo meoreze — dabali; an oriveze dabali qulebi. amgvarad, individebis Sedarebisas individualiz-mi da koleqtivizmi cal-calke ganzomilebad unda gamoiyos.8

sazogadoebis Seswavlisas Cven ori tipis monacemebs vadarebT: sazoga-doebaSi arsebuli individebis Rirebulebis qulebis saSualosa da sazo-gadoebis, rogorc mTlianis, maxasiaTeblebs, misi institutebis CaTvliT. Cveni da sxva kvlevebi adasturebs, rom iseT sazogadoebaSi, romelSic ufro individualisturi Rirebulebebia, imavdroulad naklebad kole-

6redaqtoris SeniSvna - sityva `uefeqto~ termini `unobtrusive~-is qarTuli Targmania. samwuxarod, literaturaSi es termini qarTulad ar

Segvxvedria. is niSnavs, rom raime movlenis gazomvis meTodi obieqtze zemoqmedebas ar axdens.


qtivisturi Rirebulebebic aris. SesaZloa calkeuli individebi am sqe-misgan gansxvavdebodnen, magram gansxvavebulebi naklebia, vidre isini, vinc am sqemas mihyveba. amgvari sazogadoebebis institutebi im faqts asa-xavs, rom isini ZiriTadad individualistebis sasargeblod ganviTardnen an Seiqmnen. iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac adamianebs saSualod ufro meti koleqtivisturi Rirebuleba aqvT, maT saSualod naklebi individuali-sturi Rirebuleba aqvT. aseTi sazogadoebis institutebi gulisxmobs, rom adamianTa umravlesoba ZiriTadad koleqtivisturia. amgvarad, sazo-gadoebis (qveynis) doneze individualizmi da koleqtivizmi erTi ganzo-milebis sawinaaRmdego polusebs warmoadgens. am ganzomilebaSi qveynis mdgomareoba sazogadoebis pasuxs asaxavs Semdeg universalur dilemaze: ramdenad Zlieria sasurveli kavSiri zrdasrul adamiansa da im jgufs Soris, romelsac is Tavis Tavs miakuTvnebs.

koleqtivizmi Tu Zalauflebrivi distancia

mraval qveyanas, romelsac Zalauflebrivi distanciis maRali indeqsi aReniSneba (2.1 cxrili), individualizmis indeqsi dabali aqvs (3.1 cxrili) da piriqiT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es ori ganzomileba uaryofiT ko-relaciaSia: didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis mqone qveynebs koleqtiviz-mis tendencia aqvs, xolo mcire Zalauflebrivi distanciis mqone qveynebs —individualzmis. es kavSiri 3.1 diagramazea gamosaxuli.

3.1 diagramaSi, qveynebi qveda marcxena mxridan zeda marjvena mxarem-de diagonaluradaa ganlagebuli. aq asaxulia Zalauflebriv distanciasa da koleqtivizms Soris arsebuli korelacia.9 iseT kulturaSi, sadac xalxi Sida jgufebzea damokidebuli, rogorc wesi, igive xalxi Zalauf-lebis mqone adamianebzecaa damokidebuli. didi ojaxebis umravlesobas patriarqaluri struqtura aqvs. moralur avtoritets ojaxis Tavi war-moadgens. iseT kulturebSi, romlebSic adamianebi Sida jgufebisagan Se-darebiT Tavisufalni arian, rogorc wesi, isini Zalauflebis mqone adami-anebze naklebad arian damokidebulni.

Tumca, gamonaklisebic arsebobs. magaliTad, laTinuri evropis qvey-nebSi — am SemTxvevaSi, safrangeTsa da belgiaSi — saSualo Zalauflebrivi distancia da Zlieri individualizmi aRiniSneba. Tavisi qveynis kultura frangma sociologma miSel kroziem ase aRwera:

pirispir damokidebuli urTierTobebi... frangul kulturaSi Zne-lad asatanad iTvleba. magram, amave dros, mmarTvelis mimarT... ab-solutisturi Sexeduleba Warbobs. es ori damokidebuleba erTma-neTis sapirispiroa. Tumca, isini erTiandeba iseT biurokratiul sistemaSi, sadac arapersonaluri wesebi da centralizacia mmarT-velobis absoluturi koncefciisa da aSkarad damokidebuli ur-TierTobebis aRkveTis gaerTianebas uzrunvelyofs.10


5

15

25

35

45

55

65

75

85

9510 30 50 70 90 110

indiv

idual

izmi

(ID

V)

indiv

idual

isti

kol

eqtiv

isti

Zalauflebrivi distancia (PDI).mcire didi

trinidadi

iamaika

argentina

gvatemala,ekvadori

venesuela panamapak

istani

kolumbia

samx

. kor

ea

peruindonezia

taivani salvadori

tailand

i vietnami

,

Crdil

. afrika

Cile singapuri Cin

eTi, b

angladeSi

hong-kongi

portugalia aRmos. afrikaslovenia rumineTi

bulgareTimeqsika

filipinebi

xorvatiasaberZneTi

urugvai

TurqeTibrazilia

irani

arabuli qveynebi

,

ruseTi

iaponia maroko

indoeT

i

surinami

israeli

avstriaestoneTi luqsemburgi

fineTi

Sveicaria (germanuli),

germanianorvegiaSvedeTiirlandia

daniaitalia

axali zelandia kanada (mTliani),

niderlandebi ungreTi

didi britaneTi

avstraliaaSS

espaneTislovakeTi

CexeTis respublika,

malta poloneTi

samxreT afrika Sveicaria (franguli)

safrangeTibelgia (fr),

kanada (kvebeki)belgia (ni).

legenda: azia da musulmanuri qveynebi

kosta-rika

serbeTi malaizia

regulari evropa da anglo. qveynebi italiki laTinuri amerika

daxrili

kvadratis gamyofi xazebi

3.1 diagrama. Zalauflebrivi distancia da individualizmi

krozieris Tanamemamule filip diribarnma erTmaneTs Seadara frangu-li, amerikuli da holandiuri organizaciebi. man organizebis frangul princips `Rirsebis safuZveli~ (la logique de l’honneur) uwoda. es principi diribarnma napoleonamdel frangul samefoSic SeniSna, Cv. w. me-18 sauku-neSi. is niSnavs, rom yvelas aqvs garkveuli rangi an adgili (rac did Zal-auflebriv distanciaze miuTiTebs), magram rangis qona jgufis daZalebiT ki ara, aramed tradiciiT ganisazRvreba. `saqme imaSi ki ar gaxlavT, adami-ans sxvebis ra marTebs, aramed — sakuTari Tavis ra marTebs~.11 misTvis individualizmis stratificirebuli formis darqmeviTac ki SeiZleba.

sapirispiro mdgomareoba, anu mcire Zalauflebrivi distancia da sa-


Sualo koleqtivizmi avstriasa da israelSi aRmoCnda, xolo mcire Za-lauflebrivi distancia da Zlieri koleqtivizmi kosta-rikaSi aRiniSna. centraluri amerikis 7 respublikidan kosta-rika Zalauflebis mqone liderebze damokidebulebis laTinur amerikuli wesis _ am damokidebu-lebas espanurad personalismo ewodeba — erTaderTi gamonaklisia. mas ar hyavs formaluri armia. laTinuri amerikis ~yvelaze myarad damkvidre-bul demokratiad~ aris miCneuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom is samyaros indu-striuli bazris ekonomikebTan SedarebiT Raribi qveyanaa. kosta-rikasa da misi didi, magram bevrad ufro Raribi mezoblis, nikaraguas Sedarebi-sas, aSS-is ganviTarebis eqsperti, lourens harisoni wers:

naTelia, rom kosta-rikis mcxovrebni sakuTari qveynis xalxTan ufro mWidro kavSirs amyareben, vidre nikaraguelebi. es kavSiri Cans imaSi, rom ukve didi xania es qveyana sajaro ganaTlebasa da jandacvas udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs; imaSi, rom aq ufro Zlieri kooperaciuli moZraobaa; mis iuridiul sistemaSi, romelic cno-bilia laTinuramerikuli miukerZoeblobisa da samarTlianobis standartebiT; yvelaze ukeT ki es gamoixateba mis politikaSi, mS-vidobiani gadawyvetilebebis miRebasa da kompromisis saWiroebis gaazrebaSi.12

safrangeTisa da kosta-rikas msgavsi SemTxvevebis gamo Zalauflebrivi distancia da koleqtivizmi or gansxvavebul ganzomilebad miiCneva, mi-uxedavad imisa, rom qveynebis umravlesobaSi isini erTad gvxdeba. am or ganzomilebas Soris arsebuli korelaciis erT-erTi mizezia ekonomikuri ganviTareba. Tu ekonomikuri ganviTareba mudmivia (anu Tu mdidari qvey-nebi mxolod mdidar qveynebs SevadareT, xolo Raribi qveynebi — mxolod Raribs), es kavSiri TiTqmis qreba.13

IBM-is kvlevisa da sxva kvlevebis Sedegebis Sedareba Zalauflebriv distanciasa da koleqtivizms Soris arsebul gansxvavebas adasturebs. uTanasworobis Semswavleli kvlevebis Sedegebi Zalauflebriv distancias ufro ukavSirdeba, vidre individualizm-koleqtivizms da iseTi kvleve-bis Sedegebi, romlebic individebis jgufebSi gaerTianebas ganixilavs, koleqtivizmTan ufroa dakavSirebuli, vidre Zalauflebriv distancia-sTan.14

individualizmi da koleqtivizmi profesiis mixedviT

koleqtivizmisa da Zalauflebrivi distanciis cal-calke warmodgenis kidev erTi argumenti arsebobs. meore TavSi naCvenebi iyo, rom SeiZle-boda Zalauflebrivi distanciis indeqsis gamoTvla rogorc qveynis, ise profesiisaTvis. individualizmis SemTxvevaSi indeqsis daTvla SesaZlebe-lia qveynisaTvis, magram ar xerxdeba TanamdebobisaTvis. IDV-is 14 samu-Sao miznis Sedarebisas, sxvadasxva profesiis adamianebis pasuxebis indivi-dualisturad an koleqtivisturad klasificireba SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda.


magaliTad, profesiebis gamocalkevebisas, individualuri gamowveva da unarebis gamoyeneba erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia, xolo, qveynebis gan-calkevebisas es ori sawinaaRmdego debulebaa. profesiebis Sedarebisas, piradi dro mniSvnelovania, gamowveva ki _ nakleb mniSvnelovani, xolo qveynebis Sedarebisas es ori Rirebuleba erTmaneTs amyarebs.15

profesias Sinaganad (intrinsic) da gareganad (extrinsic) axasiaTeben. es terminebi samsaxurSi adamianis motivatorebs aRwers: Tavad samuSao (Sina-ganad mamotivirebeli samsaxuri) Tu pirobebi da materialuri jildo (gareganad mamotivirebeli samsaxuri). amerikelma fsiqologma frederiq hercbergma da misma gundma es koncefcia 1950-ian wlebSi gaavrceles. isini amtkicebdnen, rom namdvili `motivatorebi~ Sinagania, xolo garega-ni motivatorebi samsaxuris fsiqologiur `higienas~ warmoadgens.16 iseTi Tanamdebobis muSakebi, romelic umaRles ganaTlebas moiTxovs, Sinagan elementebs ufro mniSvnelovnad miiCneven, xolo dabali statusisa da dabali ganaTlebis donis Tanamdebobis muSakni garegan elementebs aniWe-ben upiratesobas. garegani-Sinagani gansxvaveba samuSao kulturis dasaxa-siaTeblad kargia, magram qveynebis Sesadareblad ar gamodgeba.

individualizmi da koleqtivizmi ojaxSi

am Tavis dasawyisSi aRvwereT, rom individualizmi dakavSirebulia pa-tara nuklearul, xolo koleqtivizmi ki _ did ojaxTan. amis Sedegad xdeba Sida da gare jgufebs Soris gansxvavebebis dadgena. individisa da jgufis urTierToba, iseve rogorc adamianis bunebis nebismieri sxva ele-menti, Tavdapirvelad ojaxur garemoSi daiswavleba. 3.1 cxrilSi iapo-nia SuaSi aRmoCnda. am faqtis nawilobrivi axsna iaponuri tradiciebidan gamomdinareobs: iaponur ojaxSi mSoblebTan cxovrebas mxolod ufrosi Svili agrZelebs. amgvarad, iqmneba wrfivi struqtura, romelic patara da did ojaxs Soris mdebareobs.

mozrdilebis, Tanatolebisa da patarebis garemocvaSi gazrdili bavS-vi, nuklearuli ojaxis bavSvisagan gansxvavebiT, bunebrivad swavlobs Tavisi Tavis `Cven~ jgufis Semadgenel nawilad ganxilvas. didi ojaxis Svili RamiTa Tu dRisiT iSviaTad aris marto. belgiaSi universitetSi saswavleblad Camosulma afrikelma studentma gviTxra, rom pirvelad rCeba oTaxSi marto amden xans. Sesabamisad, Crdiloevropeli studentebi perusa da malaiziidan dabrunebis Semdeg Ciodnen, rom maspinZlebi maT marto arasdros tovebdnen.

intensiuri da mudmivi kontaqtis dros socialur garemosTan harmo-niuli urTierTobis SenarCuneba mTavar Rirebulebad iqceva. es Rirebu-leba ojaxis sferosac scildeba. koleqtiur sazogadoebaTa umetesobaSi sxva adamianTan pirdapiri konfrontacia arasasurvel da uzrdelur sa-qcielad miaCniaT. sityva ~ara~ iSviaTad gamoiyeneba, radgan `ara~ kon-frontaciaa; `SeiZleba swori brZandebiT~ an `amaze vifiqrebT~ moTxovnis uaryofis zrdilobiani formaa. imave ganwyobiT, sityva `diax~ yovelTvis daTanxmebas ki ar niSnavs, aramed komunikaciis xazis SenarCunebas. maga-


liTad, iaponiaSi is niSnavs: `diax, gavige rasac meubnebiT~.meore mxriv, individualistur qveynebSi azrebis pirdapir gamoTqma

Rirebulebad iTvleba. grZnobebis Sesaxeb simarTlis Tqma patiosani adami-anis maxasiaTebelia. konfrontacia misaRebia; iTvleba, rom Sexedulebebis Sejaxeba umaRles WeSmaritebasTan migviyvans. komunikaciis sxvebze efeqti unda gaviTvaliswinoT, magram es ver amarTlebs faqtebis Secvlis daSve-bas. mozrdil individebs pirdapiri ukukavSiris miReba konstruqciulad unda SeeZloT. ojaxSi bavSvs aswavlian, rom ramdenadac mtkivneuli ar unda iyos, man yovelTvis simarTle unda Tqvas. konfliqtTan gamklaveba erToblivi ojaxuri cxovrebis Cveulebriv nawilad aRiqmeba.

indoneziaSi yofilma holandilema misionerma (holandiis IDV aris 14, xolo adgili _ 68-69) mrevlis mier bibliis nawyvetis ucnauri inter-pretacia aRwera. nawyveti Semdegi iyo: ̀ kacs ori Svili hyavda. mivida pir-velTan da uTxra: `Svilo, wadi da dRes venaxSi imuSave~. Svilma upasuxa: `waval, batono~, magram ar wavida. kaci meore SvilTanac mivida da igive gaumeora. man upasuxa: `ar waval~, Semdeg ki inana da wavida. am orTagan, romelma Seasrula mamis neba?~17 bibliuri pasuxia, rom meore Svilma Seas-rula mamis neba, magram indoneziulma mrevlma pirveli Svili airCia, rad-gan is mamas ar SeewinaaRmdega da formaluri harmonia daicva. wavida Tu ara igi sinamdvileSi, imdenad mniSvnelovani aRar iyo.

koleqtivistur ojaxSi bavSvebi swavloben, rom sxvebis azrs unda mis-dion. sakuTari azri ar arsebobs — mas jgufi gansazRvravs. Tu axali sakiTxi wamoiWra da masze Sexeduleba jer ar arsebobs, ojaxuri TaTbiria saWiro. mxolod amis Semdeg yalibdeba saboloo azri. Tu bavSvi mudmivad jgufis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebs gamoTqvams, iTvleba, rom mas cudi xasiaTi aqvs. individualisturi, ojaxi moelis da xels uwyobs bavSvis sakuTari Sexedulebis Camoyalibebas. im bavSvze, romelic mxolod sxvebis Sexedulebebs imeorebs, amboben, rom susti xasiaTi aqvs. sasurvel xasiaT-Tan TanxvedraSi myofi qceva kulturul garemozea damokidebuli.

koleqtivisturi sazogadoebisaTvis jgufisadmi aucilebeli erTgu-leba resursebis gayofasac gulisxmobs. Tu didi ojaxis erTi wevri mu-Saobs, xolo danarCeni 20 _ ara, fulis Semomtani adamiani aucileblad unda gamohyofdes mTeli ojaxis gamosakveb fuls. am principze dayrdno-biT, SesaZloa, rom ojaxma koleqtiurad dafaros erTi wevris umaRlesi ganaTlebis xarjebi, im imediT, rom rodesac es adamiani kargadanazRau-rebad samsaxurs iSovis, mis Senatans ojaxi gaiyofs.

individualistur kulturaSi mSoblebs uxariaT, Tuki patara bavSve-bi mcire samuSaos mohkideben xels, raTa sakuTari jibis fuli iSovnon. Semdeg Tavad wyveten, rogor daxarjon es fuli. niderlandebsa da sxva mraval Crdilo- evropul qveyanaSi studentebis xarjebis did nawils Ta-vis Tavze saxelmwifo iRebs. 1980-iani wlebis Semdeg sistema ise Seicvala, rom ganaTlebis fuls pirdapir studentebs aZleven da ara maT mSoblebs. amiT studentebis damoukidebloba izrdeba. 18 wlidan biWebi da gogone-bi damoukidebel ekonomikur faqtorebad iTvlebian. aSS-Si Cveulebrivad iTvleba, rom studenti droebiTi samuSaos an saswavlo kreditiT faravs


ganaTlebis xarjebs; saxelmwifo daxmarebis gareSec ki, isini naklebad arian damokidebuli mSoblebze da saerTod ar arian damokidebuli So-reul naTesavebze.

koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi ojaxuri movaleobebi mxolod fin-ansur ki ara, ritualur xasiaTsac atarebs. ojaxuri Tavyrilobebi, ro-goricaa naTloba, qorwili da gansakuTrebiT dakrZalva, Zalian mniSv-nelovanad iTvleba da maTze daswreba aucilebelia. individualisturi sazogadoebis warmomadgenel eqspatriant menejerebs xSirad ukvirT, ra mizezebs asaxeleben koleqtivisturi qveynis TanamSromlebi samsaxuridan dasaTxovnad; maT hgoniaT, rom TanamSromlebi atyueben, arada, albaT es mizezebi WeSmaritia.

individualistur kulturaSi, Sexvedris dros aucilebelia verbalu-ri komunikacia. siCume normalurad ar iTvleba. socialuri saubari SesaZ-loa banaluri iyos, magram aucilebelia. koleqtiur sazogadoebaSi erT-ad yofnac ki emociurad damakmayofilebelia; saubris saWiroeba ar aris, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac informaciis gacvlaa aucilebeli. 1930 wels, raden mas hadjiuibovo, iavas aristokratiuli ojaxis indonezieli biznesmeni, Tavisi axalgazrdobis vizitebs ase ixsenebda:

iavas ojaxebs Soris viziti ar moiTxovs winaswar Setyobinebas. es Zalian advilad keTdeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom telefoni jer ar arsebobda, yovelTvis SeiZleboda msaxurisaTvis werilis gataneba, romlis meSveobiTac Sexvedra iniSneboda. magram, amgvari ram ar xde-boda da arc stumars da arc maspinZels es ar moewoneboda. nebismieri dro misaRebi iyo. moulodneli stumrebi ar arsebobdnen. kari yo-velTvis Ria iyo (da aris).

stumrebs mxiarulad da Tavazianad xvdebodnen da dajdomas sTa-vazobdnen. maspinZlebi yoveldRiur tansacmels ufro SesaferisiT icvlidnen. amasobaSi msaxurs daukiTxavad Semohqonda yava an Cai, stumrebs namcxvrebs sTavazobda da maspinZlebic brundebodnen.

ase visxediT da aravin saubrobda. am siCumis ar gvrcxvenoda; mas-ze aravin nerviulobda. aqa-iq azrTa da axali ambebis gacvla-gamocv-la xdeboda. magram es aucilebeli ar iyo. Cven erTad yofna da erT-maneTis naxva gvixaroda. axali ambebis pirveli gamokiTxvis Semdeg komunikacia mcirdeboda. saTqmeli Tu aravis hqonda, banaluri sau-bris gamarTva ar iyo saWiro. daaxloebiT erTi saaTis Semdeg stum-rebi wasvlis nebarTvas iTxovdnen. ormxrivi kmayofilebis grZnobiT vSordebodiT erTmaneTs. iavas kunZulis patara qalaqebSi cxovreba axlac ase mimdinareobs.18

cnobili amerikeli anTropologi da mwerali, eduard holi kultu-rebs iq arsebuli komunikaciis sistemis mixedviT ganarCevda. man komu-nikaciis maRali da dabali konteqsti gamoyo.19 maRali konteqstis ko-munikaciis dros cota informacia iTqmeva an iwereba, radgan adamianebma is isedac unda icodnen, an es informacia fizikur garemoSi arsebobs.


Zalian cota ram aris asaxuli saTqmelis kodur, Ria nawilSi. koleqtivi-stur kulturaSi aseTi komunikacia xSiria; hadjiuibovos ojaxuri stum-roba amis magaliTs warmoadgens. dabali konteqstis komunikaciis dros bevri informacia Ria kodSia gamosaxuli. es tipuria individualisturi kulturisaTvis. bevri ram, rac koleqtivistur kulturebSi TavisTavad gasagebia, individualistur kulturaSi Riad unda gamoixatos. amerikuli biznesxelSekruleba iaponur biznesxelSekrulebaze bevrad grZelia.

koleqtivistur ojaxSi, harmoniasTan erTad sircxvilis koncefciac mniSvnelovania. individualistur sazogadoebas danaSaulis kulturad aRweren: sazogadoebis wesebis damrRvevs danaSaulis grZnoba awuxebs. amis safuZveli individualurad ganviTarebuli sindisia, romelic Sina-gani pilotis funqcias asrulebs. sapirispirod, koleqtivisturi sazoga-doeba sircxvilis kulturaa: koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis safuZvelze, Tu mocemuli jgufis wevrma sazogadoebis wesebi daarRvia, mas Sercx-veba. sircxvilis buneba socialuria, xolo danaSaulis grZnoba — indivi-dualuri. Sercxveba Tu ara adamians, damokidebulia imaze, ician Tu ara misi darRvevis Sesaxeb sxvebma. wesebis darRvevis gamoaSkaraveba sircxvi-lis ufro didi wyaroa, vidre Tavad darRvevis faqti. danaSaulis grZnoba aseTi ar aris. mas ganicdian imisda miuxedavad, ician Tu ara sxvebma Cade-nili usaqcielobis Sesaxeb.

koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi kidev erTi koncefcia arsebobs _ es aris saxe. `saxis dakargva~ sircxvils niSnavs da es gamoTqma inglisur enaSi Cinuridan gadmovida. misi inglisuri eqvivalenti ar arsebobs. hong-kongelma socialurma mecnierma, devid iau-fei hom is Semdegnairad aR-wera: `adamiani saxes im SemTxvevaSi kargavs, Tu misi, an misi axloblis saqcieli ar Seesabameba im aucilebel moTxovnebs, romlebic mas Tavisi socialuri poziciidan gamomdinare akisria~. 20 Cinelebi iyeneben agreTve gamoTqmas `sxvisTvis saxis micema~. es pativiscemasa da prestiJs gamoxa-tavs. amgvarad, saxe aRniSnavs socialur garemosTan swor urTierTobas. es urTierToba iseTive aucilebelia adamianisaTvis (da misi ojaxisaTvis), rogorc misi Tavis wina nawili. saxis mniSvneloba socialuri konteqstis mimarT maRali mgrZnobelobis sazogadoebaSi cxovrebis Sedegia. sxva ko-leqtivistur sazogadoebebSic arsebobs msgavsi mniSvnelobis sityvebi. magaliTad, berZnulSi gamoiyeneba sityva philotimo. amerikeli berZeni fsi-qologi, hari triandisi wers:

adamiani imdenad aris philotimo, ramdenadac Sida jgufis normebsa da Rirebulebebs akmayofilebs. es gulisxmobs ojaxis wevrebis, megobre-bisa da keTilmosurneebisadmi msxverplis gaRebas; magaliTad, kacma SeiZleba coli ar moiyvanos, sanam misi debi ar gaTxovdebian da saTa-nado mziTevs ar waiReben. aseTi normatiuli molodinebi arsebobs sa-berZneTis soflebSic da indoeTSic (da bevr sxva qveyanaSic).21

individualistur sazogadoebaSi philotimo-s TviTpativiscema Seesabame-ba, magram is individis poziciidan, xolo philotimo da saxe socialuri


garemos poziciidan ganisazRvreba.koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi, im adamianebTan, romlebic naTesavebi

ar arian, magram socialurad Sida jgufSi erTiandebian, xSirad ojaxuris msgavsi kavSirebi myardeba. amisaTvis mravali gza arsebobs. magaliTad, laTinur amerikaSi, compadres da comadres institutis meSveobiT adamians naTesaviviT eqcevian, miuxedavad imisa, rom is naTesavi ar aris. warsul-Si, iaponiaSi umcrosi Svilebi gaSvilebis Sedegad ostatebs Segirdebad udgebodnen. msgavsi adaTebi Sua saukuneebis centralur evropaSic ar-sebobda.

meuRlis arCeva koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi Zalian mniSvnelova-nia rogorc partniorebisaTvis, aseve maTi ojaxebisaTvis, radgan ojaxis roli aseT sazogadoebaSi Zalian mniSvnelovania. amerikelma fsiqologma devid basma potenciuri meuRlis arCevis kriteriumis Sesaxeb kvleva Caa-tara.22 misi respondentebi 37 qveynidan iyvnen. 10 000 axalgazrda qali da kaci gamoikiTxa, romelTa, saSualo asaki 23 weli iyo. rogorc sasiZosaT-vis, ise sapatarZlosaTvis sasurveli maxasiaTeblebi moicavda ormxriv si-yvaruls, sikeTes, emociur stabilurobas, inteleqtsa da janmrTelobas. sxva maxasiaTeblebi qveynebis mixedviT icvleboda. qveynebs Soris gansxva-vebebi ZiriTadad individualizmTan iyo dakavSirebuli. koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi kacebs ufro axalgazrda patarZlebi izidavdnen da isini ufro met yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen patarZlis simdidreze, gamrjeobasa da umwikvlobaze. koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi, qalebs ufrosi da mdi-dari qmari surdaT, magram nakleb rols aniWebdnen mis gamrjeobas da araviTars — mis umwikvlobas.

kacebis mier gamoTqmuli patarZlis umwikvlobis survili qveynis si-Raribeze ufro iyo damokidebuli, vidre mis koleqtivizmze. amis axsna Semdegia: simdidris momateba qalebs ganaTlebis met saSualebas aZlevs (nebismier sazogadoebaSi, sadac ganaTleba pirvelad xdeba xelmisawvdomi, mSoblebi prioritets biWebs aniWeben, radgan maTi saxlSi yofna saWiroe-bas ar warmoadgens). simdidris momatebasTan erTad, gogonebi ufro Tavi-suflad iwyeben moZraobas da met biWs icnoben. aseve, maT meti sivrce da privatuloba aqvT. samedicino sfero da informacia umjobesdeba, ris Se-degadac cnobili xdeba kontracefciis gamoyenebis wesebi. axalgazrdebs seqsualuri Ziebis meti SesaZlebloba eqmnebaT da seqsualuri normebic am situacias ergeba.

koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi patarZlis garjis, simdidrisa da um-wikvlobis mniSvneloba didia, radgan aseT sazogadoebaSi qorwineba in-dividebs Soris ki ara, ojaxebs Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebaa. garja, simdidre da umwikvloba is aspeqtebia, romlebic ojaxma SeiZleba dain-axos. mraval koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi qorwinebas maWankali awyobs da momaval col-qmars partnioris arCevis saSualeba ara aqvs. xandaxan isini qorwilis dRemdec ki ver xedaven erTmaneTs. es ar niSnavs, rom aseTi ojaxi ubeduria. indoeTSi Catarebulma kvlevam gamoavlina, rom adamianebi ufro kmayofilni arian aseTi ojaxiT, vidre siyvaruliT Se-qmnili ojaxiT da indoelebi ufro kmayofilni arian siyvaruliT Seqm-


nili ojaxiT, vidre amerikelebi TavianTi ojaxiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom individualistur kulturaSi romantiuli siyvarulis cneba mkvidrobs, fsiqologiur doneze, individualizmis garkveuli aspeqtebi siaxloves problemurs xdis.23 11 qveyanaSi mamakac da qal studentebs Cautares gamo-kiTxva qorwinebaSi siyvarulis rolis Sesaxeb; dasmuli iyo Semdegi kiTx-va: `Tu kaci (qali) yvela sasurvel Tvisebas flobs, daqorwindebodiT masze, miuxedavad imisa, rom ar giyvarT?~ pasuxebi 11 sazogadoebaSi arse-bul individualizmis donesTan erTad icvleboda. aSS-Si 4%-ma ganacxada `diax~, xolo 86% _ ma `ara~, pakistanSi ki — 50%-ma Tqva `diax~ da 39%-ma _ `ara~.24 koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi siyvarulis garda sxva sakiTxebi ufro mniSvnelovnad miiCneva.

3.2 cxrilSi Sejamebulia aqamde aRwerili gansxvavebebi individuali-stur da koleqtivistur sazogadoebebs Soris.

3.2 cxrili mTavari gansxvavebebi koleqtivistur da individualistur sazogadoe-

bebs Soris: zogadi norma da ojaxi

koleqtivisti individualisti

adamianebi dabadebidan xvdebian did ojaxebSi, an sxva daxurul jgufebSi, romlebic maT erTgulebis sanacvlod icaven.

yvela izrdeba im principiT, rom unda mouaros mxolod sakuTar Tavs da uSualod sakuTar (patara) ojaxs.

bavSvebi swavloben, rogor ifiqron yvelaferze `Cven~-is konteqstSi.

bavSvebi swavloben, rogor ifiqron yvelaferze `me~-s konteqstSi.

harmonia yovelTvis unda iyos SenarCunebuli da unda xdebodes pirdapiri konfliqtebisgan Tavis arideba.

sakuTari azrebis gulwrfelad gamoTqma pirovnebis patiosnebis niSania

megobroba winaswar gansazRvrulia.megobroba nebayoflobiTia da xelSewyoba sWirdeba.

resursebi naTesavebs unda gauziaro.resursebi individualuri sakuTrebaa, bavSvebisaTvisac ki.

ZiriTadia maRali konteqstis mqone komunikacia.

ZiriTadia dabali konteqstis mqone komunikacia.

sazogadoebis wesebis darRveva iwvevs sircxvils da sakuTari da jgufis saxis dakargvas.

sazogadoebis wesebis darRveva iwvevs danaSaulis grZnobas da sakuTari Tavisadmi pativiscemis dakargvas.

sacole unda iyos axalgazrda, gamrje da umwikvlo. saqmro unda iyos ufrosi.

partnioris mimarT kriteriumebi ar aris winaswar gansazRvruli.


ena, pirovneba da qceva individualistur da koleqtivistur sazoga-doebaSi

ioSi da emiko kaSima iaponur-avstraliuri wyvilia. coli lingvistia, qmari ki _ fsiqologi. maT kulturasa da enas Soris kavSiri Seiswavles. enis sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad, maT Seiswavles nacvalsaxelis niSnis gamotovebis, anu zogierT enaSi gavrcelebuli pirveli piris mxolobiTi (`me~) gamotovebis SemTxvevac Seiswavles (magaliTad, espanurSi ~me Sen mi-yvarxar~ aris te quiero da ara yo te quiero). maT 71 qveyanaSi gamoyenebuli 39 ena gaaanalizes da sxva cvladebTan korelacias daakvirdnen. aRmoCnda, rom yvelaze didi korelacia IDV-sTan iyo.25 individualistur qveynebSi gamoyenebul enebSi aucilebelia `me~ nacvalsaxelis xmareba sakuTari Tavis aRsaniSnavad; koleqtivistur qveynebSi gamoyenebul enebSi SesaZ-lebeli an aucilebelia am nacvalsaxelis gamotoveba. inglisuri ena 3.1 cxrilSi yvelaze individualistur qveynebSi gamoiyeneba da CvenTvis erT-aderTi cnobili enaa, romelSic `me~ didi asoTi iwereba.

ena drois ganmavlobaSi icvleba, magram es cvlileba nela mimdina-reobs. pirveli piris mxolobiTi nacvalsaxeli Crdiloevropul Suasau-kunovan poeziaSi gamoiyeneboda. imave periodis arabuli gamoTqma Sem-degnairia: `satanuri `me~ daiwyevlos!~26 kulturis qulebisa da enebis maxasiaTeblebs Soris kavSiri kulturuli gansxvavebis uZveles fesvebs gamoxatavs.

amerikeli Cineli anTropologi, frensis hsu amtkicebda, rom Crdi-louri gagebiT pirovnebis eqvivalenti sityva CinurSi ar aris. CrdiloeTSi pirovneba calkeulad arsebuli, sazogadoebisa da kulturisagan gamoyo-fili fenomenia — individis atributi. CinurSi am sityvis saukeTeso Targ-mans „ren“-i warmoadgens, magram `ren~ gulisxmobs ara mxolod individs, aramed im axlo sazogadoebriv da kulturul garemosac, romelic mis arsebobas mniSvnelobas aniWebs. 27

igive azri gamoTqva orma amerikelma fsiqologma, heizel rouz mar-kusma da iaponuri warmoSobis Sinobu kitaiamam. isini amtkicebdnen, rom bevr aziur kulturaSi individis koncefcia maT erTmaneTTan kavSirzea agebuli, xolo amerikeli individi sxvebisagan damoukideblobas eZebs. amisaTvis is Tavis Tavze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da unikalur Sinagan Tvi-sebebs aRmoaCens da gamoxatavs. sakuTari Tavis gancda kulturis mixed-viT gansxvavdeba.28 Cveni interpretaciiT, individualisturi kulturebi damoukidebel pirovnebas aqezebs, koleqtivisturi kulturebi ki — ur-TierTdamokidebul pirovnebas.

amerikelma fsiqologma solomon aSma (1907-96) imis gamosarkvevad, ramdenad SeinarCuneben TavianT Sexedulebebs amerikelebi umravlesobis winaaRmdeg, sakmaod usiamovno eqsperimenti dagegma. cdispirebs sjero-daT, rom isini im jgufis wevrebi iyvnen, romelsac unda daedgina ori mocemuli xazidan romeli aris ufro grZeli. cdispirma ar icoda, rom jgufis yvela wevri eqsperimentatorTan molaparakebuli iyo da ganz-rax mcdar pasuxs iZleoda. am situaciaSi, Tavisi azris miuxedavad, bevri cdispiri jgufis azrs moergo. 1950 wlis Semdeg es eqsperimenti mra-


val qveyanaSi gameorda. mcdari gadawyvetilebis mxardamWeri cdispirebis procenti IDV qulebTn negatiur korelaciaSi imyofeba.29

pirovnebis kvleva fsiqologiis ZiriTadi sakiTxia. adre mravali pi-rovnebis testi arsebobda, magram 1990-iani wlebis Semdeg gaCnda konsen-susi, rom pirovnebis variaciis xuTi sasargeblo da calkeuli ganzomile-ba arsebobs (egreT wodebuli didi xuTeuli):

g: gamocdilebisadmi Ria an rigiduli;k: keTilsindisiereba an damoukidebloba;e: eqstravertoba an introvertoba;S: SeTanxmebuloba an sibraze; n: neirotizmi an emociuri stabiloba.

amerikelma fsiqologebma pol kostam da robert makraim, did xuT-eulze dayrdnobiT TviTSefasebis Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-Pi-R) Seadgines. is inglisuridan mraval enaze iTargmna. 33 qveynis NEO-Pi-R sa-Sualoebi sando korelaciaSia oTxive IBM ganzomilebasTan. yvelze maRa-li korelacia eqstraversiasa da IDV-s Soris dafiqsirda.30 eqstraversia (anu introversiis sawinaaRmdego) pirovnebis Semdeg aspeqtebs moicavs: siTbo, aqtivoba, siaxlove, asertiuloba, sixarulis Zieba da pozitiuri emociebi. korelaciis mixedviT, individualisturi qveynebis adamianebi am aspeqtebze sakuTar Tavs ufro maRal qulebs uweren, vidre koleqti-visturi qveynebis mcxovrebni. SesaZloa gagikvirdeT, rom damoukidebeli cxovrebis mqadagebeli qveynebis moqalaqeebma siaxloveze maRali qulebi miiRes, magram zustad maSin, rodesac adamianebs Soris urTierToba kul-turulad savaldebulo ar aris, erTad yofnis cnobieri gadawyvetileba ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens.

amerikelma fsiqologma devid macumotom emociis matarebeli saxis gamometyvelebis Semswavleli bevri kvleva ganixila. kvlevebSi suraTze gamosaxuli saxis gamometyveleba Semdeg emociebs aRniSnavda: bedniere-ba, gakvirveba, sevda, SiSi, zizRi da risxva. IBMM kvlevis 15 qveyanaSi bednierebis sworad gamomcnobi respondentebis procenti IDV-sTan po-zitiurad korelirebda, xolo sevdis gamocnobasTan—negatiurad. Cveni interpretaciis mixedviT, individualistur kulturebSi bednierebis ga-moxatva da sevdis dafarva waqezebulia; koleqtivistur qveynebSi yvela-feri piriqiTaa.31 es kargad xsnis wina paragrafSi aRweril emociebisa da IDV-s Soris kavSirs. amerikelma profesorma robert levinma sxvadasxva qveynis studentebs sTxova mSobliuri qalaqis cxovrebis ritmi gaezo-maT. erT-erTi sazomi siarulis siCqare iyo. studentebma gazomes, ramden wuTSi gaivlida 70 janmrTeli zrdasruli adamiani (Tanabrad, ori sqesis) 60 futs qalaqis Tavisufal adgilas. isini zafxulSi, karg amindSi, mar-to midiodnen. 31 Seswavlili qveynidan 23 IBM-is kvlevaSi monawileobda. siarulis siCqare korelaciaSi aRmoCnda IDV-stan. individualistur qvey-nebSi adamianebi ufro swrafad dadiodnen.32 Cven amas aseT interpreta-cias vaZlevT: individualisturi kulturis adamianebi Tavis Tavs amg-


varad gamoxataven. isini yovelTvis aqtiurad cdiloben sadme moxvdnen. momxmareblis qcevis Seswavlis Sedegad SeiZleba sxvadasxva qveynis

gansxvavebebis dadgena. holandieli marieke de muJi marketingis profe-sori da konsultantia. man 15 evropuli qveynis Sedarebis Semdeg IDV-sa da momxmareblis qcevas Soris korelacia aRmoaCina.33 maRali IDV-is qvey-nebSi, dabali IDV-s qveynebTan SedarebiT, meti adamiani binaSi ki ara, sa-kuTar saxlSi cxovrobs. mosalodnelia, rom maT piradi baRi da treileri aqvT dasasveneblad. Sinauri cxovelebis saWmlis moxmarebis raodenobaze dayrdnobiT, aRmoCnda, rom maT ZaRlebze xSirad katebi hyavT (kata ZaRl-ze metad individualisti cxovelia!). maT ufro xSirad hqondaT saxli da dazRveva; ufro xSirad akeTebdnen rames sakuTari xeliT: kedlebisa da xis nakeTobebis SeRebva, Spaleris gakvra, saxlSi rbili iatakis dageba, eleqtroaparaturisa da milebis SekeTeba. am SemTxvevaSi, IDV ufro kar-gad xsnida gansxvavebas, vidre qveynis simdidre. es imaze metyvelebs, rom adamiani cdilobs ar iyos sxvebze damokidebuli da Tavis Tavs mouaros.

informirebulobisaTvis, maRali IDV-is qveynebSi adamianebi met wigns kiTxuloben, aseve ufro xSirad aqvT kompiuteri da telefoni, romel-zedac Setyobinebis datoveba SeiZleba. isini ufro xSirad Tvlian, rom axali produqtis Sesaxeb informaciis misaRebad saWiroa telereklama. isini medias ufro endobian, vidre socialur wres.

imis monacemebi, rom individualisturi kulturebi koleqtivistur kulturebze ufro janmrTelni arian, ar arsebobs. miuxedavad amisa, fa-qtad rCeba, rom maRali IDV-s kulturebSi sakuTar Tavze zrunva ufro kargad Cans, isini ufro zrunaven TavianT janmrTelobaze, vidre dabali IDV-is mqone kulturebis warmomadgenlebi. mxolod mdidar qveynebs Tu ganvixilavT, aRmovaCenT, rom ufro individualisturi kulturis qvey-nebSi adamianebi piradi Semosavlis met nawils janmrTelobaze xarjaven. imave qveynebis mTavroba sajaro biujetis did nawils jandacvaze xar-javs.34

individualisturi da koleqtivisturi kulturebi unarSezRudulo-bas sxvadasxvanairad udgeba. avstraliel jandacvis muSakTa gamokiTxvis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom anglo, arabulenovani, Cineli, germanulenovani, berZeni da italieli imigrantebi gansxvavebulad reagirebdnen unarSez-Rudulobaze. individualisturi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone imi-grantebi da maTi axloblebi (anglo da germanuli) mxiarulni da optimi-sturni rCebodnen, ar undodaT daxmareba da sxvebze damokidebuleba da momaval cxovrebas normalurTan rac SeiZleba miaxlovebulad gegmavdnen. koleqtivisti imigrantebi (berZnebi, arabebi, Cinelebi) sevdas, sircxvilsa da pesimizms gamoxatavdnen; ojaxis wevrebi rCevasa da daxmarebas iTxovd-nen da SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone piris momavals Tavad gegmavdnen. italia SuaSi aRmoCnda. Crdiloitalielebi ufro individualisturni arian, magram avstraliaSi imigranti italielebis didi nawili italiis samxreTidanaa. imave respondentebs sxva kvlevis dros hkiTxes, rogor epyrobodnen sxvadasxva jgufebi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone bavS-vebs. da kvlav, individualisturi imigrantebis jgufis dominanturi fi-


losofia SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone bavSvebTan maqsimalurad ise mopyrobaa, rogorc normalur bavSvTan. maTi azriT, bavSvebs yvela SesaZ-lo aqtivobaSi unda mieRoT monawileoba. koleqtivisturi imigrantebis jgufisaTvis aseTi bavSvi ojaxis sircxvilad da misi wevrebis stigmad aRiqmeboda — gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu bavSvi biWi iyo — aseT bavSvs xSirad malavdnen.35

3.3 cxrilSi Sejamebulia am nawilSi aRweril koleqtivistur da indi-vidualistur sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi.

3.3 cxrili. mTavari gansxvavebebi koleqtivistur da individualistur sazogadoe-

bebs Soris: ena, pirovneba da qceva


sityva `me~-s xmarebas Tavs arideben.

sityva ~me~-s xmarebas aqezeben.

interdamokidebuli pirovneba. damoukidebeli pirovneba.

monacemebi pirovnebis testebze gadaxrilia introvertobisken.

pirovnebis testebze monacemebi gadaxrilia eqstravertobisken.

sevdis gamoxatvas waaqezeben, sixarulis gamoxatva ki miuRebelia.

sixarulis gamoxatvas waaqezeben, sevdis gamoxatva ki miuRebelia.

siarulis ufro neli ritmi. siarulis ufro swrafi ritmi

moxmarebis sqema sxvebze damokidebulebas uCvenebs.

moxmarebis sqema sakuTar Tavze damokidebul cxovrebis stils uCvenebs.

rogorc piradi, ise sajaro Semosavlis ufro mcire nawili ixarjeba jandacvaze.

rogorc piradi, ise sajaro Semosavlis ufro didi nawili ixarjeba jandacvaze.

SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirovnebebi warmoadgenen sircxvils ojaxisaTvis da amitom sxvebisgan damalulebi arian.

SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirebi unda monawileobdnen Cveulebriv, yoveldRiur qmedebebSi ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia.

individualizmi da koleqtivizmi skolaSi

individsa da jgufs Soris urTierToba bavSvis cnobierebaSi ojaxSi gatarebul adreul wlebSi aRibeWdeba da Semdeg viTardeba da mtkicdeba skolaSi. es kargad Cans skolis klasebis qcevaSi. ganviTarebis daxmarebis konteqstSi, individualisturi kulturis maswavleblebi xSirad ufro ko-leqtivistur garemos qmnian. mdumare bavSvebi, klasisaTvis kiTxvis dasmis Semdegadac ki, aseTi maswavleblebis tipuri Civilis obieqts warmoadgens. bavSvisaTvis, romelic sakuTar Tavs jgufis wevrad warmoidgens, jgufis sanqcionirebis gareSe laparaki alogikuria. Tu maswavlebels moswavlis


alaparakeba surs, man moswavles piradad unda mimarTos.koleqtivistur kulturaSi mcxovrebi moswavleebi maswavleblis ga-

reSe did jgufebSi saubarsac eridebian, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu am did jgufSi ucnobebi an gare jgufis wevrebic Sedian. es morideba patara jgufebSi mcirdeba. koleqtivistur an kulturulad heterogenul did klasSi moswavleebis monawileobis gasazrdelad kargia patara qvejgufe-bis Seqmna. magaliTad, moswavleebs SeiZleba SesTavazon, Semoatrialon skamebi da xuTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi SekiTxva 3-4 kacian jgufebSi gani-xilon. yovel jgufs warmomadgeneli mosaubris daniSvna evaleba. aseT SemTxvevaSi individis pasuxi jgufis pasuxia da mosaubre jgufis saxeliT laparakobs. Semdeg davalebebSi, moswavleebi xSirad cvlian warmomad-genels.

koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi ojaxur sferoSi warmoSobili Sida da gare jgufebad dayofa skolaSi grZeldeba. amitom sxvadasxva eTnikuri an klanuri warmomavlobis moswavleebi klasSi qvejgufebs warmoqmnian. in-dividualistur sazogadoebaSi saerTo amocanebis micemisas axali jgufe-bi ufro advilad yalibdeba, vidre koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi. aseT sazogadoebaSi maswavleblis an skolis oficialuri pirebis eTnikuri an ojaxobrivi warmomavlobis wevrebi ukeTes mopyrobas moelian. individua-listur sazogadoebaSi amas nepotizmad da amoralur qcevad CaTvlidnen, magram koleqtivistur garemoSi amoraluri swored is iqneba, Tu Sida jgufis wevrs sxvebze ukeTesad ar moepyrobi.

koleqtivistur saklaso oTaxSi mTavaria harmoniisa da saxis Senar-Cunebaa. konfrontacia da konfliqti asacilebelia, anda ise unda iyos gamoTqmuli, rom aravis ewyinos; Tu acilebadia, moswavleebma is ar unda wamoiwyon. darcxvena (anu jgufis Rirsebis gaRviZeba) wesrigis damrRvevis gaCerebis kargi gzaa: mas Sida jgufis wevrebi moawesrigeben. maswavlebeli moswavles yovelTvis jgufis wevrad ganixilavs da arasodes — calkeul individad.

individualistur klasSi, moswavleebi, ra Tqma unda, moelian, rom ise moeqcevian, rogorc individebs da warmomavlobis miuxedavad Tanabrad moepyrobian. moswavleebs Soris jgufebis warmoqmna ufro konkretul si-tuaciazea damokidebuli da amocanis, unarisa Tu megobrobis mixedviT xdeba. konfrontacia da konfliqtebis irgvliv Ria diskusia xSirad karg saqcielad iTvleba, xolo saxis cnobiereba susti, an ararsebulia.

individualisturi da koleqtivisturi sazogadoeba ganaTlebis mizans gansxvavebulad xedavs. individualistur sazogadoebaSi ganaTlebis miza-nia individs sxva individebis sazogadoebaSi moumzados adgili. es niSnavs axal, ucnob da daugegmav situaciebTan gamklavebas. zogadad, aq axlis-admi kargi ganwyoba sufevs. swavlis mizani ar aris adamians aswavlos, ra rogor gaakeTos, aramed _ rogor iswavlos. igulisxmeba, rom cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi swavla ar wydeba; is skolisa da universitetis Semdegac grZeldeba (magaliTad, kursebis meSveobiT). individualisturi sazoga-doebis skolebi `Tanamedrove adamianisaTvis~ aucilebeli kompenteciebis uzrunvelyofas cdiloben.


koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi yuradRebas jgufSi gawevrianebisaT-vis saWiro unarebze amaxvileben. amis gamo, tradiciebis dacvas eniWeba upiratesoba. swavla mxolod erTjerad procesad ganixileba. is mxolod axalgazrdebis saqmea, romlebmac sazogadoebaSi monawileobisaTvis unda iswavlon, ra rogor gaakeTon. es zrdasrulobaSi gadasvlis gaxangrZli-vebuli ritualia. individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis ganzomilebis sa-pirispiro polusebze gansxvavebulad uyureben swavlebis warmatebulad damTavrebis serTifikatebsa da diplomebs. individualistur sazogadoe-baSi, diplomi mflobelis ekonomikuri Rirebulebis garda, TviTpati-viscemasac amaRlebs: is miRwevis gancdas iwvevs. koleqtivistur sazo-gadoebaSi diplomi mflobelisaTvis (da misi Sida jgufisaTvis) pativis momtania da ufro maRali statusis jgufis wevrebTan kavSiris saSualebas aZlevs — magaliTad, ukeTesi saqorwino partnioris mopovebaSi daexmare-ba. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, is `samgzavro bileTia~. diplomis qonasTan dakavSirebuli socialuri damokidebuleba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre sagnis dauflebis Sedegad warmoqmnili TviTpativiscema. amitom koleqti-vistur sazogadoebaSi diplomebis arakeTilsindisieri gziT mopovebis (magaliTad, Savi bazris daxmarebiT) ufro didi cdunebaa.

individualizmi da koleqtivizmi samsaxurSi

individualistur sazogadoebasTan SedarebiT, koleqtivistur sazo-gadoebaSi ufro mosalodnelia, rom Svilebi mamis profesias gahyvebi-an.36 SevniSneT, rom avtorebis mama-Svilis gundi koleqtivistur sazo-gadoebaSi Zalian moswonT, individualistur sazogadoebaSi ki xandaxan ganikiTxaven. ufro individualistur sazogadoebaSi, fizikuri samuSaoTi dakavebuli mamebis Svilebi inteleqtualur samuSaoze gadadian da pi-riqiT. ufro koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi, profesiis aseTi cvla ufro iSviaTia.

individualistur kulturaSi momuSave adamianebi TavianTi interesis mixedviT imoqmedeben, samuSao ki ise unda iyos mowyobili, rom momuSavi-sa da damsaqmebelis interesebi erTmaneTs daemTxves. dasaqmebulebisagan moelian, rom isini ~ekonomiuri adamianebiviT~ moiqcevian, anu ekonomiuri da fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebis kombinaciis mqone adamianebi iqnebian, magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi sakuTari saWiroebis mqone adamianebad dar-Cebian. koleqtivisturi damsaqmebeli mxolod individs arasdros asaqmebs, is Sida jgufSi Semaval pirovnebas ganixilavs. dasaqmebuli Sida jgufis interesebis mixedviT imoqmedebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini yovelTvis ar daemTxveva mis individualur interess: jgufis interesebidan gamom-dinare, sakuTari Tavis uaryofa aseTi sazogadoebis normalur molodins warmoadgens. xSirad, Semosavals sxva naTesavebsac uyofen.

koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi, adamianis daqiravebis procesis dros, misi Sida jgufi yovelTvis aris gaTvaliswinebuli. rogorc wesi, upira-tesobas damsaqmebelis naTesavebs aniWeben, magram aseve — kompaniaSi ukve momuSave adamianebis naTesavebs. cnobilia, rom ojaxidan adamianis samsa-


xurSi ayvana risks yovelTvis amcirebs. naTesavebi ojaxis reputaciaze zrunaven da ojaxis wevris cud saqciels gamoasworeben. individuali-stur sazogadoebaSi samsaxurSi ojaxuri kavSirebi xSirad arasasurvelad iTvleba. maT SeiZleba mikerZoebuloba da interesebis konfliqti mohy-ves, zogierT kompanias wesad aqvs SemoRebuli, rom Tu erTi TanamSromeli meoreze daqorwindeba, erT-erTma samuSao adgili unda datovos.

koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi samuSao Sida jgufis emsgavseba emo-ciuri gagebiT. zogierT qveyanaSi sxvebTan SedarebiT es situacia ufro mZafrad aris warmodgenili, magram yvela koleqtiur qveyanaSi arsebobs gancda, rom es ase unda iyos. damsaqmebelsa da dasaqmebuls Soris ur-TierToba moraluri kuTxiT aRiqmeba. is ojaxur urTierTobas hgavs, sa-dac erTgulebis sanacvlod adamiani dacvas iRebs. TanamSromlis cudi muSaoba misi daTxoviT ar damTavrdeba: sakuTar bavSvs aravin daiTxovs. Tumca, ra davalebas miscemen TanamSromels, mis unarebsa da SesaZleblo-bebzea damokidebuli. urTierTobis es sqema yvelaze kargad Cans iaponur organizaciebSi. is mxolod im TanamSromlebze vrceldeba, romlebic organizaciaSi permanentulad muSaoben anu, romlebic yvela momuSave adamianebis naxevarze naklebsac ki Seadgenen. iaponia IDV skalaze SuaSi mdebareobs. individualistur sazogadoebaSi damsaqmebelsa da dasaqme-buls Soris urTierToba biznestransaqciad miiCneva, es myidvelsa da ga-myidvels Soris kavSiria. samuSao kavSiris gawyvetis legitimuri da so-cialurad misaRebi mizezi SeiZleba dasaqmebulis cudi muSaoba, an sxva damsaqmeblis mier SemoTavazebuli ukeTesi xelfasi gaxdes.

menejmentis amerikelma mkvlevarma, kristofer erlim individuali-sturi da koleqtivisturi sazogadoebis samuSao eTikis gansxvaveba kargad mofiqrebul laboratoriul eqsperimentSi gamoavlina. am eqsperimentSi menejmentis Semswavleli samxreT CineTidan Camosuli 48 da aSS-dan Camo-suli 48 cdis piri monawileobda. maT samsaxurisaTvis tipuri situaciuri davalebebi misces. davalebebSi 40 amocana Sedioda, rogoricaa memoran-dumis Sedgena, gegmebis Sefaseba da kandidatebis aplikaciebis Sefaseba. yovel amocanas 2-5 wuTi sWirdeboda. orive qveynis cdis pirebis naxevars jgufuri davaleba hqonda, is 200 amocanisagan Sedgeboda da 10 adamians erT saaTSi unda Seesrulebina; meore naxevars 20 amocanis individualuri davaleba misces. orive qveynis cdis pirebis naxevars, rogorc jgufuri, ise individualuri davalebebis Semsruleblebs, yoveli amocanis Sesru-lebisas TavianTi saxelis miwera daavales, xolo meore naxevars amocane-bis angariSebis Cabareba anonimurad sTxoves.

Cineli koleqtivisti cdispirebi saukeTesod muSaobdnen anonimurad da jgufur davalebaze da yvelaze uaresad — individualurad da Ses-rulebul amocanebze TavianTi saxelebis miweris SemTxvevaSi. amerikeli individualisti cdispirebi saukeTesod muSaobdnen individualurad da Sesrulebul amocanebze TavianTi saxelebis miweris SemTxvevaSi, magram warmoudgenlad cudad muSaobdnen jgufur amocanebze da anonimurad. yvela cdispirs RirebulebaTa testireba Cautares, raTa daedginaT maTi piradi individualizmi da koleqtivizmi: Cinelebis umciresoba koleqti-


visti aRmoCnda da amerikuli paternis mixedviT muSaobda, amerikelebis umciresoba ki koleqtivisti aRmoCnda da Cinuri paternis mixedviT mu-Saobda.37

praqtikaSi koleqtivisturi da individualisturi sazogadoebis Si-gniT damsaqmebeli-dasaqmebulis urTierToba mravalgvaria. koleqtivi-stur qveynebSi zogierTi damsaqmebeli Tavis TanamSromlebs Sida jgu-fis wevriviT ar eqceva da, samagierod, TanamSromlebi maTi erTgulni ar arian. Sida jgufs am SemTxvevaSi emociurad profesiuli kavSirebi cvlis, ris Sedegadac kavSirebsa da menejments Soris xSiria mwvave konfliqte-bi. es kargad Cans indoeTis magaliTze individualistur sazogadoebaSic arseboben ufrosebi, romlebic TanamSromlebTan erTad Sekrul jgufs qmnian. am jgufSi iseTive balansia, rogorc koleqtivistur sazogadoe-baSi: dacva-erTgulebis nacvlad. organizaciuli kulturebi xandaxan um-ravlesobis normebs scildeba da originalobis xarjze konkurentebTan SedarebiT upiratesobas iRebs. me-8 TavSi am sakiTxebs ufro detalurad ganvixilavT.

individualistur sazogadoebaSi menejmenti individTa menejments niSnavs. daqvemdebarebuli TanamSromlebis Tanamdebobebze gadaadgileba individualurad xdeba; premiebsa da bonusebs isini saqmianobis mixedviT iReben. koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi menejmenti jgufis menejments niS-navs. samuSao jgufSi emociuri integrirebulobis done sxvadasxva situa-ciaSi gansxvavebulia. integraciis procesSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia eTnikur da Sida jgufis sxva gansxvavebebs da koleqtivisti menejerebi Zalian mgrZnobiareni arian aseTi gansxvavebebis mimarT. xSirad erTnairi eTnikuri warmomavlobis adamianebis erT samuSao jgufSi moTavseba sa-sargebloa. individualisturad daprogramebuli menejerebi amas saSiSad miiCneven da sawinaaRmdegos akeTeben. Tu samuSao jgufi emociuri Sida jgufia, bonusebi da premiebi jgufs unda daurigdes da ara individebs.

individualisturi saSualo klasis kulturis qveynebSi soflebis sub-kulturebSi xSiradaa SemorCenili Zlieri koleqtivisturi elementebi, es individualistur qveynebSi momuSave imigrant umciresobebsac Seexeba. am SemTxvevaSi menejerebsa da regionul an imigrant muSebs Soris mosa-lodnelia kulturuli konfliqti. es konfliqti imaSi gamoixateba, rom menejeri Tavs ikavebs jgufuri waxalisebisagan maSinac ki, rodesac es samuSaos xarisxs waadgeboda.

menejmentis teqnika da treningis paketebi TiTqmis yovelTvis indi-vidualistur qveynebSi iqmneba da iseT kulturul daSvebebzea agebuli, romlebic koleqtivisturi qveynebisaTvis SeiZleba ar gamodges. momxmare-belTan momuSave menejerebis treningis standartuli elementi Sefasebis interviua. am interviuebis dros fasdeba daqvemdebarebuli TanamSrom-lebis saqmianoba. es amocanebiT gansazRvruli menejmentis38 saxea, magram iqac ki, sadac aseTi MBO menejmenti ar arsebobs, saqmianobis Sefaseba da cudi ambebis Setyobineba kargi menejeris mTavar maxasiaTeblebad iTv-leba. koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi adamianis mier samuSaos Sesrulebis xarisxis masTan Riad ganxilva sazogadoebaSi miRebuli harmoniis normas


ejaxeba da SesaZlebelia TanamSromlis mier saxis dakargvad CaiTvalos. aseT sazogadoebaSi ukukavSiris ufro Cumi da SeumCneveli gza arsebobs — magaliTad, mopyrobis gauareseba an sxvisi piriT Setyobineba. CvenTvis cnobilia SemTxveva, rodesac cudad momuSave TanamSromlis moxuc naTe-savs (romelic aseve im organizaciaSi muSaobda) sTxoves Suamavlis rolis Sesruleba. man cudi ambebi Tavis ZmisSvils uTxra, ris Sedegadac ar mox-da saxis dakargva, rac aucileblad mohyveboda Sefasebis intervius.

imave mizeziT, sxva adamianebze azris pirdapir gamoTqmisa da gul-wrfelobis gamovlenis aSS-Si Catarebuli treningebi koleqtivisturi sazogadoebebisaTvis miuRebelia. aseTi treningebi aSS-Si periodulad Semodis modaSi da sensitiurobis treningi, Sexvedris jgufebi an trans-aqciuli analizi ewodeba.

koleqtiuri kulturisaTvis esoden mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba Sida da gare jgufebs Soris ufrosisa da TanamSromlis urTierTobebs scildeba da biznesurTierTobebis Sedegebze moqmedebs. es iohansonisa da saudis arabeTSi misi Svedi ufrosebis kulturuli Sercxvenis mizezi gaxda, rac am Tavis dasawyisSi aRwerili. individualistur sazogadoebSi miRebulia norma, rom yvelas erTnairad unda moeqcnen. sociologiaSi amas univer-salizms uwodeben. romelime momxmareblis ukeTesad momsaxureba cud biznessaqcielad da araeTikurad iTvleba. koleqtivistur sazogadoeba-Si WeSmariti sapirispiroa. ~Cveni~ da ~sxvisi~ jgufebis garCeva xalxis cnobierebaSi Rrmadaa gamjdari da amitom megobrebis ukeTesi mopyroba bunebrivi, eTikuri da biznesis mxriv gamarTlebulia. aseT moqcevas so-ciologebi partikularizms uwodeben.

partikulisturi azrovneba moiTxovs, rom koleqtivistur sazoga-doebaSi biznesis saqmianobis dawyebamde ucxosTan sando urTierTobis damyarebaa aucilebeli. aseTi urTierTobis xarjze es ucxo Sida jgu-fis wevri xdeba da am momentidan sxvebze ukeTesad epyrobian. iohanso-nis SemTxvevaSi Sida jgufis wevrad gaxdomas ori weli dasWirdeba. am periodis ganmavlobaSi Svedi biznesmenis Suamavloba aucilebeli iyo, es aucilebloba gaqra ucxos Sida jgufis wevrad gaxdomis Semdeg. magram urTierToba ara kompaniasTan aramed piradad iohansonTan damyarda. ko-leqtivisturi SexedulebiT, mxolod adamianebis ndoba SeiZleba, am adami-anebis meSveobiT ki — maTi megobrebisa da kolegebis, magram kompaniis amgvari arapirovnuli legaluri erTeulebis ndoba SeuZlebelia. sabo-lood vaskvniT, rom koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi piradi urTierToba amocanaze maRla dgas da ZiriTadi adgili unda ekavos; individualistur sazogadoebaSi amocana pirovnul urTierTobaze maRla dgas. is gulubry-vilo Crdiloeli biznesmeni, romelic koleqtivistur kulturaSi ZaliT cdilobs biznesis swrafad wamowyebas, sakuTar Tavs gare jgufis wevris rolsa da negatiur diskriminacias umzadebs.

3.4 cxrilSi CamoTvlilia koleqtivistur da individualisturi sazo-gadoebaTa mTavari gansxvavebebi skolasa da samuSao adgilze.

individualizmi da koleqtivizmi samsaxurSi


individualizmi, koleqtivizmi da saxelmwifo

alfred kremeri interkulturuli komunikaciis sferoSi moRvawe av-toria. man rusuli literaturuli Jurnalidan amerikaSi orTviani sale-qcio turis Sesaxeb poet vladimer korotiCis Semdegi citireba gaakeTa:

..amerikuli auditoriis dakmayofileba Tavidanve ganwirulia, radgan 20 msmenelidan 5-s erTi azri aqvs, 7-s sxva, xolo 8-s —saerTod araviTari mosazreba ar gaaCnia. 39

Crdiloel mkiTxvels amerikeli studentebis midgoma ki ar ukvirs, aramed is, rom korotiCi sxva rames moeloda. aSkaraa, is erTnairi azris mqone auditorias iyo miCveuli. es koleqtivisturi kulturisaTvisaa da-maxasiaTebeli. 3.1 cxrilSi Cans, rom ruseTi CrdiloeTis qveynebze bev-rad ufro koleqtivisturia.

msoflio politikis scenis gulubryvilo mayureblebi mxolod po-litikur sistemaTa gansxvavebas xedaven. maT ar esmiT, rom mosaxleobis gansxvavebulma Sexedulebebma am gansxvavebuli sistemebis SenarCuneba ga-moiwvia. Tu RirebulebaTa sistema koleqtivisturi interesebis indivi-dualur interesebze maRla dayenebas gulisxmobs, amas sxva tipis saxelm-wifo mohyveba, vidre maSin, roca dominanturi Sexeduleba individualuri interesebis uzenaesobaa.

amerikaSi termini koleqtivisti xandaxan komunisturi politikuri sistemis aRsawerad gamoiyeneba. 3.1 cxrilSi moyvanili komunistur an saxelmwifoTa kapitalistur mTavrobaTa dabali IDV aqvT _ anu ufro koleqtivistur mxares imyofebian. rac ufro sustia idndividualizmi mo-qalaqeebSi, miT ufro mosalodnelia saxelmwifos dominireba ekonomikur sistemaSi.

1990-iani wlebis Semdeg gazrdili individualizmis gamo CrdiloeTis qveynebSi sajaro danaxarjebis deregulacia da Semcireba moxda. iseTi sajaro monopoliebic ki, rogoricaa energiiT momarageba da samoqala-qo transporti, Sesrulebis xarisxisa da sandoobis xarjze privatizebas daeqvemdebara. amas ideologiuri mizezebi hqonda da ara pragmatuli, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs kulturuli Rirebulebebis Zalas.


cxrili 3.4. mTavari gansxvavebebi koleqtivistur da individualistur sazogadoe-

bebs Soris: skola da samuSao adgili


moswavleebi klasSi Tavisuflad mxolod maSin laparakoben, rodesac amas jgufi uSvebs

yvela moswavlisgan mosalodnelia, rom individualurad da Tavisuflad ilaparakeben klasSi

ganaTlebis ZiriTadi mizania iswavlo, ra rogor gakeTdes

ganaTlebis ZiriTadi mizania iswavlo, rogor unda iswavlo

diplomi aris ufro maRali statusis mqone jgufSi Sesvlis SesaZleblobas

diplomi zrdis pirovnebis ekonomikur Rirebulebas an/da sakuTari Tavis pativiscemas

samsaxurebis cvlis sixSire ufro dabalia

samsaxurebis cvlis sixSire ufro maRalia

dasaqmebulebia Sida jgufis wevrebi arian da am jgufis interesebs icaven

dasaqmebulebi ~ekonomikuri adamianebi~ arian, romlebic daicaven damsaqmeblis interesebs, Tu es maT interesebs emTxveva

TanamSromlis ayvanis an dawinaurebis dros mxedvelobaSi iReben im Sida jgufs, romelsac ekuTvnis TanamSromeli

dasaqmebis da dawinaurebis gadawyvetilebebi unda iyos damokidebuli mxolod unarze da wesebze

dasaqmebulis da damsaqmebelis urTierToba ZiriTadad emociuria, ojaxurs hgavs

dasaqmebulis da damsaqmebelis urTierToba Sromis bazarze or mxares Soris dadebuli kontraqtis mixedviTaa

menejmenti jgufebis marTvaa menejmenti individebis marTvaa

daqvemdebarebulis pirdapiri Seqeba harmonias arRvevs

menejmentis treningi aswavlis grZnobebis gulwrfel gaziarebas

Sida jgufis wevr momxmarebleblebs ufro kargad emsaxurebian (partikularizmi)

yvela momxmarebels erTnairad emsaxurebian (universalizmi)

urTierToba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre dasaxuli amocana

dasaxuli amocana ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre urTierToba

saaqcio sazogadoeba kapitalisturi gamogonebaa — es aris kompania, romlis patronebi calkeuli investorebi arian da SeuZliaT maT sakuTre-baSi arsebuli kompaniis wiliT vaWroba — is individualistur britaneTSi gamoigones da misi funqcionireba individualistur midgomas gulisxmobs.40 praqtikaSi mas xSirad aqvs konkretuli interesebi. kuriozuli paradoqsia, rom misi viTomcda Tavisufali bazari mTavrobam unda akontrolos.

meores mxriv, koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi, Tu ekonomikuri cxovreba


saxelmwifos mier dominirebuli araa, mainc koleqtiur interesebs emsa-xureba. bevria ojaxuri kompania. CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi 1980 wlis ekonomikuri liberalizaciis Semdeg, soflebma, jarma da municipalurma policiam TavianTi kompaniebi Seqmna daiwyes.

individualisturi qveynebi, rogorc wesi, ufro mdidaria da Zalauf-lebis ufro naklebi aqvs. amgvari statistikuri kavSiri yvela qveyanaSi ar gvxvdeba, magram am kavSiris gamo Znelia simdidris, individualizmisa da mcire Zalauflebrivi distanciis mTavrobaze calkeuli efeqtebis gamo-yofa. magaliTad, politikur mecnierebaTa warmomadgenlebma bevri qveyne-bisaTvis presis Tavisuflebis indeqsi SeimuSaves. es indeqsi mniSvnelovan korelaciaSia IDV-sTan da PDI-sTan, magram yvelaze didi korelacia sim-didresTanaa. mdidar qveynebSi presis gazrdili Tavisufleba mxolod indi-vidualizmisa da Tanasworobis Sedegi ki ar aris, aramed meti resursebis arsebobisac. magaliTad, meti gazeTi da telearxia da dainteresebul jgu-febs Tavisi Sexedulebebis gavrceleba SeuZliaT.41

piradi cxovrebis ufleba individualistur sazogadoebaTa mTavari Te-maa. koleqtivisturi sazogadoeba mas simpaTiiT ar uyurebs, radgan erT-maneTis pirad cxovrebaSi Sida jgufis wevrebis monawileoba normalurad aRiqmeba.

rogorc iohansonis SemTxvevaSi, momxmareblebTan universaluri da par-tikularistuli mopyroba saxelmwifos, rogorc mTlianis, funqcionireba-sac ergeba. individualistur sazogadoebaSi wesebi da kanonebi yvela we-vrisaTvis erTnairia da aradiskriminaciulad yvelas exeba (ramdenad icaven am standarts, sxva sakiTxia). sxvadasxva kategoriis koleqtivistur sazoga-doebaSi wesebi da kanonebi adamianebisaTvis gansxvavebulia da es normalu-rad miiCneva.

Tuki politikur sistemebs Soris gansxvaveba mosaxleobis gonebrivi da-programebis Rrma nawilia, am sistemebze sxva qveynis mier propagandis, fu-lisa da jaris meSveobiT zemoqmedeba SezRudulia. Tu goneba gzavnilebis misaRebad mzad ar aris, fuli da propaganda verafers gaawyobs. didi Zal-auflebis mqone ucxo qveynebsac ki ar SeuZliaT mTeli mosaxleobis Rrma Rirebulebebis gamorecxva.

saerTaSoriso politikis mTavari sakiTxi xelisuflebis mier adamianis uflebebis pativiscemaa. 1948 wels gaerom adamianis uflebebis saerTaSo-riso deklaracia miiRo. Amnesty international-is yofilma mkvlevarma, Carlz humanam gaeros kriteriumebze dafuZnebul 40 kiTxvaze dayrdnobiT bevri qveynis adamianTa uflebebis reitingi gansazRvra. humanas adamianTa uf-lebebis reitingi IBM kvlevis SedegiT 52 qveyanaSi pirvel rigSi GNP-sTan (mTliani erovnuli produqti) korelirebda. am korelaciam gansxvavebaTa 50% axsna. kulturebis qulebis damatebam axsnis xarisxi ar gazarda. suraTi mas mere Seicvala, rac ufro mdidari 25 qveyana calke ganvixileT: axla 53% gansxvavebis amxsneli mxolod cvladi IDV aRmoCnda. danarCeni 27 Raribi qveynisaTvis GNP erTaderT amxsnel cvladad darCa, magram gansxvavebeba-Ta mxolod 14%-s xsnida.42 am kavSirebma migviyvana daskvnamde, rom gaeros mier dadgenili adamianTa uflebebis pativiscema is fufunebaa, romlis


saSualebac mdidar qveynebs ufro aqvT, vidre Raribs; ramdenad emxrobian mdidari qveynebi gaeros kriteriumebs, maT kulturaSi arsebuli indi-vidualizmis donezea damokidebuli. adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso deklaracia da gaeros sxva dokumentebi maTi miRebis dros dominanturi Zalebis Rirebulebebs asaxavs. isini ki individualisturi iyo.

individualizmi, koleqtivizmi da ideebi

individualisti sazogadoeba aramarto individualisturad iqceva, aramed mas sxva gonebriv programul uzrunvelyofaze ukeTesadac miiC-neven. amerikelebis umravlesobas sjera, rom individualizmi kargia da maTi qveynis sidiades ganapirobebs. meores mxriv, Cinelma mao Ze dunma idvidualizmi borotebad gamoacxada. man individualizmi da liberaliz-mi egoizmisa da disciplinis darRvevis mizezad miiCnia. mis gamo adami-anebi pirad interesebs jgufis interesebze maRla ayenebdnen da TavianT saqmeebs zedmetad bevr dros uTmobdnen. 3.1 cxrili gviCvenebs, rom om qveynebSi, sadac ZiriTadad Cinuri mosaxleobaa Zalian dabali IDV aqvT (hong-kongi _ 25, CineTi _ 20, singapuri _ 20, taivani _ 17).

Rirebulebis msoflio kiTxvars win Rirebulebis evropuli kiTxvari uswrebda 1981 wels cxra evropuli qveynis warmomadgenel SerCeva Caut-arda. respondentebs Semdegi ori debulebidan erTi unda aerCiaT:

a. Tanasworobac da Tavisuflebac erTnairad mniSvnelovania. magram, erTis an meores arCeva rom miwevdes, pirad Tavisuflebas anu imas, yvela Tavisuflad cxovrobdes da daubrkoleblad viTardebodes, ufro mniSvnelovnad miviCnevdi.

b. naTelia, rom orive, Tavisuflebac da Tanasworobac mniSvnelovania. magram, erTis an meoris arCeva rom miwevdes, ufro mniSvnelovnad miviCnevdi Tanasworobas anu imas, rom araprivilegibuli aravin iyos da socialuri klasobrivi gansxvavebebi Zalian didi.43

es, ra Tqma unda, ideologiuri arCevania. 9 evropuli qveynis warmomad-genelTa umravlesobam, respondentebi saSualod Tanasworobis magivrad Ta-visuflebas irCevdnen. frangma sociologma Jan Stoselma (1910-87) am infor-maciis brwyinvale analizi gamoaqveyna da TiToeuli qveynisaTvis Sefardeba gamoTvala: Tavisuflebis arCeva Tanasworobis arCevaze gahyo. Sefardebis miRebuli maCveneblebi varirebs 1- dan espaneTSi (Tanabrad aniWeben upira-tesobas), 3-mde birtaneTSi (Tavisufleba samjer metad airCies, vidre Ta-nasworoba). 9 qveynis Tavisufleba/Tanasworobis Rirebuleba mniSvnelovan korelaciaSi aRmoCnda IDV-sTan: rac ufro individualisturi iyo qveyana, misi moqalaqeebi miT ufro irCevdnen Tavisuflebas da ara Tanasworobas.44 Tavisufleba individualisturi, Tanasworoba ki _ koleqtivisturi idealia.

sazogadoebis doneze individualizmsa da koleqtivizms Soris arCevani ekonomikuri TeoriebisaTvis mniSvnelovani daskvnebis safuZvelia. ekono-


mika, rogorc disciplina, me-18 saukuneSi britaneTSi Camoyalibda; Semqm-nelTagan adam smiTi (1723-90) gamoirCeva. smiTma dauSva, rom individebis interesis Zieba `uxilavi xelis~ meSveobiT erebis simdidres gazrdida. es individualisturi idea iseTi qveynidan modis, romelsac dResac indivi-dualizmis maRali qulebi aqvs. ekonomika individualisturi mecnierebaa da misi mTavari ganmaviTareblebi Zalian individualisturi qveynebidan arian, rogoricaa britaneTi da aSS magram, imis gamo, rom isini individualistur daSvebebzea agebuli, CrdiloeTSi SemuSavebuli ekonomikuri Teoriebi ver imuSavebs iseT sazogadoebaSi, romelSic jgufis interesia mTavari. mas mniSvnelovani Sedegebi moaqvs Raribi qveynebis daxmarebis programebisa da ekonomikuri globalizaciisaTvis. am TvalsazrisiT, Zalian saWiroa alter-natiuli ekonomikuri Teoriebi, romlebic kulturuli gansxvavebebis iTva-liswinebs.

individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis done gavlenas axdens sazogadoeba-Si adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb gamomuSavebul koncefciebze. aSS-Si adamianis motivaciis Sesaxeb abraam maslous ideebi adrec da axlac Zalian gavle-niania, gansakuTrebiT menejmentis specialobis studentebsa da praqtikan-tebs Soris. maslous cnobili ~adamianis moTxovnilebis ierarqiis~ mixedviT, adamianis moTxovnilebebi ierarqiulad dablidan maRlisken ewyoba: fizio-logiuri, usafrTxoeba, mikuTvnebuloba, TviTpativiscema da TviTaqtuali-zacia.45 maRla mdgom moTxovnilebamde aucilebelia garkveulwilad dabla mdgomi moTxovnileba dakmayofildes. mSieri adamiani anu is, visi fizio-logiuri moTxovnileba dakmayofilebuli ar aris, saWmlis moZiebis garda arafriT motivirdeba da a.S. maslous ierarqiis kenwerozea (mas xSirad pi-ramidis formiT warmoadgenen) TviTaqtualizaciis motivi _ individSi ar-sebuli kreatiuli potencialis maqsimaluri gamovlena. es sakuTari ideebis realizacias ~Tavis Wkuaze siaruls~/ niSnavs. TavisTavad gasagebia, rom es umaRlesi motivacia mxolod individualistur sazogadoebaSia. koleqtivi-stur kulturaSi bevrad mniSvnelovani Sida jgufis interesi da Rirseba iqneboda, risTvisac Sida jgufis wevrebs sakuTari interesebis daviwyebac ki SeiZleba moeTxovos. 1970 wels CineTSi Casuli amerikelebis Tarjimanma gamoacxada,7rom `sakuTari raRacis keTeba~ Cinurad ar iTargmneboda aseTi sazogadoebisaTvis harmonia da konsensusi individualur TviTaqtualiza-ciaze ufro mniSvnelovani saboloo miznebia.

1980 wels, kulturis Sedegebis pirvelad gamocemis Semdeg, individua-lizm-koleqtivizmis ganzomileba fsiqologebis yuradRebis centrSi moeq-ca, rac gansakuTrebiT ekonomikurad axladganviTarebul aziur qveynebSi aRiniSna. es ganzomileba gulisxmobs, rom arc tradiciuli fsiqologia da arc tradiciuli ekonomika universaluri ar aris: orive Crdilouri az-rovnebisa da individualisturi daSvebebis Sedegia. rodesac isini ufro koleqtivisturi daSvebebiT icvleba, sxva, mravali aspeqtiT gansxvavebuli fsiqologia iqmneba. magaliTad, individualisturi fsiqologia TvalSisace-mad universalisturia da `ego-s~ ~sxvas~ upirispirebs. koleqtivisturi sa-

7 redaqtoris SeniSvna: doing your own thing qarTulad ar iTargmneba. es sakuTari ideebis realizacias/”Tavis Wkuaze siaruls” niSnavs.


zogadoebis xalxi konkretul gansxvavebas akeTebs: Sida jgufi, romelic egos moicavs, yvela gare jgufis sapirispirod dgas. es niSnavs, rom kole-qtivistur sazogadoebaSi Catarebuli eqsperimentis Sedegebi damokidebu-lia imaze, miekuTvnebian Tu ara cdis pirebi, erTsa da imave Sida jgufs.

3.5 cxrili 3.2, 3.3 da 3.4 cxrilebis gagrZelebaa. aq mocemulia koleqti-vistur da individualistur sazogadoebebs Soris arsebuli mTavari gansx-vavebebi bolo ori nawilisaTvis

3.5 cxrili. mTavari gansxvavebebi koleqtivistur da individualistur

sazogadoebebs Soris: saxelmwifo da ideebi


mosazreba winaswar gansazRvrulia imiT, romel jgufs ekuTvnis adamiani

sakuTari mosazrebis arsebobis molodini yvelasagan aris

koleqtiuri interesebi individualur interesebze ufro mniSvnelovania

individualuri interesebi koleqtiur interesebze ufro mniSvnelovania

saxelmwifos ekonomikur sistemaSi dominanturi pozicia aqvs

saxelmwifos ekonomikur sistemaSi SezRuduli pozicia aqvs

GNP (mTliani erovnuli produqti) erT sul mosaxleze ufro dabalia

GNP (mTliani erovnuli produqti) erT sul mosaxleze ufro maRalia

kompaniebi ojaxebis an koleqtivebis sakuTrebaa

saaqcio sazogadoebis tipis kompaniebi individualuri investorebis sakuTrebaa

jguf(eb)i pirad cxovrebaSi iWrebianyvelas aqvs ufleba hqondes piradi cxovreba

kanonebi da wesebi jgufidan jgufSi icvleba kanonebi da wesebi yvelasaTvis erTnairi unda iyos

adamianis uflebebis ufro dabali reitingi aqvs

adamianis uflebebis ufro maRali reitingi aqvs

Tanasworobis ideologia ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre pirovnuli Tavisuflebis ideologia

pirovnuli Tavisuflebis ideologia ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre Tanasworobis ideologia

ucxouri ekonomikuri Teoriebi ver ergeba koleqtiur da partikularul interesebs

adgilobrivi ekonomikuri Teoriebi individualuri interesebis Ziebazea dafuZnebuli

mTavari mizani sazogadoebaSi harmonia da konsensusia

mTavari mizani yvela individis TviTaqtualizaciaa

ideali patriotizmia ideali avtonomiaa

fsiqologiuri eqsperimentebis Sedegi damokidebulia jgufis SigniT da gareT arsebuli Sedegebis gansxvavebaze

fsiqologiuri eqsperimentebis Sedegi damokidebulia egosa da sxvis gansxvavebaze


individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis gansxvavebebis wyaroebi

rogorc Zalaufreblivi distanciis SemTxvevaSi, individualizm-kole-qtivizmis ganzomilebis gansxvavebaTa wyaroebis dadgena varaudzea da-fuZnebuli. magram geografiul, ekonomikur da istoriul cvladebTan statistikuri kavSiri gamocnobas gaamyarebs.

rogorc pirvel TavSi aRvwereT, arqeologebi Tanxmdebian, rom adami-anTa sazogadoebaSi ganviTareba monadire-Semgrovebeli momTabare tomeb-ma daiwyes. droTa ganmavlobaSi isini erT adgilas dabanakdnen, daiwy-es miwaTmoqmedeba, miwis dammuSavebelTa Temebi ufro did dasaxlebebad gadaiqca, sabolood ki es dasaxlebebi patara qalaqebad, did qalaqebad da Tanamedrove megapolisebad gardaiqmna. kulturuli anTropologebi Tanamedrove soflis meurneobisa da urbanizebul sazogadoebebs mona-dire-Semgrovebel tomebs adareben. aRmoaCines, rom yvelaze primitiuli sazogadoebidan yvelaze Tanamedrove sazogadoebamde, ojaxebis sirTule jer gaizarda da Semdeg isev Semcirda. monadire-Semgrovebeli tomebi patara ojaxebad cxovroben. soflis meurneobiT dakavebul dasaxlebebSi ufro rTuli da didi ojaxebi an soflis Temis Sida jgufebi arsebobs. rodesac miwaTmoqmedni qalaqSi migrireben, didi ojaxebi mcirdeba da tipuri urbanuli ojaxi kvalav patara/nukleuri xdeba. umetes qveynebSi dRes mxolod urbanuli an miwaTmoqmedebis subkulturebi arsebobs. am ori tipisaTvis modernizacia individualizacias niSnavs.

erTi monadire-Semgrovebeli tomis Sesaxeb informacia avstralielma mkvlevarma rei simonsema daadgina. CrdiloeT teritoriaze man darvinSi VSM84 (IBM kiTxvaris 1994 gaumjobesebuli versia) aborigen mewarmeebs da TeTri avstralielebis mcire jgufs Cautara. aborigeni sazogadoeba axlac monadireobiTa da tramalebze saWmlis SegrovebiTaa dakavebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom avstralielebTan SedarebiT aborigenebs didi Za-lauflebrivi distancia, mcire maskulinoba da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan aridebis kuTxiT maRali qulebi hqondaT, individualizmis ganzomilebaze maT TeTri TanamoZmeebis msgavsi maRali qulebi miiRes.46

3.1 cxrilSi davinaxeT, rom tradiciulad miwaTmoqmedi sazogadoebebi umetesad koleqtivistur, xolo Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoebe-bi — individualizmis mxares arian. gamonaklisebic arsebobs, magaliTad, aRmosavleT aziis qveynebi, rogoricaa iaponia, samxreTi korea, taivani, hong-kongi da singapuri. industrializaciis miuxedavad, es qveynebi sak-maod koleqtivisturia.

me-2 TavSi ganxiluli DIV-is msgavsad, axlac mravlobiTi regresia ga-moviyeneT imisaTvis, rom dagvedgina IDV qulebis gansxvavebas Cveni qvey-nebis Sesaxeb arsebuli romeli raodenobrivi informacia xsnis. aRmovaCi-neT, rom IDV qulebis winaswar ganWvreta Semdegze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba:

1. qveynis simdidre (mdidari qveynebi maRal IDV-s ukavSirdeba);2. qveynis geografiuli ganedi (ekvatorTan axlos myofi qveynebisa

SedarebiT dabalia).


simdidre (IBM kvlevis Catarebis dros GNP erT sul mosaxleze) IBM-is Tavdapirveli 50 qveynis IDV qulebis sxvaobis 72 %-s xsnida. es Zalian gasakviria, radgan viciT, rom orive sazoms sxvadasxva wyaro aqvs da orive sakmaod arazustia anu gazomvis Secdoma mosalodnelia.

korelacia ar aCvenebs ori dakavSirebuli movlenidan romelia gamom-wvevi da romelia Sedegi, Tu mas iwvevs mesame faqtori, romelic cxril-Si araa mocemuli. individualizmi simdidres rom ganapirobebdes, IDV qulebi ara mxolod erovnul simdidres, aramed ekonomikur zrdasac daukavSirdeboda. ekonomikur zrdas msoflio banki zomavs da is ganimar-teba, rogorc GNP-is wliuri procentuli zrda 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi. Tu individualizms simdidre mohyveba, maSin IDV masze Semdeg periodSi momxdar ekonomikur zrdasTan pozitiur korelaciaSi unda iyos. magram IDV qulebsa (1970 wels mogrovebuli) da Semdeg mimdinare ekonomikur zrdas Soris, sxva Tu araferi, negatiuri korelacia aRmoCnda: naklebad individualistur qveynebTan SedarebiT, metad individualistur qveynebs naklebi ekonomikuri zrda hqondaT.

1970 wlis IDV-sa da Semdgom wlebSi qveynebis simdidris korelaciaze dakvirvebis Sedegad imave daskvnebis gamotana SegviZlia. 1970 wlis sim-didris monacemebi IDV gansxvavebis 71%-s xsnida, 1980 wlis — 62%-s, 1990 —55%-s, xolo 2000—52%. 47 Tuki IDV GNP-s iwvevs, korelacia wlebis gan-mavlobaSi gaZlierdeboda.

sapirispiro kauzaluroba anu erovnuli simdidre iwvevs individua-lizms, ufro misaRebia. dagrovili IBM-is monacemebis meSveobiT SesaZle-beli gaxda 1968 da 1972 wlebSi individualizmis cvlilebis gazomva. 20 gamokiTxuli qveynidan 19 ufro mdidari gaxda da yvelas individualizmi gaizarda. erTaderTi qveyana, romelic gaRaribda, pakistania, romelmac odnav gadaiwia koleqtivizmisken.

3.2 diagrama asaxavs IDV-sa da GNP-s 2000 wels. zogadi kavSiri mainc Cans, magram grafiki aseve cxadyofs, romeli qveynebia ufro mdidari an Raribi, vidre IDV qulebis mixedviT unda yofiliyo: magaliTad, singapu-ri da iaponia ufro mdidari, xolo indoeTi da axali zelandia — ufro Raribia.


ind

vivi

du

aliz

mi (

IDV

)in

div

idu

alis

ti

kol

eqt

ivis

ti

2000 wlis mep erT sul mosaxleze (dolari)

gvatemalaekvadori

panamavenesuela

indonez

iakolumbia

pakistani kosta-rika

trinidadisam.

korea taivani

bangladeSi

Crd. afrika tailandi salvadori

serbeTi Cile

a. afrika malaizia

hong-kongi

portugaliasloveniarumineTi

meqsika

iaponia

avstria

luqsemburgi(4434)

norvegia

bulgareTi

xorvatia

urugvai

fineTi

Sveicaria

filipinebi

TurqeTi

braziliaarab. qvey

nebi

ruseTi iamaika

irani

maroko

argentinasurinami

indoeTi

slovakeTiespaneTi

israeli

CexeTis resp.maltaestoneTi

poloneTi

samx. afrikagermania

SvedeTi

dania

safrangeTi

italia

belgianiderlandebikanadaungreTi

avstralia didi britaneTi

aSS

irlandia

CineTi

vietnami

axali zelandia

singapuri

legenda

azia da musulmanuri qvynebiregulari evropa da anglo qveynebi

italiki laTinuri

amerikis qveynebi

daxrili

regresiis xazi IDV da GNP

3.2 diagrama 2002 wlis GNP erT sul mosaxleze da individualizmi

rodesac qveynis simdidre matulobs, moqalaqeebs eZlevaT saSualeba `Tavis Wkuaze iaron~. soflis bazris mezRapres televizori cvlis, jer mTels sofelSi aseTi sul erTi iqneba, Semdeg ki — meti. mdidar CrdiloelTa ojaxebSi ojaxis TiToeul wevrs sakuTari televizori da yovel mozrdil wevrs ki sakuTari manqana hyavs. soflis qoxi, romel-Sic mTeli ojaxi erTad cxovrobs da sZinavs, didi saxliT icvleba. did saxls bevri piradi oTaxi aqvs. koleqtiuri cxovreba individualuri cxovrebiT icvleba. magram individualizmsa da ekonomikur zrdas Soris negatiuri korelacia imaze miuTiTebs, rom es kavSiri Tavis Tavs Slis. iq, sadac sakmarisi simdidrea da yvela moqalaqes `Tavis Wkuaze siaru-li~ SeuZlia, azrTa am zomis sxvaoba `xaxunis danakargebs~ warmoSobs da qveynis ekonomika naklebad izrdeba im qveynebTan SedarebiT, sadac xalxi jer kidev SeCveulia saqmeebis erTad keTebas (magaliTad iaponiaSi). aRmosavleT aziis qveynebis swrafi ekonomikuri zrdis mizezebze me-6


TavSic visaubrebT.erovnul simdidresTan erTad, IDV-sTan statistikurad sxva cvladic

aris dakavSirebuli. es aris geografiuli ganedi anu ramdenad daSorebu-lia qveynis dedaqalaqi ekvators. man IDV — gansxvavebebis 7% axsna. me—2 TavSi aRiniSna, rom ganedi Zalauflebrivi distanciis pirveli prediqto-ri iyo. rogorc vamtkicebdiT, zomieri da civi klimatis qveynebSi adami-anis gadarCena sakuTari TavisaTvis brZolaSi gamoixateba. amis gamo ga-naTleba bavSvebs damoukideblobisaken mouwodebs (naklebi PDI). rogorc Cans, asevea individualizmis SemTxvevaSic.

qveynis mosaxleobis sidide kavSirSi iyo Zalauflebriv distanciasTan, magram koleqtivizmTan _ ara. populaciis zrda (saSualo procenti 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi) koleqtivizmTan korelaciaSi ki aRmoCnda, magram misi pirveli korelacia qveynis simdidresTan iyo — Rarib qveynebSi ojaxebSi meti Svilia. amis bevri mizezia, maT Soris qalebis ganaTlebis dabali done da molodini, rom bavSvebi moxuc mSoblebs mouvlian. meti Sansia, rom didi ojaxis bavSvebs ufro koleqtivisturi da ara individualistu-ri Rirebulebebi eqnebaT.

ekonomikuris garda, istoriuli faqtorebiTac SeiZleba avxsnaT qvey-nebis gansxvaveba am ganzomilebis mixedviT. Tumca am faqtoris moqmede-ba aSkaraa mxolod romis imperiis Zalauflebis zegavlenis SemTxvevaSi. aRmosavleT aziis qveynebSi gavrcelebuli konfuciuri moZRvreba (mas me-6 TavSi detalurad ganvixilavT) koleqtivisturi Rirebulebis siste-mis SenarCunebas emsaxureba. meores mxriv, CrdiloeT evropis regionebSi, konkretulad ki inglisSi, niderlandebsa da SotlandiaSi, individuali-sturi Rirebulebebi saukuneebis winac arsebobda, miuxedavad imisa, rom saSualo moqalaqe sakmaod Raribi, ekonomika ki — umetesad miwaTmoqme-debas moicavda. CrdiloeT amerikasa da avstraliaSi evropeli imigran-tebi iseTi garemodan wamovidnen da iseT qveynebSi moxvdnen, sadac yove-li adamiani axali miwebis dapyrobis suliskveTebiT sakuTari TavisaTvis ibrZoda.

individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis momavali

erovnul kulturebs Rrma fesvebi aqvs, amitom mosalodnelia, rom individualizm-koleqtivizmis, iseve, rogorc Zalauflebrivi distanciis gansxvavebebi, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iarsebebs. magram, Tuki saerTod Se-saZlebelia qveynebis daaxloeba, es mainc ganzomilebaze moxdeba. ero-vnul simdidresa da individualizms Soris Zlieri kavSiria da rogorc adre iyo naCvenebi, iaponia kauzalurobis isari simdidridan individua-lizmisken midis. amis magaliTia, sadac presaSi regularulad ibeWdeba istoriebi tradiciuli ojaxuri solidarobis darRvevis Sesaxeb. warsul-Si iaponur ojaxSi moxucebis movla aucileblad iTvleboda, axla ki amaze saxelmwifom unda izrunos, Tu ojaxi Tavis tradiciul movaleobebs aRar asrulebs.

magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom erT sul mosaxleze Semosavali Crdi-


loeTi qveynebis toli an meti aqvs, iaponurma sazogadoebam ojaxSi, sko-lasa da samuSao sferoSi gamokveTilad koleqtivisturi elementebi Sein-arCuna. CrdiloeT qveynebSi, rogoricaa britaneTi, SvedeTi da germania, miuxedavad zogadi ekonomikuri zrdis Sedegad individualizmisken svli-sa, individsa da jgufs Soris kavSiri gansxvavebulia. kulturebi icvleba, Tanac erTad icvleba, amitom maTi SedarebiTi poziciebi ucvleli rCeba da ar arsebobs imis mizezi, rom maT Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi gaqres.

rac Seexeba Rarib qveynebs, isini ver gaxdebian mdidari, Tuki Raribebi iqnebian. rogorc ukve iTqva, 1968-dan 1972 wlamde pakistani erTaderTi IBM qveyanaa, romelic ufro gaRaribda da ufro koleqtivisturi gaxda. da Tu mdidarsa da Rarib qveynebs Soris naprali gaizrdeba (rac xSirad xdeba), maSin individualizm-koleqtivizms Soris napralic gaizrdeba.

individualizmsa da koleqtivizmTan dakavSirebuli Rirebulebebi iarsebebs da saerTaSoriso sakiTxebSi did rols Seasrulebs. individua-lizmi da koleqtivizmi, rogorc erovnuli ganzomileba, interkultu-rul SexvedrebSi bevr gaugebrobas iwvevs. aseTi Sexvedrebis problemebs me-9 TavSi ganvixilavT.

110

Tavi 4

qali, kaci da qali (He , She (S)he)

axalgazrda inJinerma girtma samsaxurisaTvis amerikul sainJinro kompa-nias mimarTa. es firma flandriaSi, belgiis holandiurad molaparake na-wilSi gaixsna. mas sjeroda, rom samsaxurs Tavs gaarTmevda, radgan qveynis saukeTeso universitetSi mopovebuli wodeba, kargi akademiuri moswreba, studentur asociaciebSi aqtiuri monawileoba da cnobil ( magram, cota mosawyen) holandiur kompaniaSi muSaobis samwliani gamocdileba hqonda. man interesis gamomxatveli da aucilebeli piradi informaciis momcveli mokle werili dawera. girti gasaubrebaze moiwvies da matarebliT xangrZ-livi mogzaurobis Semdeg qarxnis amerikel menejers Sexvda. is zrdilo-bianad da mokrZalebulad iqceoda anu imas akeTebda, rasac, misi azriT, aplikanti unda akeTebdes. menejerisagan girti kvalifikaciis gamosavlen kiTxvebs eloda. misda gasakvirad, qarxnis menejerma girtis azriT mniSv-nelovani sakiTxebidan mxolod ramdenime axsena. amis magivrad is Zalze detalurad CaeZia girtis xelsawyoebis Seqmnis gamocdilebis Sesaxeb. igi ucnob inglisur sityvebs xmarobda da girtma ver gaigo, ramdenad re-levanturi iyo es sityvebi. maTi swavla muSaobis pirvel kviraSive iyo SesaZlebeli. mtkivneuli gaugebrobis naxevari saaTis Semdeg, interviuer-ma Tqva: ~ukacravad, Cven pirveli klasis kaci gvWirdeba~. girti quCaSi aRmoCnda.

asertiuli/daJinebuli Tu mokrZalebuli

wlebis Semdeg girti Tavad iyo interviueri da holandiel da amerike-li aplikantebs Sexvda. maSin gaigo, ra moxda adre. holandielebis azriT amerikelebi Tavs zedmetad iqeben. maTi CV aRmatebuli xarisxis sityvebiT aris savse. iq miTiTebulia maTi gamorCeulobis aRmniSvneli yvela akade-miuri wodeba, niSani, jildo da wevroba. intervius dros isini mimwolni arian da iseT dapirebebs iZlevian, romlis Sesrulebasac albaT ver SeZ-leben — magaliTad, adgilobrivi enis ramdenime TveSi Seswavlas.

amerikelebis azriT holandieli aplikantebi TavianT Tavs arasakma-risad aqeben. isini mokrZalebul da rogorc wesi, mokle CV-s weren da sjeraT, rom interviueri maT kvalifikacias kiTxvebis meSveobiT daad-gens. isini moelian, rom interviueri maT socialur da eqstrakurikulu-ri aqtivobebis Sesaxeb gamohkiTxavs. cdiloben Tavi trabaxa adamianebad ar warmoaCinon da imas ar dahpirdnen, ris gakeTebasac SeZleben, Tu ara, danamdvilebiT ar ician.

amerikelma interviuerma amerikuli CV-s interpretacia icis da in-formaciis nawils yuradRebas ar aqcevs. holandieli interviuerebi ho-landiel aplikantebs arian miCveulni da miwodebul informacias mniSv-nelobas umateben. kulturaTSorisi gaugebrobis scenari TvalsaCinoa. am gansxvavebis ucodinari amerikeli interviuerisaTvis holandieli apli-

111q a l i, k a c i d a q a l i (He , Sh e (S)h e)

kanti xelmocarulia. am gansxvavebis ucodinari holandieli interviue-risaTvis—amerikeli aplikanti trabaxa.

holandiuri da amerikuli sazogadoeba sakmaod msgavsia wina or Tav-Si aRwerili ganzomilebebis, individualizmisa da Zalauflebrivi di-stanciis mixedviT, magram mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba mesame ganzomile-bis TvalTaxedviT. sxva sakiTxebis garda, am ganzomilebis sapirispiro mxareebze asertiuli qcevisa da mokrZalebuli qcevis sasurveloba dgas. mas maskulinoba Tu feminuroba ewodeba.

genderi da genderuli rolebi

adamianis yvela sazogadoeba qalisa da kacisagan Sedgeba. rogorc wesi, maTi ricxvi daaxloebiT tolia. isini biologiurad gansxvavebulebi arian da biologiur gamravlebaSi maTi Sesabamisi rolebi absoluturia. bavSvis Casaxvisa da gaCenis garda, kacsa da qals Soris arsebuli fizikuri gansx-vavebebi ara absoluturi, aramed statistikuri gansxvavebaa. saSualod kacebi qalebze maRlebi da Zlierebi arian, magram bevri qali sakmaod bevr kacze maRali da Zlieria. Cveulebriv TiTebis ukeTesi moqniloba da ufro Cqari metabolizmic aqvs. metabolizmis gamo isini daRlilobas ufro swrafad icileben, magram zogierTi mamakaci am sakiTxebSi qals uswrebs.

kacsa da qals Soris arsebuli absoluturi gansxvavebebi mTels msoflioSi erTnairia, magram biologiuri SezRudvebi sazogadoebaSi maT socialur rols mxolod nawilobriv gansazRvravs. yovel sazoga-doebaSi arsebobs qcevebi, romlebic gamravlebasTan araa dakavSirebu-li. es mamakacisaTvis an qalisaTvis misaRebad iTvleba. Sexeduleba, ra qcevebi romel genders ekuTvnis, sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebiT. im anTropologebma, romlebmac SedarebiT izolirebuli sazogadoebebi Seiswavles, sqesobrivi socialuri rolebis siuxve aRniSnes.1 am TavSi bio-logiur gansxvavebebaTa aRsaniSnavad gamoviyenebT terminebs mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi, xolo socialurad, kulturulad gansazRvruli role-bisaTvis ki — maskulinuri da feminuri. bolo terminebi SedarebiTia da araabsoluturi: SesaZlebelia, kaci ~feminurad~ moiqces da qali — ~mas-kulinurad~; es niSnavs, rom isini TavianTi sazogadoebis normebisagan gan-sxvavebulad iqcevian.

romel qcevas ganvsazRvravT feminurad da romels — maskulinurad, mxolod tradiciuli ara is Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSic gansxvavdeba. rac yvelaze ukeT qalebisa da mamakacebis garkveul profesiebSi ganawi-lebidan Cans. ruseTSi eqimebis umravlesoba, belgiaSi dantistebis um-ravlesoba, xolo CrdiloeT afrikaSi maRaziis patronebis umravlesoba qalia. tailandSi mbeWdavebis umravlesoba kacia, niderlandebSi ki — eqT-nebia. iaponiaSi TiTqmis ar arsebobs qali menejeri, magram es xSiria fi-lipinebsa da tailandSi.

mouxedavad am gansvavebebisa, rogorc tradiciul, aseve Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi sqesTa Soris socialuri rolebis ganawileba msgavs gzas


mihyveba. amis aRsaniSnavad, am TavSi politikurad swor cnebas, genderul rolebs gamoviyenebT. kacebs saxlis gareT miRwevebi ufro unda izidav-des — tradiciul sazogadoebaSi es iqneba nadiroba da Cxubi, rac Tana-medrove sazogadoebaSi ekonomikur terminebad gadaiTargmneba. mokled, kacebi asertiulni, Sejibrebis moyvarulni da Zlierni unda iyvnen. qalebi saxlis, bavSvebisa da saerTod, xalxis movliT unda iyvnen dakavebulni anu maT ufro nazi roli unda Seasrulon. am paternis ganviTarebis dad-gena Zneli ar aris: qalebi aCendnen bavSvebs, Semdeg maT ZuZus awovebdnen da am drois ganmavlobaSi mainc SvilebTan axlos unda yofiliyvnen. mama-kacebs gadaadgileba ufro Tavisuflad SeeZloT, sanamde sxva kacebisagan da cxovelebisagan qalebisa da Svilebis dacva ar sWirdebodaT.

kacebis miRweva maT asertiulobasa da Sejibris survils ganamtkicebs; qalebis zrunva maT feminur aRmzrdelobas, agreTve urTierTobebisa da garemos gafrTxilebas ganamtkicebs.2 ufro maRali, Zlieri da gadaadgi-lebaSi Tavisufali kacebi saxlis gareT socialur cxovrebaSi domini-reben xolme; saxlis SigniT ki genderuli rolebis ganawilebis mraval-ferovnebaa SesaZlebeli. mamisa da dedis (SesaZloa ojaxis sxva wevrebis) mier gamovlenili roluri did gavlenas axdens paterni patara bavSvis gonebriv daprogramebaze. bavSvi mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi ase da-programebuli rCeba. amitom, gasakviri ar aris, rom erovnul Rirebule-baTa sistemis erT-erTi sazomi mSoblebis mier SeTavazebuli genderuli rolebis modelebTan aris dakavSirebuli.

ojaxSi dawyebuli genderuli rolis socializacia TanatolTa jgu-febsa da skolaSi grZeldeba. sazogadoebis genderuli rolis paterni yoveldRiurad irekleba masmediaSi: satelevizio programebSi, filmebsa da sabavSvo wignebSi, gazeTebsa da qalTa JurnalebSi. genderuli rolis Sesabamisi qceva fsiqikuri janmrTelobis kriteriumia.3 genderuli role-bi yoveli sazogadoebis nawilia.

maskulinoba-feminuroba — sazogadoebrivi kulturis ganzomileba

me-3 TavSi vaxseneT IBM kiTxvaris 14 samuSao mizani: ~SeecadeT im fa-qtorebze ifiqroT, romlebic TqvenTvis mniSvnelovania idealur samsa-xurSi; ar miaqcioT yuradReba imas, ramdenad arsebobs isini Tqvens ax-landel samsaxurSi~. 14 samuSao miznis analizis Sedegad ori ganzomileba gamovlinda. erTi individualizmi da koleqtivizmi iyo: sakuTari drois, Tavisuflebis, gamowvevis mniSvneloba individualizmis aRmniSvneli gamo-vida, xolo treningis SesaZlebloba, fizikuri pirobebi da unarCvevebis gamoyeneba — koleqtivizmisa.

meore ganzomilebas feminuroba da maskulinoba vuwodeT. is yvelaze mWidrod Semdeg samuSao miznebTan iyo dakavSirebuli:

maskulinuri polusisaTvis

1. Semosavali: maRali Semosavlis SesaZlebloba;


2. aRiareba: kargi samsaxurisaTvis saTanado aRiareba;3. dawinaureba: maRali donis samsaxurSi dawinaurebis Sansi4. gamowveva: iseTi rTuli saqmis arseboba, romlis Sesrulebisas pi-

radi miRwevis grZnoba geufleba.

sapirispiro — feminuri polusisaTvis

5. menejeri: uSualo ufrosTan kargi, pirdapiri samuSao urTierToba;6. TanamSromloba: iseT adamianebTan muSaoba, romlebic erTmaneTTan

kargad TanamSromloben;7. sacxovrebeli adgili: unda cxovrobdeT TqvenTvis da Tqveni ojax-

isaTvis sasurvel adgilas;8. daculi samsaxuri: darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom Tqvens kompaniaSi

ramdeni xanic gsurT, imdeni xans SeZlebT muSaobas.

SeniSneT, rom samuSao mizani — gamowveva individualizmis ganzomile-basTanac iyo dakavSirebuli (Tavi 3). sxva 7 mizani mxolod maskulinoba-feminurobasTan kavSirdeboda.

am ganzomilebas feminuroba da maskulinoba davarqviT, radgan es erT-aderTi ganzomilebaa, romelzedac IBM-is TanamSromeli qalebi da kacebi konsistenturad gansxvavebul qulebs iRebdnen (rogorc vnaxavT, ukidu-res feminur polusze myofi qveynebis garda). arc Zalauflebrivi di-stanciaze, arc individualizmsa da arc gaurkvevlobis Tavidan aridebaze qalebisa da kacebis pasuxebs Soris sistematuri gansxvaveba ar yofila; mxolod am ganzomilebaze aRmoCnda aseTi gansxvaveba. saxeldobr, kacebi ufro met mniSvnelobas pirvel da me-3, xolo qalebi me-5 da me-6 samuSao mizans aniWebdnen. Semosavlisa da dawinaurebis mniSvneloba maskulinur, asertiul da Sejibrebis moyvarul socialur rols axasiaTebs. menejer-Tan da kolegebTan urTierTobis mniSvneloba socialur garemoze orien-tirebul feminur rols axasiaTebs.

rogorc individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis ganzomilebaSi, IBM-is kiTxvaris 8 debuleba sazogadoebis kulturaSi qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris arsebul yvela gansxvavebas ver dafaravs. isini IBM-is kvlevaze dayrdnobiT mocemuli mxolod am ganzomilebis aspeqtebia. kvlav, sazo-gadoebis am maxasiaTeblebze arsebuli IBM qveynebis qulebsa da ara IBM qveynebis qulebs Soris arsebuli korelacia ufro vrclad dagvanaxebs, ras moicavs es ganzomileba.

sazogadoebebs Soris am ganzomilebasTan dakavSirebuli gonebrivi da-programebis gansxvavebebi socialuria, magram ufro emociuri. SesaZlebe-lia, rom socialuri rolebi gare faqtorebis Sedegad warmoiSoba, magram ras grZnobs adamiani maTi Sesrulebis dros, Sinaganad aris gancdili. amas Semdeg ganmartebamde mivyavarT:

sazogadoebas maskulinuri ewodeba, rodesac emociuri genderuli rolebi garkveulad aris gayofili: kaci asertiuli, Zlieri da mate-rialur warmatebaze orientirebuli unda iyos, xolo qali moridebui, nazi da cxovrebis xarisxiT dainteresebuli.


sazogadoebas feminuri ewodeba, rodesac emociuri genderuli role-bi erTmaneTs emTxveva: rogorc kaci, aseve qali moridebuli, nazi da cxovrebis xarisxiT dainteresebulni unda iyvnen.

IBM-is monacemTa bazis qveynebisaTvis maskulinurobis indeqsi (MAS) gamoviTvaleT. misi gamoTvla individualizmis indeqsis monacemis ga-moTvlis msgavsi iyo (Tavi 3). MAS 14 samuSao miznis faqtoruli anali-zis faqtoruli qulaa. qulebis ranJireba moxda 0-dan (yvelaze femin-uri) 100-mde ( yvelaze maskulinuri). faqtorul qulebs miumates 20 da gaamravles 50-ze. Semdgomi kvlevebisaTvis 4 samuSao miznis saSualoze dayrdnobiT gamoyvanili miaxloebiTi formulis meSveobiT MAS pirdapir gamoiTvleboda.

qveynis MAS-is qulebi 4.1 cxrilSi aris mocemuli. Zalauflebrivi di-stanciisa da individualizmis qulebis msgavsad, maskulinurobis qulebic qveynebis SedarebiT da ara absolutur poziciebs warmoadgens. indivi-dualizmisagan gansxvavebiT, maskulinoba qveynis ekonomikur ganviTareba-sTan dakavSirebuli ar aris. gamovavlineT Raribi da mdidari maskulin-uri da Raribi da mdidari feminuri qveynebi.

feminuri qulebis mqone qveynebia (adgili 74-71) SvedeTi, norvegia, niderlandebi da dania; fineTic axlos - 68-e adgilze iyo. cxrilis 4.1 qveda nawilSi Sedis laTinuri amerikis qveynebi: kosta-rika, Cile, portu-galia, gvatemala, urugvai, el salvadori, espaneTi, peru, agreTve safran-geTi da aseve aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis: slovenia, estoneTi, ruseTi, xorvatia, bulgareTi, rumineTi da serbeTi. aziidan is moicavs tailands, samxreT koreas, vietnamsa da irans. sxva feminuri qulebis mqone qveynebia yofili holandiuri kolonia samxreT amerikaSi — surinami, flandria (ho-landiurenovani belgia) da aRmosavleT afrikis regionis qveynebi.

cxrilis 4.1 zeda nawili yvela inglisurenovani qveyana: irlandia, ia-maika, didi britaneTi, samxreTi afrika, aSS, avstralia, axali zelandia, trinidadi da tobago. evropidan es aris slovakeTi (mas pirveli adgi-li ukavia), ungreTi, avstria, Sveicariis germanulenovani nawili, italia, germania, poloneTi, da frangulenovani belgia da Sveicaria. aziaSi _ iaponia (meore adgili), CineTi da filipinebi. laTinuri amerikidan kari-bis zRvis irgvliv mdebare didi qveynebi: venesuela, meqsika da kolumbia, aseve, ekvatori.

aSS MAS-ze 62 quliT me-19 adgilzea, xolo niderlandebs 12 quliT 72-e adgili ukavia. amgvarad, Tavis dasawyisSi aRwerili ori qveyana erT-maneTisagan sakmaod Sors mdebareobs.


cxrili 4.1. maskulinurobis indeqsis (MAS) mniSvnelobebi 74 qveynisa

da regionisaTvis


slovakeTi 110 1 singapuri 48 38

iaponia 95 2 israeli 47 39 -40

ungreTi 88 3 malta 47 39- 40

avstria 79 4 indonezia 46 41- 42

venesuela 73 5 dasavleTi afrika 46 41 -42

Sveicaria (germanuli)

72 6 kanada (kvebeki) 45 43 -45

italia 70 7 taivani 45 43 -45

meqsika 69 8 TurqeTi 45 43 -45

irlandia 68 9 -10 panama 44 46

iamaika 68 9 - 10belgia

(flamandiuri)43 47- 50

CineTi 66 11-13 safrangeTi 43 47- 50

germania 66 11- 13 irani 43 47- 50

didi britaneTi 66 11 -13 serbeTi 43 47 -50

kolumbia 64 14 - 16 peru 42 51- 53

filipinebi 64 14 -16 rumineTi 42 51 -53

poloneTi 64 14 -16 espaneTi 42 51- 53

samxreTi afrika* 63 17 -18 aRmosavleTi afrika 41 54

ekvatori 63 17- 18 bulgareTi 40 55- 58

aSS 62 19 xorvatia 40 55 -58

avstralia 61 20 el salvadori 40 55- 58

belgia (valoni) 60 21 vietnami 40 55- 58

axali zelandia 58 22 -24 korea (samxreTi) 39 59


58 22- 24 urugvai 38 60

Trinidadi da tobago

58 22 24 gvatemala 37 61- 62

CexeTis respublika

57 25-27 surinami 37 61- 62

saberZneTi 57 25 -27 ruseTi 36 63

hong-kongi 57 25- 27 tailandi 34 64

argentina 56 28 -29 portugalia 31 65

indoeTi 56 28- 29 estoneTi 30 66

bangladeSi 55 30 Cile 28 67

arabuli qveynebi 53 31- 32 fineTi 26 68


maroko 53 31-32 kosta-rika 21 69

kanada (mTliani) 52 33 slovenia 19 70

liuqsemburgi 50 34-36 dania 16 71

malaizia 50 34 - 36 niderlandebi 14 72

pakistani 50 34- 36 norvegia 8 73

brazilia 49 37 SvedeTi 5 74

feminuroba da maskulinoba sxva kroskulturul kvlevebSi

erovnuli kulturis xuTi ganzomilebidan maskulinoba-feminuroba yvelaze sakamaToa. es mxolod saxelwodebis problema ar aris (yvelas SeuZlia saxelwodebis Tavisi gemovnebis Sesabamisad Secvla). am dros sa-Wiroa imis aRiareba, rom am ganzomilebasTan dakavSirebuli Rirebulebebi erovnul kulturebs Soris mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. amave dros, 1970 wels am sakiTxze girtis naSromis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, am ganzomilebis damamtkicebeli faqtebis ricxvi da moculoba izrdeba.4

maskulinoba-feminurobis ganzomilebis ignorirebis erTi mizazi gax-lavT, rom is saerTod ar ukavSirdeba erovnul simdidres. IBM-is sxva 3 ganzomilebisaTvis mdidari qveynebi xSirad erT-erT polusze mdebareob-da (mcire Zalauflebrivi distancia, individualizmi da gaurkvevlobis ufro susti Tavis arideba), Raribi qveynebi ki — meoreze. simdidresTan kavSiri imis implicitur msjelobad gamodioda, rom erTi polusi meo-reze ukeTesi iyo. magram, maskulinoba-feminurobis SemTxvevaSi saqme ase ar aris. feminuri da maskulinuri mdidari qveynebi imdenivea, ramdenic Raribi. amgvarad, simdidreze dayrdnobiT Rirebulebis gansazRvra SeuZ-lebelia da es bevrisaTvis SemaSfoTebelia. ramdenime proeqtSi MAS-is zegavlena mxolod simdidris zegavlenis gakontrolebis8 Semdeg gaxda TvalsaCino.

IBM-is kvlevis 6 didi ganmeorebiTi kvlevidan (cxrili 1.1) 5-ma mas-kulinoba-feminurobis msgavsi ganzomileba daadgina. Seinis (Shane) me-6 kvlevaSi, romelSic IBM-is garda, sxva 6 saerTaSoriso kompaniis Seswavla mimdinareobda, MAS-is kiTxvebi amoagdes. isini politikurad arakore-qtulad miiCnies. dausmel kiTxvebze pasuxebs ar unda movelodoT. son-dergaardis (Sondergaard) mier 19 mcire replikaciis SefasebaSi (Tavi 1) 14-ma MAS-is gansxvavebebi daadastura. es TavisTavad statistikurad sando Sedegia.5

Svarcis (Schwartz ) Catarebuli dawyebiTi skolis maswavleblebis Rire-bulebebis kvlevis Sedegad qveynis doneze unaris dauflebis ganzomileba gamovlinda. is MAS-sTan sando korelaciaSi imyofeboda.6 unaris dauf-leba ambiciur, mizandasaxul mamac, damoukidebel da warmatebul dadebi-Ti polusis Rirebulebebs aerTianebs. es Rirebulebebi maskulinur eToss emTxveva.7

8 redaqtoris SeniSvna: statistikuri terminia da analizidan konkretuli cvladis amoRebas niSnavs


maskulinoba individualizmis winaaRmdeg

qveynis doneze maskulinurobisa da feminurobis gansxvaveba indivi-dualizmisa da koleqtivizmis gansxvavebaSi literaturaSi, advilad eSle-baT. amerikeli avtorebi feminur miznebs xSirad koleqtivisturs uwode-ben, magram koreelma studentma Tavis samagistro naSromSi maskulinuri miznebi moixsenia koleqtivisturad.

kosta-rika

ekvadori

panama

trinidadiperu

taivani

CineTisinga

puri

taivani

vietnamiCile

bangladeSi

malaiziaserbeTi

bulgareTimeqsika

filipinebi

iamaika

urugvai brazilia

irani

espaneTiisraeli

malta

luqsemburgi

didi britaneTiavstralia

axali zelandia

safrangeTi

maroko

sam. korea

Crd. afrika

slovenia

fineTi

norvegiaSvedeTi

daniabelgia

arabuli qveynebi

slovakeTiasvtria

CexeTis res.

poloneTifrangulenovani Seicaria

germania

belgia

italia

kanada mTlianad ungreTi

indiv

idual

izmi

(ID

V)

indiv

idual

isti

kol

eqtiv

isti

maskulini (MAS)feminuri maskulinuri

5

15

25

35

45

55

65

75

85

95

5 25 45 65 85

samxr. afrika

germanulenovani Sveicariairlandia

iaponia

surinamiargentina

indoeTi

saberZneTi

hong-kongi

rumineTixorvatiaTurqeTi

ruseTi

salvadori

pakistani kolumbia

venesuela

indonezia

gvatemala

portugalia

estoneTi

niderlandebi

kanada kvebeki

a.S.S.

legenda: azia da musulmanuri qveynebiregulari evropa da anglo. qveynebi italiki laTinuri amerika


daxrili

4.1 sqema maskulinoba da individualizmi

rogorc 4.1 sqemaSi Cans, sinamdvileSi individualizm-koleqtivizmi da maskulinoba-feminuroba erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli ganzomilebebia. am sqemaSi es ori ganzomileba erTmaneTs kveTs. yvela kombinacia daax-loebiT erTnairi sixSiriT Cndeba. maT Soris gansxvaveba isaa, rom indi-


vidualizm-koleqtivizmi ganixilavs terminebs ~me~ da ~sxvebi~. es aris Sida jgufebze damokidebuleba an maTgan damoukidebloba. maskulino-ba-feminurobis ganzomilebaSi xazgasmulia ego da sxvebTan urTierToba jgufebis miuxedavad. koleqtivistur kulturaSi, urTierTobebi jgufis mier aris winaswar gansazRvruli: ~jgufoba~ koleqtivisturia da ara fe-minuri. bibliuri istoria keTil samaritelze, romelic ebraels (anu, sxva eTnikuri jgufis wevrs) exmareba, feminuria da ara —koleqtivisturi Rirebulebis ilustracia.

inglhartis Rirebulebis msoflio kiTxvaris analizisas, maRal IDV -sTan da dabal MAS-sTan dakavSirebuli ganzomileba aRmoCnda. mas kar-gad yofna Tu brZola gadarCenisaTvis ewodeba. 8 es niSnavs, rom kargad yofnis maRali qulebi dafiqsirda individualistur da feminur sazoga-doebaSi (magaliTad, daniaSi), xolo gadarCenaze yvelaze didi aqcenti ko-leqtivistur, maskulinur sazogadoebaSi iyo dasmuli (magaliTad, meqsi-kaSi). iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac mniSvnelovania ego, aseve mniSvnelovania jgufis warmatebuloba da Zlieria SejibrebiT sportTan identifikacia.

feminuroba da maskulinoba erTi, Tu ori ganzomileba?

individualizm-koleqtivizmis msgavsad, maskulinoba-feminurobac zogs or calkeul ganzomilebad miaCnia. am sakiTxze pasuxi isaa, rom yve-laferi analizis donezea damokidebuli, gaaCnia, Tu mTliani sazogadoe-bis kulturebs (am wignis mizani ki es aris), am sazogadoebaSi mcxovreb individebs vadarebT. individs SeuZlia erTdroulad iyos rogorc femin-uri, iseve maskulinuri,9 magram qveynis kultura umTavresad an erTia, an meore. Cven aRmovaCineT, rom maskulinuri Rirebulebis qveynebSi nakleb adamians hqonda feminuri Rirebulebebi.

qveynis maskulinurobis qulebi genderis mixedviT da genderis qulebi asakis mixedviT

qveynis MAS-is qulebi qalebisa da kacebisaTvis cal-calke daviTva-leT.10 4.2 sqemaSi naCvenebia genderis, maskulinurobisa da asakis mixedviT maskulinurobis kavSiri. cxrilidan Cans, rom feminuri (nazi) da masku-linuri (Zlieri) qveynebis umetesobisaTvis, rogorc qalebis, ise kacebis Rirebulebebi Zlieri gaxda, magram qveynebis gansxvaveba ufro didi iyo kacebisaTvis, vidre qalebisaTvis. yvelaze feminur qveynebSi, SvedeTsa da norvegiaSi, qalebisa da kacebis qulebs Soris gansxvaveba ar yofila da orivem erTnairad nazi, aRmzrdelobiTi Rirebulebebi miuTiTa. IBM-is monacemTa bazis yvelaze maskulinur qveynebSi — iaponiasa da avstriaSi kacebma Zalian Zlieris, xolo qalebma sakmaod Zlieris qulebis miiRes, magram genderuli sxvaoba yvelaze didi aRmoCnda. yvelaze feminuridan yvelaze maskulinur qveynamde MAS-is qulebis speqtri kacebisaTvis 50%-


iT ufro maRali iyo, vidre qalebisaTvis. qalebis Rirebulebebi qveynebs Soris nakleb gansxvavdeba, vidre kacebis Rirebulebebi da qveynis fe-minuroba misi kacebis RirebulebebSi ufro aisaxeba, vidre qalebisaSi. mosalodnelia, rom msoflios bevr qveyanaSi qalebi ufro advilad Tanxm-debian iseT sakiTxebze, romlebic egos Seexeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom jon greis bestselers ewodeba kacebi marsidan arian, qalebi ki veneradan, fe-minur kulturaSi orive sqesi veneradanaa.11

CrdiloeT irlandieli riCard lini Sejibrsa da fulTan dakavSi-rebul midgomebze kvlevas atarebda. misi respondentebi 42 qveynis uni-versitetis gogoebi da vaJebi iyvnen. zogadad, Sejibrisadmi midgomaze biWebs ufro didi qulebi hqondaT. holandielma evart van de vliertma am kvlevis xelmeore analizi Caatara. aRmoCnda, rom qalebisa da kacebis qulaTa Sefardeba MAS-Tan sandod korelirebda. is norvegiisaTvis yve-laze dabali aRmoCnda. am qveyanaSi qalebis Sejibrebis qulebi kacebze ufro maRali iyo. yvelaze maRali korelacia germaniisaTvis gamovlinda12

mask

ul

inu

ro

bis

ind

eqsi

gen

der

is m

ixed

viT

qveynis maskulinurobis indeqsi

Zlierinazi

kacebi

qalebi

0 50 100

4.2 sqema qveynis maskulinurobis qulebi genderis mixedviT

4.3 sqemaSi sqematurad aris naCvenebi, rogor zemoqmedebs asaki mas-kulinur Rirebulebebze.13 asakis matebasTan erTad, adamianebi ufro so-cialurni da naklebad egocentrirebulni xdebian (ufro dabali MAS). amave dros qalisa da kacis MAS dros Soris gansxvaveba mcirdeba da 50


wlis asakSi is mTlianad ikargeba. am qalis, rogorc bavSvis potenciuri dambadeblis, roli mTavrdeba; aRar arsebobs mizezi, rom misi Rirebule-bebi kacis Rirebulebebisagan gansxvavdebodes.

es mosazreba im faqts emTxveva, rom axalgazrda kacebsa da qalebs ufro teqnikuri interesebi (rac SeiZleba maskulinurad CaiTvalos) aqvT, xolo ufro ufrosi mamakacebi da qalebi ufro metad socialur inte-resebs amJRavneben. RirebulebaTa SemTxvevaSi (da ara aucileblad ener-giulobisa da sicocxlisunarianobis kuTxiT), asakovani adamianebi meneje-ris axalgazrdebi ki teqnikuri menejeris rols ukeTesad ergebian.

kacebi

qalebi

mas

kul

inu

ro

bis

ind

eqsi

gen

der

is m

ixed

viT

asaki20 45 70

4.3 sqema MAS qulebi genderisa da asakis mixedviT

maskulinoba da feminuroba samsaxurSi

IBM-is kvlevaSi SesaZlebeli iyo Tanamdebobebis ganzomilebaze — Zlieri-nazi moTavseba. es Sesabamisi Rirebulebebis mqone adamianebis mosazrebebze dayrdnobiT gakeTda. gasakviri araa, rom maskulinur Ta-namdebobebze umetesad kacebi muSaobdnen, xolo feminur Tanamdebobebze


— qalebi. maT Soris RirebulebaTa gansxvavebas ki momuSaveTa genderi ar gansazRvravda. aRmoCnda, rom feminur Tanamdebobaze myof kacebs ufro feminuri Rirebulebebi hqondaT, vidre maskulinur Tanamdebobaze momu-Save qalebs.

IBM-is kvlevis mixedviT maskulinurisagan feminuramde Tanamdebobe-bis rigi Semdegia:

1. gayidvebis warmomadgenlebi;2. inJinrebi da mecnierebi;3. teqnikosebi da kvalificirebuli xelosnebi;4. yvela kategoriis menejerebi;5. specialuri unar-Cvevebis nawilobriv mcodne da ucodinari muSebi;6. ofisis muSakebi.

gayidvebis warmomadgenlebs sakomisio Semosavali hqondaT, isini Zlier konkurentul garemoSi muSaobdnen. mecnierebi, teqnikosebi da teqniku-ri unarebis mqone muSebi umetesad teqnikur. menejerebi rogorc teqni-kur, aseve adamianebis problemebs umklavdebodnen, amitomac maT rogorc asertiuli, aseve aRmzrdelobiTi elementebis gamoyeneba sWirdebodaT. specialuri unarebis nawilobriv mcodne da ucodinar muSebs satrabaxod didi miRwevebi ar hqondaT, magram xSirad TanamSromlobiT jgufebSi mu-Saobdnen. ofisis muSebi warmatebulobaze naklebad, xolo Sida da gare adamianebTan urTierTobebze metad orientirebulni iyvnen.

feminuroba da maskulinoba ojaxSi

genderuli rolebis gansxvavebis mxolod patara nawili aris biolo-giurad gansazRvruli, amitom genderuli rolebis paternis stabiluro-ba TiTqmis mTlianad socializaciis xarjze mimdinareobs. socializacia gulisxmobs, rom vaJebi da gogonebi sazogadoebaSi TavianT adgilis das-wavlas axdenen da daswavlis Semdeg umetesobas ase yofna urCevnia. kace-bis mier dominirebul umetes sazogadoebaSi qalebs kacebis dominireba urCevniaT.

pirvel socializacias bavSvebis umetesoba Rebulobs ojaxSi. sadac ori araTanabari, magram erTamenTis Semavsebeli roluri wyvilia: mSobe-li-bavSvi da qmari-coli. mSobeli-bavSvis urTierTobaSi arsebuli uTa-nasworobis done Zalauflebriv distanciaSi airekleba (Tavi 2). qmarsa da cols Soris rolebis ganawileba sazogadoebis maskulinoba-feminurobis skalaze mis poziciaSi gamoixateba.

4.4 grafiki MAS-isa da PDI-is Sedarebaa. diagramis marjvena mxares (sadac PDI qulebi maRalia), bavSvebsa da mSoblebs Soris uTanasworoba sazogadoebis normaa. bavSvebi morCilebis meSveobiT unda imarTebodnen. marcxena naxevarSi bavSvebi mSoblebis magaliTiT imarTebian. diagramis qveda naxevarSi (sadac MAS-is maRali qulebia), dedisa-mamis rolebs So-ris uTanasworoba sazogadoebis normaa (mama Zlieria, deda — naklebad


Zlieri). kacebi faqtebiT unda iyvnen dakavebuli, qalebi ki — grZnobe-biT. zeda naxevarSi, rogorc qalebs, iseve kacebs SeuZliaT faqtebiTa da cxovrebis ufro rbili aspeqtebiT dakaveba.

amgvarad, qveda marjvena kvadratSi (uTanasworo da Zlieri) dominan-turi Zlieri mama da damyoli deda (romelic Zlieri, magram amave dros Sembralebeli da nazia) normaa.

SvedeTi

norvegia

niderlandebi

dania

kosta-rika

fineTi

eastoneTi

israeli luqsemburgi

mTliani kanada

argentinatrinidadi da tobago

axali zelandiaavstralia aSS

germania,didi britaneTi

irlandia

ungreTi

italia

slovenia

ruseTi

gvatemalaurugvai

s. korea salvadori

vietnami

espaneTiirani

aR. afrika xorvatia

peru bulgareTi

venesuela

meqsika

ekvadorifilopinebi

indoeTi

pakistani

CexeTis res.

saberZneTi

bangladeSi malaizia

frangulenovani Sveicariabelgia

iaponia

slovakeTi

samxr. afrika

singapurimalta brazilia

serbeTi

mask

ul

ino

ba (M

AS)

mask

ul

inu

ri

fem

inu

ri

Zalaufrebrivi distancia (PDI)mcire didi

5

15

25

35

45

55

65

75

85

95

10 30 50 70 90 110

kanada kvebeki

Cileportugalia

tailandi

taivani

iamaika

Sveicaria

avstria

CineTipoloneTikolumbia

hong-kongi

arab. qvey.

indoneziaCrd. afrika

TurqeTibelgia

maroko

safrangeTi

surinami

rumineTi

panama



daxrili

4.4 sqema Zalauflebrivi distancia da maskulinoba

am kvadratSi laTinuri amerikis qveynebi Sedian. am qveynebSi kaci maCo unda iyos. kacebis machismo-s qalebis marianismo (anu RvTismSobel ma-riamTan msgavsi) avsebs. qalebi aseve hembrismo arian (hembra mdedrobiTi sqesis cxovels niSnavs): es damyolobis, seqsualuri frigidulobisa da


sispetakis kombinacia. 14

zeda marjvena kvadrati (uTanasworo da nazi) ori dominanturi mSo-blis normas asaxavs. urTierTobebi da cxovrebis xarisxi orives awuxebs da erTdroulad orive Zalauflebis mqonec aris da nazic.

qveda marcxena kvadratSi (Tanaswori da Zlieri) normaa aradominantu-ri mSobeli. bavSvisaTvis magaliTia iseTi mama, romelic Zlieria da fa-qtebTan aqvs saqme, da iseTi deda, romelic naklebad Zlieria da grZnobeb-Tan aqvs saqme. Sedegad viRebT biWebs, romlebmac Tavi unda daimkvidron da gogonebs, romlebmac unda asiamovnon da romlebsac unda asiamovnon. biWebi ar tirian da Tavdasxmis dros Cxuboben; gogoebisaTvis tirili SeiZleba, magram Cxubi — ara.

sabolood, zeda marcxena kvadratSi (Tanaswori da nazi) dedebisa da mamebis normaa, ar iyvnen dominanturebi, orives ainteresebdes ur-TierTobebi, cxovrebis xarisxi, faqtebi da grZnobebi. amiT isini oja-xis konteqstSi genderuli rolebis SedarebiTi Tanasworobis magaliTs amkvidreben.

aSS-Si bavSvebis Semswavleli kvlevebis farglebSi biWebsa da gogoebs hkiTxes, ratom airCies garkveuli TamaSebi. biWebi Sejibris tipisa da war-matebis momtan, gogonebi ki erTad yofnis siamovnebisa da marto darCenis SiSis gamo Sesabamis TamaSebs irCevdnen. holandielma mkvlevarma Jak van rossumma es kvleva holandiaSi gaimeora da biWebisa da gogoebis TamaSSi gamokveTilad gansxvaveba ver aRmoaCina. man CaTvala, rom Secdoma dau-Sva da cda kvlav gaimeora. Sedegi isev uaryofiTi aRmoCnda. holandiur feminur kulturaSi bavSvebis socializaciisas sqesTa Soris gansxvaveba naklebia.15

4.4. sqemaSi naCvenebi ojaxis konteqsti individualizm-koleqtivizmzec aris damokidebuli. individualistur sazogadoebaSi erTmSobliani ojaxi xSiria. am ojaxSi roluri modeli ar aris sruli an garedan Semosuli adamiani asrulebs danaklis funqcias. koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi farTo ojaxuri kavSirebia da mTavari avtoriteti mTeli misi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi xSirad babua aris, xolo mama morCilebis modeli gamodis.

me-3 TavSi naxsenebi iyo 37 qveyanaSi Catarebuli devid basis qorwinebis partnioris arCevis kvleva. arCevani mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli indivi-dualizmsa da koleqtivizmTan, magram Semdgomma analizma misi MAS-Tan kavSiric gamoavlina. maskulinur kulturaSi arsebobs ormagi moralis tendencia. partnioris garja da umwikvloba mxolod kacebisaTvis iyo mniSvnelovani. feminur kulturaSi rogorc kacebisaTvis, ise qalebisaT-vis es ori faqtori erTnairad mniSvnelovani an umniSvnelo aRmoCnda.16

1993 wels iaponuri bazris mkvlevarma saagento vakoalma aziis 8 de-daqalaqSi Caatara gamokiTxva. axalgazrda dasaqmebul qalebs hkiTxes, qmrebisa da xangrZlivi partniorebis ra maxasiaTeblebi moswondaT. mas-kulinur kulturaSi qmrebi janmrTelebi, mdidrebi da gamgebni unda iyv-nen, agreTve Tbili partniori kargi pirovnuli Tvisebebis, inteleqtisa da iumoris mqone unda yofiliyo. ufro feminur kulturebSi qmrisa da Seyvarebulis sasurvel maxasiaTeblebs Soris gansxvaveba TiTqmis ar iyo.


Tu Seyvarebulebs siyvarulis simbolod, xolo qmrebs ojaxuri cxovrebis simbolod aRviqvamT, es imas niSnavs, rom maskulinur qveynebSi siyvaru-li da ojaxuri cxovreba xSirad cal-calke ganixileba, xolo feminur kulturaSi maTi Tanxvedra iyo mosalodneli. feminur kulturaSi qma-ri partniori iyo. am analizis unifeminuri aspeqti imaSi mdgomareobs, rom IBM-is kvlevasTan SedarebiT am naSromis informacia mxolod aziuri qveynebidan iyo Segrovili. amgvarad, maskulinoba-feminurobis ganzomi-lebis dadgena evropuli qveynebis gareSec aris SesaZlebeli.17

amerikelma anTropologma, margaret midma erTxel ganacxada, rom aSS-Si biWebi naklebad mimzidvelni xdebian karieris Cavardnisas, gogoebi ki-karieris aRzevebis dros.18 iaponiaSi qalis gaTxovebis Sansi qreba, Tuki mas sakuTari kariera aqvs.

4.2 cxrilSi Sejamebulia aqamde aRwerili mTavari gansxvavebebi masku-linur da feminur sazogadoebas Soris.

cxrili 4.2 mTavari gansxvavebebi feminur da maskulinur sazogadoebebs Soris:

zogadi norma da ojaxi

feminuri maskulinuri

urTierTobebi da cxovrebis xarisxi mniSvnelovania

gamowveva, Semosavali, aRiareba, da winsvla mniSvnelovania

kacic da qalic moridebuli unda iyosmamakacebi unda iyvnen mimwolni, ambiciurni da Zlierni

rogorc kaci, ise qali SeiZleba iyos nazi da fokuss akeTebdes urTierTobaze

qalebi unda iyvnen nazi da mixedon urTierTobebs

ojaxSi dedasac da mamasac aqvs Sexeba faqtebTanac da grZnobebTanac

ojaxSi mamas Sexeba aqvs faqtebTan, dedas - grZnobebTan

biWisTvisac da gogonasTvisac daSvebulia tirili, magram orivesTvis dauSvebelia Cxubi

gogonebi tirian, biWebi — ara. biWebma unda iCxubon, gogoebma saerTod ar unda iCxubon

biWebi da gogoebi TamaSoben erTi da imave mizezebis gamo

biWebi TamaSoben, raTa ajobon vinmes, gogoebi ki imisaTvis, rom erTad iyvnen

saqmrosganac da sacolisganac erTi da imave standartebis molodinia

sacole unda iyos umwikvlo da gamrje, saqmroebi ki ara.

qmari unda iyos rogorc Seyvarebuliqmari unda iyos jansaRi, SeZlebuli da gamgebi, Seyvarebuli ki saxaliso.

maskulinoba da feminuroba genderul rolebsa da seqsSi

vakoalis (Wacoal) kiTxvarSi axalgazrda momuSave qalebs isic hkiTxes, miaCndaT Tu ara, rom zogierTi maxasiaTebeli kacs, qals an orives mie-sadageboda. maskulinur da feminur kulturebSi gansxvavebuli pasuxebi dafiqsirda. ufro maskulinur sazogadoebaSi pasuxismgeblobis grZno-ba, gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari, sicocxlisunarianoba da ambiciuroba


mxolod maskulinur maxasiaTeblebad CaiTvala, xolo movla da sinaze— mxolod feminur maxasiaTeblebad. ufro feminur kulturebSi yvela es termini orive genderisaTvis damaxasiaTeblad miiCnies.19

ojaxSi arsebuli genderuli rolebi did gavlenas axdens gogonebis da vaJebis qcevaze, magram aucilebeli araa, rom aman farTo sazogadoe-baSi arsebul genderul rolebze moaxdinos gavlena. rogorc adre aRv-niSneT kaci saSualod ufro maRali da Zlieria, mas gareT gasvlis meti Tavisufleba aqvs, amitom TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebaSi ojaxis gareT, so-cialur cxovrebaSi tradiciulad dominirebda. mxolod iSviaTad, isic xSirad maRali klasis warmomadgenel qalebs hqondaT Svilebis aRzrdis gadabarebisa da sajaro rolis Sesrulebis saSualeba. Tuki qali sazoga-doebaSi dominantur pozicias saerTod iRebda, es xSirad 45 wlis Semdeg xdeboda anu rodesac dedis statusi bebiis statusiT icvleboda. tradi-ciul sazogadoebebSi gauTxovari qali iyo da aris kidec iSviaToba da is xSirad diskriminirebulia.

Tanamedrove industriul sazogadoebebSi mcxovreb qalebs colis, dedisa da diasaxlisis garda, socialuri rolis arCevanis ufro didi Tavisufleba aqvT. didi xani araa, rac es asea. misi zegavlena saxlis gareT rolebis ganawilebaze jer kargad ar igrZnoba. amgvarad, masku-linoba-feminurobis ganzomilebaze qveynis pozicia ojaxis sferos gareT qalis aqtivobasTan aucileblad mWidro kavSirSi ar aris. ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi da saWiroebebi, am SemTxvevaSi, Rirebulebebze did rols asrulebs.

maskulinuri genderuli roluri modeli popularuli amerikuli filmis Semdeg aRweraSia mocemuli:

lukasi 14 wlis biWia. is sxva bavSvebs ar hgavs. is frTxili, mkvlevris tipi da cota martosulia. mas fexburTsa da wveulebebze metad mec-niereba da simfonia ainterebs. magram, rodesac megis, qalaqSi axlad-Camosul 16 wlis sayvarel gogonas gaicnobs, yvelaferi icvleba. isini megobrebi xdebian, magram lukasisaTvis es megobrobaze metia.

zafxulis ganmavlobaSi maT TiTqos erTnairi ideebi aqvT: amerike-li fexburTelebi da maTi mxardamWeri jgufis gogonebi zedapiru-lebi arian. magram, rodesac skola iwyeba, megi skolis socialuri cxovrebiT interesdeba da lukass gareT, siciveSi tovebs. is gverdi-dan uyurebs, rogor xdeba megi mxardamWeri jgufis wevri da amerikel-Ta fexburTis gundis kapitan, kapi roevis Seyvarebuli.

uceb lukass jgufis wevrad gaxdoma moundeba da megis dasabruneblad sicocxlesa da kidurebs amerikuli fexburTis TamaSSi riskavs...20

popularuli filmebi Tanamedrove miTebia — isini qmnian im sazoga-doebis dominanturi kulturis gmir modelebs, romlebSic am filmebs iReben. rogorc lukasi, ise megi gadasvlis ritualis Semdeg sazogadoe-


baSi TavianT kuTvnil adgilze damkvidrdnen. am sazogadoebaSi kacebi fexburTis TamaSisas Cxuboben, xolo gogonebi, rogorc mxardaWeris jgu-fis wevrebi, siamovnebis misaniWeblad da misaRebad gverdze dganan.

feminuroba feminizmSi ar unda agverios. feminizmi ideologiaa, rom-lis mizans sazogadoebaSi qalis rolis Secvlaa. maskulinoba-feminurobis ganzomileba am ideologiisaTvis mniSvnelovania, radgan sxvadasxva qvey-anaSi feminizmis ufro maskulinur an feminur gamovlinebas wavawydebiT. maskulinuri formis mixedviT, qalebs kacebisnairi SesaZleblobebi unda hqondeT. 4.2 sqemaSi mas mdedrobiTi xazis mamrobiTi xazisaken aweva unda. feminur formas ki sazogadoebis Secvla unda, maT Soris, kacebisac. es mxolod qalebisa ara, kacebis ganTavisuflebasac gulisxmobs. 4.2 sqemaSi amis miRweva orgvarad SeiZleba: mamrobiTi xazis mdedrobiTi xazisaken CamoweviT an mTliani sazogadoebis marcxniv gadaweviT.

TvalsaCinoa, rom maskulinoba-feminurobis ganzomilebaze qveynis pozicia seqsualuri qcevis normebzedac axdens zegavlenas.21 kultura seqsisa da misi praqtikisa da gancdis Sesaxeb grZnobebze zemoqmedebs. mi-uxedavad imisa, rom qveynebs SigniT individebi da jgufebi gansxvavdebian, qalebzec da kacebzec maTi qveynis kulturis dawerili da dauwereli normebi zemoqmedebs.

feminuri da maskulinuri kulturis ZiriTadi seqsualuri gansxvavebe-bi 4.2 sqemaSi mocemul paterns mihyveba. maskulinur qveynebSi kacebisaT-vis da qalebisaTvis gansxvavebuli standartis arsebobis tendenciaa: ka-cebi yovelTvis subieqtebi, qalebi ki — obieqtebi arian. ojaxis nawilSi ukve ganvixileT patarZlebis umwikvlobis ormagi moralis standarti: qalebs moeTxovebaT umwikvloba, kacebs _ ara. es fotoebsa da filmebSi siSiSvlis normebSic aisaxeba: SiSveli kacis Cvenebis tabu bevrad ufro maRalia, vidre — SiSveli qalisa. feminur kulturebSi orive sqesisaTvis erTi standarti arsebobs — Tanabrad mkacri an Tanabrad Tavisufali — da siSiSvlesa da seqsualurobas Soris pirdapiri kavSiri ar arsebobs. mas-kulinur kulturaSi feminur kulturasTan SedarebiT seqss ufro didi tabu adevs. es Sidsis winaaRmdeg mimarTul kampaniaze dakvirvebidanac Cans. feminur qveynebSi kampania pirdapiria, xolo maskulinur qveynebSi risi Tqma SeiZleba da risi ara, SezRudulia. paradoqsia, tabus gamo es sakiTxi ufro mimzidvelia da maskulinur qveynebSi ufro meti impli-cituri seqsualuri simbolikaa televizoriT naCvenebi, vidre feminur kulturaSi.

ormagi standartebi seqsualur qcevas usvams xazs: kacebisaTvis es `qulebis daweraa~, qalebisaTvis ki — eqspluataciis grZnoba. erTstan-dartian feminur sazogadoebaSi yuradReba ori adamianis urTierTobazea gamaxvilebuli.

1980 wels girti daniisa da holandiis organizaciuli kulturis did kvlevaSi monawileobda.22 kiTxvarSi, sxva debulebebTan erTad, samsaxu-ridan daTxovnis SesaZlo mizezebic iyo CamoTvlili. daniaSi gamarTuli ukukavSiris sesiis dros girtma ikiTxa, ratom aravin daasaxela samsaxu-ridan daTxovnis mizezad `coliani kacis seqsualuri urTierToba da-


qvemdebarebul TanamSromelTan~. erTi qali adga da Tqva: albaT imitom, rom qals moswons kacTan urTierToba da Tu ar moswons maSin etyvis — jandabaSic wasulxaro. am pasuxSi ori daSveba Cans: (umravlesi) danieli TanamSromlebi TavianT ufross mourideblad SeewinaaRmdegebian (mcire Zalauflebrivi distancia) da danieli ufrosebi (umravlesoba) Txovnis SemTxvevaSi `daaxveven~(feminuroba).

1990 wels 4 qveyanas Soris `seqsualuri Seuracxyofis~ kvlevisas, ori-ve sqesis brazilieli studentebi maTi avstralieli, amerikeli da germa-neli kolegebisagan gansxvavdebodnen. isini seqsualur Seuracxyofas ara Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebad, ara genderul diskriminaciad, aramed SedarebiT usafrTxo gasarTobad miiCnevdnen.23 IBM-is kvlevaSi brazilias am sam qveyanaze naklebi MAS hqonda (49 da 61, 62 da 66).

homoseqsualizmisadmi damokidebulebac kulturaSi arsebuli masku-linurobis doniT ganisazRvreba. avstraliis, fineTis, irlandiisa da SvedeTis Sedarebisas dadginda, rom irlandiasa da avstraliaSi homo-seqsualebs Tavisi seqsualuri orientaciis miRebis meti problema hqon-daT, vidre fineTSi da ufro metad, vidre SvedeTSi. aseTivea am qveynebis Tanmimdevroba MAS-ze. homoseqsualizmi kacis normebisaTvis saxifaToa da maskulinur kulturaSi mas uaryofen; amas Tan sdevs misi sixSiris gaz-viadebac. feminur kulturaSi homoseqsualizms cxovrebis faqtad aRiqva-men.24

maskulinoba da feminuroba ganaTlebaSi

menejmentis holandieli konsultanti indoneziis mTels arqipelagze mi-mofantuli sajaro organizaciis saSualo donis menejerebs aswavlida. ro-desac mis erT-erT prezentacias diskusia mohyva, iavis mkvidrma studentma kargi komentari gaaketa. maswavlebelma is Riad Seaqo. iavelma miugo: ~Tqven marcxvenT. CvenTan mSoblebi bavSvebs maTi TandaswrebiT arasodes aqeben~.25

es ambavi or rameze miuTiTebs. pirveli: indoneziis doneze mainc Cans, ramdenad Zlieria ojaxis qcevis modelis skolaSi gadatana. maswavlebeli mamasTan igivdeba: meore _ is iavis kulturaSi arsebul moridebulobis Ri-rebulebas aRniSnavs. es im doneze moxda, rom holandilebsac ki gaukvirdaT. indonezia mravaleTnikuri qveyanaa. misTvis erTi erovnuli qulis miniWebam SesaZloa SecdomaSi Segviyvanos. indonezielebic gveTanxmebian, rom Zlier da naz ganzomilebaSi qveyanaSi arsebuli eTnikuri jgufebi Zlier gansxvav-debian. iavis mkvidrni ukiduresad naz mxares arian. holandielma konsul-tantma aRniSna, rom iavis mkvidris grZnobebi ramdenime sxva indonezielsac ki gaukvirda. kunZulis sumatris mkvidrma batakma aRniSna, rom axla mixvda, iavis kunZuleli ufrosi ratom arasodes aqebs, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac bataks hgonia, rom qebis Rirsia. feminur kulturaSi maswavleblebi xSirad aqeben sust mowafeebs maT gasamxneveblad. warmatebulobisaTvis dajildoe-ba — maswavleblebisagan Tu bavSvebisagan popularuli ar aris; sinamdvileSi, warmatebuloba maskulinuri terminia.26


cxrili 4.3. mTavari gansxvavebebi feminur da maskulinur sazogadoebebs Soris: gen-

deri, sqesi da seqsi


kacica da qalic unda iyos pasuxismgebeli, gadawyvetilebis mimRebi, ambiciuri, mzrunveli da nazi

kaci unda iyos pasuxismgebeli, gadawyvetilebis mimRebi da ambiciuri, qali ki mzrunveli da nazi

gogonebi ar amxneveben biWebsqalebis ambicia mimarTulia mamakacis warmatebisken

qalis ganTavisufleba niSnavs, rom qalic da kacic samsaxurSic da saxlSic Tanabrad inawileben yvelafers

qalis ganTavisufleba niSnavs, rom qalebi daiSvebian im poziciebze, romlebic manamde mxolod mamakacebs ekavaT

erTmagi standarti: orive sqesis warmomadgeneli subieqtia

ormagi standarti: kacebi subieqtebi arian, qalebi ki obieqtebi

kacisa da qalis siSiSvlis Cvenebis norma erTnairia

Cvenebaze qalis siSiSvlesTan SedarebiT kacis siSiSvlis ufro didi tabua

seqsis Sesaxeb Ria diskusia dasaSvebia, naklebia implicituri simbolizmi

seqsis Sesaxeb Ria diskusiaze tabua, magram erotikuli simbolizmi implicituria

seqsi ori adamianis kavSiris saSualebaa

kacis seqsualuri performansi SeiZleba qalis eqspluatacia gaxdes

seqsualuri Seuracxyofa mcire problemaa

seqsualuri Seuracxyofa didi problemaa

homoseqsualuroba cxovrebiseul faqtad iTvleba

homoseqsualuroba sazogadoebis safrTxed iTvleba

ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi girti aSS-dan Camosul studentebs aswav-lida. isini holandiur universitetSi erTi semestriT Camodiodnen. ame-rikelebs ukvirdaT, rom holandielebi naklebad wuxdnen TavianT niSneb-ze — kursis gavla sakmarisad iTvleboda; warmateba Riad gamocxadebuli mizani ar yofila. gert iansac mTeli msoflios studentebTan urTier-Tobis msgavsi gamocdileba aqvs. maskulinuri qveynebis studentebma SeiZ-leba gamocdaSi saSualo qulis miRebis Semdeg gamocdis xelaxla Cabareba moiTxovon. holandieli studenti ase arasodes moiqceva. swavlebis Cve-neulma gamocdilebam, Sinac da sazRvargareTac, agreTve, sxva qveynebis maswavleblebis gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom ufro feminur kulturebSi normad saSualo studenti iTvleba, xolo ufro maskulinur kulturebSi


saukeTeso studenti holandiaSi —`klasSi saukeTeso moswavle~ cotaTi sasacilo sqemaa.27

es gansxvaveba saklaso oTaxSi qcevaSi Cans. maskulinur kultura-Si studentebi cdiloben sakuTari Tavi warmoaCinon da erTmaneTs Riad ejibrebian (Tu amas xels ar uSlis koleqtivisturi kultura; ix. Tavi 3).

feminur kulturebSi asertiul qcevasa da warmatebis miRwevis mcde-lobebs advilad dascinian. warmatebuloba aSkarad ar unda gamoCndes; amas Suri mohyveba. gert ians axsovs, rogor gamoucxada klaselma 14 wlis asakSi: `viciT, rom Wkviani xar, magram, amisi mudam gamomJRavneba ar aris saWiro~.

feminur skandinaviur qveynebSi amas jantes kanons uwodeben ( jan-teloven). jantes patara daniuri qalaqis zedmeti saxelia. mas saxeli da-niaSi dabadebulma holandielma avtorma, aksel sandemosma gauTqva. leqsi qarTulad is ase JRers:

ar gegonos, romraimes warmoadgen,Cvennairi xar,Cvenze Wkviani xar,Cvenze ukeTesi xar,Cvenze meti ici,Cvenze meti xar,gindac raimeSi vargixar,Cven ar unda dagvcino,ar unda fiqrobde,rom vinmes moswonxaran SegiZlia rame gvaswavlo.28

maskulinur kulturaSi skolaSi warumatebloba katastrofis tol-fasia. iaponiasa da germaniis msgavs Zlier maskulinur qveynebSi gaze-TebSi yovel wels weren studentze, romelmac gamocdaze CaWris Semdeg Tavi moikla. 1973 wels harvardis biznesskolis kursdamTavrebulma oTxi TviTmkvlelobis mcdeloba aRwera. amerikul elitarul dawesebulebaSi misi swavlis dros erTma maswavlebelma da samma studentma Tavis mokvla scades. 29 feminur sazogadoebaSi swavlaSi warumatebloba mcire inci-dentad iTvleba. rodesac axalgazrdebi Tavs iklaven, mizezi swavlasTan dakavSirebuli ar aris xolme.

britaneTisa da aSS-is msgavs qveynebSi SejibrebiTi sporti kuriku-lumis mniSvnelovani nawilia. sportis damsaxurebul amerikel mwvrT-nels ekuTvnis Semdegi fraza: `mogeba ar aris mTavari. is aris erTaderTi ram~.30 es sportSi megobrul Sexvedrebs ar aqezebs. sxva umetes evropul qveynebSi sporti eqstrakurikuluri aqtivobaa da skolis mTavar aqtivo-bebSi ar Sedis.

kreatiul kvleviT proeqtSi 5 qveynis 10-15 wlis bavSvebs suraTi aCve-nes. am suraTze erTi adamiani miwaze ijda, meore Tavze edga da eubnebo-


da: ~adeqi da iCxube, Tu kaci xar!~ bavSvebs sTxoves, baraTze mocemuli 8 pasuxidan erT-erTi aerCiaT. agresiuli pasuxebis magaliTebia: ~Sen da-martyi, axla seirs giCveneb~, ~maswavlebels vetyvi!~, ~Cven megobrebi aRar varT!~ da ~Sen policia dagiWers!~. mSvidobiani pasuxebia: ~Cxubi saWiro ar aris. modi, amaze vilaparakoT,~ ~modi, ar viCxuboT, modi vimegobroT!~, ~bodiSi, me vcdebodi,~ da ~da CxubiT rom vinme daSavdes?~31agresiuli pa-suxi airCies: iaponiaSi 38%-ma, britaneTSi 26%-ma, koreaSi 22%-ma, safran-geTSi 18%-ma da tailandSi 17%-ma. es monacemebi TiTqmis zustad imeo-rebs qveynis MAS qulebs.32 naTlad Cans agresiaze bavSvebis gansxvavebuli socializaciis zegavlena. meore kvleva, amjerad 6 qveynis universitetis studentebze, Seicavda kiTxvas, SeiZleba Tu ara, rom maT qveyanaSi bavS-vebma agresia gamoxaton. ~diax~ pasuxebis procenti amerikisaTvis 61-dan tailaneisaTvis 5-mde icvleboda da kvlav, es MAS qulebTan sando kore-laciaSi aRmoCnda.33

IBM-is kvlevam daadgina, rom tailandi aziaSi yvelaze feminuri kul-turaa. britanul-taivauli wyvili tailanduri kulturisaTvis miZRvnil wignSi wers: `tailandelebi swavloben, rogor aaridon Tavi agresias da ara — misgan Tavdacvas. Tavdacvis mizniT gamarTuli Cxubis SemTxvevaSic ki, bavSvebs sjian. problemebisgan Tavis dasaRwevi erTaderTi gza gaqce-vaa~.34

am Tavis dasawyisSi girtis intervius ambis mere davwereT, rom ameri-keli aplikantebi Tavs zedmetad, xolo holandieli aplikantebi — nakle-bad iqeben. amis damamtkicebeli informaciaa skolis an swavlis konteqst-Si Catarebuli ori kvleva.

pirveli kvleva: 800 amerikel da 800 holandiel 11-18 wlis students TavianT kompetenciebsa da problemebze kiTxvaris Sevsebas sTxovdnen. amerikelebma holandielebze meti problemebi da kompetenciebi gamoavli-nes. amerikel studentebs Semdeg debulebebze ufro maRali qulebi hqon-daT: `bevrs kamaTobs~, `sxva bavSvebze ukeT akeTebs bevr rames~, `zedmet nivTebs agrovebs~ da ~daufiqreblad moqmedebs~. erTaderTi debuleba, romelzec holandielebma meti qula daagroves, iyo ~cxovrebas iolad uyurebs~. mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis angariSebi problemuri qcevis aRwerisas am monacemebisagan ar gansxvavdeboda, magram amerikeli mSob-lebi TavianTi bavSvebis kompetenciebs holandiel mSoblebze met qulas aniWebdnen.35 amerikeli axalgazrdebi egoze centrirebulad izrdebian: isini pirad problemebsa da kompetenciebs seriozulad ekidebian36 (mas-kulinuri). germaniisa da amerikis ufro adreulma Sedarebam maT Soris gansxvaveba ar daadgina.

meore kvlevaSi 7 qveynis wigniereba Seadares. 1994 wels 2000-4000 axal-gazrdisa da ufrosis (asaki 16-45) warmomadgenlobiT SerCevebs erTi da igive testi CautardaT. es testi afasebda wignierebis sam unars: zomavda kiTxvas, werasa da cifrebis gamoyenebas. aqedan saukeTeso monacemebis mqone (wignierebis done 4 da 5 maqsimum 5 qulidan) amerikelma 79%-ma sa-kuTari unarebi ~aRmatebulad~ Seafasa, rac holandielebis mxolod 31%-ma gaakeTa.37es moxda imis miuxedavad, rom orive jgufSi erTnairad kargi


Sedegebi iyo.maskulinur da feminur kulturaSi maswavleblebis Sefasebis gansxva-

vebuli kriteriumi arsebobs. maskulinur mxares mniSvnelovania maswavle-blis sibrZne da akademiuri reputacia da studentis akademiuri moswreba. feminur mxares mniSvnelovania, rom maswavlebeli megobruli iyos da kar-gi socialuri unar-Cvevebi hqondes, xolo moswavle — socialurad kargad adaptirdebodes.

maswavlebelTa interviuebma gamoavlina, rom maskulinur kulturaSi studentis mier profesiis arCeva aRqmul karierul SesaZleblobazea da-mokidebuli, xolo feminur kulturaSi sakiTxiT daintereseba ufro did rols TamaSobs.

mdidar da feminur qveyanaSi kacebs da qalebs xSirad ganaTlebis erTi da igive programebs sTavazoben. ufro Rarib qveynebSi ganaTlebis SesaZ-leblobebi vaJebisaTvis ufro prioritetulia.38

qalis da kacis mier gansxvavebuli samsaxuris arCeva nawilobriv aR-qmuli unarebiT aixsneba. adamianis aRqmis Semswavleli fsiqologebi ga-narCeven vels daqvemdebarebul da vels dauqvemdebarebel pirovnebebs.39 velisagan damoukidebel adamianebs SeuZliaT sworad gansajon, daxrilia Tu ara kedelze proeqciuli xazi, miuxedavad imisa, rom xazi daxril CarCoSia Casmuli an maTi skami daxrilia. velze damokidebul adamianeb-ze skamisa da CarCos pozicia gavlenas axdens. velisagan damoukidebeli adamianebi Sinagan mimaniSneblebs endobian; velze damokidebuli indivi-debi ki garedan Semosul mimaniSneblebs endobian. amgvarad, velisagan da-moukidebel adamianebs ukeTesi analitikuri unar-Cvevebi, xolo velze damokidebul adamianebs ukeTesi socialuri da lingvisturi unar — Cveve-bi aqvs. maskulinuri kulturebi velisagan damoukidebelia xolme, xolo feminuri kulturebi ufro velzea damokidebulni40 da aRqmis unarebs Soris genderuli sxvaoba maskulinurTan SedarebiT feminur kulturaSi naklebia.

samsaxuris arCevanSi segregacia imasac ganapirobebs, vin gamova maswav-lebeli, kaci Tu qali. maskulinur sazogadoebaSi qalebi umetesad ufro bavSvebs aswavlian, kacebi ki _ universitetSi. feminur sazogadoebaSi ro-lebi ufro areulia da patara bavSvebs kacebi aswavlian. amitom, saSu-alod maskulinur sazogadoebaSi bavSvebi ufro didi xani arian qal mas-wavleblebTan. es paradoqsia, magram qali maswavleblis statusi dabalia da amitom isini anti-gmirebi ufro arian, vidre qcevis modelebi.

maskulinoba da feminuroba sayidlebze yofnis dros

marketingis holandielma eqspertma, marieke de muJma 16 evropul qvey-anaSi momxmareblis qceva Seiswavla.41 man maskulinoba-feminurobis gan-zomilebasTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime gansxvaveba aRmoaCina. erT-erTi genderebs Soris myidvelobiTi rolebis gayofa iyo. feminur kulturaSi ojaxisaTvis produqtis umetesobas kaci yidulobs. sxva gansxvavebebi man-qanas Seexeba. feminur qveyanaSi, rodesac kaci manqanas yidulobs, am pro-


cesSi yovelTvis partniorsac CarTavs. maskulinur qveyanaSi, es, rogorc wesi, kacis suverenuli gadawyvetilebaa da yidvisas manqanis Zravis Zala asrulebs mTavar rols. feminur kulturaSi, myidvelebma arc ki ician manqanis Zravis Zala. manqanas xSirad seqssimbolod miiCneven; bevrisaTvis is namdvilad aris statusis simbolo. maskulinur kulturaSi ufro xSi-ria ormanqaniani ojaxebi, vidre feminurSi; am ukanasknelSi coli da qmari xSirad iyofen manqanas.

statusis damadasturebeli SenaZeni ufro xSiria maskulinur kul-turaSi. aseT qveynebSi adamianebi ufro Zvirfas saaTebsa da samkaulebs yiduloben. xSirad ucxour saqonels ukeTesad Tvlian, vidre adgilobriv nawarms. dasvenebis dros mogzaurobisas ufro metad yiduloben biznes-klasis bileTebs.

feminur kulturaSi saxlis produqtebze meti fuli ixarjeba. am kul-turaSi bevr adamians Tavisi ~saxli~ (karavi an treileri) dasasveneblad Tan miaqvs. ufro met dros xarjaven Tavad aSenebaSi, tansacmlis gadake-TebaSi da vinc eweva, sigarets Tavad axvevs. yava erTad yofnis simboloa. feminur kulturebSi umetesobas yavis eleqtromaduRara aqvs, rac imis garantiaa, rom saxlSi yava yovelTvis mzad aris.

feminur kulturaSi xalxi met mxatvrul literaturas, xolo masku-linur kulturaSi-met dokumentur literaturas yidulobs. amerikelma avtorma debora tanenma qalisa da kacis gansxvavebuli diskursi ase axsna: kacebisagan metia reportuli saubari (informaciis gadmocema), qalebisa-gan ki metia ~raportuli saubari~ (saubrisas grZnobebis gaziareba da ur-TierTobis damyareba).42 de moijis monacemebi amtkicebs, rom kulturis donezec maskulinur mkiTxvelebs informacia da faqtebi ainterebs. fe-minur kulturaSi mkiTxvelebs faqtebs miRma arsebuli istoria izidavs.

4.4 cxrili 4.2 da 4.3 cxrilebis gagrZelebaa. aq Sejamebulia am Tavis bolo ori nawilis mTavari sakiTxebi.

maskulinoba da feminuroba samsaxurSi

aSS-is didi korporaciis holandiurma samrewvelo qarxanam 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi 3 generaluri menejeri dakarga. aSS-Si myofi ganyofilebis vice-prezidentis azriT, yvela es kaci susti iyo. maT personalisaTvis usiamovno ambebis gaziareba ar undodaT. mizezad samuSao sabWos winaaRm-degobas asaxelebdnen. es is organoa, romelsac TanamSromlebi irCeven, misi arseboba holandiuri kanonebis mixedviT aucilebelia, magram ame-rikel ufross ar moswonda. mesame generaluri menejeris wasvlis Semdeg vice-prezidenti piradad Caeria am saqmeSi da miuxedavad adamianuri re-sursebis marTvis menejeris gafrTxilebisa, makontrolebeli TanamSrome-li qarxnis menejerad Tavad daniSna. vice-prezidentisaTvis es makontro-lebeli adamiani erTaderTi `maskulinuri kaci~ iyo qarxnis menejmentis gundSi. is yovelTvis uWerda mxars uxeS moqmedebas, miuxedavad imisa, popularuli iyo is Tu ara. is angariSebSi yovelTvis aRniSnavda sust wertilebs. mas menejmentis prerogativebi unda SeenarCunebina da samuSao


sabWos SecdomebisaTvis Tavi aeridebina.axali menejeri yvelaze didi katastrofa aRmoCnda. 6 Tvis Semdeg is

avad gaxda da organizacia qaosSi armoCnda. es qarxanaSi aravis gahkvirve-bia. kontroliori Wkviani, magram pirovnulad susti adamiani iyo. Tavis sisustes amerikel bosebTan mbrZanebluri saubriT ukeTebda kompensa-cias. misma asertulobam gavlena moaxdina amerikel vice-prezidentze, ma-gram holandiur garemoSi amas trabaxs uwodebdnen. generaluri menejeris postze yofnisas aravisTan TanamSromlobda, yvelafris gakeTebas Tavad cdilobda da umokles droSi nervuli Seteva daemarTa. amgvarad, qarxa-nam dakarga rogorc kargi makontrolebeli, aseve kidev erTi generaluri menejeri. qarxanac da makontrolebelic kulturulad gamowveuli aras-wori msjelobis msxverplni gaxdnen.

cxrili 4.4. mTavari gansxvavebebi feminur da maskulinur sazogadoebebs Soris: ga-

naTleba da momxmareblis qceva


saSualo moswrebis studenti normaa; sust studentebs aqeben

saukeTeso moswrebis studenti normaa; warmatebul studentebs aqeben

warmatebulebis SurTklasSi Sejibrebaa; warmatebis mcdeloba

skolaSi CaWra mcire mniSvnelobis incidentia

skolaSi sagnebis Cagdeba katastrofaa

bavSvebi araagresiulad socializdebian

bavSvebis agresia misaRebia

studentebi TavianT moswrebas saTanadod ar afaseben: egos Semcireba

studentebi TavianT moswrebas zedmetad afaseben: egos gazrda

maswavleblebis megobruloba dafasebulia

maswavleblebis Wkua dafasebulia

samsaxuris arCeva Sinagan intereszea dafuZnebuli

samsaxuris arCeva karierul SesaZleblobebzea dafuZnebuli

qalebi da kacebi nawilobriv erTsa da imave sagnebs swavloben

qalebi da kacebi gansxvavebul sagnebs swavloben

kacebica da qalebic patara bavSvebs aswavlian

patara bavSvebs mxolod qalebi aswavlian

kacebica da qalebic saWmelsa da manqanebs yiduloben

qalebi saWmels, xolo kacebi manqanebs yiduloben

wyvils saerTo manqana hyavs wyvils ori manqana sWirdeba

ufro meti sayofacxovrebo produqti iyideba

ufro meti statusis gamomxatveli produqti iyideba

ufro met mxatvrul literaturas kiTxuloben (raportuli saubari)

ufro met dokumentur literaturas kiTxuloben (reportuli saubari)


menejmenti istoriulad anglosaqsuri cnebaa. is maskulinur britanul da amerikul kulturaSi ganviTarda. inglisuri da saerTaSoriso sityva - menejmenti laTinuri sityva manus-dan modis da xels niSnavs. Tanamedrove italiurze maneggiare marTvas niSnavs. Tumca frangulSi laTinuri fuZi-sagan ori derivati gaCnda: manège (maneJi — cxenebis gamowvrTnis adgili) da ménage (Sinameurneoba). pirveli menejmentis maskulinuri mxarea, meore ki — feminuri. liderobis klasikuri amerikuli kvleva or ganzomilebas gamoyofs: iniciativiani struqtura, Tu sifrTxile; karieraze zrunva Tu xalxze zrunva. 43 organizaciis warmatebisaTvis orive saWiroa, magram am ors Soris optimaluri balansi feminur da maskulinur kulturaSi gansx-vavebulia.

holandieli, romelic aSS-is prestiJul konsaltingis firmaSi muSaob-da da ramdenime wlis Semdeg niderlandebSi dabrunda, sawarmoo kompa-niaSi, umaRlesi menejmentis gundSi daiwyo muSaoba. muSaobis ramdenime Tvis Semdeg aRniSna, rom Sexvedrebs mis axlandel samsaxurSi, wina samsa-xurTan SedarebiT, sxva funqcia akisriaT. holandiur situaciaSi Sexve-drebze problemebs ixilavdnen da saerTo axsnas eZebdnen; is konsensusis misaRebad iyo saWiro.44 aSS-is situaciaSi Sexvedrebi monawileebis TviT-damkvidrebisaTvis iyo saWiro. monawileebi aCvenebdnen, ramdenad kargad muSaoben. gadawyvetilebebs sxvagan myofi individebi iRebdnen.

maskulinoba-femonurobis ganzomileba konfliqtebis gadawyvetaze gavlenas axdens. aSS-Si da sxva maskulinur kulturaSi (britaneTi da ir-landia) arsebobs mosazreba, rom konfliqtebi CxubiT unda gadawydes: „da saukeTesom moigos~. aseTi qveynebis industriul urTierTobaSic msgavsi konfliqti mimdinareobs. Tuki es SesaZlebelia, menejmenti profkavSireb-Tan urTierTobas erideba da Tavad profkavSirebis qceva amgvar damoki-debulebas amarTlebs.45

niderlandebis, SvedeTisa da daniis msgavs feminur kulturebSi kon-fliqtebis gadaWra molaparakebiT urCevniaT. safrangeTSi, romelic IBM kvlevaSi saSualod feminuri aRmoCnda, SigadaSig bevri verbaluri Seuracxyofa xdeba, rogorc damsaqmebelsa da profkavSirebs, ise ufro-sebsa da daqvemdebarebulebs Soris. magram, viTom konfliqtis ukan tipu-rad franguli „zomierebis grZnobaa~. amitom mxareebi erTad muSaoben da Tanxmdebian imaze, rom ar SeTanxmdebian.46

maskulinur sazogadoebaSi organizaciebi Sedegebze amaxvilebs yurad-Rebas da yvelas Tanasworobis principis mixedviT ajildoeben — anu yve-las Sesrulebis mixedviT. feminur sazogadoebaSi organizaciebSi adami-anebis Tanabrobis (da ara Tanasworobis) safuZvelze ajildoeben — anu yvelas Tavisi saWiroebis mixedviT.

idea, rom yvelaferi patara lamazia, feminuri Rirebulebaa. IBM kiTx-varisa da 6 qveynis gamokiTxvis mixedviT, did organizaciebSi muSaobis survili MAS-Tan iyo dakavSirebuli.47

gansxvavebulia samsaxuris roli adamianis cxovrebaSi feminur da mas-kulinur kulturaSi. cnobilia, rom me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi moRvawe amerikelma biznesmenma da gamomgonebelma Carlz keteringma ganacxada:


Cems xalxs xSirad veubnebi, rom CemTvis momuSave iseTi adamiani ar mWirdeba, romelsac samsaxuri aqvs. me mWirdeba samsaxurs hyavdes adamiani. minda, rom samsaxurma adamiani Caigdos xelSi da ara adamianma —samsaxuri. da minda, rom samsaxuri am axalgazrda kacs daepatronos da rac ar unda moxdes, Tavi ar daanebos. minda, rom samsaxuri CaebRau-Wos, rodesac is RamiT iZinebs da diliT igive samsaxuri loginis Tav-Tan mjdomi daxvdes da axsenebdes, rom adgomisa da muSaobis dro movi-da. Tu samsaxuri adamians xelSi ase Caigdebs, misgan raime gamova.48

keteringi „axalgazrda qalis~ magivrad axsenebs „axalgazrda kacs~ — maskulinur ideals. es ideali feminur kulturaSi popularuli ar iq-neboda; aseT axalgazrda mamakacs „vorkaholikad~ (zedmetad momuSave adamianad) CaTvlidnen. maskulinur sazogadoebaSi sazogadoebis eTosia: — ~icxovre, rom imuSao~, xolo feminuri sazogadoebisa — ~imuSave, rom icxovro~.

1977 wels evrokavSirSi Catarebuli gamokiTxva Semdeg kiTxvas moicav-da: „Tu ekonomikuri situacia ise gaumjobesda, rom cxovrebis standart-ma aiwia, romels miiCnevdiT ukeTesad Semdegi ori variantidan: xelfasis gazrdas (dReSi imdenive samuSao saaTiT) Tu samuSao saaTebis Semcire-bas (imave xelfasiT)~. arCevani gansxvavdeboda xelfasis gazrdis sur-vils irlandielTa _ 62%, saaTebis Semcirebis survils niderlandebis 64% gamoxatavda. es gansxvaveba (xelfasis arCevis procents gamoklebuli saaTebis arCevis procenti) MAS-Tan ufro iyo dakavSirebuli, vidre ero-vnul simdidresTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom Raribi qveynis respondentebi xelfasze amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas, Rirebuleba (MAS) ufro did rols asrulebda.49

maskulinur kulturaSi biWebis socializaciisas mimwoloba, ambicia da Sejibreba daiswavleba. rodesac isini izrdebian, maTgan karierul winsvlas moelian. maskulinur sazogadoebaSi polarizebul ukiduresobas avlenen — is gogonebi, visac kariera surs da umravlesoba, romelsac amis survili ara aqvs. feminur sazogadoebaSi bavSvebis socializaciisas mo-ridebuloba da solidaroba daiswavleba da aseT sazogadoebaSi rogorc kacebi, ise qalebi SeiZleba iyvnen an ar iyvnen ambiciurni, orive genders SeiZleba surdes an ar surdes kariera.

nebismier kulturaSi menejmentis feminuri mxare qali menejerebis Se-saZleblobebs avlens. qal menejers SesaZlebelia kacze ukeTesad gamou-vides manège-s da ménage-s SeTavseba. amerikelma mkvlevarma an stathamma amerikeli qali da kaci menejerebisa da maTi mdivnebisagan interviu aiRo da daaskvna, rom qalebisaTvis samuSaosa da adamianebze orientacia inter-damokidebuli iyo, kacebisaTvis ki — erTmaneTis sapirispiro.50

msoflio doneze sazogadoebis maskulinoba-feminurobasa da dasa-soflio doneze sazogadoebis maskulinoba-feminurobasa da dasa-qmebaSi qalebisa da mamakacebis wils Soris kavSiri ar arsebobs. kavSi-ri am ganzomilebaSi qveynis poziciasa da qalisa da kacis rols Soris mxolod saxlisaTvisaa. istoriulad saxlis gareT kacebi dominirebdnen da mxolod mdidar qveynebSi, isic cota xnis win, nebismieri raodeno-


bis qals SeuZlia samuSaosa da politikis samyaroSi kacebis Tanasworad Seabijon, radgan saojaxo saqmeebisa da sxva SezRudvebisagan SedarebiT gaTavisufldnen. dabali klasis qalebi organizaciebSi adrec muSaobdnen, magram, es mxolod dabali statusisa da Semosavlis samuSao iyo. isini muSaobas TviTgamovlenis mizniT ki ara, ojaxis materialuri mizniT iwy-ebdnen. qveyanaSi saxlis gareT momuSave qalebsa da qveynis feminurobas Soris kavSiri statistikurad sando ar aris. mdidar feminur qveynebSi meti qali muSaobs maRali donis teqnikur an profesiul samsaxurSi.51

binzesSi samuSaos bevri tipis Sesasruleblad cota unar-Cvevaa saWi-ro. es xalxis Tvisebrivad arasakmaris dasaqmebulobas iwvevs. „saqmis hu-manizaciis~ saWiroeba rogorc maskulinur, ise feminur industriul sa-zogadoebaSi arsebobs. ras gulisxmobs es cneba damokidebulia imaze, ras warmoadgens adamianis modeli. maskulinur kulturaSi gaadamianurebuli samsaxuri Tavis gamoCenis, dawinaurebisa da gamowvevis saSualebas iZleva. es samsaxuris gamdidrebis principia da mas, sxvebTan erTad, amerikeli fsiqologi fredrik hercbergic icavda.52 amis magaliTia ioli warmoebis muSebisaTvis TavianTi manqanebis CarTvisa da profilaqtikis pasuxmisge-blobis dakisreba. es is saqmeebia, romlebsac adre ukeT ganaTlebuli specialistebi asrulebdnen. samsaxuris gaumjobeseba/ganviTareba im mu-Sebis „maskulinurizaciaa” romlebsac, rogorc am TavSi aRvniSneT, ufro feminuri profesiuli kultura aqvT.

feminuri kulturis, humanizebul samsaxurSi ormxrivi daxmarebisa da socialuri kontaqtebis meti SesaZlebloba unda iyos. 1970 wels manqane-bis Svedur sawarmoebSi volvosa da saabSi, klasikuri eqsperimenti Catar-da. am sawarmoebSi manqanebs avtonomiuri samuSao jgufebi awyobdnen. es saqmis socialur mxaresa da „gafeminurebas~ niSnavda. 1974 wels detroit-Si momuSave manqanis amwyobi 4 qali da 4 kaci SvedeTSi miiwvies. maT 3 kvira SvedeTSi sodertalieSi saab-skania qarxanaSi unda emuSavaT. eqsperiments eswreboda amerikeli Jurnalisti, romelic TanamemamuleTa STabeWdile-bebs afiqsirebda. yvela qalma da kacma ganacxada, rom aSS-is sistemaSi mu-Saoba erCivna. „linet sturtma detroiti amoirCia. is kadilakis qarxanaSi muSaobs. sadac damoukidebelia da Tavis amocanebs Tavidan gansazRvravs, xolo saab-skaniaSi mis win da ukan momuSave adamianebis gaTvaliswinebac uxdeba.~53 cxadia zustad am mizezis gamo Svedebs jgufuri awyobis sistema moswondaT.

kulturul maxasiaTeblebze dayrdnobiT feminuri da maskulinuri kultura industriis gansxvavebul sferoSia warmatebuli. industri-ulad ganviTarebul maskulinur kulturebs warmoebaSi Sejibrebis upi-ratesoba aqvs. es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa warmoebis raodenobis gaT-valiswinebiT; yvelaferi efeqturad, kargad da swrafad keTdeba. maT kargad gamosdiT didi da mZime mowyobilobisa da bevri produqtis warmo-eba. feminur kulturebs SedarebiTi upiratesoba aqvT momsaxurebis indu-striaSi. aseTia konsaltingi da transporti, momxmareblis dakveTiT war-moeba. aseve warmatebulia cocxali masalaze muSaobaSi, magaliTad didi mosavlis damuSavebasa da SewamvlaSi. samuSao qveynebis mixedviT aris


dayofili. qveynebi ufro warmatebulebi arian iseT aqtivobebSi, romelic emTxveva maTi mosaxleobis kulturul arCevans da ar ewinaaRmdegeba mas. iaponia maRali donis sayofacxovrebo eleqtronikis warmoebaSi msoflio lideria; dania da holandia momsaxurebis, soflis meurneobis eqsportisa da bioqimiuri produqtebis (mag. biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis da penicilinis) warmoebaSia warmatebuli.

4.5 cxrili 4.2 , 4.3 da 4.4 cxrilebis gagrZelebaa. aq Sejamebulia wina nawilis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, romlebic gansxvavdeba feminuri da mas-kulinuri sazogadoebisaTvis.

maskulinoba, feminuroba da saxelmwifo

erovnuli Rirebulebis paterni mxolod Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis go-nebaSi ki ara, politikuri liderebis gonebaSic arsebobs — isinic xom Tavisi sazogadoebis Svilebad aRizardnen. sinamdvileSi, adamians po-litikur liderad imitom irCeven an niSnaven, rom man moqalaqeTaTvis mniSvnelovani Rirebulebebi daicvas. politikosebi qveynis dominantur Rirebulebebs politikur prioritetebad „gadaTargmnian~. es yvelaze ukeT Cans saxelmwifo biujetis ganxilvisas. feminuroba-maskulinurobis ganzomileba gavlenas axdens Semdeg prioritetebze:

• sustebis solidarobasa an Zlierebis dajildoebaze;

• Raribi qveynebis daxmarebasa an SeiaraRebaSi fulis Cadebaze;

• garemos dacvasa an ekonomikuri zrdaze;

maskulinur kulturebSi sazogadoebis warmatebuloba mniSvnelovania, feminur kulturebSi ki — sazogadoebis keTildReoba. isini imas iReben, raSic fuls xarjaven. 1994-95 wlebSi 10 industriul qveyanaSi, romelSic informaciis mopoveba SesaZlebeli iyo, mosaxleobis siRaribis dones daak-virdnen. aRmoCnda, rom feminur norvegiaSi siRaribeSi 4.3 % cxovrobda, xolo maskulinur avstraliaSi — 17.6%54 16 ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, is mo-saxleoba, romlis Semosavali saSualo Semosavalze naklebi iyo, 5.1%-dan (fineTi) 16.9%-mde aSS-Si varirebda. 13 ganviTarebul qveyanaSi funqciuri uwignurebis wili (anu adamianebi, romlebmac skola daamTavres, magram wera-kiTxva ar SeuZliaT) (SvedeTi) 7.5%-dan 22.6%-mde (irlandia) icvle-boda. samive SemTxvevaSi procentebi MAS —Tan sando korelaciaSi iyo.55

rodesac amerikisa da britaneTis msgavsi maskulinuri qveynebi Svede-Tsa da niderlandebis msgavs feminur qveynebs akritikeben piriqiT, maT poziciebSi Rirebulebebis didi gansxvavebebi aisaxeba. magaliTad, aSS-Si gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom SvedeTisa da nederlandebis ekonomikuri problemebis wyaro zedmetad didi gadasaxadebia. feminur evropul qvey-nebSi gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom amerikis ekonomikuri problemebis mizezia mdidrebis naklebi gadasaxadebi. magram, sagadasaxado sistemebi


cxrili 4.5 mTavari gansxvavebebi feminur da maskulinur sazogadoebebs Soris: sa-

muSao adgili


menejmenti, rogorc Sinameurneoba (menage): intuicia da konsensusi

menejmenti, rogorc maneJi (manege): gadamwyveti da agresiuli

konfliqtebis gadawyveta kompromisiTa da molaparakebiT

konfliqtebis gadawyveta ufro Zlieris mogebiT

jildoebi Tanasworobazea dafuZnebuli

jildoebi Tanabar SesaZleblobebzea dafuZnebuli

patara organizaciebsupiratesoba eZleva did organizaciebs

xalxi muSaobs, rom icxovros xalxi cxovrobs, rom imuSaos

meti dasvenebis dro met fuls urCevniaT

meti fuli urCevniaT met dasvenebis dros

profesiul Tanamdebobebze momuSave qalebis wili ufro maRalia

profesiul Tanamdebobebze momuSave qalebis wili ufro dabalia

samuSaos humanizacia kontaqtiT da TanamSromlobiT xdeba

samuSaos humanizacia samuSaos Sinaarsis gamdidrebiT xdeba

konkurentuli soflis meurneoba da momsaxurebis industria

konkurentuli da masobrivi warmoeba

TavisiT ar formirdeba. maT, arsebul Rirebulebebze dayrdnobiT politikosebi qmnian. Svedebis umravlesobas sjera, rom sazogadoebam cxovrebis minimaluri xarisxi Tavis yvela wevrs unda Seuqmnas. am mizni-saTvis fulis mqone adamianebisagan fulis Segroveba normalurad aRiqme-ba. Crdilo-dasavleT evropis qveynebis konservatiuli politikosebic ki ar uaryofen am mosazrebas bolomde. isini mxolod misi ganxorcielebis dones ewinaaRmdegebian.

Crdilo-dasavleTSi evropis aseTi saxelmwifo axali araa. frangi fi-losofosi deni didro niderlandebs 1773-74 wels estumra. man maRali gadasaxadebi da siRaribis ararseboba keTildReobisaTvis fulis gaRe-biT, kargi jandacviTa da sajaro ganaTlebis maRali standartebiT axsna. is werda: „saavadmyofoebSi Raribebs kargad uvlian: yvelas Tavisi logini aqvs~.56

keTildReobisa Tu miRwevis antiTezisi siRaribis mizezebis Sesaxeb SexedulebebSi aisaxeba. 1990 wels evrokavSirSi Catarda kvleva. respon-dentebs usvamdnen Semdeg kiTxvebs: „Tqveni azriT, ratom arseboben Rari-bi adamianebi? 1. ar gaumarTlaT; 2. sizarmacisa da nebisyofis naklebobis gamo; 3. sazogadoebaSi bevri usamarTlobis gamo; 4. es Tanamedrove pro-gresis ganuyofeli nawilia~. evrokavSiris 12 wevrSi siRaribis mizezad gamarTlebis nakleboba 14%-dan (germania) 33%-mde (niderlandebi) vari-


rebda. es monacmebi MAS-Tan negatiur korelaciaSi aRmoCnda57 sizarmacis mizezis dasaxeleba 10%-dan (niderlandebi) 25%-mde (germaniaa da luq-semburgi) icvleboda. es MAS-Tan pozitiurad korelirebda. maskulinur qveynebSi bevrs sjera, rom Raribebis yofa maTi bralia da Tu Raribebi ufro mets imuSaveben, Raribebad aRar darCebian. mdidrebis mier maT ma-givrad fulis gadaxda dauSvebelia.

Raribebisadmi damokidebuleba samarTaldamrRvevebisadmi damoki-debulebaSic meordeba. 1981 wels evropaSi sajaro gamokiTxva Catarda. kvlevaSi daisva kiTxva, ramdenad misaRebia iseTi saqcieli, rogoricaa ubileTo mgzavroba, susti narkotikis gamoyeneba, qrTamis miReba, pro-stitucia, ganqorwineba da TviTmkvleloba. pasuxebi nebarTvis indeqsis saxiT iyo warmodgenili. is mraval qveyanaSi feminurobasTan dakavSirebu-li aRmoCnda — deda mamaze naklebad mkacria.58

feminuroba-maskulinurobis ganzomileba imigrantebTan dakavSirebul damokidebulebasTanac aris korelaciaSi. amis Sesaxeb ori mosazreba ar-sebobs. pirveli asimilacias (imigrantebma TavianTi kultura unda da-kargon) icavs, xolo meore—integracias (imigrantebma Tavisi kulturis mxolod is nawili unda Secvalon, romelic axali qveynis kulturas an religias ewinaaRmdegeba). 1997 wels evrokavSiris 14 qveyanaSi gamokiTxva Catarda. aRmoCnda, rom mosaxleobis mier integraciis arCeva Zlier nega-tiur korelaciaSi iyo MAS-Tan. ufro susti damatebiTi korelacia mSp-sTan gamovlinda.59 ufro maskulinur da Rarib qveynebSi respondentebi asimilacias iTxovdnen; ufro feminur da mdidar qveynebSi respondentebi integracias irCevdnen.

rogor aisaxeba mdidar qveynebSi Zlierebis dajildoebisa da susteb-Tan solidarobis arCevani, Raribi qveynebisaTvis saxelmwifo biujetisaT-vis gamoyofili Tanxebidanac Cans. 4.1 sqemaze MAS da IDV aris asaxuli. diagramis zeda naxevarSi koleqtivisturi (anu umetesad Raribi) qveynebia, qveda nawilSi ki — individualisturi (anu, ZiriTadad mdidari) qveynebia. 1950-iani wlebis Semdeg daxmareba mdidari qveynebidan Rarib qveynebSi miemarTeboda — anu diagramis qvemodan zemoT. miuxedavad amisa, Tavi-si mSp-s ramden procents imetebdnen mdidari qveynis mTavrobebi, didad gansxvavdeboda. 2000 wels aSS-m Tavisi mSp-is 10%, italiam 13%,xolo ni-derlandebma. 84% da daniam 1.06 % daxarjes.60 daxarjulis proporciebi donori qveynebis simdidresTan da winarekoloniur an Tanamedrove savaW-ro kavSirebTan korelaciaSi ar aris. didi daxmarebis erTaderTi axsna feminur erovnul RirebulebaTa sistemaa. donori qveynis MAS —s qulas da mSp-isgan dasaxmareblad gamoyofil procents Soris Zlieri negatiuri korelaciaa.61

Jurnalma Foreign Policy 21 mdidari qveynis ganviTarebis xelSewyobis indeqsi gamoTvala. amisaTvis mxolod gaRebuli fuli ki ara, sxva poli-tikis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi zegavlenac Seafasa, magaliTad, vaWroba, migracia, investicia, mSvidobis dacva da garemos dacvis politika. kvlav aRmoCnda, rom es indeqsi mniSvnelovan (nagatiur) korelaciaSi iyo MAS-Tan. fulis gaRebis korelacia ufro susti iyo, radgan qveynis SigniT


daxmarebis politika xandaxan qveynis gareT daxmarebis politikasTan kon-fliqtSia.62

is qveynebi, romlebic msoflioSi Raribebs ar exmarebian, albaT ufro met fuls SeiaraRebaze xarjaven. Tavdacvis xarjebis Sesaxeb sarwmuno informaciis dadgena Znelia. rogorc iaraRis mwarmoeblebis, aseve Sem-syidvelebis interesebSia am informaciis gasaidumloeba. Sedegebi mxo-lod arsebuli monacemebidan gamovitaneT, informaciis wyaro donori qveynebisaTvis arsebuli cifrebi aRmoCnda da naklebad mdidari qveynebi mdidar qveynebTan SedarebiT biujetis met wils iaraRze xarjaven.63

maskulinur qveynebSi tendenciaa (cdiloben) konfliqtebi Zalis ga-moyenebiT gadaWran, feminur qveynebSi ki — kompromisiTa da molapara-kebiT (rogorc samuSao organizaciebis SemTxvevaSi). es naTlad gamoCnda alandisa da folklendis krizisis mogvarebaa (Aland, Falkland).

alandis kunZulebi fineTsa da SvedeTs Soris mdebareobs. radganac es kunZulebi fineTis nawilia, isini ruseTis caristul imperiaSi Sedioda. rodesac 1917 wels fineTi ruseTisagan damoukidebeli gaxda, am kunZule-bis (30,000) umravlesoba SvedeTs miakuTvnes, radganac am kunZulebs 1809 wlamde SvedeTi flobda. finelebma proSveduri moZraobis liderebi daa-patimres. emociur molaparakebebSi axlad Seqmnili erebis ligac monawi-leobda da 1921 wels yvela mxare daTanxmda, rom kunZulebi fineTisTvis miekuTvnebinaT, magram didi regionuli avtonomiiT.

folklendis kunZulebi patara arqipelagia. masze ori qveyana davobs: britaneTi, romlis SemadgelobaSic es kunZulebi 1833 wlidan Sedis da axlomdebare argentina, romelic amtkicebs, rom kunZulebi mis Semad-genlobaSi 1767 wlidan aris da mxardasaWerad gaerosac mimarTa. folk-lendis kunZulebi alandis kunZulebze rvajer didia, magram aq alandis mosaxleobis 1/5 cxovrobs. isini umetesad Raribi mecxvareebi arian. 1982 wlis aprilidan argentinulma jarma folklendis kunZulebi daikava. amis sapasuxod, britanelebma Zalebi gaagzavnes da okupantebi gaaZeves. ofi-cialurad am Setakebas 725 argentinelisa da 225 britanelis sicocxle Seewira. kunZulebis ekonomika argentinasTan vaWrobaze iyo damokidebu-li da amitom riskis qveS aRmoCnda.

ratom aris aseTi gansxvaveba? am ori Zalian msgavsi saerTaSoriso da-vis gadasaWrel meTodebsa da Sedegebs Soris fineTica da SvedeTic femin-uri kulturebia, xolo argentina da britaneTi — maskulinuri. folklen-dis krizisis maskulinuri simbolizmi orive mxaris metyvelebaSic Canda. samwuxarod, msxverplma didi Sedegi ver gamoiRo. folklendi dResac sakamaTo teritoriad rCeba. is mudam saWiroebs britaneTis subsidiebsa da samxedro Zalas. alandis kunZulebi fineTis ayvavebuli nawili gaxda. is bevr Sved turists izidavs.

1972 wels romis klubis saxelwodebiT cnobil mecnierTa saerTaSori-so jgufma angariSi _ zrdis sazRvrebi gamoaqveyna. es iyo imis pirveli sajaro aRiareba, rom ekonomikuri zrda da Cveni sacxovrebeli garemos konservacia konfliqtur miznebs warmoadgens. es angariSi detalebis gamo gaakritikes, im dros es sakiTxi naklebad mniSvnelovani Canda. mi-


uxedavad amisa, misi mTavari Tezisi ar uaryves, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cveni TvalsazrisiT, misi uaryofa warmoudgenelia. arafers SeuZlia mudmivad zrda da am elementaruli faqtis ignorireba Tanamedrove ekonomikis minusia. mTavrobam rTuli arCevani unda gaakeTos da geografiuli da ekologiuri SezRudvebis garda, am gadawyvetilebebze qveyanaSi dominan-turi Rirebulebebi imoqmedebs. maskulinur kulturebSi mTavroba mzad aris prioritetulad gaxados zrda, xolo sacxovrebeli garemo am mizezs Seswiros. mosalodnelia, rom feminuri qveynebis mTavrobebs sapirispiro prioriteti eqneba.64 garemos problemebi okeaneebsa da sazRvrebs scdeba, amitom problemis gadasaWrelad saerTaSoriso diplomatiis gamoyenebaa saWiro. kiotos protokolSi msoflio masStabis midgomis monaxazi Seiqm-na. is gaeros 1997 wlis konvenciis Sedegad daiwera. 2001 wlis arCevnebis Semdeg amerikis prezidentma jorj buSma protokolze uari Tqva, riTac Tavisi maskulinuri prioritetebi gamoamJRavna.

1990-93 wlebSi RirebulebaTa msoflio kiTxvarSi mosaxleobis repre-zantantul SerCevas sTxovdnen anu TavianTi politikuri mrwamsi „marjve-na~ da „marcxena~ skalaze moeTavsebinaT. maskulinuri qveynebis amomrCev-lebma umetesad centraluri pozicia daikaves, xolo feminuri qveynebis amomrCevlebma — cota ufro marcxena, marjvena pozicia cota adamianma daikava.65

demokratiul politikaSi feminuroba da maskulinoba mxolod poli-tikuri prioritetis sakiTxi ki araa politikuri TamaSis araformalur wesebsac aireklavs. britaneTis, germaniisa da aSS-is msgavs maskulinur qveynebSi politikuri diskursi misaRebia. es axlandeli movlena ar gax-lavT. 1867 wels holandiurma gazeTma de standartma dabeWda, rom: „ame-rikuli politikuri partiebi Tavis mowinaaRmdegisaTvis talaxis srolas ar eridebian, rac ucxoelebisaTvis amazrzenia~66 es dResac asea. Crdi-loeT qveynebisa da niderlandebis msgavs feminur kulturaSi mTavroba TiTqmis yovelTvis koaliciuria masSi Semavali partiebi erTmaneTs rbi-lad eqcevian.

ufro feminuri kulturis demokratiul qveynebSi met qals irCeven politikur da samTavrobo postze, magram didi Zalauflebrivi distancia da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan Zlieri arideba amas xels uSlis. 2002 wels damkvidrebul 22 saparlamento demokratias Soris, parlamentSi qalebis raodenoba britaneTSi, safrangeTSi, saberZneTSi, irlandiaSi, israelSi, italiaSi, iaponiaSi, portugalisa da aSS-Si 20%-ze naklebi iyo daniaSi, fineTSi, germaniaSi, niderlandebSi, axal zelandiaSi, norvegiasa da Sve-deTSi _ 30%-ze meti. 2000 wels qali ministrebi avstraliaSi, belgiaSi, saberZneTSi, irlandiaSi, israelSi, italiaSi, iaponiaSi, portugaliaSi da espaneTSi 20%-ze naklebi iyo, daniaSi, fineTSi, axal zelandiaSi, nor-vegiasa da SvedeTSi ki 40%-ze meti.67 qalebisaTvis politikaSi winsvla ufro advilia, vidre organizaciebSi. sazogadoebriv cvlilebebze arCev-nebi ufro swrafad reagirebs, vidre daniSvnebi biznesSi. unariani qalebi biznesorganizaciebSi axlac elodebian, rodis gardaicvlebian an rodis gavlen pensiaze mxcovani jentlmenebi.


feminuroba, maskulinoba da religia

feminuroba-maskulinobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi mniSvnelovania ne-bismieri religiisaTvisa. maskulinur kulturaSi Zlier RmerTs an RmerTebs msaxuroben. aseTi RmerTi adamianebis mimarT mkacr saqciels ganamtkicebs. feminur kulturaSi naz RmerTs an RmerTebs scemen Tayvans. is adamianebisa-gan erTmaneTis mofrTxilebas iTxovs.

qristianoba yovelTvis Zlier, maskulinur da naz, feminur elementebs Soris brZolaSi imyofeboda. Zveli aRTqma Zlier Rirebulebebs Seicavs (Tvali Tvalis wil, kbili kbilis wil), xolo axali aRTqma — ufro naz Rirebulebebs (meore loyis SeSvera). Zveli aRTqmis RmerTi didebulebiT aris moculi. axal aRTqmaSi ieso sustebs exmareba da maTTan erTad itan-jeba. kaTolikobaSi Zlieri, maskulinuri nakadebic yofila (tamplierebi, iezuitebi) aseve, feminuri da nazic (franciskanelebi). kaTolikobis miRmac vxdebiT maskulinuri Rirebulebebis jgufebs (mormonebis) da feminuri Ri-rebulebebisa (kvakerebisa da xsnis armias). magram, saSualod kaTolikuri tradiciis qveynebi ufro maskulinuri Rirebulebebs misdeven, protestan-tuli tradiciebisa ki — feminurs.68

qristianuli religiis garda arsebobs nazi da Zlieri religiebi. masku-linuri iaponiuri budizmi Zalze gansxvavdeba feminuri tailandis budizmi-sagan. iaponiaSi, zogierTi axalgazrda Zen budistur wvrTnas mihyveba. isini TviTganviTarebas meditaciiTa da mkacri maswavleblis meSveobiT axerxeben. 1970-ian wlebSi tailandis axalgazrda mamakacebis naxevarze meti budistu-ri beri gaxda da maTxovrobda sxvebs emsaxureboda.69 islamSi, sunitebi rw-menis ufro maskulinur versias mihyvebian, vidre Siitebi, romlebic tanjvis mniSvnelobas usvamen xazs. iranis (umTavresad Siiti) IBM — kvlevam gamoav-lina, rom is arabulenovan sunit qveynebTan SedarebiT ufro feminuria.

1990-ian wlebSi holandielma sociologma iohan verveim sadoqtoro di-sertaciaSi CrdiloeTis qristianobaSi sekularizaciis (religiis dakargvis) gansxvavebebi ganixila. 1990-93 wlebSi RirebulebaTa msoflio kiTxvaris mo-nacemebidan 16 qristianuli qveynis religiurobis sxvadasxva aspeqti moi-pova.70 arsebuli Teoriebi sazogadoebis sekularizaciasa da modernizacias ki xsnida, magram upasuxod tovebda aSS-is sakiTxs. sxvebTan SedarebiT am qveyanas sekularizacia ar Sexebia. misda gasakvirad, verveim aRmoaCina, rom qveynis sekularizaciis donis saukeTeso prediqtori misi kulturis fe-minurobis done iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveulebriv, qalebi kacebze ufro religiurni arian. maskulinur qristianul qveynebSi adamianebma sakuTari religiurobis dones ufro maRali reitingi mianiWes. isini RmerTs, qri-stianul ritualebs, orTodoqsulobasa da qristianul msoflmxedvelobas did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. feminuri Rirebulebebis mqone qveynebma masku-linurze ufro swrafad ganicades sekularizacia. es sazRvargareTac, maT Soris aSS-Sic aseve moxda.

saxareba maskulinoba-feminurobis skalaze gansxvavebuli poziciebis ar-Cevis saSualebas iZleva. axal aRTqmaSi RmerTTan da moyvasTan urTierTobis mniSvneloba dabalansebulia. erT bibliur moTxrobaSi aRwerilia, rogor ekiTxeba fariseveli iesos: „ra aris rjulis udidesi mcneba?~


iesom miugo: „giyvardes RmerTi Seni mTeli Seni guliT, mTeli Seni su-liTa da mTeli Seni arsebiT. meore mcnebac misi msgavsia: giyvardes moyvasi Seni, viTarca Tavi Seni. mTeli rjuli da winaswarmetyvelebi am or cnebas efuZneba~.71

ufro maskulinur da ufro feminur sazogadoebaSi qristianobis Sedare-bisas aRmovaCenT, rom am or mcnebas Soris balansis daWera Znelia. kultu-ruli saWiroebebis gamo zogierT qveyanaSi yuradRebas pirvelze, zogierTSi ki — meore mcnebaze amaxvileben.

SesaZlebelia imis mtkiceba, rom naTelia, ratom airCies qristianul qveynebSi Zlierma, maskulinurma sazogadoebebma RmerTis mniSvnelobis um-Tavresoba da misgan wamosuli sxva Rirebulebebi. qristianuli RmerTi mam-robiTi sqesisaa. RmerTis mniSvneloba RirebulebaTa evropuli kiTxvaris respondentebma Seafases. maTi Sefasebebi da IBM-is kvlevis maskulinurobis indeqsi aTi mcnebis dacvis gancxadebebTan iyo korelaciaSi. yvelaze didi korelacia wminda religiur mcnebebTan aRmoCnda (sxva RmerTis dauSveblo-ba, RvTis saxelis augad xsenebis akrZalva da SabaTis dacva). maskulinoba naklebad korelirebda seqsualuri elferis mcnebebTan (ara imruSo, ara isurvo mezoblis coli) da yvelaze naklebad korelirebda moraluri mcne-bebis dacvasTan (pativi eci mamasa Sensa da dedasa Sensa, ara kac hkla, ara iparo ... cru mowmed ardadgoma, mezoblis sakuTrebis Suri). maskulinur kulturaSi yvelaze metad RmerTis saxelis emociur da simbolur mniSv-nelobas gaesva xazi.72 maskulinuri sazogadoebisaTvis mama RmerTis saxeli mniSvnelovania. es qalebsac exeba —maTi socializacia xom genderuli Ri-rebulebebis uTanasworobazea agebuli. feminur sazogadoebaSi RmerTTan SedarebiT ufro didi mniSvneloba adamianebTan urTierTobas eniWeba.

feminur kulturebSi sekularizacia ar niSnavs samoqalaqo moralis da-kargvas. 1981-82 wlebisa da 1990 wlis RirebulebaTa evropuli/msoflio kiTxvaris pasuxebi Sedarebis Sedegad (erTmaneTs irlandia, niderlandebi da Sveicaria Seadares) am ors Soris kavSiri ar aRmoCnda.73 amgvarad, religi-uroba amoraluri saqcielis mosagvarebeli gaiolebuli recepti ar aRmoCn-da. piriqiT feminuroba, romelic sekularizaciasTanaa kavSirSi, samoqalaqo moralTan pozitiurad korelirdeba. 1996 wels erTi eqsperimentis Sedegebi Readers Magazine-Si daibeWda. aSS-is did da patara qalaqebsa da evropis 14 qveyanaSi sazogadoebis TavSeyris adgilas „SemTxveviT~ ikargeboda safule. ase dayares orasi safule, TiToSi 50 dolari „patronis~ ojaxis suraTebi da maTi sakontaqto nomeri ido. osloSi (norvegia) da odensSi (dania) dag-debuli 10 safulidan, aTive daabrunes, lozanaSi (Sveicaria), mxolod ori (erTi safule albanelma daabruna!). aseve mxolod ori safule daabrunes ravenaSi, (italia) da vaimarSi (germania). dabrunebuli safuleebis ricxvi qveynis feminurobasTan sandod korelirebda. damatebiT zegavlenas mcire Zalauflebrivi distancia axdenda.74 msgavsi eqsperimenti amerikeli fsiqo-logis – robert levinis studentebma, romlebic sxvadasxva qveynidan iyv-nen, 13 mSobliur qalaqSi Caatares. maT sapirispiro mimarTulebiT momavali adamianis win kalami „SemTxveviT~ uvardeboda. procentulad iTvleboda, ramdenjer miutanda fexiT mosiarule eqsperimentators kalams an ramden-


jer miuTiTebda. 23 qveynis damxmare mosiaruleebis procenti qveynebis fe-minurobis qulebTan sandod korelirebda.75

qalisa da kacis roli yovel religiaSi konkretulia. qristianobis Sem-TxvevaSi bevr protestantul eklesiaSi liderobisa da samRvdeloebis sa-kiTxebSi qali da kaci Tanasworia, kaTolikuri eklesia ki samRvdeloebaSi mamakacis prerogativas mkacrad icavs. amave dros, yvela qristianul ekle-siaSi qalebi mamakacebze religiurebi arian. britaneli mwerlis toni volte-ris mixedviT, „RmerTi, rogorc Cans, yvelasaTvis erTnairi SesaZleblobebis mimcemi damqiravebeli ar aris: mas qalebisadmi mikerZoebuli damokidebu-leba aqvs~.76 RirebulebaTa evropuli kiTxvaris Sedegad gamoCnda, rom es yvelaze ukeT umuSevar qals miesadageba. rodesac qalis roli diasaxlisis nacvlad Semosavlis Semomtanad Seicvala, religiisadmi misi damokidebu-leba mamakacis damokidebulebas daemsgavsa.77 ar unda iyos gasakviri, rom igive ganzomileba — feminuroba da maskulinoba — dakavSirebulia rogorc seqsualur, ise religiur qcevasTan. religia adamians saSualebas aZlevs gavlena zebunebrivze moaxdinos — rom darwmunebulobis gancda moitanos, miuxedavad arsebobis gauTvaliswinebeli riskebisa. dabadeba, meuRlis nayo-fiereba da sikvdili aseTi gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevebia. yvela religia xazs usvams da zeimobs gamravlebisadmi miZRvnil movlenebs: dabadebas, qor-wilsa da sikvdils. nayofierebis ritualebi TiTqmis yvela preistoriul civilizaciaSi arsebobda; isini dResac arseboben. aseTia, magaliTad, qorwi-lis ceremonia da dafexmZimebis locvebisaTvis gamoyofili wminda adgile-bi. iudaizmsa da TiTqmis mTels islamSi, asos winadacveTa, kacis religiur sazogadoebaSi miRebis aucilebeli pirobaa. induizmSi taZrebis arqiteqtu-ra lingam-isa (falosi) da yoni-s (saSo) modelia. Cinur filosofiasa da re-ligiaSi inis da ianis anu feminuri da maskulinuri elementis mniSvnelobaa xazgasmuli.

religiaTa umetesobas siyvarulsa da seqsze „SeiZleba~ da „ar SeiZleba~ debulebebi aqvs SemuSavebuli. adamianis seqsualurobas aqvs ori mxare, pro-kreacia da rekreacia, gamravleba/reproduqcia da siamovneba. gansxvavebuli religiebi da maTi gansxvavebuli Stoebi seqsis siamovnebis mxares gansxva-vebuli poziciebidan udgebian. maskulinuri kulturebis zogadi tenden-cia prokreaciis mniSvnelobis aRiarebaa, feminur kulturaTa umetesobaSi siamovnebis dafasebac mniSvnelovania. maskulinuri romauli kaTolicizmi seqss siamovnebis gamo uaryofs. man mRvdlebisaTvis umwikvlobis institu-ti, qalwul mariamis kulti da gamravlebisaTvis qorwinebis siwmindis idea Seqmna. man gayra, kontracefcia da aborti akrZala. kaTolikobisagan gamo-yofis Semdeg, protestantul qristianul eklesiaSi mRvdelTa umwikvloba aRar iyo saWiro, qorwineba aRar aRiqmeboda wmindad, xolo gayra dasaSvebi gaxda. mkacr islamSi kacis seqsualuri siamovneba dasaSvebia, magram qalis siamovneba saSiSad iTvleba. induizmis ganStoebebSi seqsisadmi pozitiuri damokidebuleba Seiqmna. indoeTSi es kamasutrasa da xajurahosa da kona-kis erotikul taZrebSi gamovlinda. feminur budistur tailandSi, Crdi-loeTTan SedarebiT, meZavobas naklebi stigma adevs. feminur SvedeTSi meZa-voba akrZalulia, magram isjeba ara qali, aramed stumari.


sainteresoa, rom seqsis Sesaxeb mecnieruli Teoriebidan froidis (1856-1939) naSromi avstriaSi. avstrias IBM nusxaSi MAS-is erT-erTi yvelaze maRali qula aqvs (79). froidi, fsiqoanalizis mama, amtkicebda, rom seq-sualurobis mTavari mniSvneloba adamianis pirovnebis ganviTarebaa. is mra-val fsiqologiur problemas seqsualurobis represias abralebda. froidi penisis Surs yvela qals abralebda (Surs rom mas is ara aqvs). sainteresoa, ufro feminuri kulturidan momdinare avtori Tu moifiqrebda msgavs ra-mes. yoveli avtori an mecnieri Tavisi sazogadoebis Svilia. froidis namu-Sevari pirdapir modis im maskulinuri avstriuli konteqstidan, romelSic is gaizarda.

4.6 cxrili 4.2, 4.3 da 4.5 cxrilebs avsebs. aq moyvanilia wina or nawilSi ganxiluli mTavari gansxvavebebi feminur da maskulinur sazogadoebas So-ris.

feminuroba-maskulinurobis gansxvavebis safuZveli

adamianis azrovnebaSi qalisa da kacis Tanasworobis sakiTxi religiis, eTikisa da filosofiis „asakisaa~. iudeveloba-qristianobis pirveli wigni „dabadeba~ (is Zv. w. aR-iT me-5 saukuneSi daiwera) sqesis Seqmnis or sawinaaRm-dego versias gvTavazobs. dabadebis dasawyisSi 1: 27-28, naTqvamia:

da Seqmna RmerTma adamiani saxed Tvisad da xatad RmrTisa Seqmna igi,

kacad da qalad Seqmna igini. da akurTxa isini RmerTma da Tqva: aRorZindiT

da gamravldiT da aRavseT qveyana da daeufleT mas.

am teqstSi sqesTa Soris Tanabari partniorobaa naCvenebi. Semdegi versia _ „dabadeba~ 1:8 (Zveli aRTqmis eqspertebi varaudoben, rom es monakveTi sxva dokumentidan iqna aRebuli) edemis baRis istorias gviyveba. edemSi RmerTma mxolod „kaci~ Seqmna. Semdeg, „dabadeba~ 2:18 mogviTxrobs:

da RmerTma brZana, ar aris kargi, rom kaci martoa: me misTvis Sesaferiss Sevqmni.78

amas mohyveba adamis neknisagan qalis Seqmnis istoria. am teqstSi prio-riteti kacs aqvs da qali misTvis Sesaferisi arsebaa. is amarTlebs iseT sazogadoebas, romelSic kaci dominirebs.

antikur saberZneTSi platoni (ax. w. me-4 saukune), sqesebs aRwers, ro-gorc arsebiTad Tanabarsa (gamravlebis sakiTxis garda) da mxolod stati-stikurad gansxvavebuls. naSromSi respublika, is idealuri saxelmwifos mmarTvel elitas aRwers. am elitaSi Sedian kacebica da qalebic


cxrili 4.6 mTavari gansxvavebebi feminur da maskulinur sazogadoebebs Soris :

saxelmwifo da religia


sazogadoebis socialuri uzrunvelyofis ideali; gaWirvebulebis daxmareba

sazogadoebis miRwevis ideali; Zlierebis mxardaWera

mimtevebeli sazogadoeba Semsworebeli sazogadoeba

imigrantebma integracia unda ganicadonimigrantebma asimilacia unda ganicadon

mTavroba Rarib qveynebs exmarebaRaribi qveynebi Tavis Tavs Tavad unda daexmaron

garemo unda SenarCundes: patara mSvenieria

ekonomikam zrda unda ganagrZos: didia mSvenieri

saerTaSoriso konfliqtebi molaparakebiTa da kompromisiT unda gadawydes

saerTaSoriso konfliqtebi Zalauflebis demonstrirebiT an CxubiT unda gadawydes

amomrCevlebis umetesoba Tavis Tavs memarcxened ganixilavs

amomrCevlebis umetesoba Tavis Tavs centristad ganixilavs

politika koaliciebzea dafuZnebuli, zrdilobiani politikuri manerebi

politikuri TamaSi perioduli talaxis sroliT misaRebia

politikur Tanamdebobaze bevr qals irCeven

politikur Tanamdebobaze cota qals irCeven

susti religiebi Zlieri religiebi

qristianobaSi meti sekularizacia; maxvili moyvasis siyvarulzea dasmuli

qristianobaSi naklebi sekularizacia; maxvili RmerTis rwmenazea dasmuli

dominanturi religia sqesia komplementarobas gulisxmobs

dominanturi religia mamakacis prerogativas gulisxmobs

religias seqsualur siamovnebasTan mimarTebaSi neitraluri an pozitiuri pozicia ukavia

religia mxars uWers seqss prokreaciisa da ara rekreaciisTvis

ra Tqma unda, sinamdvileSi berZnul saxelmwifoSi kacebi dominirebd-nen. aseve iyo romauli saxelmwifoSic. magram erTma romaelma mweralma, muzonius rufusma (ax. w. pirveli saukune) sqesebi Tanasworad aRiara,


kerZod, miaCnda, rom filosofiis swavla maT erTnairad SeeZloT.germaneli sociologi norbert eliasi amtkicebda, rom genderebs So-

ris Zalauflebis balansi sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze iyo damokidebuli. romis respublikisa da adreuli imperiis dros (Zv. w. 400 wlidan ax. w. me-11 saukunemde) patricieli qalebis gavlena da uflebebi nel-nela gaum-jobesda qalaq-saxelmwifoTa msoflio imperiebad gardaqmnasTan da sena-toris klasis glexi mebrZolebisagan aristokratebad qcevasTan erTad. ax. w. aR-iT me-3 saukuneSi romis imperiis daSlis Semdeg qalis statusi dakninda. Tavis adreul wignebSi eliasi aRwers, me-11 saukunis evropa-Si, saxeldobr, safrangeTSi, TandaTanobiT rogor moxda mowesrigebuli/disciplinirebuli, organizebuli sazogadoebis xelaxla damkvidreba da brZolis Semcirebam rogor misca maRali warmoSobis qalebs socialuri da civilizebuli rolis damkvidrebis saSualeba. evropuli civilizaciis istoriaSi frangi didgvarovnebi da samefo kari mniSvnelovan modelebad iTleboda. maT Sori qveynebi da klasebic baZavdnen. feminuroba-masku-linurobis ganzomilebaze erTis mxriv safrangeTis, espaneTisa da portu-galiis, meores mxriv ki britaneTis, germaniis da italiis mdebareoba am procesis sxvadasxva Sedegebad ganixileba.

anTropologma margaret midma daadgina, rom axal zelandiaSi axlom-debare tomebs Soris genderuli rolebis ganawileba Zalian gasnxvavebu-li iyo. man aRwera, istoriam da tradiciam rogor ganapiroba genderuli rolebis sakmao mravalferovnebis SenarCuneba. iseT gare faqtorebTan maRali korelacia, romelic axsnida, ratom aris zog kulturaSi masku-linoba da zogSi — feminuroba dominanturi, ver movnaxeT. feminuri kul-turebi ufro xSirad gvxvdeba civi klimatis mqone qveynebSi. SesaZloa, qalisa da kacis Tanaswori partniorobis SemTxvevaSi, mosaxleobis zrdis Sansebi ukeTesic iyos.

Crdilo-dasavleT evropaSi (dania, fineTi, niderlandebi, norvegia, SvedeTi) feminuri kulturebis koncentracia saerTo istoriul faqto-rebze miuTiTebs. am qveynebis elitaSi umravlesobas vaWrebi da mezRvau-rebi Seadgendnen. vaWrobasa da mezRvaurobaSi kargi piradi urTierTobe-bis SenarCuneba da saqonlisa da xomaldis movla aucilebeli Tvisebebia. skandinaviuri qveynebis vikingur periodSi (ax. w. 800-1000 weli) qalebi sofels uvlidnen, sanam kacebi xangrZliv mogzaurobaSi imyofebodnen. magram vikingebi niderlandebSi didi xniT ar gaCerebulan. hanzas liga (ax. w. 12000-1500) Crdilo-dasavleTi evropis yvela qveyanas, maT Soris axlan-deli CrdiloeT germanias _ damoukidebel qalaqebsa hamburgs, bremensa da liubeksa da baltiispireTis saxelmwifoebs moicavda. hanza movaWre qalaqebis Tavisufali asociacia iyo. masSi qalebi mniSvnelovan rols Ta-maSobdnen:

miuxedavad imisa, rom coli qmris legalur statuss ar iziarebda, isini, rogorc wesi, biznespartniorebi iyvnen. vaWrebis wreSic ki, ojaxi iyo sazogadoebis mcire funqciuri ujredi, sadac qalebsac da bavSvebsac


ki hqondaT roli. es niSnavs, rom qals emansipaciis raRac done hqonda da misi damoukidebloba da saqmiani unar-Cvevebi izrdeboda. zogierT qals ki „Sarvlis CacmisaTvis omis~ mogeba cocxali qmris pirobebSic ki SeeZlo.79

1524 wels erazmus roterdamelma naSromSi koloqvia, pirad gamocdi-lebaze dayrdnobiT franguli da germanuli sastumro Seadara erTmaneTs. man sastumros frangi patronebis colebisa da qaliSvilebis Sarmi, saWm-lis done da franguli savoir vivre axsna. amas germanuli simkacre, mouqne-loba da manerebis nakleboba daupirispira. man germanuli stilis frangu-li stilisagan gansasxvaveblad gamoiyena kidec sityva maskulinuri. amave dros, aRniSna, rom germanelebi klientebs ufro Tanasworad eqceodnen.80

britaneTisa da niderlandebis Sedarebisas, ingliselma saxelmwifo moRvawem ser frensis uolsinghemi 1585 wels politikur pamfletSi wer-da, rom inglisi da holandia ~Cveulebrivi eniT rom vTqvaT, colsa da qmars waagvanan~. naxevari saukunis Semdeg, sxva ingliselma aRniSna, rom holandielebis komerciuli warmatebis mizezi Semdgomia: ~isini orive sqe-sis Svilebs ise zrdian, rom ingliselebze metad aswavlian geometriasa da cifrebs~. sxvaganac ewera, rom holandieli vaWrebi da maTi colebic ingliselebze ukeT iyvnen vaWrobaSi gawafulni.81 miuxedavad imisa, rom me-17 saukunis niderlandebSi qalebs sajaro Tanamdebobis dakaveba ar SeeZloT, „am sazRvrebSi isini, rogorc koleqtiurad, ise individualu-rad, sajaro cxovrebaSi sakuTari Tavis damkvidrebas cdilobdnen~. am periodis suraTebSic „SigadaSig naCvenebia, rogor uvlian mamebi pata-ra Svilebs~. aseve, „militaruli dideba…niderlandebSi enTuziazmiT ar aRiqmeboda... miuxedavad imisa, rom profesionali jariskacebi [holandi-uri] respublikis dacvaSi mTavar rols asrulebdnen. me-17 saukuneSi im drois patriotul kulturaSi, isini ucnaurad iyvnen pativs moklebuli.82 militaruli gmirebi iseT maskulinur kulturas ekuTvnian, rogoricaa britaneTi da aSS.

CrdiloeTi qveynebis me-19 da me-20 saukuneebis simboluri repre-zentacia maTi kulturebis maskulinoba-feminurobis mixedviT genderu-lad sainteresod iyo dayofili: jon buli britaneTSi da biZia semi aSS-Si, xolo, mariana83 safrangeTSi da holandieli qaliSvili frau ante-nider-landebSi.

feminuroba-maskulinurobis skalaze laTinuri amerikis qveynebi mniSv-nelovnad varireben. centraluri amerikis patara qveynebi _ peru da Cile _ feminur mxares aRmoCdnen; meqsika, venesuela, kolumbia da ekvatori Zalze maskulinuri qveynebi gamodgnen. amis erT-erTi axsna agebulia im daSvebaze, rom es gansxvavebebi espanelTa mier dapyrobamde gavrcele-buli indielTa sxvadasxva civilizaciis memkvidreobis Sedegia. meqsikis kulturuli memkvidreoba Zlieri actekuri kulturidan momdinareobda, xolo samxreT meqsikis iukatanis naxevarkunZuli da misi mezobeli cen-traluri amerikis qveynebi naklebad militaruli maias kulturis STamo-mavlebi iyvnen. peru da Cile, maias msgavsi inkebis kulturis STamomavle-


bia.yvela es istoriuli magaliTi imaze miuTiTebs, rom feminuroba-mas-

kulinobis ganzomilebis mixedviT qveynebs Soris gansxvaveba saukuneebis winac SeimCneoda da aRwerilic iyo. qveyanaSi gavrcelebul damokidebu-lebas genderuli rolebis mimarT Rrma fesvebi aqvs.

feminuroba-maskulinurobis momavali gansxvavebebi

MAS-s, simdidresa da mosaxleobis zrdas Soris Zalian saintereso kavSiria. MAS da ojaxSi bavSvTa raodenoba (rac xels uwyobs siRaribes) mdidari qveynebisaTvis negatiur, xolo Raribi qveynebisaTvis poziti-ur korelaciaSi iyo. sxva sityvebiT — Rarib feminur qveynebSi patara, xolo mdidar feminur qveynebSi ufro didi ojaxebia.84 am kulturebSi qalebi bavSvebis gaCenis gadawyvetilebas Tavad iReben: isini arsebul re-sursebs moergnen. maskulinur kulturebSi ojaxis sidides kacis arCevani ganapirobebs. amerikelma anTropologma daniel levinsonma tradiciuli kulturebis anTropologiuri kvlevebis mimoxilva gaakeTa. man daaskv-na, rom mosaxleoba im sazogadoebaSi izrdeba, romelSic qalebi mamakacs eqvemdebarebian.85 ojaxis damgegmavi programebi kacebis damokidebulebas awydebian. UNICEF-is TanamSromlebma gamoTvales, qalebs sakuTari ojaxis sididis yvela qveyanaSi arCeva rom SeeZlos, saSualod 1.41-iT naklebi bavSvi daibadeboda, rac 35 weliwadSi msoflioSi 1.3 miliardiT nakleb adamians Seadgenda.86 amgvarad, msoflios Rarib nawilSi maskulinuri kul-tura ufro swrafad izrdeba, xolo mdidar nawilSi feminuri kultura ufro swrafad izrdeba.

10 mdidari evropuli qveynis warmomadgenlobiT SerCevaze dayrd-nobiT, 1980, 1990 da 2000 wels Catarebuli RirebulebaTa evropuli da msoflio kiTxvaris analizi gavakeTeT. davakvirdiT, rogor icvleboda sajaro azri imis Sesaxeb, ~ra Rirebulebebi unda iswavlos bavSvma saxlSi~. 2002 wlis MAS — is qulebi bavSvebis mier religiis swavlasTan pozitiu-rad, xolo tolerantobasa da pativiscemasTan negatiurad korelirebda. 1980 wlidan 1990 wlamde da 2000 wlamde religiis swavlis mniSvneloba Semcirda da tolerantobisa da pativiscemis swavlis mniSvneloba gaizar-da. es am mdidar qveynebSi zogadi maskulinurobis Semcirebas amtkicebs.87

mdidar kulturebSi feminurobisaken gadaxra mosaxleobis asakis mate-biTac aixsneba. 3.4 sqemaSi naCvenebia, rogor iklebs maskulinoba asakTan erTad. mdidari qveynebis demografiuli ganviTareba Sobadobis Semci-rebis mimarTulebiT midis, maSasadame, am qveynebSi naklebi axalgazrda adamiania.88 ufro asakovani mosaxleoba feminuri Rirebulebebis momxrea. rodesac Sobadoba dabalia, igulisxmeba, rom met qals SeeZleba muSaoba da isini samsaxurSi dasWirdebaT (radgan axalgazrda kacebis ricxvi Sem-cirdeba). es gavlena mdidar sazogadoebebSi kvlav feminurobis zrdaze miuTiTebs.

teqnologia cvlis adamianis mier Sesrulebul samuSaos. mdidar qvey-nebSi informaciuli revolucia boboqrobs. Zveli samuSaoebi nadgurdeba


da axali iqmneba. struqturirebuli samuSao ufro da ufro avtomaturi xdeba. Tumca iseTi aqtivobebic rCeba, romlebic TavianTi bunebiT avto-maturi ver iqneba. pirvel rigSi, es iseTi saqmea, romelic adamianuri da socialuri miznebis damyarebasa da individisa da sazogadoebis sicocx-lis mizans Seexeba. es politikur da organizaciul umaRlesi lidero-bis yvela funqcias moicavs. meore rigSi, es is kreatiuli samuSaoebia, romlebsac axali raRaceebis gamogoneba da maTi gamoyenebis, silamazisa da eTikurobis kriteriumebiT gamocda evaleba. da bolos, uamravi samu-Saos mTavari Semadgeneli adamianuri kontaqtia. aseTia supervizia, gar-Toba, adamianebTan erTad yofna, maTi mosmena, materialuri da sulieri mxardaWera da swavlaSi motivacia. aseT saqmeebSi kompiuteri resursebis rols ikisrebs, magram isini Tavad saqmis gakeTebas verasodes SeZleben. araavtomaturi samuSaosaTvis aucilebelia rogorc maskulinuri, ise fe-minuri Rirebulebani, imis miuxedavad, momuSave kacia Tu qali. samuSaoTa im kategoriaTagan, romelTa mTavari Semadgeneli adamianuri kontaqtia, feminuri Rirebulebebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. warmatebasTan da-kavSirebuli davalebebis avtomatizacia ufro advilia, vidre aRzrda-sTan dakavSirebuli davalebebisa.

Raribi sazogadoebisaTvis, feminuri Rirebulebebze gadasvla mo-salodneli ar aris. feminuroba-maskulinobas Soris gansxvavebebi didi rols asrulebs aziaSi mwvave problemaSi: gogonebis dabadebis prevencia-Si. 2000 wels aziaSi 100 milioniT naklebi qali daibada, vidre normalu-ri Sobadobis pirobebSi daibadeboda. mizezi is gaxlavT, rom mSoblebs biWi urCevniaT, eqoskopiis meSveobiT bavSvis sqesis dadgena SesaZlebeli gaxda dabadebamde da axaldabadebuli gogoebis mokvlis Zveli praqtika abortiT Seicvala. feminur kulturaSi, rogoricaa tailandi da indone-zia, qali/kacis Sefardeba ufro maRalia, vidre maskulinur kulturaSi, rogoricaa indoeTi da CineTi. qalebTan SedarebiT kacebis matebam SesaZ-lebelia ganxiluli sazogadoebis ufro metad maskulinurizacia gamoi-wvios.

globaluri garemos dacva msoflio masStabiT aRmzrdelobiT menta-litets moiTxovs. daxSuli wre siRaribidan maskulinurobisaken da isev siRaribisaken, globaluri gadarCenisaTvis momakvdinebelia. es msoflios mosaxleobaSi resursebis Tanabari gadanawilebis brZolisaTvis kidev erTi kargi mizezia.

151

Tavi 5

gansxvavebuli saSiSia

1960 wels arndt sorJi dasavleT germaniis armiaSi msaxurobda. Tavi-sufal dReebs mSobliur qalaqSi atarebda. masTan axlos britanuli ~rei-nis armiis~ barakebi iyo. sorJs britanuli filmebis originalur enaze naxva mounda da britanel asisTavs hkiTxa, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom is, germaneli jariskaci, filmis Cvenebas daeswros. asisTavma sorJi serJant-Tan miiyvana. serJantma telefoniT ierarqiiT meore meTaurs daureka, rveulidan furceli amoxia da daawera: ~mister arndt sorJs aqvs ufleba filmebis Cvenebas daeswros~, xeli moawera da miuTiTa, rom es ufleba ierarqiiT meore meTaurma gasca.

sorJma es privilegia mxolod im dros ki ara, sxva SemTxvevebSic ga-moiyena. rveulidan amoxeuli furceli (da germaniis jaris mowmoba) ka-ris gasaRebad kmaroda. demobilizaciis Semdeg sorJma britanel asisTavs hkiTxa, axla Tu SeeZlo filmebis naxvis gagrZeleba, razec kvlav dadebi-Ti pasuxi miiRo.

arndt sorJi organizaciuli fsiqologi gaxda. mas kargad axsovda, germanelebisagan gansxvavebiT, SedarebiT rogor martivad gadaWres bri-tanelebma es ucnauri Txovna. germanelebi Txovnis ganxilvas met dros moandomebdnen da meti ufrosis dasturi dasWirdebodaT. aseve, apli-kantisagan met informacias mosTxovdnen da ufro formalur dokuments gascemdnen. sabolood, mas SeiaraRebuli Zalebis wevris dokuments mis-cemdnen da demobilizaciis Semdeg am sabuTis gamoyenebis sakiTxic ki ar dadgeboda.1

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan arideba germaniasa da britaneTs bevri ram aqvs saerTo. orive qveyana Crdilo-

eT evropaSi mdebareobs, orives ena germanuli fuZis mqonea, mosaxleoba daaxloebiT Tanabari raodenobisaa da britaneTis samefo ojaxi germanu-li warmomavlobisa gaxlavT. miuxedavad amisa, gamoucdeli mogzauric ki SeniSnavs am or qveyanas Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs.

piter lourensi britaneli sociologia, romelmac germania ase aR-wera:

germaniaSi mogzaurobisas TvalSisacemia punqtualurobis didi mniSv-neloba, miuxedavad imisa, sruldeba es standarti, Tu ara. matareblis ku-peSi ucnobi mgzavrebis mTavari gasarCevi Tema amindi ki ara, punqtualu-robaa. did manZilze mosiarule matareblebis yovel kupeSi broSura devs. mas Zugbegleiter (pirdapiri TargmaniT: matareblis megzuri) ewodeba. broSuraSi CamoTvlilia gzad arsebuli yvela gaCereba, gasvla da SesaZ-lo gadajdomebi. gaCerebisTanave Zugbegleiter-saken xelis waReba da matareblis gadaadgilebis cifrul saaTTan Sedareba germaniaSi lamis erovnuli sportia. rodesac matarebeli igvianebs da xandaxan asec xdeba, sadguris moxele am faqts stoikuri da tragikuli intonaciebis narevi


xmiT acxadebs. gamocxadebul dagvianebebSi yvelaze uaresi kategoria _ unbestimmte Verspätung (gaurkveveli dagvianeba: ar viciT, ramdeni daagvian-deba!) adamianis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb SetyobinebasaviT cxaddeba.2

sorJs britaneli asisTavis auRelvebeli midgoma da lourenss germa-neli mgzavrebis punqtualuroba gaukvirda, es ki imaze metyvelebs, rom es ori qveyana gaurkvevelsa da gauTvaliswinebels gansxvavebulad ud-geba. IBM kvlevis SedegebSi, britaneTsa da germanias or ganzomilebaSi zustad erTnairi qulebi aqvs: Zalauflebriv distanciaSi — 35, xolo mas-kulinobaSi — 67. individualizmis ganzomilebaze britaneTs germaniaze mniSvnelovnad maRali qula hqonda (89 da 67). miuxedavad amisa, yvelaze didi gansxvaveba meoTxe ganzomilebaze, gaurkvevlobis Tavidan arideba-ze aRiniSneboda.

cneba gaurkvevlobis Tavidan arideba — amerikuli organizaciuli sociologis jeims marCis naSromidan visesxeT.3 marCma da misma kolegebma is amerikul organizaciebSi aRmoaCines, Tumca, gaurkvevlobasTan gamkla-veba yvela qveyanaSi, yvela institutSi xdeba. nebismierma adamianma unda gaiazros, rom ar icis, ra moxdeba xval: momavali gaurkvevelia da amas unda SeveguoT.

ukiduresi gaurkvevloba autanel SfoTvas iwvevs. yovelma sazoga-doebam am SfoTvis Semcirebis garkveuli gzebi monaxa. es teqnologiis, kanonmdeblobisa da religiis meSveobiT moxda. yvelaze primitiuli da yvelaze wamyvani teqnologia bunebiT gamowveul gaurkvevlobebTan gam-klavebaSi gvexmareba. kanonebisa da wesebis mizani swored sxva adamianebis gauTvaliswinebeli qcevis dabrkolebaa. religia adamianis piradi momav-lis makontroleblad miCneul transcendentur ZalebTan dakavSirebis sa-Sualebaa. religia gvexmareba, SeveguoT iseT gaurkvevlobas, romlisganac Tavs ver davicavT. zogierTi religia sicocxlis Semdeg sikvdilis an mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebis saboloo garkveulobas gvTavazobs.

tradiciuli sazogadoebis Semswavleli anTropologebi teqnologias, kanonmdeblobasa da religias did yuradRebas aqceven. maT adamianTa sa-zogadoebis gaurkvevlobasTan gamklavebis mravali gza aRweres. am Tval-sazrisiT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi tradiciuli sazogadoebebisagan didad ar gansxvavdeba. dedamiwis TiTqmis yovel kuTxeSi erTnairi infor-maciis miwodebis miuxedavad, teqnologiebi, kanonebi da religia gansxvav-deba, amasTan, spontanuri gaerTianebis niSnebic ar gamoCnda.

gaurkvevlobis mTavari maxasiaTebeli isaa, rom gaurkvevloba subie-qtur gamocdileba, grZnobaa. lomebis momTvinierebeli lomebis gare-mocvaSi kargad grZnobs Tavs, arada es iseTi situacia, romelSic umetes Cvengans SiSiT guli gauskdeboda. gadatvirTul gzaze sakmaod dawynare-bulad atarebT manqanas saaTSi 50 milis siCqariT, rac lomebis momTvinie-reblis situaciasTan SedarebiT albaT statistikurad msgavsi riskisaa.

gaurkvevlobis grZnoba mxolod personaluri ar aris. SesaZlebelia, mas sazogadoebis wevrebic iziarebdnen. wina 3 TavSi ganxiluli Rirebule-bebis msgavsad, gaurkvevlobisadmi damokidebulebac SeZenili da daswav-

153ga n sx v av e b u l i s aSiSi a

lilia. es grZnoba da masTan gamklavebis gzebi kulturuli memkvidreo-bis nawilia. maTi gadacema da ganmtkiceba ojaxis, skolis, saxelmwifosa da sxva msgavsi Zireuli institutebis mier xdeba. sazogadoebis wevre-bis koleqtiuri Rirebulebebi maT (am grZnobebs) asaxavs. maTi fesvebi iracionaluria. amis Sedegad, erT sazogadoebaSi qcevis iseTi paternebi viTardeba, romelic meore sazogadoebis wevrebisaTvis gaugebari da mi-uRebelia.

gaurkvevlobisadmi (ara)tolerantobis gazomva sazogadoebaSi: gaurk-vevlobis Tavidan aridebis indeqsi

Zalauflebrivi distanciis, individualizm-koleqtivizmisa da masku-linoba-feminurobis Semdeg gaurkvevlobis Tavidan arideba (Zlieridan su-stamde) IBM proeqtSi gamokvleuli meoTxe ganzomilebaa. yvela qveyanasa da regions gaurkvevlobis Tavidan aridebis indeqsis qula mivaniWeT ( UAI).

qveynebs Soris, gaurkvevlobis Tavidan aridebis mixedviT arsebuli gansxvaveba, Tavdapirvelad Zalauflebrivi distanciis kvlevisas gamoCnda, rogorc misi gverdiTi produqti. es yvelaferi daiwyo samsaxurebrivi stre-sis Sesaxeb SekiTxviT: ~ ramdenad xSirad xarT daZabuli an ganerviulebuli samsaxurSi?~ pasuxebi gansxvavdeboda 1-dan — Tavs yovelTvis ase vgrZnob, 5-mde — Tavs ase arasdros vgrZnob. girtma SeamCnia, rom qveynidan qveyanaSi am kiTxvaze pasuxis peterni regularulia. magaliTad, britaneli dasaqme-bulebi, miuxedavad imisa, menejerebi iyvnen, inJinrebi, mdivnebi Tu qarxnis muSebi, germanel dasaqmebulebTan SedarebiT yovelTvis nerviulobis nakleb qulas agrovebdnen. magram, IBM monacemTa bazis qveynebis ganxilvisas stres-Si gansxvaveba Zalauflebriv distanciasTan dakavSirebuli ar aRmoCnda.

qveynebs Soris stabiluri gansxvavebis gamomwvevi kiTxvebis Rrma Ses-wavlis Semdeg gairkva, rom Semdegi sami debulebis saSualo qulebi yoveli qveynisaTvis erTmaneTTan Zlierad korelirebs:

1. samsaxurebrivi stresi, rogorc zemoT aRweril magaliTSia (saSua-lo qula 1-5 skalaze)

2. Semdeg debulebaze daTanxmeba: „kompaniis wesebis darRveva ar Sei-Zleba — maSinac ki, rodesac TanamSromels sjera, rom es kompaniis interesebSia~ (saSualo qula 1-5 skalaze). am debulebas wesebze orientacia vuwodeT.

3. dasaqmebulTa ramdenma procentma gamoTqva kompaniaSi didi xniT darCenis survili. kiTxva ase JRerda: „Tqveni azriT, ramdeni xani gaagrZelebT IBM-Si muSaobas?~ pasuxebis variantebia: 1. yvelaze meti _ ori weli; 2. 2-5 weli; 3. 5 weliwadze (magram, pensiaze gas-vlamde aqedan waval); 4. pensiaze gasvlamde. me-3 da me-4 kiTxvaze dadebiTad mopasuxe adamianebis procenti 1-li da me-2 debulebis saSualo qulebTan korelirebda.

Tavidan am sami debulebis kombinacia uazrod mogveCvena. stresis qveS myof adamians ratom unda undodes wesebis dacva da xangrZlivi kariera?


magram es araswori interpretacia iyo. monacemebi imaze ki ar miuTiTebs, rom „viRacas~ es sami damokidebuleba erTdroulad axasiaTebs. calkeul in-dividTa monacemebis ganxilvisas am kiTxvebze pasuxebi korelaciaSi ar iyo. gansxvaveba qveynebis pasuxebis saSualo monacemebSi aRmoCnda. amgvarad, Tu mocemul qveyanaSi adamianebs miaCndaT, rom stresis qveS imyofebodnen, ima-ve qveynis moqalaqeebi wesebis dacvas iTxovdnen da met pirovnebas hqonda grZelvadiani karieris survili. magram aucileblad erTi da imave adamians ar eqneboda TiToeuli es damokidebuleba.

qveynis an adamianTa sxva kategoriis kultura araa „tipuri moqalaqis~ an „pirovnebis modelis~ maxasiaTeblebis kombinacia. is, sxva TvisebebTan erTad, erTnairi mentaluri daprogramebis mqone moqalaqeTa mosalodne-li reaqciebis erTobliobaa. erT adamians SeuZlia erTi reaqcia hqondes (magaliTad, ufro nerviulad igrZnos Tavi), meores ki — meore (magaliTad, wesebis dacva moiTxovos). msgavsi reaqciebi erTsa da imave individebs ki ar unda hqondes, aramed erTsa da imave sazogadoebaSi statistikurad xSirad unda aRiniSnebodes.

sazogadoebis doneze 1-3 kiTxvebis kavSiris interpretacia marTebulia. davaskveniT, rom es samive debuleba am konkretul sazogadoebaSi gaurk-veveli momavlis gamo SfoTvis dones gamoxatavs. SfoTvis done mocemuli sazogadoebis, ojaxis, skolisa da zrdasruli cxovrebis saerTo, mentaluri programis nawilia. SfoTvis donis gamo, individTa SedarebiT didi nawili samsaxurSi inerviulebs an daZabulad igrZnobs Tavs (kiTxva 1). nebismieri mizeziT kompaniis wesis darRveva (kiTxva 2) adamianTa umetesobisTvis imitom aris miuRebeli, rom es iwvevs gaurkvevlobas: ra moxdeba, Tu yvelam imis keTeba daiwyo, rac unda? da bolos, damsaqmeblebis gamocvla aseT qveyana-Si popularuli ar aris (kiTxva 3), radgan es avantiuras, ucnob wamowyebas niSnavs.

amgvarad, gaurkvevlobis Tavidan arideba SeiZleba ganvmartoT, rogorc is, ramdenad grZnoben safrTxes ucnobi an gaurkveveli situaciebis mxridan ama Tu im kulturis wevrebi. es grZnoba nervuli stresiTa da winaswarme-tyvelebis saWiroebiTac gamoixateba anu dawerili da dauwereli kanonebis saWiroebaa.

74 qveynisa da regionis UAI qulebi 5.1 cxrilSi aris mocemuli. misi gamoTvla Zalauflebrivi distanciis indeqsis gamoTvlis msgavsia (Tavi 2). yoveli qveynis indeqsis monacemis gamosaTvlelad 1-li da me-2 kiTxvis sa-Sualo da me-3 kiTxvis procentuli qulebi dagvWirda. amisaTvis ioli maTe-matikuri formula gamoviyeneT — erTmaneTs vumatebT an vaklebT sam qulas mas Semdeg, rac yovel maTgans gavamravlebT fiqsirebul ricxvze. bolos vu-matebT sxva fiqsirebul ricxvs. formulis mizani iyo: 1. saboloo indeqsSi yovel kiTxvas erTnairi wili unda hqonoda; 2. indeqsis mniSvnelobebi unda icvlebodes 0-dan (gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis patara maCvenebeli) 100-mde (gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis maRali maCvenebeli). meore amocana srulad ver davakmayofileT, radgan mogvianebiT kvlevaSi kidev ori qvey-ana CaerTo, maT 100 qulaze meti aRmoaCndaT.


cxrili 5.1 gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis indeqsis (UAI) mniSvnelobebi 74 qveyni-

sa da regionisaTvis

qveyana/regioni

qula rigi qveyana/regioni qula rigi

saberZneTi 112 1Sveicaria (franguli)

70 35 - 38

portugalia 104 2 taivani 69 39

gvatemala 101 3 arabuli qveynebi 68 40 - 41

urugvai 100 4 maroko 68 40 - 41

belgia (flamandiuri)

97 5 ekvatori 67 42

malta 96 6 germania 65 43

ruseTi 95 7 tailandi 64 44

el salvadori 94 8 bangladeSi 60 45 - 47

belgia (valoni) 93 9 - 10 kanada (kvebeki) 60 45 - 47

poloneTi 93 9 - 10 estoneTi 60 45 - 47

iaponia 92 11 - 13 fineTi 59 48 - 49

serbeTi 92 11 - 13 irani 59 48 - 49

surinami 92 11 - 13Sveicaria (germanuli)

56 50

rumineTi 90 14trinidadi da tobago

55 51

slovenia 88 15 dasavleTi afrika 54 52

peru 87 16 niderlandebi 53 53

argentina 86 17 - 22 aRmosavleTi afrika 52 54

Cile 86 17 - 22 avstralia 51 55 - 56

kosta-rika 86 17 - 22 slovakeTi 51 55 - 56

safrangeTi 86 17 - 22 norvegia 50 57

panama 86 17 - 22 axali zelandia 49 58 - 59

espaneTi 86 17 - 22 samxreTi afrika* 49 58 - 59

bulgareTi 85 23 - 25 kanada (mTliani) 48 60 - 61

korea (samxreTi)

85 23 - 25 indonezia 48 60 - 61

TurqeTi 85 23 - 25 aSS 46 62

ungreTi 82 26 - 27 filipinebi 44 63


meqsika 82 26 - 27 indoeTi 40 64

israeli 81 28 malaizia 36 65

kolumbia 80 29 - 30 didi britaneTi 35 66 - 67

xorvatia 80 29 - 30 irlandia 35 66 - 67

brazilia 76 31 - 32 CineTi 30 68 - 69

venesuela 76 31 - 32 vietnami 30 68 - 69

italia 75 33 hong-kongi 29 70 - 71

CexeTis respublika

74 34 SvedeTi 29 70 - 71

avstria 70 35 - 38 dania 23 72

luqsemburgi 70 35 - 38 iamaika 13 73

pakistani 70 35 - 38 singapuri 8 74

muqi SriftiT dabeWdili qveynebisa da regionebis qulebi IBM-is monacemTa bazidan daiTvala. sxva

qveynebis qulebi ganmeorebiTi kvlevebiT an cnobili SefasebebiT aris gamoTvlili.

* monacemebi mxolod TeTrkaniani respondentebisganaa aRebuli.

5.1 cxrilSi qveynebis axali dajgufebebia naCvenebi. es wina 3 ganzo-milebaze arsebuli dajgufebebisagan gansxvavdeba. laTinur qveynebs, laTinur evropasa da xmelTaSua zRvis regionis qveynebs maRali qulebi aqvT saberZneTidan (112), ekvatoramde (67). aseve, maRali qulebi hqon-daT iaponiasa da samxreT koreas (92 da 85). saSualod maRali qulebi hqonda avstrias, germaniasa da Sveicarias (70, 65 da 56). iaponiisa da ko-reas garda, sxva aziur qveynebs saSualo da dabali qulebi daufiqsirdaT (tailandidan-69, singapuramde-8). asevea afrikul qveynebSi da anglo da Crdiloevropuli qveynebisa da holandiisaTvis fineTidan (59) daniamde (23). rogorc aRvniSneT, germanias 65 qula hqonda (43-e adgili), xolo did britaneTs — 35 (66-67-e adgili). es sxvagvarad msgavs qveynebs Soris gaurkvevlobis sakiTxSi kulturul napralze miuTiTebs, rac am Tavis dasawyisSi moyvanili ambidanac Cans.

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba da SfoTva

SfoTva fsiqologiisa da fsiqiatriis terminia da difuzuri mdgo-mareobaa, rodesac „adamiani dawynarebuli ar aris da imaze Relavs, rac SeiZleba moxdes~.4 SfoTva SiSi ar aris, radgan SiSs obieqti aqvs. raRacis gveSinia, SfoTvas ki obieqti ara aqvs. mosazreba, rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi SfoTvis done gansxvavebulia, jer kidev 1897 wels frangma emil durkemma (1858-1917) gamoTqva, TviTmkvlelobis movlenaze gamocemul wignSi. man aRniSna, rom sxvadasxva qveyanasa da regionSi TvimTkvelobis maCveneblebi wlidan wlamde gansacvifreblad stabiluria. es monacemebi man imis mtki-


cebulebad gamoiyena, rom socialuri Zalebi iseT individualur aqtzec ki zemoqmedebs, rogoricaa TviTmkvleloba. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi es so-cialuri Zalebi gansxvavdeba, droSi ki TiTqmis ar icvleba.

TviTmkvlelobis maRali maCvenebeli sazogadoebis SfoTvis SesaZlo Se-degTagan mxolod erT-erTia. 1970 wels irlandielma fsiqologma riCard linma 18 ganviTarebul qveyanaSi Catarebuli SfoTvasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis didi kvlevis Sedegebi gamoaqveyna. linma jandacvis oficialu-ri informacia da masTan dakavSirebuli statistika gamoiyena da gamoavlina qveynebs Soris korelirebuli indikatorebi: TviTmkvlelobis maCvenebeli, alkoholizmi (RviZlis ciroziT gamowveul sikvdilze dayrdnobiT), SemTx-veviTi sikvdilis maCveneblebi da 10 000 mosaxleze patimrebis raodenoba. es monacemebi erTad im faqtors Seadgendnen, romelsac linma SfoTva an neirotizmi uwoda. zogierTi maCvenebeli neirotizmTan negatiurad kore-lirebda. esenia: kofeinis miReba (yava da Cai), kaloriebis miRebis dRiuri doza, gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebiT gamowveuli sikvdili da qronikuli fsiqozis SemTxvevebi (1000 mosaxleze pacientTa raodenoba). 1960 wlidan dawyebuli, SfoTvis faqtoris siZlieris qulebi linma yvela qveynisaTvis daiTvala. man aRmoaCina, rom avstrias, iaponiasa da safrangeTs umaRlesi, xolo axal zelandias, did britaneTsa da irlandiis respublikas yvelaze dabali qulebi aqvs. liniseul kvlevis qveynis SfoTvis qulebsa da IBM kvlevis UAI qulebs Soris Zlieri korelaciaa (5.1 cxrili) .5 radgan es ori kvleva monacemebis sruliad gansxvavebul wyaros eyrdnoba, msgavsi Sedege-bi maTSi gamovlenil Semdeg daskvnas adasturebs: SfoTvis done sxvadasx-va qveyanaSi gansxvavebulia — zogierT kulturaSi meti SfoTva aRiniSneba, vidre sxvaSi.

SfoTvis maRali doniT gamorCeuli kulturebi, amave dros eqspresiuli kulturebicaa. es is adgilebia, sadac adamianebi laparakisas xelebs iqne-ven, socialurad misaRebia xmis aweva, emociebis gamoxatva, magidaze muStis dartyma. erTaderTi gamonaklisi iaponiaa. sxva azielebis msgavsad, dasav-leli damkvirveblisaTvis iaponelebi uemociod iqcevian, magram iaponiaSi da, raRac doniT koreasa da taivanSic, miRebulia TanamSromlebTan erTad daleva samuSao saaTebis Semdeg. aseTi Sekrebebis dros kacebi dagrovili agresiisagan Tavisufldebian. es agresia SeiZleba ufrosebiskenac iyos mi-marTuli. miuxedavad amisa, meore dRes saqmianoba Cveulebrivad grZeldeba. dalevis msgavsi raundebi SfoTvis moxsnis erT-erT instituciur adgili da droa.

gaurkvevlobis aridebis kuTxiT sust qveynebSi SfoTvis done SedarebiT dabalia. liniseuli kvlevis mixedviT, aseT qveynebSi gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebis Sedegad meti adamiani kvdeba, rac am kulturaSi arsebuli da-bali eqspresiulobiT SeiZleba aixsnas. agresiisa da emociebis gamoxatva ar SeiZleba: xmaurianad da emociurad moqceva socialur gakicxvas imsaxu-rebs. amgvarad, aqtivobaSi stresis gamoTavisufleba SeuZlebelia; is unda gaSinagndes. Tu es xSirad moxda, SesaZloa gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadeba ganviTardes.

lini SfoTvis dabali donis qveynebSi qronikuli fsiqozis mqone paci-


entebis did raodenobas am sazogadoebaSi gonebrivi stimulis ararsebobiT xsnis. es sazogadoeba uferuli da erTferovania. yava da Cai mastimulirebe-li nivTierebebia da sazogadoebaSi kofeinis Semcveli msgavsi produqtebs intensiurad moixmaren. alkohols sapirispiro efeqti aqvs, anu is stress xsnis. gaurkvevlobis acilebis kuTxiT sust sazogadoebebSi alkoholis moxmarebis saSualo maCvenebeli dabalia da am qveynebSi arsebuli RviZlis skleroziT gamowveuli sikvdili naklebadaa. skandinaviaSi bevr adamians pe-riodulad zedmeti alkoholis miRebis gansakuTrebuli paterni axasiaTebs. am SemTxvevaSi alkoholi stimulis rols asrulebs, magram mxolod mcire drois ganmavlobaSi. amas TavSekavebis grZeli periodebi mohyveba. danarCen evropasTan SedarebiT skandinaviis qveynebSi alkoholis saSualo moxmareba dabalia. 33 qveynis UAI-s da didi xuTeulis pirovnebis testis erovnuli normebi erTmaneTs Seadares. gaurkvevlobis Tavidan aridebis kulturebSi respondentebma neirotizmis skalaze maRali qulebi, xolo SeTanxmebulo-baze dabali qulebi miiRes. neirotizmis qula ufro maRali iyo aseve masku-linuri qveynebisaTvis.6 neirotizmi (emociuri stabilurobis sawinaaRmdego mdgomareoba) aerTianebs pirovnebis Semdeg Tvisebebs: SfoTvas, agresiul mtrulobas, depresias, TviTcnobierebas, impulsurobasa da mowyvladobas. gaurkvevlobis Tavidan aridebis qveynebi daTanxmebulobaze dabal qulebs iRebdnen. is ndobas, pirdapirobas, altruizms, moridebulobasa da sinazes moicavs.

es korelaciebi imis gagebaSi gvexmareba, gaurkvevlobis Tavidan aride-bis kuTxiT Zlieri kulturis xalxi dakavebul, mousvenar, emociur, agre-siul da saeWvo pirovnebebad ratom gveCveneba da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis kuTxiT susti kulturebisa ki uferul, Cum, auRelvebel, kon-trolis mqone da zarmac pirovnebebad. es STabeWdilebebi maTi patronis TvalSi arsebobs. isini mayureblis kulturaSi arsebuli emociurobis do-nis gansxvavebas asaxaven.

gaurkvevlobisa da riskis Tavidan acileba erTi da igive ar aris.isini erTmaneTSi ar unda SegveSalos. SiSica da riskic konkretuli

raRaciskenaa mimarTuli: SiSis SemTxvevaSi es obieqtia, riskis SemTxveva-Si ki — movlena. risks xSirad gamoxataven, rogorc garkveuli movlenis albaTobis procents. SfoTvac da gaurkvevlobac difuzuri grZnobebia. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, SfoTvas obieqti ar gaaCnia, gaurkvevlobas — al-baToba. is iseTi situaciaa, rodesac nebismieri ram SeiZleba moxdes da ar viciT, ra iqneba es. Tu gaurkvevloba riskis saxiT gamoixateba, is SfoTvis mizezi aRar aris. SesaZloa, is SiSis mizezi gaxdes, amasTanave rutinadac gadaiqces, rogorc sprortuli TamaSis an manqanis tarebis riskisas xdeba.

riskis Semcirebis nacvlad gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba bundovano-bis Semcirebas axerxebs. gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis kulturebSi bundovanobas gaurbian. aseT kulturaSi, adamianebi organizaciebSi, insti-tutebsa da urTierTobebSi struqturas eZeben. am SemTxvevaSi movlenebis interpretireba da winaswar ganWvreta advilad xdeba. paradoqsia, magram uzustobis Sesamcireblad isini xSirad mimarTaven sarisko qcevas. maga-liTad, Cumad dalodebis magivrad oponentTan Cxubs texen.


IBM-is monacemebis analizis Sedegebi gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis siZlieresa da qveyanaSi manqanis tarebis daSvebul maqsimalur siCqares So-ris korelaciaze miuTiTebs. es korelacia ganviTarebul qveynebs exeba. kavSiri pozitiuria: gaurkvevlobisagan Tavis Zlierad arideba swraf tare-basTan korelirdeba. sxva faqtorebis gakontrolebis SemTxvevaSi, swrafad tareba met sasikvdilo avtokatastrofas niSnavs anu met riskTan aris da-kavSirebuli. miuxedavad amisa, es nacnobi riskia. masTan gasamklaveblad gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis kulturebi mzad arian. TavianTi emoci-urobis gamo maT stresis an gadaudeblobis gancda uCndebaT, ris gamoc ufro swrafad tareba undebaT. gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis qveynebSi siCqaris maRali zRvari imaze miuTiTebs, rom prioritetuli adamianis da-zogva ki ara, — drois dazogvaa.

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis kuTxiT sust qveynebSi gadaudeblobis gancda naklebia da amitom siCqaris dabal zRvars mosaxleoba ukeT egueba. am qveynebSi aramxolod nacnobi, ucnobi riskebic misaRebia. aseTi riskia samsaxuris gamocvla an iseT aqtivobebSi CarTva, romlebisTvisac wesebi ar arsebobs.

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebas samuSao adgilis, genderisa da asakis mixedviT

meti da naklebi gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis samuSao adgilebis warmodgena advilia (magaliTad, bankis klerki — Jurnalisti). miuxedavad amisa, IBM-is monacemebiT 38 samuSao adgilis analizma Tanamdebobebis UAI-is mixedviT daxasiaTebis saSualeba ar mogvca. amis mizezi ki is gaxlavT, rom qveynebSi indeqsis gamosaTvleli sami kiTxva (stresi, wesebze orienta-cia da darCenis survili) sxvadasxva samuSao adgilisaTvis gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobisa aRmoCnda. amgvarad, samuSao adgilebis mixedviT es sami kiTxva korelaciaSi ar imyofeboda. samuSao adgilis mixedviT am ganzomilebis Sesa-faseblad sxva kiTxvebis gamoyenebaa saWiro.

msgavsi situaciaa genderis SemTxvevaSic. erTi da imave qveynisa da Tanam-debobis kacebi da qalebi stresisa da wesebze orientaciis erTsa da imave dones aRniSnavdnen. magram, samuSaoze darCenis survili gansxvavebuli hqon-daT (saSualod, kacebs ufro didi xniT surdaT darCena), Tumca es gaurkvev-lobis Tavidan acilebas ar gamoxatavs. IBM populaciaSi axalgazrda qale-bis garkveul procents cota xniT samuSaos Sewyveta surda bavSvis gaCenis survilis gamo.

erovnebis garda, IBM populaciaSi gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis inde-qsTan korelaciaSi mxolod erTi aspeqti iyo — saSualo asaki. iseT qveynebSi, romlebSic IBM-is muSakebi ufro asakovnebi iyvnen, meti stresi, wesebze orientacia da darCenis survili aRmovaCineT. UAI-sa da asaks Soris kavSi-ri Semdeg logikas mihyveba: gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis kuTxiT Zlier qveynebSi adamianebs ara mxolod surT, aramed naklebad icvlian kidevac damsaqmeblebs. amgvarad, aseTi qveynebis IBM muSakebi kompaniaSi saSualod met xans muSaoben da ufro asakovnebic arian.7


gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba ojaxSi

amerikelma wyvilma italiis patara qalaqSi ori kvira gaatara. isini TavianT SviliSvilebs uvlidnen, sanam italiaSi mcxovrebi maTi Svilebi samogzaurod iyvnen. bavSvebs xalxiT savse moedanze TamaSi uyvardaT. iq dedebisa da ZiZebis meTvalyureobiT bevri italieli bavSvic TamaSobda. amerikel bavSvebs aqeT-iqeT sirbilis ufleba hqondaT. isini ecemodnen da kvlav dgebodnen, bebia da babua amas saxifaTod ar miiCnevdnen. italie-lebi ki sxvagvarad iqceoden. bavSvs Tvals erTi wuTiTac ar aSorebdnen da rodesac is ecemoda, ufrosi imwamsve ayenebda, wmendda da amSvidebda.8

sufTasa da binZurs, saSiSsa da usafrTxos Soris gansxvavebas bavSvi Zali-an adre amCnevs. magram is, ra iTvleba sufTad da usafrTxod an binZurad da saSiSad, didad gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi da erTi sazoga-doebis ojaxebSic ki. bavSvma sufTisa da binZuris, usafrTxosa da saSiSis klasificireba unda iswavlos. gaurkvevlobis Tavidan aridebis kuTxiT Zlier kulturaSi es klasifikacia mkacri da absoluturia. italielma dedebma da ZiZebma (UAI 75) moedanze is safrTxe da sibinZure SeniSnes, romelic amerikelebma (UAI 46) ver dainaxes.

britanel-amerikelma anTropologma meri duglasma ganacxada, rom si-binZure — anu rac anagvianebs — SedarebiTi koncefciaa. is mTlianad aris damokidebuli kulturul interpretaciaze. zogadad, sibinZure uadgi-lod ganlagebuli materiaa. saSiSi da damanagvianebeli sagnebi Cveni azro-vnebis Cveul CarCosa da normalur klasifikaciaSi ar jdeba.9

sibinZure da safrTxe mxolod materialur sagnebze ar vrceldeba. ms-gavsi grZnobebi adamianebis Sesaxebac arsebobs. rasizmi ojaxSi ~ibadeba~. mSoblebisagan bavSvebi swavloben, rom garkveuli kategoriis adamianebi binZurebi an saSiSni arian. isini swavloben, rom sxva socialuri, eTnikuri, religiuri an politikuri gare jgufebis bavSvebTan TamaSi ar SeiZleba.

ideebic SeiZleba ~binZurad~ da saSiSad CaiTvalos. ojaxebSi bavSvebi swavloben, rom zogi idea kargia, zogs ki tabu adevs. zogierT kulturaSi kargsa da cuds Soris mkveTri gansxvavebaa. WeSmaritebas didi asoTi weren da aseTi WeSmaritebisagan gansxvavebuli ideebi saSiSi da damabinZurebe-lia. relativzmisa da eWvis adgili ar aris.

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis kuTxiT Zlier kulturebSi arsebuli wesebisa da normebis Zlieri sistemebis gamo, xSirad bavSvebi Tavs damna-Saved da codvilad grZnoben. maRali UAI-is sazogadoebebSi ganaTlebis procesi bavSvebSi Zlier superegos aviTarebs (es koncefcia Zalze maRali UAI-is qveynis mkvidrma zigmund froidma SeimuSava). mosalodnelia, rom msgavsi sazogadoebis bavSvebi daiswavlian, rom samyaro mtruli adgilia da amitom ucnobi situaciisagan Tavs daicaven.

dabali UAI-is kulturebsac aqvT WuWyisa da safrTxis sakuTari kla-sifikacia, magram is naklebad zustia. eWvi, ucnobi adamianebi, situaciebi da ideebi sasargeblod iTvleba. aseT sazogadoebaSi wesebi ufro moqni-lia, superego — susti, samyaro — zogadad keTili, xolo axali situaciis gancda — waqezebuli.

maRali UAI-is kulturaTa bavSvebisaTvis arsebuli mkacri wesebi da


normebi am kulturis enaSic aisaxeba. kaSimasa da kaSimas monacemebis mixedviT (maTi naSromi me-3 TavSic ganvixileT), maRali UAI-is kultu-rebSi sxvadasxva adamianisaTvis mimarTavda sxvadasxva sityva gamoiyeneba, magaliTad, Tqven da Sen frangulSi. aseTi enebis Semswavleli bavSvebi, TavianTi kulturis mkacri wesebis mixedviT met arCevans awydebian. daba-li UAI -is kulturebSi aseTi sametyvelo wesebi naklebia xolme.10

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis kuTxiT Zlieri grZnoba qsenofobiis devizSi JRers: ~is, rac gansxvavebulia, saSiSia~. sapirispirod, gaurkvev-lobis Tavidan acilebis kuTxiT susti debuleba aseTia: ~is, rac gansxva-vebulia, sainteresoa~.

maRali UAI-is sazogadoebaSi ojaxuri cxovreba ufro stresulia, vidre dabali UAI-is sazogadoebis ojaxuri cxovreba. grZnobebi ufro intensiuria, bavSvebica da mSoblebic pozitiur da negatiur damokide-bulebas ufro emociurad gamoTqvamen. RirebulebaTa msoflio kiTxvaris monacemebis mixedviT, ojaxuri cxovrebiT kmayofileba UAI-sTan negati-ur korelaciaSia, ufro ganviTarebul qveynebSi mainc. Raribi qveynebis CarTvis SemTxvevaSi, ojaxuri cxovrebiT kmayofileba individualizmsa da feminurobas ufro ukavSirdeboda.11

me-4 TavSi maskulinobas, ojaxis sididesa da simdidres Soris arsebuli kavSiri aRvwereT. msoflioSi Sobadobasa da saxelmwifoSi arsebul siRa-ribes Soris kavSiri iyo da kvlavac aris. miuxedavad amisa, Rarib feminur qveynebSi naklebi Sobadobaa, vidre Rarib maskulinur qveynebSi, mdidar qveynebSi ki _ piriqiT. es kavSiri IBM kvlevis dros dadgenili Sobadobisa da simdidris monacemebzea dafuZnebuli (1960-70). Semdgom 30 weliwadSi Sobadoba TiTqmis mTels msoflioSi daeca. mdidar qveynebSi Sobadoba imigraciis gareSe qveynis mosaxleobis stabilurobis donis SesanarCune-blad saWiro doneze qvemoTac ki davarda (2.1 Svili yovel ojaxSi). Crdi-loeTis 21 mdidari qveynis analizis Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom 1970-ian wlebSi Sobadobis done saxelmwifoSi mxolod simdidresTan (negatiurad) kore-lirebda. mdidar qveynebSi ufro patara ojaxebi cxovrobdnen. 1995-2000 wlebSi Sobadobis done pirvelad da negatiurad UAI-Tanac korelirebda. maRali UAI-is mqone sazogadoebebSi dabali UAI-is sazogadoebebTan Se-darebiT patara ojaxebi cxovrobdnen. ojaxuri cxovrebiT naklebi kmayo-fileba naklebi bavSvis yolis survilsac ganapirobebda.12

5.2 cxrilSi maRali da dabali UAI-is mqone sazogadoebas Soris ar-sebuli da aqamde naxsenebi gansxvavebebia Sejamebuli. ra Tqma unda, es gansxvavebebi ganzomilebis ukidures poluss aireklavs. qveynebis umete-soba SuaSi mdebareobs da qveynis SingiTac sakmaod didi variacia arsebobs


cxrili 5.2 mTavari gansxvavebebi Zlier da sust gaurkvevlobas Soris: zogadi nor-

ma da ojaxi.

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba: susti gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba: Zlieri

gaurkvevloba cxovrebis normaluri nawilia da yoveli momdevno dRe dadgomisTanave miRebulia

cxovrebaSi arsebuli gaurkvevloba mudmivi safrTxea, romelsac unda vebrZolo

susti stresi da susti SfoTva Zlieri stresi da Zlieri SfoTva

agresia da emociebi ar unda gamoCndesagresia da emociebi SeiZleba Sesabamis drosa da adgilas gamoixatos

pirovnul testebSi ufro maRali qula SeTanxmebulobaze

pirovnul testebSi ufro maRali qula neirotizmze

gaurkvevel situaciebSi da ucnob riskebTan mimarTebaSi Tavs komfortulad grZnobs

misaRebia nacnobi riskebi. gaurkveveli situaciebisa da ucnobi riskebis eSinia

lmobieri wesebi bavSvebisaTvis imis Sesaxeb, ra aris binZuri an tabu

mkacri wesebi bavSvebisaTvis imis Sesaxeb, ra aris binZuri an tabu

susti superegos ganviTareba Zlieri superegos ganviTareba

sxvadasxva tipis adamianisaTvis mimarTvis msgavsi forma

sxvadasxva tipis adamianisaTvis mimarTvis gansxvavebuli forma

rac gansxvavebulia, is sainteresoa rac gansxvavebulia, is saxifaToa

ojaxuri cxovreba mSvidia ojaxuri cxovreba stresulia

mdidar dasavlur qveyanaSi meti bavSviamdidar dasavlur qveyanaSi naklebi bavSvia

muqi SriftiT dabeWdili qveynebisa da regionebis qulebi IBM-is monacemTa bazidan daiTvala. sxva

qveynebis qulebi ganmeorebiTi kvlevebiT an cnobili SefasebebiT aris gamoTvlili.* monacemebi

mxolod TeTrkaniani respondentebisganaa aRebuli.

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba, bedniereba da janmrTeloba

Rirebulebis msoflio kiTxvarSi 1990 wels bednierebis Sesaxeb kiTx-vac Sedioda. bedniereba UAI-sTan negatiurad korelirebda, rogorc mdi-dari, aseve erToblivad yvela qveynisaTvis. 13 maRali UAI subieqturad aRqmul keTildReobis naklebobas ukavSirdeba. holandielma sociologma


ruuT venhovenma erebis bednierebaze informaciis Segrovebas ormocd-aaTze meti weli moandoma.. 1990 wlamde, yvela qveynisaTvis bedniereba pirvel rigSi simdidresTan korelirebda (mdidari qveynebi ufro bed-nierni iyvnen). 1990 wlis Semdeg yvela, maT Soris ganviTarebuli qveyne-bisaTvisac bednierebis pirveli korelacia UAI-sTan aRmoCnda.14

venhovenma yoveli qveynisaTvis bednierebis qulebis gafantvis qulebi daadgina — gafantvis qulebi UAI-sTan dadebiTad korelirebda.15 Zalian bednieri adamianebi rogorc dabali, ise maRali UAI-is mqone qveynebSi iyvnen, magram Zalian ubeduri adamianebi umetesad maRali UAI-is qveynebSi cxovrobdnen.

piter smiTma bednierebis genialuri sazomi moigona. rogorc me-3 TavSi aRvwereT, smiTi saerTaSoriso kompaniebSi SeTanxmebulobis dones ikvlevda. SeTanxmebuloba Sinaarsis miuxedavad yvela kiTxvaze dadebi-Ti pasuxis gacemis tendenciaa. RirebulebebTan dakavSirebuli kiTxve-bis SemTxvevaSi, SeTanxmebuloba koleqtivizmsa da did Zalauflebriv distanciasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. arsebuli/realuri situaciis aRwera-sTan dakavSirebul, yvela kiTxvaze daTanxmebuloba dabal UAI-sTan iyo korelaciaSi. maRali UAI-is qveynebSi adamianebma TavianTi cxovrebisa da samsaxuris situaciis aRweris negatiuri tendencia gamoavlines.16

1979 wels msoflios 13 qveyanaSi adamianur RirebulebaTa kvleva did SerCevaze Catarda. maRali UAI-is mqone qveynebis mosaxleoba dabali UAI-is qveynebis mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT Tavs ufro gulwrfelad da serio-zulad, damoukideblad da msoflio mSvidobaze Sewuxebul adamianebad afasebda. fulsa da janmrTelobaze ufro xSirad Relavda.17

RirebulebaTa msoflio kiTxvari janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebul kiTxvasac moicavda. janmrTelobiT kmayofileba UAI-sTan negatiur ko-relaciaSi aRmoCnda, rogorc mdidari qveynebisaTvis, aseve yvela qveyni-saTvis.18 dabali UAI-is qveynebis adamianebi Tavs ufro janmrTelad grZ-nobdnen, miuxedavad imisa, rom Sesadarebel qveynebs Soris janmrTelobis mdgomareobis obieqturi gansxvaveba ar dadasturda. adamiani imdenad janmrTelia, ramdenad janmrTeladac miaCnia sakuTari Tavi.

ucxoeTSi eqimTan misuli nebismieri mogzauri dagidasturebT, rom jandacvis praqtika sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebulia. medicinis Teo-riebi da praqtika kulturul tradiciebTan aris gadajaWvuli. didi rols asrulebs gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebac. lin peieri samedicino Jurnalistia. man britaneTSi, safrangeTSi, germaniasa da aSS-Si Tavisi, rogorc pacientis, piradi gamocdilebebi aRwera. misi erT-erTi magali-Ti sisxlis dabal wnevas Seexeba. aSS-sa da britaneTSi dabali wneva ufro xangrZlivi sicoxlisa (da ufro iafi dazRvevis) mizezad CaTvales, magram germaniaSi daavadebad miiCnies. am qveyanaSi bazarze arsebobs ramdenime wamalic, romlebsac misi morCena SeuZlia.19 naTqvamia, rodesac frangu-li sofeli nel-nela depopulacias ganicdis, adgilobrivi afTiaqi adgi-lobriv bazarze ufro met xans agrZelebs funqcionirebas. es arasodes moxdeboda dabali UAI-is irlandiaSi.

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan wamalic qveynis norma jandacvis resursebis


daxarjvis gzebSic aisaxeba. gaeros ganviTarebis programis mier 1999 wels gamoSvebul Human DevelopmenT Report-Si 36 qveyanaSi IBM-is kvlevas yovel 100,000 kacze arsebuli eqimisa da eqTnis ricxvi iyo miTiTebuli. eqTnebis raodenobis eqimebis raodenobaze gayofiT eqTan/eqimis indeqss viRebT. es indeqsi jandacvis biujetis absoluturi sididisagan (anu qvey-nis simdidrisagan) damukidebeli monacemia. am indeqssa da UAI-s Soris mniSvnelovani negatiuri korelacia arsebobs. es imas niSnavs, rom gau-rkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis qveynebi met fuls xarjaven eqimebze, gau-rkvevlobis mimRebi qveynebi ki — eqTnebze. maRali UAI-is qveynebSi eqims Seucvlel eqspertad miiCneven da mas bevri saqmis gakeTeba Tavad uwevs.20

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba skolaSi

1980 wlis zafxulSi maswvlebelTa saerTaSoriso programis kursi Ca-tarda. es kursi marTvis sagnebis maswavleblebs CautardaT. 50 kacian auditoriaSi 20 sxvadasxva erovnebis studenti iyo. aseT jgufSi studen-tebis swavlis gansxvavebul Cvevebze dakvirvebis kargi saSualeba gaCnda. msmenelebi xandaxan Tavadac aswavlidnen. kargad gamoCnda maTi gansxvave-buli molodinebi maswavleblis qcevis mimarT.

am kursis warmarTvisas girtis mTavari problema sxvadasxva aqtivobe-bisaTvis saWiro struqturis arCeva iyo. germanelebis umetesobas iseTi struqturuli saswavlo situaciebi moswondaT, romlebsac gamokveTili miznebi, detaluri davalebebi da drois mkacri ganawesi hqondaT. iseTi situaciebi moswondaT, sadac erTi swori pasuxis moZebna iyo SesaZlebe-li. isini jildos swori pasuxisaTvis elodnen. meores mxriv, britanel monawileTa umetesobas zedmeti struqturireba aRizianebda. maT iseTi Ria saswavlo situaciebi moswondaT, romlebSic gaurkveveli miznebi da farTo davalebebi iyo da drois mkacri ganawesi ar arsebobda. is, rom kiTxvas SeiZleba mxolod erTi pasuxi hqonoda, maTTvis tabu iyo. isini jildos originalurobisaTvis elodnen. maTi reaqciebi gaurkvevlobisa-gan Tavidan acilebis kuTxiT susti qveynebisaTvis tipuri iyo.

maRali UAI-is qveynebis studentebi maswavlebels yovlismcodne eqspertad miiCnevdnen, pativs scemen specifikuri akademiuri metyvelebis mqone maswavleblebs. am qveynebSi zogierTi guru ise rTulad wers, rom imis gasagebad, sinamdvileSi ra igulisxma gurum, Cveulebriv mokvdav-TaTvis axsna-a saWiro. ~germaneli studentebi im mosazrebiT izrdebi-an, rom Tu raime maTTvis gasagebad advilia, ese igi es raime saeWvo da albaT aramecnierulia.~21 frangul akademiur wignebSi naxevargverdiani frazebi iSviaTi araa.22 am qveynis studentebi, rogorc wesi, maswavleb-lebTan ardaTanxmebas ar aRiareben. Tu sadoqtoros kandidatis Tezisis gamo xelmZRvanels ar eTanxmeba, man an azri unda Seicvalos, an sxva xe-lmZRvaneli monaxos. akademiur sakiTxebSi inteleqturi uTanxmoeba pirad Ralatad aRiqmeba.

dabali UAI-is mqone qveynis studentebi iseT maswavlebels miiReben, romelic aRiarebs - ~ar vici~. isini iseT maswavlebels scemen pativs,


romelic Cveulebrivad metyvelebs da rTuli sakiTxebis asaxsnelad iseT wignebs iyenebs, romlebSic Cveulebrivi terminebia. am qveynebSi, intele-qtur sakiTxebze dava mastimulirebel savarjiSod iTvleba. Cven vicnobT iseT xelmZRvanels, romelic doqtorantis Sefasebisas, imasac iTvalis-winebs, ramdenad argumentirebulad daupirispirda kandidati profes-oris pozicias.

msgavs situaciebSi, romlebSic dabali UAI-is mqone qveynebis studen-tebi miRwevebs sakuTar unar-Cvevebs miawerdnen. maRali UAI-is qveynebis studentebi amas garemoebas an beds miawerdnen. 5 qveyanaSi Catarebul mom-cvel or kvlevaSi dadginda, rom miRwevis sakuTar unarebTan dakavSirebis tendencia UAI-sTan negatiur korelaciaSia.23

miuxedavad imisa, rom aqamde ganxiluli magaliTebi universitetisa da postakademiuri swavlebisa da swavlis situaciebs exeboda, maswavleble-bisa da studentebis aRwerili qceva da molodini ufro adre, saskolo gamocdilebis dros SemuSavda. gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebasTan ki-dev erTi gansxvavebaa dakavSirebuli. es gansxvaveba dawyebiT skolebSi vlindeba da mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis rols exeba. maRali UAI-is mqone kulturaSi maswavleblebma mSoblebi SesaZloa auditoriis rolSi gamoiyenon, magram maT azrs ar ekiTxebian. mSoblebi gare damkvirveblebi, xolo maswavleblebi mcodne eqspertebi arian. dabali UAI-is kulturaSi, bavSvis swavlis procesSi maswavleblebi xSirad mSoblebsac rTaven. isini mSoblebis mosazrebebiT aqtiurad interesdebian.

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba sayidlebze siarulis dros

wina TavSi marketingis holandieli eqspertis de muJis kvlevebi gan-vixileT. man evropis 16 ganviTarebul qveyanaSi momxmareblis qcevasa da IBM ganzomilebebs Soris kavSiri aRmoaCina.25 maskulinoba-feminurobis Semdeg, gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebac mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda.

maRali UAI-is qveynebSi saWmlisa da sasmelis yidvisas sisufTavesa da bazisur produqtebs afaseben. aseT kulturebSi onkanis wyals mineralu-ri wyali urCevniaT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu onkanis wyali kargi xarisxisaa. isini met axal xilsa da sufTa Saqars Wamen. dabali UAI-is qveynebSi ki sisufTaveze metad moxerxebuloba fasobs: momxmarebeli met gamzadebul produqts yidulobs, rogoricaa nayini, gayinuli sakvebi, tkbileuli, sa-susnavi da mza fafa.

maRali UAI-is qveynebSi sisufTaves afaseben: isini tansacmlis met sa-recx saSualebas iyeneben. dabali UAI-is qveynebi ki, meores mxriv, sisuf-Taveze metad Sesaxedaobas afaseben: silamazis met produqts iyeneben, rogoricaa kosmetikuri saSualebebi, tuCis sacxi, tanis losionebi, de-odorantebi, Tmis kondicioneri, saxis damatenianebeli kremi, saxis gamw-mendi da tuSi.

maRali UAI-is qveynebSi adamianebi naxmar manqanebze metad axal manqa-nebs yiduloben. gaurkvevlobis mimReb qveynebSi saxlis samuSaos adami-anebi Tavad asruleben, magaliTad, Rebaven da Spalers akraven. maRali


UAI-is qveynebSi adamianebs usafrTxod moqceva urCevniaT da amitom aseT samuSaos eqspertebs miandoben.

maRali UAI-is mqone qveynebSi momxmarebeli axal produqciasa da in-formacias ar endoba. eleqtronuli komunikaciis saSualebebi (imeili da interneti) ufro gvian damkvidrda, miuxedavad imisa, rom Semdeg maT iseve iyenebdnen, rogorc dabali UAI-is qveynebSi. aseve, isini met wignsa da gazeTs kiTxuloben.

maRali UAI-is qveynebSi, reklamebSi produqts rekomendacias xSirad eqspertebi (magaliTad, TeTrxalaTiani eqimebi) aZleven. dabali UAI-is qveynebSi reklamebisaTvis iumors. ufro xSirad iyeneben

maRali UAI-is qveynebi finansur sakiTxebSi nakleb risks emxrobian: aqciebSi naklebs, xolo Zvirfas qvebsa da liTonSi met investicias deben. angariSebsac ufro nela ixdian, rac SesaZlebelia dabali UAI -is qveyneb-Tan vaWrobisas problema gaxdes.231

5.3 cxrilSi 5.2 cxrilSi gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis kuTxiT Zlieri da susti sazogadoebis aqamde ganxiluli mTavari gansxvavebebia warmodgenili. aRsaniSnavia, rom aRwera kvlav ukiduresobas asaxavs da qveynebis umetesoba sinamdvileSi am ukiduresobebs Sorisaa da qveynebs SigniTac sakmaod didi variacia arsebobs.


cxrili 5.3 mTavari gansxvavebebi gaurkvevlobis Tavidan aridebis kuTxiT Zlier da

sust sazogadoebas Soris: janmrTeloba, ganaTleba da sayidlebi

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan arideba: susti

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan arideba: Zlieri

adamianebi ufro bednierad grZnoben Tavs

adamianebi naklebad bednierad grZnoben Tavs

adamianebi fulsa da janmrTelobaze naklebad zrunaven

adamianebi fulsa da janmrTelobaze metad zrunaven

adamianebs gulis Seteva ufro metad emarTebaT

adamianebs gulis Seteva naklebad emarTebaT

bevri eqTani, magram cota eqimia bevri eqimi, magram cota eqTania

studentebi komfortulad arian im saswavlo situaciebSi, sadac Sedegi winaswar gansazRvruli ar aris da kargi diskusiebi ainteresebT

studentebi komfortulad arian struqturirebul saswavlo situaciebSi da swori pasuxebi ainteresebT

maswavlebelma SeiZleba Tqvas `ar vici~

maswavleblebma yvela pasuxi unda icodnen

Sedegebi miewereba pirovnebis SesaZleblobebs

Sedegebi miewereba garemoebebs an iRbals

maswavleblebi rTaven mSoblebs saswavlo procesSi

maswavleblebi awvdian mSoblebs informacias saswavlo procesis Sesaxeb

sayidlebze wasulebi mosaxerxebel nivTebs eZeben

sayidlebze wasulebi sisufTaves eZeben

meoradi manqanebi, saxlSi sakuTari xeliT maTi SekeTeba

axali manqanebi, saxlSi SekeTeba eqspertebis mier

iseTi axali produqtebis, rogoric aris interneti da eleqtronuli fosta, swrafad aTviseba xdeba

axali produqtebisa da teqnologiebis mimarT TavSekavebuli damokidebulebaa

meti wigni da gazeTi naklebi wigni da gazeTi

riskiani investiciebi konservatiuli investiciebi

iumoris mimzidveloba reklamaSipraqtikulobisa da eqspertTa azris mimzidveloba reklamaSi


gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba samuSao adgilas

UAI-is erT-erTi komponenti IBM muSakebis is procenti iyo, romlebic kompaniaSi xangrZlivi karierisaTvis darCenas apirebdnen. es mxolod IBM-is movlena ar yofila. sxva faqtorebis kontrolis dros maRali UAI-is mqone qveynebSi ufro meti muSaki da menejeri eZebs xangrZlivi dasaqmebas.

am Tavis dasawyisSi vaxseneT, rom wesebi, kanonebi da dadgenilebebi adamianis qcevaSi gaurkvevlobis prevenciisaTvis arsebobs. maRali UAI-is sazogadoebaSi damsaqmeblisa da dasaqmebulis movaleobisa da uflebebis makontrolebeli meti formaluri da araformaluri wesi arsebobs. ami-tom samuSao procesis meti Sinagani regulacia aqvT. Tumca, am SemTxveva-Si Zalauflebrivi distanciac did rols asrulebs. didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis dros ufrosis makontrolebeli Zalaufleba Sinagani wesebis saWiroebas anacvlebs.

maRali UAI-is sazogadoebaSi arsebuli wesebis saWiroeba emociurad-aa Seferili. adamianebi — damsaqmeblebi, dasaqmebulebi da aseve sajaro moxeleebi da mTavrobis wevrebi, adreuli bavSvobidan ise arian dapro-gramebulni, rom struqturul garemoSi Tavs komfortulad grZnoben. Tu raime struqturizebadia, misi struqturizeba unda moxdes.

aseT sazogadoebaSi wesebisa da kanonebis arsebobis emociur saWiroe-bas wesebze orientirebul iseT qcevebamde mivyavarT, romlebic mxolod ritualuri, araTanmimdevruli da disfunqciuric ki aris. dabali UAI-is qveynebSi mcxovreb kritikosebs ar esmiT, rom araefeqturi wesebi for-maluri struqturis emociur saWiroebas akmayofilebs. ra xdeba sinamd-vileSi, naklebad mniSvnelovania. safrangeTis, aSS-isa da holandiis qar-xnebSi filip diribarnis Catarebul SedarebiT kvlevaSi aRmoCnda, rom frangul qarxanaSi zogierT proceduras formalurad mxolod maSin mi-hyvebodnen, rodesac praqtikuli mniSvneloba aRar gaaCnda. man es mdgo-mareoba Zvel frangul reJims Seadara (me-18 saukunis napoleonamdeli periodi): uńe régle rigide, une pratique molle („mkacri wesi, rbili praqtika~).26

dabali UAI-is qveynebSi ki piriqiT, formaluri wesebis emociuri SiSi arsebobs. adamianebs miaCniaT, rom wesebi mxolod absoluturad aucile-bel situaciebSi unda arsebobdes. magaliTad, sagzao moZraobisas mimar-Tuleba marjvena Tu marcxena unda iyos. isini Tvlian, rom mravali pro-blemis moxsna formaluri wesebis gareSec SeiZleba. ufro maRali UAI-is mqone germanelebs avtobusis gaCerebebze da maRaziebSi britanelebis mier rigis zustad dacva ukvirT. britaneTSi rigSi moqcevis kanoni ar arsebobs; is socialurad gakontrolebul sajaro Cvevazea dafuZnebuli. paradoqsia, magram miuxedavad imisa, rom dabali UAI-is qveynebSi wesebi naklebad „wmindaa~, iq maT ukeT icaven.

britaneTSi rigSi qceva britaneli moqalaqeebis uemocio da momTmeni bunebis gamoa SesaZlebeli. rogorc am TavSi ukve aRvniSneT, gaurkvev-lobis naklebi acileba nakleb SfoTvasTan aris dakavSirebuli. samuSao adgilas gaurkvevlobis gamo SfoTva am ganzomilebis gansxvavebul sa-zogadoebebSi sagrZnoblad gansxvavebulia. maRali UAI-is mqone qveynebSi adamianebs mainc urCevniaT bevri muSaoba an yovelTvis dakavebulad yof-


na — cxovreba aCqarebulad mimdinareobs da „dro fulia~. dabali UAI-is qveynebSi adamianebi saWiroebisamebr muSaoben, magram mudmivi aqtivobis Sinagani moTxovnileba ara aqvT. maT dasveneba uyvarT. dro saorientacio CarCoa da ara mudmivi yuradRebis faqtori.

1970 wels safrangeTSi, fontenblos INSEAD biznesskolaSi Catarebu-li kursebis dros, profesorma andre lorenma aTi industriuli qveynis menejeri gamohkiTxa. gamokiTxva organizaciis Sesaxeb menejerTa Sexedu-lebebs exeboda. UAI-is qveynebis saSualoebi Semdegi debulebebisaTvis korelirebda:

• ukeTesi iqneboda, umetesoba organizaciaTa konfliqti samudamod

gadawyvetiliyo;

• mniSvnelovania, menejers im SekiTxvebze pasuxi yovelTvis mzad

hqondes, romlebic SeiZleba daqvemdebarebulebma Tavis samuSaos

Sesaxeb dasvan;

• Tu gindaT, rom kompetenturma adamianma saqme kargad Seasrulos,

umjobesia mas konkretuli instruqciebi miawodoT;

• rodesac ganyofilebaSi momuSave adamiania rolebi rTulia, sa-

sargebloa samuSaos detaluri aRweris SemuSaveba;

• yvelanairad unda vecadoT ar SevqmnaT iseTi organizaciuli

struqtura, romelSic zogierT TanamSromels ori uSualo ufro-

si hyavs.27

yvela debuleba maRali UAI-is qveynebSi orazrovneba/bundovanobis arasasurveloba/mowonebisa da organizaciebSi formalobisa da sizustis sasurvelobas gamoxatavs. dabali UAI-is qveynebSi bundovanobasa da qaoss xSirad kreatulobisaTvis saWiro pirobebad miiCneven.

maRali UAI-is qveynebs viwro eqspertizis arseboba aucileblad miaC-niaT; am organizaciaSi meti specialistia. dabali UAI-is qveynebSi zogadi ganaTlebisa da saRi azris arsebobas afaseben. amis kargi magaliTia Semde-gi britanuli tradicia: karg universitetSi klasikuri literaturis Ses-wavla biznesmenejeris karieris dawyebisaTvis karg sawindarad iTvleba.

frangma Jak horovicma britanuli, franguli da germanuli kompanie-bis top-menejmenti gamoikvlia. aRmoCnda, rom britaneTSi top-menejerebi met dros uTmobdnen strategiul problemebs, naklebs — yoveldRiur amocanebs; safrangeTsa da germaniaSi sapirispiro mdgomareoba gamovlin-da.28 IBM-is kvlevaSi safrangeTsa (86) da germanias (65) britaneTTan (35) SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad maRali UAI qulebi hqonda. strategiuli pro-blemebi Tavisi bunebiT arastruqturirebulia da bundovanobasTan gam-klavebis ukeTes unars saWiroebs, vidre operatiuli problemebi. kvle-vis periodSi franguli da germanuli ekonomika britanulze ukeTesi iyo. amgvarad, meti strategiuli dagegmva biznesis efeqturobis zrdis sa-windari yovelTvis ar aris. strategiuli dagegmva ufro rwmenis ambavia. qveynebisa da kompaniebis ekonomikuri warmateba sxva mraval faqtorzea


damokidebuli. amerikelma mkvlevarma skot Seinma 33 qveynis kvlevisas daadgina, rom adgilobrivi produqciisaTvis miniWebuli savaWro niSnebis ricxvi UAI-sTan negatiur korelaciaSia. man daaskvna, rom aseT kultu-rebSi inovacia nela mimdinareobs.29 Seinma da misma kolegebma 24 qveynis oTxi mravalerovnul kompaniis muSakebs gamokiTxva Cautares. kiTxvari inovaciis procesSi maT rols Seexeboda. maRali UAI-is mqone qveynebSi muSakebi wesebiTa da dadgenilebiT Tavs ufro SeboWilad grZnobdnen.30

diribarnis Catarebul kvlevaSi sxvanairi monacemebi gamovlinda. 1990 wels evropuli manqanebis orma mwarmoebelma frangulma ~reno-m~ da Sve-durma ~volvo-m~ gaerTianebuli saaqcio sazogadoeba Camoayalibes ().. IBM kvlevis mixedviT safrangeTs UAI-is maRali, xolo SvedeTs dabali qulebi hqondaT. axali modelis Seqmnaze orive qveynis inJinrebi da teqnikosebi muSaobdnen. ramdenime weliwadSi saaqcio sazogadoeba daiSala. frangi da Svedi mecnieri sociologebi mxareebs ekiTxebodnen, ram ar imuSava da am gamocdilebidan risi swavla SeiZleboda. diribarnma maTi Sedegebi aR-wera:

gaerTianebul gundSi frangebi (da ara —Svedebi) ufro inovaciur di-zains igonebdnen. gundis frangi wevrebi axal ideebs ayalibebdnen da maT agresiulad icavdnen. Svedebi ki, meores mxriv, mudam eZebdnen konsensuss. konsensusis saWiroebis gamo maT mier warmodgenili da mofiqrebuli ide-ebis ricxvic ki SeizRuda. SvedebisTvis ideis gamoxatva adamianebs Soris SeTanxmebis sagani unda gamxdariyo; frangebisaTvis es teqnikuri WeSma-ritebis dadgenis sagani iyo. frangebs, upirveles yovlisa, gadawyveti-lebis xarisxi ainteresebdaT; Svedebs ki — gadawyvetis procesis legiti-muroba. gunduri molaparakebisas franguli pozicia imarjvebda xolme. mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi am procesSi CarTuli frangi ufrosebi maT mxars uWerdnen, xolo Svedma ufrosebma pasuxismgebloba gundis wevrebs daakisres da arsad Candnen. aseTi asimetriuli struqturis safrTxe gvi-an gamoavlines. umaRlesi menejmentis doneze ormxrivi undobloba ganvi-Tarda, ris Sedegadac saaqcio sazogadoeba daiSala.31

am SemTxvevidan Cans, rom gaurkvevlobis ufro Zlieri acileba krea-tiulobis damTrgunveli yovelTvis ar aris, arc gaurkvevlobis ufro susti Tavidan acileba aris kreatiulobis Tavisuflad warmarTvis ga-rantia. Seinisa da diribarnis Sedegebis Sedarebisas kidev erTxel vr-wmundebiT, rom socialuri kvlevis Sedegebi mkvlevaris erovnebazecaa damokidebuli.

IBM-is kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom maRali UAI-is mqone qveynebSi xalxs did kompaniebSi muSaoba urCevnia. didi kompaniebi naklebad inova-ciuria, vidre patara kompaniebi. gamonaklisi mxolod wesebis damrRve-vi intraprenerebi arian. es termini sityva antreprenior — indmewarmis SarJia. antrepreniori—indmewarme sakuTari saqmis wamomwyebi, damouki-debeli pirovnebaa, romelic avstraliel-amerikeli specialistis jozef Sumpeteris (mixedviT, inovaciis mTavari wyaroa sazogadoebaSi. Sumpe-


teris ideebi girtisa da misi holandieli kolegebis kvleviT proeqtSi figurirebda. proeqti 21 industriuli qveynis TviTdasaqmebaze momqmed kulturul da ekonomikur faqtorebs adgenda. TviTdasaqmebis donis UAI-is qulebTan Sedarebis Sedegebi moulodneli aRmoCnda. varaudobdnen, rom gaurkvevlobis Zlieri acilebis qveynebSi naklebi adamiani gabedav-da TviTdasaqmebas. magram Sedegebi sapirispiro aRmoCnda: TviTdasaqmeba UAI-sTan konsistenturad pozitiurad korelirebda. Semdgomma kvlevam am korelaciis erTi aspeqti gamoavlina: sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli ube-durebis subieqturi gancda. amgvarad, TviTdasaqmebas im qveynis adami-anebi irCevdnen, romlebic TavianTi cxovrebiT kmayofilebi ar iyvnen, da ara im qveynebSi, sadac ucnobisadmi/axlisadmi maRali tolerantoba aRiniSneboda.32

amgvarad, Tu Sumpeteri swori iyo anu indmewarmeebi araindmewarmeeb-ze inovaciurni arian, maSin maRali UAI-is qveynebSi met inovacias unda velodoT. Tumca inovacias ramdenime gamoxatuleba aqvs. SesaZloa, rom dabali UAI-is kulturis mqone zogadad inovaciebi ukeTesad gamosdis, magram es inovaciebi axal produqtebsa da momsaxurebaSi ver gadahyavs. axali procesebis danergva detalurobas da punqtualurobas moiTxovs. es maxasiaTeblebi ki maRali UAI-is qveynebs aqvs. britaneTSi, iaponiasTan SedarebiT, meti nobelis premiis laureatia, magram iaponia msoflio baz-arze met produqcias uSvebs. amgvarad, inovaciur da implementaciur kulturebs Soris sinergiis aucileblobaa — pirveli qveynebi ideebs awv-dian, meore qveynebi ki maT axorcieleben.

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba, maskulinoba da motivacia

menejerebis (ufro metad menejerebis trenerebisa da menejmentis Se-saxeb wignis avtorebis) mTavari safiqrali dasaqmebulebis motivaciaa. gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis sxvaoba sxvadasxva motivaciur paterns gulisxmobs. suraTi ufro naTeli xdeba, rodesac amas me-4 TavSi ganxi-lul maskulinoba—feminurobis ganzomilebasac davumatebT. 5.1 cxrilSi qveynebis qulebi or ganzomilebazea mocemuli gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebasa (vertikalurad) da maskulinobaze (horizontalurad).

motivaciis Sesaswavlad UAI-isa da MAS-is kombinaciis saWiroeba IBM kvlevis Sedegebisa da harvardis universitetis fsiqologis devid makle-landis namuSevris Sedarebis Sedegad gaCnda. 1961 wels gamosca man axla klasikad aRiarebuli wigni The Achieving Society, romelSic sxvadasxva qvey-anaSi arsebuli motivaciis gansxvavebuli paternebi ganixila. man gamoyo motivebis sami tipi: miRweva, afiliacia (sxva xalxTan kavSiri) da Zal-aufleba. ramdenad mniSvnelovania yoveli motivi mocemuli qveynisaTvis, bavSvebis sakiTxav literaturaSi arsebuli moTxrobebis kontent-anali-zis meSveobiT gaizoma. maklelandi amtkicebda, rom im moTxrobebs, rom-lebsac me-2 me-4 klasis bavSvebi kiTxuloben, Tanamedrove erebisaTvis iseTive datvirTva aqvs, rogorc xalxur zRaprebs tradiciul sazoga-doebaSi. anTropologebi xalxur zRaprebs xSirad iyeneben gaunaTlebeli


adamianebis motivebis dasadgenad; maklelands surda igive gaekeTebina Tanamedrove qveynebSi.

maklelandis kvleviTma jgufma mravali qveynis 1925-1950 wlebis sabavS-vo moTxrobebi gaanaliza. yoveli qveynisa da periodisaTvis 21 moTxroba Seiswavles. yoveli moTxrobisa da qveynisaTvis miRwevis, afiliaciisa da Zalauflebis moTxovnilebis qula daiwera. maklelandis hipoTezis mixed-viT, sabavSvo moTxrobaSi miRwevis moTxovnilebis arseboba gansazRvravs am qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dones im periodisaTvis, rodesac es bavSvebi gaizrdebian. Semdgomma msoflio movlenebma misi hipoTeza ua-ryo. Tumca, maklelandis qveynis qulebisa da IBM ganzomilebis qulebis Sedarebis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom moTxrobebSi aRwerili miRweva dabal UAI-sTan korelirebda. dabali UAI-isa da maskulinurobis kombinaciasTan ki korelacia ufro Zlieri iyo. miRwevis moTxovnileba 1925 wlis (ufro tradiciuli) bavSvTa moTxrobebis wignebSi gazomes.33

es imas niSnavs, rom 1925 wels maklelandis mier qveynebis ranJireba miRwevis mixedviT 5.1 sqemaze diagonalur xazs mihyveba zeda marjvena kuTxidan (miRwevis maRali saWiroeba) qveda marcxena kuTxemde (miRwevis dabali saWiroeba). dabali UAI ucnobi riskisTvis mzaobas niSnavs, xolo maRali MAS xiluli Sedegebis mniSvnelovnebas aRniSnavs. orive ameriku-li indmewarmuli aqtivobis komponentia. gasakviri ar aris, rom 5.1 sqe-maze aSS da angloqveynebi zeda marjvena kvadratSi moxvda. am kvadratSi UAI dabalia, MAS maRali miRwevis moTxovnileba ki - didi. amerikelma maklelandma wamyvanad miiCnia miRwevis motivi da tipuri angloRirebu-lebaTa kompleqsi ekonomikuri warmatebulobis universalur receptad Camoayaliba. frangi, Svedi an iaponeli miRwevas msoflio motivad al-baT ar daasaxelebda. TviT sityva miRweva — achievement _inglisuris garda sxva enebze Znelad iTargmneba.34 kulturuli gaurkvevlobis Tavidan aci-lebis da maskulinoba—feminurobis kombinacia qveynebis sxvadasxva kla-sterebisaTvis arsebul gansxvavebul motivaciaTa paternebs gamoxatavs (5.1 fig.). mesame TavSi adamianis moTxovnilebaTa abraham maslouseuli ierarqia vaxseneT. masloum moTxovnilebebi umdablesidan umaRlesamde Semdegnairad daalaga: fiziologiuri, usafrTxoebis, mikuTvnebulobis, TviTpativiscemisa da TviTaqtualizaciis. mesame TavSi aRvniSneT, rom piramidis TavSi TviTaqtualizaciis moTavseba individualisturi midgo-maa. msoflio kulturuli variabilobis gaTvaliswinebiT gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebisa da maskulinurobis ganzomilebis TvalsazrisiT, am mo-dels sxva damatebebic sWirdeba.


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vietnami

singapuri

iamaika

CineTi

filipinebi

indonezia

aRm. afrika

saberZneTi

belgia(holandiuri)

belgia (flandria)

maltaruseTi

surinami

peru

iaponia

pakistani

TurqeTibulgareTi

poloneTi

kosta rika

tailandi

estonia

axali zelandia

avstria

italia

venesuelakolumbia

meqsika ungreTi

rumineTislovenia

xorvatia

taivani

fineTikanada kvebeki

irani

a.S.S

slovakeTi(110)

sam. korea

niderladebinorvegia

SvedeTi

dania

trinidadiSeicaria germ..das. af

rika

mTliani kanada

irlandiamalaizia

hohg-kongi

brazilia

luqsemburgi,

serbeTisalvadori

panamaespaneTisafrangeTi

israeli

Cile

gvatemala urugvai

portugalia

argentina

CexeTis res.Seicaria frang.

ekvadorigermania

arabuli qvey., ma

rokobangladeSi

avstraliasam. afrika

indoeTi

didi britaneTi



(UA

I)ga

ur

kvev

lo

bis

Tav

idan

ac

ileb

a

maskulinoba (MAS)

sust

iZl

ieri

maskulinurifeminuri

daxrili

sqema 5.1 maskulinoba da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba

gaurkvevlobis SiSis dros usafrTxoeba sxva moTxovnilebebze ufro mniSvnelovania. mikuTvnebuloba (adamianuri urTierTobebi) feminur kul-turaSi TviTpativiscemaze maRla moTavsdeba, maskulinur kulturaSi ki — piriqiT. amgvarad, sxva faqtorebis (rogoricaa samuSaos tipi) gakon-trolebis SemTxvevaSi mTavari motivatoria miRweva (Tavisi an jgufis) da TviTpativiscema. 5.1 sqemis zeda marjvena kuTxeSi (magaliTad, aSS) miRweva da mikuTvnebuloba, zeda marcxena kuTxeSi (mag. SvedeTi), usafrT-xoeba da TviTSefaseba qveda marcxena kuTxeSi (mag. iaponia da germania), usafrTxoeba da mikuTvnebuloba qveda marcxena kuTxeSi (mag. espaneTi).

am klasifikaciaSi maslous xuTi kategoria SenarCunebulia, magram


qveynis wamyvani kulturuli paternis mixedviTaa gadawyobili. Tumca sa-kiTxavia, xom ar aris dasamatebeli sxva moTxovnileba, romelic maslous ar ganuxilavs. albaT, sxva moTxovnileba, maslous moRvaweobis periodSi, (me-20 saukunis Sua wlebSi), amerikelTa saSualo fenis kulturul gare-moSi ar arsebobda. wina TavebSi ganxiluli savaraudo moTxovnilebebia pativiscema, harmonia, saxe da movaleoba.

5.4 cxrilSi Sejamebulia gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis kuTxiT Zlier da sust sazogadoebebSi samuSao, organizaciuli da motivaciuri gansxvavebebi. da mainc — realur situaciaTa umetesoba ukiduresobebs Sorisaa moqceuli.

cxrili 5.4 gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis kuTxiT Zlieri da susti sazogadoebis

mTavari gansxvavebebi: samuSao adgili, organizacia da motivacia


damsaqmeblis ufro xSiri cvlileba, muSaobis naklebi vada

damsaqmeblis ufro iSviaTi cvlileba, muSaobis meti vada

saWiroze meti wesi ar unda iyosarsebobs wesebis emociuri aucilebloba, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac es wesebi ar muSaobs

didi ZalisxmeviT muSaoba, mxolod saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi

arsebobs mudmivad dakavebulad yofnis emociuri saWiroeba da bevri Sromis Sida moTxovnileba

dro saorientacio CarCoa dro fulia

qaosisa da gaurkvevlobis mimarT tolerantoba arsebobs

sizustisa da formalizaciis saWiroeba arsebobs

ganzogadebisa da saRi azris ndobaqspertebis teqnikuri gadawyvetilebebis ndoba

zeda rgolis menejerebis strategiaze zrunva

zeda rgolis menejerebis yoveldRiur operaciebze zrunva

meti axali savaWro niSani naklebi axali savaWro niSani

fokusireba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesze

fokusireba gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsze

interpreniorebi wesebisgan ZiriTadad Tavisufalni arian

interpreniorebi SezRudulni arian arsebuli wesebiT

naklebi TviTdasaqmebuli adamiania meti TviTdasaqmebuli adamiania

ukeTesebi gamogonebaSi, uaresebi ganxorcielebaSi

uaresebi gamogonebaSi, ukeTesebi ganxorcielebaSi

motivacia miRwevebiTa da TviTSefasebiT an mikuTvnilobis grZnobiT

motivacia daculobiTa da TviTSefasebiT an mikuTvnilobis grZnobiT


gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba. moqalaqe da saxelmwifo

maRali UAI-s qveynebSi ufro zusti kanonebia, vidre dabali UAI-s mqo-neebSi. magaliTad, germaniaSi kanonSi gaTvaliswinebulia is SemTxvevac ki, Tuki sxva yvela arsebuli kanoni ar iqneba gamosadegi (Notstandsgesetze), britaneTs ki dawerili konstituciac ki ar gaaCnia germaniaSi momuSaveTa da menejmentis urTierToba detalurad aris gawerili, xolo britaneTSi industriuli urTierTobis aqtis miReba jerac ver ganxorcielda.

dabali UAI-s qveynebSi gavrcelebulia Sexeduleba, rom Tu kanoni ar muSaobs, is unda Seicvalos an gauqmdes. maRali UAI-s qveynebSi im SemTx-vevaSic ki, rodesac kanons ar icaven, religiuri mcnebebis msgavsad is usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebas akmayofilebs.

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singapuri

indonezia

hongkongi

CineTivietnamidasav. afrika

bangladeSi

filipinebi

iamaika

irani

indoeTi

slovakeTi

estoneTi

fineTi

samxr. afrikanorvegia

SedeTi irlandiaSveicaria(ger.)

kanada(kvebeki)dania

kanada mTliani

axali zelandianiderlandebi

didi britaneTi avstralia

aSS

malaizia

trinidadi da tobago

aRmos. afrika

ekvadori gvatemala

venesuelapanama

kolumbia

pakistani kosta-rikaperu

taivani

samx. korea salvadori

CileserbeTi

sloveniaportugalia

meqsika rumineTibulgareTi

saberZneTi

arabuli qvey.

TurqeTi

urugvaibrazilia ruseTi

maroko surinam

i

iaponia

argentina

espaneTi

avstria israeli

CexeTis res malta

belgia nid.

belgia fr.

safrangeTi

italia

germania

luqsemburgipoloneTi

ungreTi

Sveicaria(franguli)



daxrili

susti Zlierigaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba (UAI)

ind

ivid

ual

izmi

( ID

V)

indiv

idual

izmi

kol

eqtiv

isti

sqema 5.2 individualizmi da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba


kanonebis miReba da maTi Sesruleba erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba. msoflio bankis samarTlebrivma eqspertebma da 100-ze meti qveynis iuri-diulma kompaniebma SedarebiT ioli sajaro procedurebis Sesrulebis dro daTvales. es procedurebia: bankis mier uaryofili Cekis meSveobiT fulis aRebis mcdeloba da binis qiris gadauxdelobis gamo mdgmuris gadasaxleba. amis daTvla moxerxda 67 qveynisaTvis. proceduris xangrZ-livoba 40 dRidan 3 wlamde varirebda. orive proceduris xangrZlivoba UAI-sTan sando korelaciaSi imyofeboda. sxva faqtorebTan da erovnul simdidresTan korelacia ar yofila.35 maRali UAI-s kulturebSi bevri ka-nonia, magram imisaTvis, rom moqalaqem am or iol SemTxvevaSi isini gamoi-yenos, ufro meti dro sWirdeba. SesaZloa imdenic ki, rom bevri moqalaqe amas arc ki ecdeba.

kanonmdeblobisagan gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis efeqti aseve in-dividualizmsa da koleqtivizmzea damokidebuli. 5.2 sqemaSi es ori gan-zomileba erTad aris warmodgenili. maRali UAI-s individualistur qvey-nebSi wesebi ufro eqsplicituri da kanonis saxiT dawerili iqneba (dabali konteqstis komunikacia; ix. Tavi 3). maRali UAI-s mqone koleqtivistur qveynebSi wesebi xSirad implicituria da tradiciebSi gamoixateba (maRa-li konteqstis komunikacia). amis magaliTi iaponiaa da es CrdiloeTis qveynebsa da iaponias Soris dasavluri produqciisaTvis iaponiis bazris gaxsnis Sesaxeb molaparakebebs uSlis xels. iaponelebi sworad amtkice-ben, rom ucxouri produqtebis Semotanis damabrkolebeli wesebi ar ar-sebobs, magram momavali importiorebi distribuciis iaponur sistemaSi awydebian bevr implicitur wess, rac maTTvis gaugebaria. gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis gavlena mTavrobasa da moqalaqeebs Soris Zalauflebri-vi distanciisgan gansxvavdeba (Tavi 2). dabal PDI qveynebTan SedarebiT, maRali PDI qveynebSi xelisuflebas meti gaukontrolebeli Zalaufleba, statusi da materialuri jildoebi aqvs. dabali UAI-s mqone qveynebTan SedarebiT, maRali UAI-s qveynebSi mTavrobas meti eqspertizis Catarebis SesaZlebloba unda hqondes. am SemTxvevaSi mTavrobasa da moqalaqeebs Soris Tanasworobis disbalansi Zalauflebis ki ara, kompetenciis gamoa. cneba — moqalaqis kompetencia aSS-is politikuri mecnier-politologe-bis gabriel olmondisa da sidni verbas klasikur kvlevaSi gamoCnda: maT daadgines, rom Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebisa da mTavrobis aRqmuli kompe-tencia kvlevis 5 qveyanaSi Zlier gansxvavdeboda.36 wignSi kulturis Sede-gebi naCvenebia, rom olmondisa da verbas moqalaqis kompetenciis qula gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebasTan Zlierad da negatiurad korelirebs: dabali UAI-s qveynebSi aRqmuli kompetencia ufro maRalia.

sxva kvlevaSi gamoCnda, rom maRali UAI-s qveynebis moqalaqeebs mTavrobis gadawyvetilebebze gavlenis moxdenis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb pesimisturi damokidebuleba hqondaT, xolo dabali UAI-s mqone qveynis moqalaqeebi ufro optimisturad iyvnen ganwyobilni. maRali UAI-s qveyne-bis moqalaqeebis mxolod mcire nawili iyo mzad mTavrobis gadawyvetile-bis gasaprotesteblad. Tuki isini protests gamoxatavdnen, peticiebisa da demonstraciebis msgavs konvenciur meTodebs iyenebdnen. moqalaqeTa


umravlesoba Tvlida, rom protestis ufro eqstremaluri formebi, ro-goric aris boikoti da mjdomare protesti, mTavrobam unda CaaxSos.

dabali UAI-s qveynebis moqalaqeebi Tvlidnen, rom politikuri gadawy-vetilebebis miRebaSi monawileobas unda iRebdnen mxolod adgilobriv doneze. maRali UAI-s qveynebTan SedarebiT, isini mTavrobis gadawyveti-lebebis gasaprotesteblad mzad arian da susti qmedebebis araefeqturo-bis SemTxvevaSi Zlieri da arakonvenciuri meTodebis momxreni arian. maT ar miaCndaT, rom mTavrobam aseTi protestebi unda CaaxSos.37

maRali UAI-s mqone qveynebis moqalaqeebi ara mxolod damokidebulni arian mTavrobis eqspertizaze, aramed Tvlian, rom es asec unda iyos. mTavrobac da moqalaqec TavianT rolebze erTi da imave warmodgenisa iyvnen. xelmZRvanelebi samarTlebrivad azrovneben: maRali UAI-s qvey-nebSi dabali UAI-s qveynebTan SedarebiT maRali donis sajaro moxeleebs iuridiuli ganaTleba ufro xSirad hqondaT miRebuli (1977 wlis statiis mixedviT germaniaSi — 65%, xolo britaneTSi — 3%), 38 maRali UAI-s qvey-nebis mosamsaxureebi politikosebsa da politikur procesebze negati-ur mosazrebebs gamoTqvamdnen; dabali UAI-s qveynebSi aseTi mosazrebebi ufro pozitiuri iyo.

maRali UAI-s qveynebis moqalaqeebi politikiT naklebad iyvnen dain-teresebulni. isini qveynis politikosebsa da sajaro moxeleebs naklebad endobodnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni dakvirvebiT am qveynebSi meti kanonia, es ar niSnavs, rom sakanonmdeblo sistemas ufro endobian.39 gau-rkvevlobis acilebis kuTxiT sust qveynebSi, sazogadoebis sasikeTod, moqalaqeebi ufro xSirad monawileobdnen moxaliseTa asociaciebsa da aqtivobebSi.

briuselSi, belgiaSi mcxovrebi amerikeli ojaxi, iqve myofi aero-portis xmauriT Sewuxda. maT mTavrobas peticiiT mimarTes da moiTxo-ves xmauris Semcireba. am raionSi mcxovrebma mxolod ucxourma ojaxebma moaweres peticias xeli. belgielebma (maRali UAI kultura) problema an uaryves (~ra xmauri?~), an xeli ar moaweres da ganacxades, rom mTavroba maT moTxovnas yuradRebas mainc ar miaqcevda.40

me-4 TavSi amerikeli fsiqologis robert levinisa misi mrvalerova-ni studentebis ~davardnili kalmis~ eqsperimenti aRvwereT. es sxvadasx-va kulturaSi daxmarebis qcevis Seswavlis proeqtis nawili iyo. igive proeqti — ~davexmaroT usinaTlo adamians gzaze gadasvlaSi~ — eqsperi-ments moicavda. studentebma SuqniSnis win usinaTlo adamianis roli iT-amaSes. ~daxmareba~ Semdegs gulisxmobda: mwvane Suqis gamoCenis Semdeg 60 wamis ganmavlobaSi gamvleli eubneboda „usinaTlo adamians~, rom mwvane ainTo da gadasvlaSi exmareboda. 23 qveyanaSi damxmareTa procenti qveynis UAI qulebTan pozitiur korelaciaSi aRmoCnda. maRali UAI-s kulturebSi sazogadoebis wevrebi ver iTmendnen imas, rom usinaTlo adamiani mwvane Suqze ar gadadioda da exmarebodnen mas.41 am SemTxvevaSi gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebas moqalaqeTa pasuxismgeblobaze pozitiuri efeqti aqvs, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi respondenti mxare maTi mTavroba ar iyo.

evropis maRali UAI-s mqone qveynebis moqalaqeebi valdebulni arian


piradobis damadasturebeli sabuTebi Tan ataron, raTa zemdgomi sqemis moTxovniT sakuTari Tavis identifikacia moaxdinon. dabali UAI-s qvey-nebSi aseTi valdebuleba ar arsebobs da moqalaqis identifikacia zemd-gomebis pasuxismgeblobaa. piradobis mowmobis tarebis valdebuleba da-savleT evropis 14 qveyanas UAI-s mixedviT TiTqmis Suaze hyofs.42

maRali UAI-s qveynebSi meti konservatizmia, iseT partiebSic ki, rom-lebic sakuTar Tavs progresuls uwodeben. aq kanonisa da wesrigis ufro Zlieri moTxovnilebaa. dabali UAI-s mqone qveynebi ufro liberalurad arian ganwyobilni. aseT qveynebSi axalgazrda adamianebs pozitiurad uy-ureben, maRali UAI-s qveynebSi ki maT saeWvo pirebad miiCneven.43

mosalodnelia, rom maRali UAI-s qveynebma TavianT politikur land-SaftSi eqstremisti umciresobebi gandevnon da SeaCeron iseTi politi-kuri dajgufebebi, romelTa ideebs saSiSad miiCneven. aseTi dajgufebebi iatakqveSa saqmianobas agrZeleben da SesaZloa terorizmsac ki mimarTon. aseT qveynebSi adgilobrivi teroristebi bevria.

5.5 cxrilSi gaurvevlobis Tavidan acilebis kuTxiT Zlier da sust sazogadoebebs Soris politikis da saxelmwifos TvalsazrisiT mTavari gansxvavebebia Sejamebuli.


mTavari gansxvavebebi: moqalaqe da sazogadoeba

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan arideba: susti gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba: Zlieri

mcire raodenobis zogadi kanoni da dauwereli wesi

bevri da detaluri zogadi kanoni da dauwereli wesi

Tu kanons pativs ar scemen, is unda Seicvalos

kanonebi aucilebelia maSinac ki, rodesac mas pativs ar scemen

swrafi Sedegi, Tu mouxmoben marTlmsajulebas

gviani Sedegi, Tu mouxmoben marTlmsajulebas

moqalaqeebi, Zalauflebis mqone pirebTan SedarebiT, kompetenturni arian

moqalaqeebi, Zalauflebis mqone pirebTan SedarebiT, arakompetenturni arian

moqalaqeTa protesti misaRebiamoqalaqeTa protesti unda aRikveTos

sajaro pirs ara aqvs iuridiuli xarisxi

sajaro pirs aqvs iuridiuli xarisxi

sajaro pirebi dadebiTad arian ganwyobilni politikuri procesebis mimarT

sajaro pirebi uaryofiTad arian ganwyobilni politikuri procesebis mimarT

moqalaqeebi dainteresebuli arian politikiT

moqalaqeebi ar arian dainteresebuli politikiT


moqalaqeebi endobian politikosebs, sajaro pirebsa da samarTlebriv sistemas

moqalaqeebi negatiurad arian ganwyobili politikosebis, sajaro pirebisa da samarTlebrivi sistemis mimarT

organizaciebsa da moZraobebSi moxaliseTa monawileobis maRali maCvenebelia

organizaciebsa da moZraobebSi moxaliseTa monawileobis dabali maCvenebelia

moqalaqis identifikacia aris Zalauflebis mqone pirebis pasuxismgebloba

moqalaqes yovelTvis unda SeeZlos sakuTari Tavis identifikacia

liberalizmi konservatizmi, kanoni da wesrigi

dadebiTi damokidebuleba axalgazrdebis mimarT

uaryofiTi damokidebuleba axalgazrdebis mimarT

tolerantoba eqstremaluri ideebis mimarTac ki

eqstremizmi da eqstremizmis represia

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba, qsenofobia da nacionalizmi

1983 wels 16 wlis roterdameli gogona, mas aneke vuwodoT, nider-landebsa da avstrias Soris axalgazrdaTa gacvliT programaSi monawi-leobda. is saSualo sididis avstriul qalaqSi gaCerda da Tavisi skolis maswavleblis ojaxSi cxovrobda. maspinZel ojaxSi doqtori ridli, misi coli, 2 biWi da anikes toli maTi Svili hilde cxovrobdnen.

anike da hilde skolaSi erTad dadiodnen. anikes germanulad laparaki TandaTanobiT ukeT SeZlo. swrafad gaumjobesda. kviraobiT, ridlebTan erTad mesas eswreboda. ridlebi Rrmadmorwmune kaTolikeebi iyvnen. mi-uxedavad imisa, rom aneke protestanti iyo, kaTolikur eklesiaSi mainc dadioda. mas es garemo da simRera moswonda. violinoc hqonda da skolis mere, hildesTan erTad violinosa da fortepianos koncertebs ukravda.

ridlebTan ori Tvis cxovrebis Semdeg, vaxSmis dros saubari ebraeleb-ze Camovarda. ridlebi am sakiTxs Zalian mikerZoebulad uyurebdnen. an-ekes guli daswyda. man qalbaton ridls hkiTxa, icnobda Tu ara qalbatoni ebraelebs. pasuxad ki miiRo: „ra Tqma unda, ara!~

anekem igrZno, rogor moawva sisxli. „axla ki erTs icnobT~, ganacxada man — „me ebraeli var. yovel SemTxvevaSi, dedaCemi ebraelia da ebrauli tradiciis mixedviT, ebraeli dedis Svilic ebraelad iTvleba~.

vaxSami siCumeSi damTavrda. meore diliT doqtorma ridlma aneke gver-dze gaiyvana da acnoba, rom anekes maTTan vaxSmoba aRar SeeZlo. saWmels mas calke miarTmevdnen. maTTan erTad eklesiaSi siarulic aukrZales. ganucxades, rom mas Tavidanve unda eTqva, rom ebraelia. ramdenime dRis Semdeg aneke niderlandebSi dabrunda.44

evrokavSiris wevrebs Soris avstriasa da centraluri evropis sxva qveynebsac IBM kvlevebisa da maTi gameorebis Sedegebis mixedviT Sedare-


biT maRali UAI-s qulebi aqvT. evropis am nawilSi eTnikuri mikerZoebu-loba, antisemitizmis CaTvliT, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi arsebobda. 1930 wlamde venaSi ebraelebis didi dasaxleba iyo. zigmund froidis CaTvliT, bevri wamyvani avstrieli mecnieri ebraeli iyo. 1936 wels avstriaSi na-cistebi SeiWrnen. mravalma avstrielma ebraelma qveyana datova da maT Soris aSS-Sic gaemgzavra. vinc ase ar moiqca, nacisturi holokostis msx-verpli gaxda. 1945 wlis Semdeg avstriaSi cota ebraeli cxovrobs.45 Cveni istoria adasturebs, rom mikerZoebuli damokidebuleba obieqtis gaqro-bis Semdegac ganagrZobs arsebobas.

mSobeli ridlebi ise iyvnen daprogramebulni, rom gansxvavebuls sa-SiSad aRiqvamen da es grZnobebi Svilebsac gadasces. ar viciT, Svilebma rogor aRiqves es ambavi da gaxdnen Tu ara mSoblebiviT mikerZoebulni. safrTxis gancda SesaZloa umciresobebs (an warsulSi umciresobebsac ki), imigrantebs, ltolvilebsa da sxva qveynis moqalaqeebsac daukavSirdes. evrokomisiis angariSma (1997) rasizmi da qsenofobia evropaSi gamoavli-na, e.i. Sexeduleba, rom imigrantebi ukan unda dabrundnen, gaurkvevlo-bis Tavidan acilebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. ukve IBM-is kvlevaSic iyo gamovlenili, rom maRali UAI-s qveynebSi ucxoel menejerebs kargad ar iRebdnen.46

sxva erebis mimarT grZnobebi, mxolod am ganzomilebis mixedviT ki ara, maskulinurobis mixedviTac icvleba. es kombinacia 5.1 sqemazea asaxuli. meore msoflio omis erT mxares myofi qveynebi (germania, italia da iapo-nia) qveda marjvena kvadratSia: gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba da masku-linoba. omamdel pirobebSi, eTnocentruli, qsenofobiuri da agresiuli tendenciebi am qveynebSi sxva kulturuli paternis qveynebTan SedarebiT ukeT moikidebda fexs. faSizmma da rasizmma iseT qveynebSi hpoves gamoZa-xili, romlebsac maRali UAI— da maskulinoba axasiaTebT. paradoqsia, ma-gram imave Rirebulebebis daxmarebiT omis Semdgom periodSi am qveynebma yvelaze swrafad aRadgines ekonomika. sxva garemoebebSi, kulturuli si-suste kulturuli Zliereba xdeba.

dabali UAI-s qveynebSi agresiuli nacionalizmi mosawoni ar aris. miuxedavad amisa, 1990-93 wlebis RirebulebaTa msoflio kiTxvaris Se-degebiT gamovlinda, rom dabali UAI-s qveynebi Tavisi erovnebiT ufro amayobdnen da qveynisaTvis brZolis did mzadyofnas gamoTqvamdnen. da-bali UAI-s qveynebSi politikisa da mTavrobis mimarT zogadad dadebiTi damokidebulebaa, ris Sedegadac mTeli qveynis mimarTac dadebiTi damo-kidebuleba yalibdeba.

5.2 sqemaSi gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebisa da individualizmis kom-binaciaa asaxuli. is gviCvenebs, rogor umklavdeba sxvadasxva sazogadoeba jgufTaSoris konfliqtebs. am qveynebis sazRvrebSi gansxvavebuli eTni-kuri, lingvisturi an religiuri qveynebis arseboba istoriuli faqtia. zogierTi qveyana sxva qveyanaze homogenuria. magram rogor umklavdeba mosaxleoba da mTavroba aseT konfliqts, kulturuli movlenaa. zeda marjvena kuTxis qveynebSi maRali UAI (gansxvavebuli saSiSia) koleqti-vistur partikularizmTan (Sida jgufebTan Zlieri identifikacia aris


Serwymuli. aseT qveynebSi jgufebs Soris konfliqtis gadasaWrelad mas xSirad uaryofen da umciresobaTa asimilacias an represirebas cdilo-ben. jgufTaSoris Setakebis Sansebi didia, radgan umciresobebs xSirad aseTive gaurkvevlobis SiSi da koleqtivisturi Rirebulebebi axasiaTebs. 5.2 sqemaze asaxuli qveynebidan, mwvave jgufTaSorisi konfliqtebi zeda marjvena kvadratSi moTavsebul qveynebs aqvs. esenia: serbeTi, arabuli qveynebi da TurqeTi. indonezia da afrikuli qveynebi am kvadratTan ax-los arian ganlagebulni.

5.2 sqemis zeda marcxena kuTxeSi moTavsebul qveynebSi (mag. malai-ziaSi) SesaZloa Zlieri jgufuri identurobis mqone sxvadasxva jgufi arsebobdes, magram es jgufebi saerTo wertils ipovian, erTmaneTisadmi tolerantulebi iqnebian da erTmaneTs Seavseben. qveda marjvena kuTxeSi moTavsebul qveynebSi oponent eTnikur, religiur da lingvistur jgu-febs antagonizmiT xvdebian (mag. belgiaSi), magram individualizmis uni-versalizmi yvelas uflebebs pativs scems. sxvebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli eqstremizmi mxolod politikur ukiduresobebSi arsebobs. sabolood, qveda marcxena kuTxeSi (mag. aSS) umetesoba Teoriulad mainc umcire-sobebis integraciasa da Tanaswor uflebebs uWers mxars. 11 seqtembris teraqtis msgavsi movlena am tolerantobas did gamocdas uwyobs, rac arabebma da arabuli Sesaxedaobis amerikelebma TavianT Tavze gamoscades.

maRali UAI-s mqone qveynebSi arsebuli gansxvavebebisadmi aratoleran-toba aseT qveynebs zogjer Zvirad ujdeboda. espaneTsa da portugaliaSi, mavrebisagan rekonkistas Semdeg (1492) kaTolike mefeebis mier ebraelebis gandevnis Sedegad qveyanam yvelaze saqmiani moqalaqeebi dakarga, ramac Semdeg saukuneebSi imperiis dasustebas Seuwyo xeli. iberieli ebraelebis erTi jgufi holandiaSi dasaxlda da me-17 saukunis holandiur koloniur eqspansiaSi didi roli Seasrula, sxvebi kosta-rikaSi wavidnen. es qveyana dResac laTinuri amerikis personalisimo-sa da stagnaciis kargi gamonakli-sia (ix. Tavi 3) .uaxles istoriaSi ki hitleris gamo ebraelebis amerikaSi Camosvlam atomuri bombis Seqmnis saSualeba mieca.

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba, religia da ideebi

am TavSi ukve aRvniSneT, rom religia SfoTvasTan gamklavebis erT-erTi gzaa. religiuri rwmenebisa da ritualebis meSveobiT iseT gaurkvev-lobebs veguebiT, romlebisganac Tavs ver davicavT.

zogierTi religia sikvdilis Semdeg sicocxleSi darwmuneblobis gan-cdasac ki iZleva.

5.1 cxrilSi UAI-is mixedviT qveynebis dajgufeba garkveulwilad maT dominantur religiasac ukavSirdeba. marTlmadidebeli da kaTolikuri qristiani qveynebis umetesobas maRali qulebi aqvs; gamonaklisia fili-pinebi da irlandia. musulmanur qveynebs saSualo qulebi, protestant qristianebs saSualoze dabali, xolo iaponiis garda, sxva budistur da induistur qveynebs Zalian dabali qulebi aqvT.

qveynebis religiis mixedviT klasifikaciis mTavari problema imaSi md-


gomareobs, rom msoflio religiebi heterogenulebi arian. polonuri, perus, italiuri da holandiuri kaTolicizmi Zalian gansxvavebulia. in-doneziuri, iranuli, saudis arabeTisa da balkanebis islami am qveynebis morwmuneebisaTvis sul sxvadasxva rames niSnavs. taivanis, singapurisa da iaponiis budizmi gansxvavebul emociur da praqtikul Sedegebs gulis-mobs.

rogorc pirvel TavSi aRvniSneT, religiuri mikuTvnebuloba kultu-ruli Rirebulebebis mTlianad Secvlas ar iwvevs. Zalauflebrivi distan-ciis, individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis, feminuroba — maskulinurobisa da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis Rirebulebebi religiur moqcevebs gadaurCa. SesaZlebelia, am Rirebulebebma gavlena moaxdina imaze, ram-denad miiRo garkveuli religia mosaxleobam da rogor ganviTarda es religia am qveyanaSi. indoneziuri (iavas) misticizmi induizmis, budiz-mis, musulmanobisa da qristianobis miuxedavad, SenarCunda. qristianul qveynebSi reformaciis Sedegad sxvebs maincdamainc is evropuli qveynebi gamoeyvnen, romlebic romis imperiis qveS imyofebodnen. yvela romaulma qveyanam (axla isini romaul enebs iyeneben) reformacia uaryo da kaToli-ke darCa, sxvebi ki an protestantebi gaxdnen, an orive erTad. poloneTi da irlandia romis imperiis nawili ar yofila, magram am SemTxvevaSi kaTo-likoba arakaTolike opresorebis winaaRmdeg identurobis sawindari iyo.

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan aridebasa da religias Soris kavSiris dadgeni-sas dasavluri da aRmosavluri religiebis gamoyofa marTebulia. es dayo-fa me-6 TavSic gamogvadgeba. dasavluri religiebi (iudaizmi, qristianoba da islami) RvTaebrivi gamocxadebis ideazea agebuli da samive maTgani Sua aRmosavleTSi warmoiSva. dasavluri da aRmosavluri religiebi didi asoTi dawerili WeSmaritebis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi gansxvavdebian. samive dasavlur religias adamianis mier Secnobadi absoluturi WeSmaritebis sjera. es WeSmariteba yvela sxva WeSmaritebas uaryofs. gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis susti da Zlieri qveynebi imdenad gansxvavdeba, ramdena-dac WirdebaT maT sicxade am WeSmaritebaSi. maRali UAI-s qveynebSi gaba-tonebulia Semdegi rwmena: `arsebobs mxolod erTi WeSmariteba da Cven is viciT. sxva yvela cdeba~. WeSmaritebis Secnoba gadarCenis erTaderTi gzaa da adamianis sicocxlis mTavari mizania. sxvebi cdebian da amitom isini an sakuTar rwmenaze unda gadaiyvano, an Tavi aarido, an mokla.

dabali UAI-s mqone dasavlur qveynebs WeSmaritebis ki swamT, magram imis moTxovnileba ar gaaCniaT, rom darwmundnen — es WeSmariteba mxo-lod maT ician. `arsebobs mxolod erTi WeSmariteba da Cven mas veZebT. mas sxvebic eZeben da cxovrebiseul faqtad migvaCnia is, rom isini sxva mimarTulebebiT iyurebian~. es kultura namdvilad darwmunebulia, rom RmerTs rwmenis gamo adamianebis dasja ar unda.

kaTolikur eklesiaSi inkvizicia saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi arsebobda. is sxvanairad moazrovne adamianebs sikvdiliT sjida da wignebs krZalavda da wvavda. 1989 wels iranSi, aiaTola homeinim salman ruSdis wigni _ sa-tanuri leqsebi akrZala da xalxs wignis avtorisa da gamomcemlebis mkv-lelobisaken mouwoda. saocaria, ratom gaakvirva am saqcielma qristia-


ni qveynebis moqalaqeebi. maT xom religiuri aratolerantobis sakuTari istoria aqvT. gamonaklisebis garda (homeinis saqcieli aseTi gamonakli-sia), islamis istoriidan Cans, rom is sxva religiebisadmi ufro toleran-tuli iyo, vidre kaTolikuri eklesia. Sua saukuneebis jvarosnuli omebi, romlebsac 100 000-obiT sicocxle Seewira, islamuri ki ara, qristianu-li aratolerantobis Sedegia. musulmanur TurqeTSi, werilis xalxs (anu ebraelebisa da qristianebs) TavianTi religiis mimdevroba SeeZloT, Tuki specialur gadasaxads gadaixdidnen. meores mxriv, protestanti qristia-nebi ufro gaxsnilad iTlebian. arada, maTac gamoiCines religiuri ara-tolerantoba, rodesac jon kalvinis mimdevrebma 1553 wels miqael serve-tusi dawves. wina saukuneSi ̀ alqajebs~ protestanti qveynebic wvavdnen. 21 saukuneSi ki, fundamentalistma qristianma mqadageblebma j.k. roulingis `hari poteri~ wignebis seria eSmakiseulad gamoacxades.

codvebis monanieba maRali UAI-is qveynebis kulturul paternSi kar-gad jdeba. Tu wesis dacva SeuZlebelia, monanieba wesis SenarCunebis erT-erTi saSualebaa da brali individze gadadis. kaTolikur praqtikaSi monanieba SedarebiT rbili da Cumia. stalinis militaristul sabWoTa kavSirSi monanieba sajaro sanaxaoba iyo. dabali UAI-is qveynebSi, Tu wesis pativiscema ar xdeba, es wesi unda Seicvalos.

aRmosavlur religiebs WeSmariteba naklebad ainteresebs. adamianis mier Secnobadi erTi WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb Sexeduleba maT azrovnebaSi ar aris. amis magivrad budizmi meditaciis meSveobiT insaitis miRwevas qada-gebs. amrigad, aRmosavleTSi sxvadasxva religiis elementebis SeTavseba advilia. iaponelTa umetesoba rogorc budistur, ise sinto ritualebs asrulebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavluri gonebisaTvis es tradiciebi urTierTgamomricxavia.

qristianuli qveynebis umravlesobis qveynebSi mosaxleobis umeteso-baSi kaTolikeTa (protestantebTan SedarebiT) procenti qveynis UAI-sTan korelirebda. meore korelacia maskulinobasTan iyo. amgvarad iq, sadac kaTolikoba damkvidrebuli, maskulinuri Rirebulebebic aris damkvidre-bulia. magaliTad, qalebs liderobis poziciebze ar uSveben.47 (ix. Tavi 4). gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebasTan korelaciis interpretacia advi-lia, radgan protestantul jgufebTan (patara seqtebis garda) SedarebiT kaTolikuri eklesia morwmuneebs garkveulobis gancdas aZlevs. prote-stantul qveynebSi dominanturma kulturebma xalxs garkveulobis nakle-bi moTxovnileba Caunerga. visac is sWirdeba, seqtebsa da fundamentali-stur dajgufebebs mimarTavs.

islamsa da iudaizmSi naklebi da meti gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acile-bis fraqciebis aSkara konfliqtia. erTi dogmaturi, aratolerantuli, fanaturi da fundamentalisturia (`arsebobs mxolod erTi WeSmariteba da Cven mas vflobT~), meore ki pragmatuli, tolerantuli, liberalu-ri da Tanamedrove samyarosadmi Riaa. istoriam dagvanaxa, rom fanatizmi sakuTar Tavs yovelTvis iRupavs da imedia, rom eqscesebi did xans ar gagrZeldeba.

rac religias Seexeba, politikur ideologiebsac exeba. isini SesaZloa


sekularul neoreligiebad gadaiqcnen. amis magaliTia marqsizmi. rodesac aRmosavleT germania komunisturi iyo, laifcigis universitetis fasads Semdegi uzarmazari warwera amSvenebda: `DER Marxsismus ist allmachtig, weil er wahr ist!~ (marqsizmi yovlisSemZlea, radgan is WeSmaritia!). maRali UAI-is qveynebSi aratolerantul politikur ideologias vawydebiT, xolo dabali UAI-is kulturebSi — tolerantuls. adamianis uflebebisadmi pativiscema, sxva politikuri ideebis mqone adamianebisadmi tolerantobas gulisxmobs. maRali UAI-is zogierT qveynebSi adamianis uflebebis darRveva am kultu-ris RrmadCamjdari nawilia, sxva qveynebSi ki ZalauflebisaTvis brZolisa (da Zalauflebriv distancias ukavSirdeba) an koleqtivisturi .48 jgufTa-Sorisi Setakebaa.

filosofiisa da mecnierebis dargSi49 mosalodnelia, rom didi Teo-riebi maRali UAI-is qveynebSi ufro warmoiSoba. WeSmaritebis Zieba fi-losofosis mTavari motivaciaa. evropaSi — germaniasa da safrangeTSi britaneTsa da SvedeTze meti filosofosi iyo (magaliTad, dekarti, he-geli, kanti, marqsi, nicSe da sartri). dabali UAI-is qveynebSi didi em-piricistebi dakvirvebasa da eqsperimentebze da ara mxolod wminda re-fleqsiaze dayrdnobiT daskvnebis gamomtani adamianebi arian (magaliTad, niutoni, linei da darvini).

Cven samecniero JurnalebisaTvis wardgenil statiebs vamowmebT da aRmovaCineT, rom germanul da frangul naSromebSi xSiria zogadi daskv-nebi, romlebic monacemebiT ar sabuTdeba. britanelebisa da amerikele-bis naSromebi monacemebis vrceli analizia, magram gabedul daskvnebs ar akeTebs. germanelebi da frangebi deduqcias, xolo britanelebi da ame-rikelebi induqcias iyeneben.50 kulturuli daskvnebi xandaxan mecnierul kamaTSi gadadis. amis cnobili magaliTia germaneli fizikosis albert ainStainisa ( 1879-1955) da misi danieli kolegis nils boris (1885-1962) diskusia. diskusia ki imaze mimdinareobda, atomis SigniT garkveuli Za-lebis marTva kanonebis mixedviT xdeboda, Tu SemTxveviT. ainStains Sem-degi fraza miewereba: `ver warmomidgenia, RmerTi kamaTels agorebdes~, bors ki warmoedgina; uaxlesi kvlevebis Sedegad boris da ara ainStainis mosazreba dadasturda. dania Zalian dabali UAI-is qulis mqone qveyanaa (adgili 72, qula 23).

gaurkvevlobasTan gamklavebis praqtikuli Sedegi imaSi vlindeba, SeuZ-liaT Tu ara sxvadasxva Sexedulebis mqone adamianebs axlo megobroba. mecnieruli uTanxmoebis Semdeg megobrobis Sesustebis Sesaxeb istoriebi maRali UAI-is qveynebs exeba. amis magaliTia zigmund froidsa da karl iungs (Sveicaria) Soris arsebuli konfliqti. dabali UAI-is qveynebSi gansxvavebuli mecnieruli ideebi megobrobis Sewyvetis mizezi ar aris.

meore msoflio omis dros ebrauli warmoSobis germaneli da avstri-eli mravali mecnieri britaneTsa da aSS-Si gaiqca, magaliTad, zigmund froidi, karl poperi, kurt levini da Teodor adorno. es `tvinis ineq-cia~ maspinZeli qveynebisaTvis Zalze sasargeblo aRmoCnda. axalgazrda ltolvilebma axali qveynis mecnierebaSi didi wvlili Seitanes. amis Se-degad Sua evropaSi gavrcelebuli Teoriulobisa (gaurkvevlobis Zlieri


Tavidan acileba) da anglo-amerikuli empiricizmis (gaurkvevlobis susti Tavidan arideba) sinergia warmoiSva.

zogierTi ltolvili kulturul Soks ganicdida. frankfurteli yo-fili sociologi herbert markuze Tanamedrove kaliforniis sazogadoe-bis gakritikebisas waawyda movlenas, romelsac represiuli toleranto-ba uwoda. es azrs moklebuli cnebebia, radgan represia da tolerantoba urTierTgamomricxavi terminebia. Tumca es termini cxare germanuli kamaTis provocirebis Sedegad amerikuli inteleqtualuri toleranto-bis amara darCenil markuzes sircxvils aRwers.

marieke de muJma ganacxada, rom kulturuli Rirebulebebi mxatvruli literaturis stilsa da TemebSi gamoixateba. maRali UAI-s mqone qveyne-bis literaturis magaliTia Cexi franc kafkas koSki da germaneli goeTes fausti. pirvel nawarmoebSi mTavar gmirs arapirovnuli wesebi awuxebs; meore nawarmoebSi mTavari gmiri WeSmaritebis Sesacnobad suls yidis. da-bali UAI-s mqone qveynis literaturaSi daujerebeli ambebi xdeba. aseTia luis kerolis alisa saocrebaTa samyaroSi, j.r.r. tolkienis beWdebis mbrZanebeli da j.k. roulingis hari poteri.51

5.6 cxrilSi Sejamebulia bolo or nawilSi ganxiluli gansxvavebebi gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis kuTxiT sust da Zlier sazogadoebebSi. is 5.2 cxrils avsebs.

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis wyaroebi

me-2 TavSi Zalauflebrivi distanciis gansxvavebaTa SesaZlo wyaroebi ganvixileT. am ganzomilebaze qveynebis dajgufeba gvafiqrebinebs, rom gansxvavebis fesvebi 2000 wlis win, magaliTad, romis imperiaSi unda ve-ZeboT. aRmosavleT aziaSi kulturuli fesvebi kidev ufro adrindel Cinur imperiaSi midis. orive imperiam didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis memkvidreoba datova.

gaurkvevlobis ganzomilebaze romauli enis qveynebs kvlav erTad da-jgufebulebs wavawydiT. romis imperiis memkvidre qveynebs yvelas maRali UAI hqondaT. Cinurad molaparake qveynebi, rogoricaa taivani, hong-kongi da singapuri, dabali UAI-s qveynebia, iseve, rogorc Cinuri warmoSobis umciresobaTa qveynebi — tailandi, indonezia, mailaizia da filipinebi.

rogorc romis imperia, ise CineTi Zlieri, centralizebuli saxelm-wifo iyo. maT mosaxleobaSi centridan mosuli brZanebebis damorCile-bis paterni Seiqmna. magram, es ori imperia, erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtiT gansxvavdeboda. romis imperiaSi dawerili kanonebis unikaluri sistema arsebobda. is warmomavlobis miuxedavad yvela moqalaqes exeboda. Cinur imperiaSi ki, kanonis koncefcia ucnobi iyo. Cinuri administraciis mTavar princips `kacis marTvas~ uwodeben, romauli `kanonis marTvis~ sapirispi-rod. Cineli mosamarTleebi konfucis moZRvrebismagvari farTo, zogadi principebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen.

am ori inteleqturi tradiciis kontrasti xsnis imas, rom romauli memkvidreobis qveynebSi IBM-is muSakebs maRali UAI qulebi aqvT, xolo


Cinuri memkvidreobis qveynebSi — piriqiT. es kargad gamoxatavs, ramdenad Rrmaa kulturis istoriuli fesvebi. am qveynebis istoriaze dakvirvebiT Cveni cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi RirebulebaTa radikalur Secvlas ar unda velodoT.


mTavari gansxvavebebi: tolerantoba, religia da ideebi


meti eTnikuri tolerantoba meti eTnikuri mikerZoebuloba

dadebiTi an neitraluri damokidebuleba ucxoelebis mimarT

qsenofobia

ltolvilebi unda miiRon imigrantebi unda gaaZevon

TavdacviTi nacionalizmi agresiuli nacionalizmi

agresiuli jgufTaSorisi konfliqtis ufro dabali riski

agresiuli jgufTaSorisi konfliqtis ufro maRali riski

erTis religiuri WeSmariteba ar unda iyos sxvaze Tavsmoxveuli

religiaSi mxolod erTi WeSmaritebaa da Cven is viciT

Tu mcnebebi iseTia, rom pativiscemas ar imsaxurebs, isini unda Seicvalos

Tu mcnebebi iseTia, rom pativiscemas ar imsaxurebs, Cven codvilebi varT da unda movinanioT

adamianis uflebebi: aravin unda daisajos sakuTari rwmenebisaTvis

ufro didi religiuri, politikuri da ideologiuri aratolerantoba da fundamentalizmi

filosofiasa da mecnierebaSi relativizmisa da empiricizmis tendencia

filosofiasa da mecnierebaSi didi Teoriebis tendencia

mecnieri oponenti SeiZleba iyos megobari

mecnieri oponenti ar SeiZleba iyos megobari

literatura exeba warmosaxviT samyaroebs

literatura exeba wesebs da simarTles

me-2 TavSi Zalauflebrivi distancia geografiul ganeds, mosaxleobis raodenobasa da erovnul simdidres ukavSirdeboda. gaurkvevlobis Tavi-dan acilebisaTvis aseTi kavSiri ar aRmoCnda. UAI-sa da simdidris negati-uri korelacia erTaderTi gamonaklisia. amgvarad, dabali UAI-s qveynebi maRali UAI-s qveynebTan SedarebiT cotaTi mdidrebi aRmoCndnen.

mxolod mdidari qveynebisaTvis 1960 wlis Semdeg UAI-sa da ekonomikur zrdas Soris Zlieri kavSiri dadginda. es kavSiri mxolod am periods axa-siaTebs. nobelis premiis laureatma simon kuznecma qveynebis ekonomikuri


zrda 1865 wlidan daiTvala.52 1925 wlamde kuznecis monacemebsa da UAI-s Soris sistemuri kavSiri ar dafiqsirda. 1925-50 wlebSi korelacia nega-tiuri iyo, rac niSnavs, rom dabali UAI-s qveynebi ufro swrafad izrde-boda. meore msoflio omis Semdeg dabali UAI-s mqone qveynebis ekonomikam didi zarali ganicada. 1950 wlis Semdeg ki saqmis viTareba icvleba, rac am qveynebis wamowevam gamoiwvia. amgvarad, istoriis garda, statistikuri analizi gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis sxva wyaroebis dadgenis saSu-alebas ar gvaZlevs.

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis gansxvavebaTa momavali

IBM kvlevis meSveobiT 1968 da 1972 wlebis monacemebis Sedareba Seg-viZlia. SedarebiT mokle periodSi TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi samsaxurebrivi stresis kiTxvebze? pasuxebis qulebi gaizarda. es umetesad iseT qveynebSi moxda, romlebic 1968 wels isedac did stress ganicdidnen. amgvarad, qveynebi konvergencias ki ara, divergencias ganicdian. UAI-is danarCeni ori kiTxva, wesebze orientacia da samuSaoze darCenis survili sistemu-rad ar Secvlila.

am Tavis dasawyisSi IBM-is gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis qulebsa da riCard linis 1960 wels gamoyvanil qveynis SfoTvis qulebs Soris ko-relacia aRvwereT. ufro gviandel publikaciebSi linma SfoTvis qulebi 1935, 1950, 1955, 1960, 1965 da 1970 wlebisaTvis daiTvala. meore msoflio omis gamo 1945 wlis monacemebis mopoveba ver moxerxda.53

linis monacemebis mixedviT, zogadad yvela qveyanas maRali qulebi aqvs 1950 wels (omis Semdeg), dabali qulebi — 1965 wels. 1935 wels SfoT-vis yvelaze maRali qulebi avstrias, fineTs, germanias, italiasa da iapo-nias hqonda (meore msoflio omSi erT mxares myofi da monawile qveynebi). 1935-1950 wlebSi yvela qveyanaSi, romelic meore msoflio omSi damarcxe-buli an okupirebuli iyo, SfoTvis donis momateba aRiniSneboda, rodesac araokupirebuli an aradamarcxebuli/iqneb gamarjvebuli? 9 qveynidan 6 qveyanaSi SfoTvis done Semcirda. 1965 wlis zogadi dabali monacemebis Semdeg, 18 qveyanaSi SfoTvis done uecrad gaizarda, 1968-70 wlebSi ki daiwia mxolod Semdeg qveynebSi: fineTSi, safrangeTSi, iaponiasa da nor-vegiaSi. 1965-70 wlebis monacemebi 1968-72 wlebisas nawilobriv emTxveva. (am periodisaTvis IBM-is kvlevaSi stresis zogadi momateba dadginda, IBM qulebi linis SfoTvis qulebTan korelaciaSi iyo).

1935-70 wlebis liniseuli monacemebis mixedviT, SfoTvis erovnuli done fluqtacias ganicdis da SfoTvis maRali done omTanaa kavSirSi. dasaSvebad migvaCnia, rom SfoTvis msgavsi talRa pirveli msoflio omis dros da manamde arsebuli omebis drosac warmoiqmneboda. procesi Sem-degnairad mimdinareobda: rodesac qveynis SfoTvis done iwevda, gaurk-vevlobidan Tavis acilebis moTxovnilebac izrdeboda. es aratoleran-tobaSi, qsenofobiaSi, religiur da politikur fanatizmsa da am TavSi aRweril, gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis sxva manifestaciebSi SeimCneo-da. rodesac lideroba fanatikosebis xelSi gadadis, SesaZloa maT qveyana


omamde miiyvanon. qveyana iseT qveynebsac CaiTrevs, romlebsac msgavsi fa-natizmi ar gaaCniaT, magram omis safrTxis gamo SfoTva moematebaT.

iseT qveynebSi, romelTa teritoriazec omia mosalodneli, SfoTva imatebs. omis Semdeg stresi gadis, jer ara uSualod monawile qveynebSi, Semdeg sxvebSi, iwyeba maTi rekonstruqcia. SfoTva iklebs da toleranto-ba izrdeba. magram wlebis Semdeg es tendencia piriqiT Semotrialdeba da SesaZlo axali konfliqtis gamomwvevi SfoTva kvlav imatebs. ekonomikuri procesebic did rols asrulebs: simdidre tolerantobas, siRaribe ki — SfoTvas amravlebs.

daxSuli spiralis dasaSlelad saerTaSoriso Zalebia saWiro. evro-kavSiris axlandeli wevrebi naxevari saukunis win erTmaneTis mosisxle mtrebi iyvnen. mTavari gare damxmare mxare mainc gaeroa da msoflio mSvi-dobisaTvis qmedebebis legitimaciaSi mas Semcvleli ar hyavs.

189

Tavi 6

guSin, dRes Tu mogvianebiT?

wiTeli oTaxis sizmari 1760 wels gamoqveynebuli cnobili Cinuri ro-mania. mwerali cao xuekini pekinis gareubanSi mcxovrebi aristokratuli ojaxis ori ganStoebis zesvlasa da dacemaze mogviTxrobs. Tavis mamulSi maT (umetesad axalgazrda gogonebisaTvis) ramdenime mSvenieri baRi hqon-daT. didi baRis Senaxva sakmaod problemuri iyo. ase grZeldeboda manam, sanam erT-erTma gogonam, Tan Cunim, misi marTva ar daiwyo. man axali biz-nesgegma wamoayena:

me mgonia, rom baRSi momuSaveTa Soris sando moxuci qalebi unda avar-CioT, iseTebi, romlebmac mebaReoba ukve ician da mouvleli baRi maT CavabaroT. qiris gadaxdas ar movTxovT, mxolod mosavlis wliuri Se-mosavlis nawils gamovarTmevT. aseT SeTanxmebas oTxi upiratesoba aqvs: pirvel rigSi, Tu iseT adamianebs davasaqmebT, visi erTaderTi movaleoba yvavilebisa da xeebis movla iqneba, baRis mdgomareoba droTa ganmavlo-baSi nel-nela gaumjobesdeba. aRar iqneba mouvlelobis periodebi da zedmeti aqtivobis iseTi periodic ar mohyveba, rodesac yvelaferi Tav-dayira dgeba. meorec, qoneba aRar gaiflangeba da gafuWdeba, rogorc es axla xdeba xolme. mesamec qalebs damatebiTi Semosavali eqnebaT. is maTi mZime samuSaos kompensacia gamova. da meoTxe, ratom ar gamoviyenoT qvisa da miwis baRebis specialistebze, yvavilebis momvlelebze, xeebisa da yva-vilebis mwmendavebsa da mebaReebze daxarjuli fuli sxva miznebisaTvis.1

romanSi Tan Cunis privatizaciis gegma warmatebulad xorcieldeba. saom iseTi sazogadoeba aRwera, sadac indmewarmis suliskveTeba moxuc qalebSic ki gamosWvivis. es maTi gonebis programul uzrunvelyofaSia Cadebuli.

erovnuli Rirebulebebi da konfucis moZRvreba

pirvel TavSi aRvwereT, rogor SeimuSava maikl bondma RirebulebaTa Cinuri kiTxvari (CVS). qveynebis CVS monacemebis analizis Sedegad aRmoCn-da, rom CVS-is sami ganzomileba IBM-is kiTxvaris ganzomilebebs emTxveva. gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis CVS ganzomilebis nacvlad, meoTxe CVS ganzomileba konfuciis moZRvrebas eyrdnoboda.

konfuci (anu kong ci, rogorc mas CineTSi uwodeben) Zv. w. 551-479 moRvawe dabali warmomavlobis inteleqtuali iyo. man danawevrebuli Ci-neTis sxvadasxva mmarTvelis msaxuroba warumateblad scada. miuxedavad amisa, cxovrebis bolosken garSemortymuli iyo moswavleebiT, romlebic mis azrebs iwerdnen. mas brZeni adamianis reputacia hqonda. maSasadame, konfucis CineTSi iseTive pozicia ekava, rogorc sokrates saberZneTSi. sokrate TiTqmis mis dros moRvaweobda (konfuci sokratemde 80 wliT


adre daibada).konfucis moZRvreba religiuri Sinaarsisagan daclili praqtikuli

eTikis gakveTilebia. konfucionizmi religia ki ara, Cinur istoriaze da-fuZnebuli yoveldRiuri cxovrebis pragmatuli wesebis nakrebia. konfu-cis mTavari principebia:

1. sazogadoebis stabiluroba xalxs Soris araTanabar urTierToba-zea agebuli. me-2 TavSi es debuleba ukve ganvixileT. man gamoyo xuTi elementaruli urTierToba (wu lun): mbrZanebeli-qveSevrmdo-mi, mama-vaJiSvili, ufrosi Zma-umcrosi Zma, qmari-coli, da ufrosi megobari-umcrosi megobari. am urTierTobas Tan axlda ormxrivi da urTierTSemavsebeli valdebulebebi: magaliTad, umcrosi part-niori pativs scems da emorCileba ufross, ufrosi ki icavs da angariSs uwevs umcross.

2. ojaxi yvela socialuri organizaciis prototipia. adamiani, up-irveles yovlisa, pirovneba ki ar aris, aramed ojaxis wevria. bavS-vebma TavSekaveba unda iswavlon, TavianT individualobas gadaabi-jon da ojaxSi harmonia SeinarCunon (formalurad mainc; adamianis azrebi yovelTvis Tavisufalia). harmonia maSin dgeba, rodesac yvela saxes, TviTpativiscemas, sakuTar Rirsebasa da prestiJs inarCunebs. koleqtivistur ojaxSi da sazogadoebaSi saxis (rep-utaciis) mniSvnelobaze me-3 TavSi vimsjeleT. Cinuri tradiciis mixedviT Rirsebis dakargva Tvalis, cxvirisa da piris dakargvis tolfasia. socialuri urTierToba ise unda warimarTos, rom yve-las saxe SenarCundes. sxvis pativiscemas saxis gadacema ewodeba.

3. sxvebis keTili mopyroba gulisxmobs, rom maT ise ar unda moeqce, rogorc ar ginda, Sen mogeqcnen. dasavlur filosofiaSi amas oqros wess uwodeben, Tumca, mis SemTxvevaSi ormagi `ara~ ar ar-sebobs. konfuci adamianebis elementarul pativiscemas iTxovs, magram qristianiviT mtris siyvaruls ar qadagebs. erTma konfu-cianelma girts uTxra, Tuki Cveni mtrebi gveyvareba, megobrebi-saTvis raRa dagvrCebao.

4. Rirseuli cxovrebiseuli amocanebia unar-Cvevebisa da gana-Tlebis miReba, gamrjed muSaoba, saWiroze meti xarjvisagan Tavis Sekaveba, momTmen da Tavis gamtan adamianad yofna. zedmeti mox-mareba da gabrazeba tabua. gadaWarbebuli araferi unda gakeTdes. es wesi sokratemac Camoayaliba.

CVS -is meoTxe ganzomilebis erT mxares Semdegi Rirebulebebi mo-Tavsda:

• daJineba

• momWirneoba

• statusis mixedviT urTierTobaTa dalageba2

• sircxvilis grZnoba

meore mxares ki:

191guSi n, dRe s Tu m o gv i a n e b iT?

• misalmebis, saCuqrebisa da daxmarebis dabruneba

• tradiciis pativiscema

• `saxis~ dacva

• pirovnuli mdgradoba da stabiluroba

girtma miiCnia, rom es ganzomileba danarCen oTxs aucileblad unda daamatos da mexuTe ganzomilebas grZelvadiani da moklevadiani orienta-cia uwoda.

maikl bondma `muSaobis konfuciuri dinamika~ pozitiur polusad aR-wera. orive polusi konfucianuria, magram pozitiur polusze momaval-ze dinamikuri orientacia gamovlinda (gansakuTrebiT poziciis dacva da momWirneoba), negatiur polusze warsulsa da awmyoze statikuri ori-entaciaa. radgan am ganzomilebis qveynis qulebi iseTi qveynebidan aikri-fa, romlis respondentebs konfucis Sesaxeb arc gaegoT, girtma mas Ri-rebulebisa da ara warmomavlobis mixedviT SeurCia saxeli.

xangrZlivi da xanmokle orientaciis kulturebi

mexuTe ganzomilebis ganmarteba Semdegia:xangrZlivi orientacia mimarTulia momaval jildosTan dakavSirebu-

li Rirebulebebisken, rogoricaa momWirneoba da saqmis bolomde miyvana (LTO), xolo sapirispiro polusi _ warsulsa da awmyosTan dakavSirebuli Rirebulebisken, rogoricaa tradiciebi, `saxis Senaxva~ da socialuri valdebulebebis Sesruleba.

6.1 cxrilSi xangrZlivi da xanmokle orientaciis mixedviT 38 qveyana da 1 regioni (kvebeki - kanadis frangulenovani regioni) aris dalagebuli. amaTgan 23 (muqi asoebiT aRniSnuli) CVS kvlevis studentur SerCevaze aris dafuZnebuli. iseve, rogorc me-2 me-5 TavebSi IBM kvlevis qulebi, es qulebi 0-100 skalaze gadaviyvaneT (100-ze meti qula CineTma daagrova da skalis gakeTebis Semdeg davamateT). danarCeni qulebi gameorebiT kvle-vebs eyrdnoba.3 rogorc sxva ganzomilebis dros, qulebi qveynis absolu-turs ki ara, SedarebiT pozicias gamoxatavs.

6.1 cxrilze asaxuli zeda 6 pozicia ukaviaT aRmosavleT aziis qvey-nebs: CineTs, hong-kongs, taivans, iaponias, vietnamsa da samxreT koreas. singapuri me-11 adgilzea. iaponia, hong-kongi, taivani, samxreTi korea da singapuri me-20 saukunis bolo aTwleulSi `5 drakonis~ saxeliT gaxdnen cnobilni. amis mizezi swrafi ekonomikuri winsvlaa. araaziuri qveynebidan yvelaze maRali qula brazilias hqonda (aq iaponuri umciresobis didi nawili cxovrobs). Yyvela sxva aziur qveyanas, filipinebisa da pakistanis gamoklebiT, LTO-s maRali poziciebi ukavia (cxrilis marcxena svetSi). evropis qveynebi SuaSi moxvdnen. britaneTi da misi anglopartniorebi, avstralia, axali zelandia, aSS da kanada xanmokle mxares aRmoCndnen. afrikul qveynebs, zimbabvesa da nigerias, iseve rogorc filipinebsa da pakistans, Zalian dabali qulebi hqonda.


cxrili 6.1 xangrZlivi orientaciis ideqsis (LTO) mniSvnelobebi 39 qveynisa da re-

gionisaTvis


CineTi 118 1 slovakeTi 38 20 21

hong-kongi 96 2 italia 34 22

taivani 87 3 SvedeTi 33 23

iaponia 80 4 5 poloneTi 32 24

vietnami 80 4 5 avstria 31 25 27

korea (samxreTi) 75 6 avstralia 31 25 27

brazilia 65 7 germania 31 25 27

indoeTi 61 8 kanada (kvebeki) 30 28 30

tailandi 56 9 axali zelandia 30 28 30

ungreTi 50 10 portugalia 30 28 30

singapuri 48 11 aSS 29 31

dania 46 12 didi britaneTi 25 32 33

niderlandebi 44 13 14 zimbabve 25 32 33

norvegia 44 13 14 kanada 23 34

irlandia 43 15 filipinebi 19 35 36

fineTi 41 16 espaneTi 19 35 36

bangladeSi 40 17 18 nigeria 16 37

Sveicaria 40 17 18CexeTis respublika

13 38

safrangeTi 39 19 pakistani 0 39

belgia (mTliani) 38 20 21

gamuqebuli asoebiT aRniSnuli qveynebisa da regionebis monaceme-bi gamoTvlilia pirvandeli Rirebulebebis Cinuri kvlevis monacemTa bazaze dayrdnobiT. danarCeni qveynebisa da regionebis monacemebi gan-meorebiT kvlevas eyrdnoba.

aSS-is moklevadiani orientacia amerikaSi 1970 wels Catarebul Rire-bulebaTa gamokiTxvaze dafuZnebul rokiCis RirebulebaTa kiTxvaridanac Cans. am kiTxvaris mixedviT, momWirneoba da saqmis bolomde miyvana Rire-bulebaTa siaSi ar iyo. me-20 saukunis meore naxevarSi rogorc individis, ise mTavrobis doneze momWirneoba ki ara, xarjva gamovida mTavari ameri-kuli Rirebuleba.4 herbert stains, aSS-is ori respublikeli prezidentis ekonomikuri mrCevelTa sabWos Tavjdomares hkiTxes, ratom ar agroveben amerikelebi met fuls. man upasuxa:

ekonomistebi am kiTxvas ver pasuxoben. Cveni dagrovili fulis kvota, sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, yovelTvis dabali iyo. es axsna ar aris, magram


savaraudod aseTi situacia amerikuli cxovrebis wesis gamo arsebobs.5

LTO ganzomileba konfuciuri ar aris. rogorc davinaxeT, orive pol-usi moicavs konfuciur Rirebulebebs. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi aRmo-savleT aziis `CamorCenilobas~ konfucianelobas abralebdnen. es gasage-bicaa, radgan gamodis, rom es termini Sereul Rirebulebebs aRniSnavs.6 Tanac, zogierT arakonfuciur qveyanas, rogoricaa indoeTi da brazilia, maRali LTO-s qulebi aqvs. zogierT konfuciur Rirebuleba saerTod ar ukavSirdeba LTO-s, magaliTad, mSoblebis morCileba, romelic CVS -is mixedviT koleqtivizmTan aRmoCnda dakavSirebuli.

6.2 cxrilSi Sejamebulia xangrZlivi da xanmokle orientaciis mTavari aspeqtebi, romlebic qveynebSi gansxvavdeba.

cxrili 6.2. mTavari gansxvavebebi xanmokle da xangrZliv orientacias Soris: zogadi

norma

xanmokle orientacia xangrZlivi orientacia

Zalisxmevas Sedegebi swrafad (dauyovnebliv) unda mohyves

Seupovroba, uwyveti Zalisxmeva neli (drois intervalis Semdeg) Sedegebisken

socialuri wnexi xarjviskenaa mimarTulimomWirneoba, resursebis maqsimaluri dacva

tradiciebis pativiscema garemoebaTa pativiscema

sakuTar stabilurobaze zrunvasakuTari adaptaciis unarze zrunva

socialur statussa da valdebulebebze zrunva

raRaca miznis gamo sakuTari Tavis daqvemdebarebaSi Cayenebis mzadyofna

nerviuloba `saxis~ SenarCunebaze sircxvilis grZnobis qona.


xanmokle da xangrZlivi orientacia da ojaxi

nebismier adamianur sazogadoebaSi civilizebuli adamianis statusis misaRebad, bavSvebma TavSekaveba da dakmayofilebis gadadeba (survilebis moTokva) unda iswavlon. germanelma sociologma, norbert eliasma (1897-1990) TviTkontroli da cxovrebisadmi xangrZlivi Sexeduleba civilizaciis procesisaTvis aucilebel nabijebad ganixila.7 sazogadoebaSi dajildoe-bis gadadeba9 socialur klasTan erTad izrdeba: dabali socialuri kla-sis bavSvebi fulisa da drois sanacvlod ufro xSirad eZeben survilebis dauyovnebliv dakmayofilebas, vidre saSualo klasis bavSvebi.8 sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi survilebis moTokva LTO -sTan erTad varirebs.

maRali LTO-s qveynebSi qorwineba ufro pragmatuli da miznebze orienti-rebuli molaparakebaa. 1990-93 wlebSi Catarebuli RirebulebaTa msoflio kiTxvaris mixedviT gairkva, rom debulebaze _ `ra moqmedebs qorwinebis bednierebaze~ — maRali LTO-s qveynebisaTvis qmris ojaxTan cxovreba nor-malurad iTvleboda da meuRleTa gansxvavebul interesebsa da gemovnebas mniSvneloba ar hqonda. amave dros, sxva kvlevis mixedviT, maRali LTO-s qveynebis studentebma yvelaze xSirad dauWires mxari Semdeg debulebas: ̀ Tu qorwinebaSi siyvaruli gaqra, umjobesia wyvili wynarad daSordes da axali cxovreba daiwyos~. miuxedavad amisa, LTO-s qveynebSi ganqorwinebebis rao-denoba dabali iyo.9

me-4 TavSi aRvwereT bazris kvlevis kompaniis iaponeli qalebis vakoalis gamokiTxva. kvlevis dros qalebs hkiTxes, ra maxasiaTeblebi urCevniaT Sey-varebulebsa da qmrebSi. maRali da dabali LTO-s qveynebSi erT-erTi gansx-vavebuli maxasiaTebeli adamianuri emocia, siTbo aRmoCnda. dabali LTO-s qveynebSi is SeyvarebulTan, xolo maRali LTO-s qveynebSi qmarTan iyo da-kavSirebuli. vakoalis genderuli stereotipebis kvlevis nawilSi aRmoCnda, rom LTO-s mixedviT gansxvavebul qveynebSi morCilebis maxasiaTebeli gansx-vavdeboda. maRali LTO-s qveynebSi morCileba zogad Rirebulebad miiCnies; dabali LTO-s qveynebSi ki mxolod qalis Sesaferisad aRiares. girtis klasSi erTma Cinelma studentma dawera: `morCilebis gareSe cxovelebze uaresi ga-vxdebiT~. man morCileba ganixila, rogorc `sircxvilis grZnobis arsebobis~ Sedegi.10

sxva kvleva 19 qveynis studentebis asakis matebisadmi damokidebulebas swavlobda. `moxucebulobis asaki (CaiTvala, rom kacisaTvis es 60-ia, qali-saTvis ki - 62) pozitiurad korelirebda qveynis simdidresa da LTO-sTan (10 qveynisaTvis, romelTa monacemebi erTmaneTs emTxveoda). rogorc Raribi, iseve maRali LTO-s mqone qveynebisaTvis moxucebuloba ufro adre iwyebo-da. studentebi aseve moelodnen, rom moxucebulobisas sicocxliT ufro kmayofilni iqnebian.11

1990-93 wlebSi RirebulebaTa msoflio kiTxvaris mixedviT Catarebu-li gamokiTxvisas aRmoCnda, rom debulebaze — `ra moqmedebs qorwinebis bednierebaze~ _ sxva kiTxvac korelirebda LTO-sTan. kiTxvaze, ganicdian Tu

9 redaqtoris SeniSvna: TviTkontrolis donis gazomvis gavrcelebuli meTodia gavarkvioT, ramden xans SeuZliaT bavSvebs moiTminon da ar

miiRon dapirebuli jildo. rac, realobaSi imas niSnavs, Tu ramdenad SeuZliaT maT survilebis moTokva.


ara skolamdeli bavSvebi dedis Sin aryofnas, maRali LTO-s qveynebSi pasuxi iyo — diax.

avtraliaSi Catarebul kvlevaSi dedebs hkiTxes, ras iTvaliswineben, ro-desac bavSvebisaTvis saCuqrebs yiduloben. TeTrkanianma avstralielebma upasuxes, rom fiqroben, ra moewoneba bavSvs da riT moigeben mis guls. viet-nameli imigrantebis pirveli Taobis dedebma upasuxes, rom bavSvebis ganaT-lebisa da finansuri mdgomareobisaTvis saWiro nivTebs aniWebdnen upirate-sobas. dedebma sakuTari TavisaTvis saCuqris sargebeli ar axsenes. pirveli jgufi xanmokle sargeblis, xolo meore — xangrZlivis momxre aRmoCnda.12

1990-93 wlis Rirebulebis msoflio kiTxvaris sxva monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom im 11 maxasiaTeblidan, romelTa swavlas SesaZlebelia saxlSi xeli Seu-wyon, maRali LTO-s qveynebisaTvis momWirneoba pirvel adgilze iyo. meores mxriv, sxva adamianebis pativiscemam da tolerantobam dabali LTO-s qvey-nebSi yvelaze maRali qulebi miiRo.

maRali LTO-s qveynebSi ufrosi Zmebi da debi umcrosebs xelmZRvanelo-ben. es statusis mixedviT urTierTobis mowesrigebas da am wesrigis Senar-Cunebis konfuciseul Rirebulebas gamoxatavs. dabali LTO-s qveynebSi yo-velTvis ase ar aris.13

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom maRali LTO-s kulturaSi ojaxi pragmatulad aris mowyobili, magram siTboze unda iyos damyarebuli da yvelaze didi yuradReba patara bavSvebs daeTmos. bavSvebi momWirneobas, survilebis mo-Tokvas/dakmayofilebis gadadebas, miznebis miRwevaSi gulmodginebasa da morCilebas swavloben. Cineli mSoblebi asertiulobas ver itanen.14

es konfuciuri Rirebulebebia da maTi gadacema swavlebiT ki ara, pra-qtikiT xdeba. hong-kongis universitetis profesor gordon redings Cinelma indmewarmem ganucxada: `vgrZnob, rom Tu Cems Svils Rirebulebebs vaswavli, ese igi orpiri var. amitom, bevri ram igulisxmeba da magaliTiT mtkicdeba.~15

miuxedavad imisa, rom maRali LTO-s qveynebSi gamrje da warmatebuli ojaxi normad iTvleba, sinamdvileSi am ideals yovelTvis ar mihyvebian. 1922 wels, Cinelma filosofosma, liang Su-mingma gamosca wigni aRmosavluri da dasavluri kulturebi da aRmosavluri kultura patriotulad daicva. am wignis Cinelma kritikosma ien Ci-Cengma (dawera: `ar miTxraT, rom baton li-angs mtrobisa da sibrazis bevri SemTxvevis Sesaxeb ar gaugia. aseTia praqti-kuli interesebis gamo Zmebs Soris SuRli. ar miTxraT, rom batonma liangma araferi icis im Suris, saidumlo gegmebisa da sxva saSinelebebis Sesaxeb, romelic Cinur ojaxSi TiTqmis yovelTvis xdeba~16

dabali LTO-s kulturaSi gazrdil bavSvebs ori tipis norma aqvT. pirveli normebi exeba tradiciebis aucilebel pativiscemas, saxis Senar-

Cunebis, stabiluri individis ieris, siyvarulis gaqrobis Semdegac ki sa-qorwino statusis pativiscemas, principis gamo sxvebis pativiscemas, to-lerantobasa da misalmebas, saCuqrebisa da daxmarebis dabrunebas. meore norma ki dakmayofilebis momentaluri saWiroeba, xarjva da moxmarebaSi so-cialuri tendenciebisadmi sensitiurobaa (`ar CamovrCeT jonsebs~). am or normas Soris potenciuri daZabulobaa, ris Sedegadac individis qcevebis mravalferovnebas viRebT.


xangrZlivi da moklevadiani orientacia skolaSi

ramdenime kvlevis mixedviT, dasavlel studentTan SedarebiT aziel students metad sjera, rom warmateba Zalisxmevazea damokidebuli da amitom ufro Zalismierni arian.17

1997 wels, ekonomiuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciam maTematikisa (gana maTematika zusti mecniereba araa?) da zust mecniereba-Ta saerTaSoriso testireba daafinansa. testirebas 26 qveynis meoTxekla-selebi (daaxloebiT 10 wlis) da 48 qveynis merveklaselebi (daaxloebiT 14 wlisani) gadiodnen. ufros bavSvebs Soris orive saganSi yvelaze maRali qulebi singapurs, xolo yvelaze dabali — samxreT afrikas hqonda. aSS-is bavSvebma maTematikaSi 28, xolo zust mecnierebebSi 17 qula daagroves.18 iseT qveynebSi, sadac orive asakobrivi jgufis bavSvebs CautardaT testi, patarebisaTvis 11, xolo didebisaTvis 13 qveyanaSi maTematikasa da LTO-s Soris sando korelacia dafiqsirda. zusti mecnierebebis qulebi LTO-sTan korelaciaSi saerTod ar iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom zust mecnierebaTa da maTematikis qulebi erTmaneTTan korelirdeboda. mdidar qveynebs Rarib qveynebze cotaTi ukeTesi Sedegebi hqondaT, magram maTematikis qulebi LTO-sTan ufro maRal korelaciaSi iyo, vidre — erovnul simdidresTan.19

maSasadame, is argumenti, rom azieli bavSvebi ubralod bevrad mets Sromoben, ar aris marTebuli. maSin maT Tanabrad maRali qulebi unda hqonodaT maTematikaSica da zust mecnierebebSic. sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris. LTO-sa da maTematikas Soris korelacia imaze metyvelebs, rom maRali LTO-s mqone qveynebSi dominantur gonebriv daprogramebasa da ma-TematikaSi kargi SesrulebisaTvis saWiro gonebriv unars Soris raRacaa saerTo.

tradiciulad, miaCniaT, rom azieli moswavleebi meqanikur daswavlaze ufro met energias xarjaven, vidre gagebaze, magram elementarul maTe-matikaSi maRali LTO-s mqone moswavleTa brwyinvale Sedegebi am mosaz-rebas uaryofs. rac dasavluri gonebisaTvis meqanikur daswavlas hgavs, SesaZloa gagebis erT-erTi gzaa. swavla da swavleba kulturulad gan-sazRvrulia da amitom msgavs qcevebs SesaZlebelia gansxvavebuli Rrma mniSvneloba hqondes.20

elementarul maTematikaSi kargad artikulirebuli amocanebia. aseTi amocanebi `formaluria~ da ara `Ria~.21 maRali LTO-s mqone moswavleebs msgavsi amocanebis amoxsna kargad SeuZliaT. profesori redingi, romel-mac hong-kongSi mravali weli gaatara, wers:

Tavis kulturaSi da Tavis enaze ganaTlebuli Cineli bavSvi Tavidanve iseTi kognituri procesebis gamoyenebas daiwyebs, romelic gansxvavebul msoflmxedvelobas Seuqmnis...SesaZloa racionalurad mogveCvenos, rom CinelebSi garkveul sagnebSi warmatebisa da warumateblobis tendencia aRiniSneba. es gansakuTrebiT exeba praqtikul mecnierebas, sadac `indi-vidi da konkretuli~ aris mniSvnelovani. filosofiisa da sociologiis ufro abstraqtul dargebs isini bunebrivad Sordebian.


xSirad ismis kiTxva, ratom ar ganviTarda CineTSi dasavleTSi ganvi-Tarebuli samecniero kvlevis aqtiuri tradicia. yvelaze misaRebi axsna gansxvavebul fundamentur kognitur struqturebs eyrdnoba.22

bejiTi swavlis argumenti singapuris SemTxvevaSi ufro gamarTlebu-lia. aRmoCnda, rom singapurel merveklaselebs rogorc maTematikaSi, ise zust mecnierebebSic maRali qulebi hqondaT. `singapurel Cinelebs as-wavlian, rom garja kargia, xolo TamaSi — cudi~.23 aRmosavleTazielebis TvalSi singapurelebi mouridebelni da mimwolni arian. singapuris LTO — sxva `drakonebTan~ (taivani, samxreTi korea, hong-kongi da iaponia) Se-darebiT dabalia.

6.3 cxrilSi Sejamebulia bolo or nawilSi ganxiluli gansxvavebebi xangrZlivi da xanmokle orientaciis qveynebSi.

cxrili 6.3 mTavari gansxvavebebi xanmokle da xangrZlivi orientaciis sazogadoe-

bas Soris: ojaxi da skola


qorwineba moraluri garigebaa qorwineba pragmatuli garigebaa

axlo naTesavebTan erTad cxovreba problemebis wyaroa

axlo naTesavebTan erTad cxovreba normaa

axalgazrda qalebi siTbos Seyvarebuls ukavSireben

axalgazrda qalebi siTbos qmars ukavSireben

morCileba mxolod qalebisTvisaamorCileba rogorc qalebis, aseve kacebisTvisacaa

sibere bednieri periodi ar aris, magram is gvian iwyeba.

sibere bednieri periodia da adre iwyeba.

skolamdeli asakis bavSvebs SeiZleba sxvebma mouaron

skolamdeli asakis bavSvebisaTvis dro dedebs unda hqondeT

bavSvebi saCuqrebs xalisisTvis da siyvarulisTvis iReben

bavSvebi saCuqrebs ganaTlebisa da ganviTarebisTvis iReben

bavSvebma tolerantoba da sxvebis pativiscema unda iswavlon

bavSvebma momWirneoba unda iswavlon

ufrosoba da-Zmas statuss ar aniWebs ojaxSi ufros bavSvebs umcros bavSvebze meti Zalaufleba aqvT

moswavleebi warmatebas iRbals abraleben

moswavleebi warmatebas sakuTar Zalisxmevas abraleben

Teoriuli, abstraqtuli mecnierebis niWi

praqtikuli, konkretuli mecnierebis niWi

Znelad xsnis maTematikur da zust amocanebs

advilad xsnis maTematikur da zust amocanebs


xangrZlivi da xanmokle orientacia samsaxursa da biznesSi

u. T. qingi singapurSi 1921 wels wavida. is 21 wlis iyo. dasawyisSi yofili TanamemamuleebisaTvis naqargebs akeTebda. 1932 wels man saku-Tari maRazia gaxsna. meore msoflio omis Semdeg mis biznesSi Svilma da ZmisSvilma daiwyes muSaoba. biznesi sul ufro da ufro izrdeboda da sabolood did, maRali donis maRaziad gadaiqca.

qingis maRaziis kulturis Sesaxeb sadoqtoro disertaciaSi Ciu-lim fii ii wers:

maRaziis struqtura saojaxo, xolo kultura —martivi iyo. damfuZ-nebeli avtokratiuli iyo da mas erTguli mimdevrebi emorCilebodnen. qingis ojaxi zedamxedvelobda da gadawyvetilebs iRebda, xolo muSebi amas morCilebiT avsebdnen da harmoniac iqmneboda. momWirneoba, ierar-qiis pativiscema da saqmis bolomde miyvana yvelas Rirebulebad miaCnda da mogebis gazrdis mizans misdevda. Zvelma Taobam ganacxada, rom `zed-metad bevrs ar vfiqrobdiT~, rac imas niSnavs, rom maTi azrebi ambiciuri ar yofila. isini, ubralod, sakuTar saqmes Tavisi unaris Sesabamisad ma-qsimalurad kargad akeTebdnen da imedi hqondaT, rom es dafasdeboda.24

xangrZlivi orientaciis garemoSi ojaxi da samuSao gayofili ar aris. ojaxuri biznesi normalurad iTvleba. LTO-s polusis Rirebulebebi ind-mewarmis aqtivobas uwyobs xels. saqmis bolomde miyvana an miznis misaR-wevad garja, damwyebi indmewarmis aucilebeli maxasiaTebelia. urTier-Tobebis statusis mixedviT dawyoba da am wyobis SenarCuneba araTanabari urTierTobis wyvilebis Sesaxeb konfuciur mosazrebas ireklavs. harmo-niuloba, stabiluri ierarqia da erTmaneTis Semavsebeli rolebi indme-warmis saqmianobas aadvilebs. momWirneobis Sedegad, fulis Senaxva da sakuTar an naTesavebis biznesSi investireba xdeba. sircxvilis grZnobis arseboba ki socialuri kontraqtis pativiscemisa da erTgulebis sawin-daria.

moklevadiani orientaciis polusze, zedmet pirovnul mdgradobasa da stabilurobas cvalebad bazarze indmewarmisaTvis aucilebeli inicia-tivis, riskis mzaobisa da cvalebadobis CaxSoba mohyveba. saxis gazviade-bulad Senaxva biznesis warmarTvaSi xelSemSlelia. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRmosavleT aziaSi saxis Senaxva mniSvnelovania, studenti respondentebi misi Semcirebis momxreni iyvnen. tradiciis zedmeti pativiscema inovacias aferxebs. `drakonebis“ warmatebis erT-erTi mizezi imas gaxlavT, rom maT dasavluri teqnologiuri inovaciebi Zalian advilad miiRes. am kuTxiT, isini bevr dasavlur qveyanaze naklebad tradiciulni aRmoCdnen da amas tradiciis pativiscemis maTi dabali qulebic adasturebs. da bolos, misalmebis, daxmarebisa da saCuqrebis dabruneba kargi manerebis sfero ufroa, vidre kargi Sesrulebisa, miuxedavad amisa, rom aRmosavleT aziis qveynebSi es Rirebuleba axlac arsebobs, CVS kvlevaSi mas mudam nakle-bi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. dasavleTis qveynebSi saxis, tradiciis da ur-TierT gacvla-gamocvlis ekvivalenti socialuri tendenciebis gaTvalis-


wineba da `jonsebs ar CamovrCeT!~-Si gamoixateba. es ki momWirneobisa da saqmis bolomde miyvanis sawinaaRmdegoa.

konfucis erT-erTma moswavlem adapturoba ase ganmarta:

kargi kaci cxovrebas ise gadis, rom winaswar dagegmili aqti an tabu ar aqvs. is ubralod im momentisaTvis wyvets, risi gakeTeba iqneboda mar-Tebuli.25

5 `drakonisa“ da tailandis 60 biznesliders da aSS-is ekvivalentur jgufs sTxoves 17 samuSao Rirebulebis ranJireba. azielebma maRali ran-gi mianiWes Semdeg 7 Rirebulebas: gamrjed muSaoba, swavlis pativiscema, axali ideebisadmi gaxsniloba, pasuxismgebloba, TviT-disciplina da saku-Tar Tavze damokidebuleba. amerikelebma airCies: gamoxatvis Tavisufle-ba, piradi Tavisufleba, sakuTar Tavze damokidebuleba, individualuri uflebebi, gamrjed muSaoba, piradi miRweva da sakuTari azrebis marTva.26 amiT aziasa da aSS-s Soris arsebuli LTO (gamrjed muSaoba, swavla, gaxs-niloba, pasuxismgebloba, TviTdisciplina) da IDV (Tavisufleba, ufle-ba, sakuTari azrebis marTva) gansxvavebebi dadasturda. 1990-93 wlebis RirebulebaTa msoflio kiTxvaris mixedviT, Tavisufali drois mniSvne-loba ojaxTan, samuSaosTan, megobrebTan, religiasa da politikasTan Se-darebiT LTO—sTan negatiur korelaciaSi aRmoCnda.27 maRali LTO-s mqone aziuri kompaniebis maxasiaTebeli dauyovnebeli Sedegebis xarjze Zlieri sabazro poziciebis agebaSi investirebaa.28 menejerebi (xSirad ojaxi da megobrebi) did dros xarjaven sakuTari wvlilis SetanaSi. dabali LTO-s qveynebSi Sedegi (wina Tvis, kvartlis an wlis) ufro mniSvnelovania. kon-trolis sistemebi am Sedegebs aqcevs yuradRebas da menejerebsa am Sede-gebze dayrdnobiT msjelobs. saqmis es mdgomareoba TiTqos racionalur argumentebs eyrdnoba, magram sinamdvileSi es racionaloba kulturul anu prekulturul arCevans efuZneba. xanmokle gadawyvetis nakli kargad Cans `Cqar gadawyvetilebebSi, samuSao procesis kontrolSi, cud adapta-ciasa da axali ideebis mitovebaSi~.29 menejerebs dRevandeli Sedegebis mixedviT waaxaliseben an sjian, arada naTlad Cans, rom am Sedegebis mize-zi maTi winamorbedebisa da winamorbedebis winamorbedebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebia. miuxedavad amisa, kulturuli rwmenis Zala am sistemas amyarebs.

kolegebis daxmarebiT girtma Seiswavla, ra miznebs miaweren TavianTi qveynis liders biznesmenebs biznesis marTvis sferoSi naxevar ganakveTze momuSave studentebi 15 qveyanaSi. `10 wlis Semdeg mogebis~ mniSvnelobisa da ~am wlis mogebis~ umniSvnelobis kombinacia LTO-sTan sando korela-ciaSi iyo.30

aRmosavleT aziis indmewarmeoba mxolod indmewarmeobis Rirebule-baze dafuZnebuli ar aris. dasawyisSi aRwerili ambisa da CVS qulebis mixedviT Cans, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebis Rirebulebebi farTodaa gaS-lili sazogadoebaTa SigniT, indmewarmeebsa da momaval indmewarmeTa, maT TanamSromlebsa da ojaxebs, agreTve da sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis Soris.


sazRvargareT momuSave Cinel biznesmenebTan interviuebze dafuZne-bul wignSi gordon redingma efeqturobisa da marcxis mizezebi gayo oTx nawilad:Lvertikaluri TanamSromloba, horizontaluri TanamSromloba, kontroli da adaptaciis unari. vertikaluri TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb is wers:

atmosfero ar aris . . . iseTi, rom TanamSromlebi da patronebi/meneje-rebi fsiqologiurad or banakad bunebrivad daiyon. socialurad, Rire-bulebebis, qcevis, saWiroebebis, miznebis mixedviT isini msgavsni xdebian. . . aseTi vertikaluri TanamSromlobis erT-erTi Sedegi nebayoflobiTi daTanxmebaa. am tendencias isic ganamtkicebs, rom bavSvobisa da swavli-sas, adamianebs ufrosebis pativiscemas unergavdnen da Rrmad Camjdari konfuciuri tradicia mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi narCundeba . . . amis gagrZeleba rutinuli da SeiZleba mosawyeni amocanebis dabejiTebiT ke-Tebis mzaobac. amas xandaxan saqmis bolomde miyvanac hqvia. es Cinuri sa-muSao qcevis mosawyeni, Tanac mniSvnelovani komponentia. is, ase vTqvaT, samuSao eTikis mikroformaa da maT qarxnebsa da ofisebSi aris damkvidre-buli . . . amis mizezi is sibejiTec aris, romelic saWiroa Cinuri enis Sesas-wavlad, rasac Tan erTvis konfuciuri ojaxis mkacri wesrigi.31

am aRweraSi TvalnaTliv Cans LTO-s komponentebi, rogorica urTier-Tobebis statusis mixedviT dawyoba, am wyobis SenarCuneba da saqmis bo-lomde miyvana. saqmis bolomde miyvana mTavar rols asrulebs ara mxolod indmewarmis mier biznesis awyobaSi, aramed misi muSakebis ZalisxmevaSi, Seasrulon yoveldRiuri davalebebi.

adamianis Rirebulebisa da kmayofilebis saerTaSoriso gamokiTxvaSi respondentebs or debulebas Soris erT-erTi unda aerCiaT:

1. Tanasworobis princips zedmet yuradRebas aqceven. adamianebs saSualeba unda hqondeT sakuTari ekonomikuri da socialuri cxovreba individualuri unar-Cvevebis mixedviT airCion.

2. zedmeti liberalizmis gamo adamianTa ekonomikur da socialur mdgomareobas Soris didi gansxvavebebi warmoiSva. adamianebi ufro Tanasworad unda cxovrobdnen.

im respondentebis procenti, romlebmac meore debuleba airCies, 30-dan (safrangeTi) 71-mde (iaponia) varirebda da LTO-sTan sandod iyo dakav-Sirebuli.32 xangrZlivi orientacia niSnavs sazogadoebas, romelSic eko-nomikur da socialur pirobebs Soris gansxvaveba arasasurvelad miiCneva. xanmokle orientacia niSnavs damsaxurebis mixedviT waxalisebas da unar-Cvevebis mixedviT diferenciacias.

horizontaluri TanamSromloba qselebis arsebobas gulisxmobs. azi-uri biznesis mTavari koncefcia guanxi (guanxi) mTels msoflioSi aris cnobili. is pirad kavSirs gulisxmobs da ojaxur sferos biznesis sfe-ros ukavSirebs. maRali LTO-s sazogadoebaSi nacnobebis qselis arseboba


warmatebisaTvis aucilebelia. es koleqtivizmis TvalsaCino Sedegia (ur-TierToba amocanaze maRla dgas), magram aseve xangrZliv orientacias moi-Txovs. guanxis kapitali adamians mTeli cxovreba Tan dasdevs da adamiani mas moklevadiani momentaluri mizezebis gamo ar daazianebs.33

maRali LTO-s saeqsporto qveynebis biznesis adaptaciisa da qselebis arsebobis mniSvnelobis Sedegad, dabali LTO-s qveynebTan SedarebiT, es qveynebi qrTamis micemis indeqsze (BPI) saSualod ufro met qulas iReben (ix. me-2 Tavi, korufciis Sesaxeb). maRali LTO-s mqone qveynis kompaniebi ucxouri momxmareblisaTvis ufro xSirad mimarTaven damatebiT gadasaxa-debsa da momsaxurebebs, rasac saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba qrTams eZa-xis.34

xangrZlivi da xanmokle ekonomikuri zrda

meore msoflio omis Semdeg (1939-45) gamarjvebulma qveynebma gaeros xelmZRvanelobiT msoflios axali wyoba gamoacxades (adamianis univer-saluri uflebebiT). 1950 da 1960 wlebSi pirveli amocana politikuri damoukidebloba iyo. koloniuri era damTavrda da mdidari qveynebis be-vri kolonia damoukidebeli saxelmwifo gaxda, 1970 wlebSi prioriteti ekonomikur ganviTarebas mieniWa. 1944 wels dafuZnebulma samma kompaniam — msoflio bankma, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma da vaWrobis msoflio organizaciam — siRaribis daZleva gadawyvita. Tumca siRaribe ar gamqra-la. 1970-2000 wlebSi zogierTi Zalian warmatebulad gadavida ̀ ZonZebidan simdidreSi~. absoluturi gamarjvebuli iyo `5 drakoni“: taivani, samx-reTi korea, singapuri, hong-kongi da iaponia — miuxedavad maT regionSi 1990 wlis ekonomikuri krizisisa. amerikul dolarebSi, taivanis mTliani erovnuli produqti erT sul mosaxleze 2000 wels 1970 welTan Sedare-biT 36-jer gaizarda, iaponiisa ki — 18-jer. meore mxriv, samxreT saharis afrikaSi da yofili sabWoTa blokis qveynebs imdeni Semosavalic ki ar hqoniaT, rom inflaciis kompensacia moexdinaT. zustad im periodSi isini ufro gaRaribdnen.

ekonomistebi `drakonebis“ ekonomikur warmatebas ar winaswarme-tyvelebdnen. maSinac ki, rodesac is ukve faqtori iyo, amis aRiarebas didi dro dasWirda. 1966 American Economic Review-Si35 msoflio bankis cno-bilma ekomistebma regionis mimoxilvisas hong-kongi da singapuri ar moi-cves, radgan isini umniSvnelod CaTvales. taivanisa da samxreT koreas miRwevebi mcired warmoaCines, xolo indoeTisa da Sri-lankas _ metad. 15 wlis Semdeg singapuri, sadac 2.5 milioni adamiani cxovrobda, indoeTze met eqsports awarmoebda, romlis mosaxleoba 700 milioni iyo.

mas Semdeg, rac `drakonebis“ ekonomikur saswaulze Tvalis daxuWva SeuZlebeli gaxda, ekonomistebma mas axsna ver mouZebnes. ekonomikuri kriteriumebis mixedviT, kolumbia samxreT koreaze ukeTesad unda yo-filiyo, Tumca piriqiT moxda.36 amerikelma futurologma, herman kanma ( 922-83)37 neokonfuciuri Teoria Camoayaliba. man daaskvna, rom aRmosav-leT aziis ekonomikuri warmateba kulturaSi istoriulad Rrmad Camjda-


ri konfuciuri Rirebulebebis Sedegia.RirebulebaTa Cinuri kiTxvaris Seqmnamde kanis Teoria ver dastur-

deboda. bolo 3 aTwleulis ekonomikuri zrda Zlier korelaciaSia LTO-s anu konfuciur RirebulebebTan dakavSirebul indeqsTan.38 es karad Cans 6.1 sqemaze. masze asaxulia qveynebis LTO-s qulebi (38) da 1970-2000 wle-bis mSp erT sul mosaxleze. ramdenadac viciT, LTO erTaderTi garegani faqtoria, romelic ekonomikur zrdas ukavSirdeba. IBM- is arc erTi sxva ganzomileba ar daukavSirda ekonomikur zrdas kiTxvaris Semdgomi 2 wlis kiTxvarSi, arc yvela qveynisaTvis, arc Raribisa an mdidrisaTvis cal-calke.

LTO-sa da ekonomikuri zrdis korelacia ara mxolod adasturebs kanis neokonfuciur Teorias, aramed gvanaxebs, konfuciuri Rirebulebebidan romlebic ukavSirdeba ekonomikur zrdas. esenia: momWirneoba da saqmis bolomde miyvana. sainteresoa, rom aRmosavleT aziis ganviTarebaSi kul-turis rolis dasamtkiceblad da `drakonebis~ ekonomikuri warmatebis asaxsnelad aRmosavleTaziuri instrumenti CVS gaxda saWiro.

korelacia kauzalur kavSirs ar gulisxmobs. kauzaluroba nebismieri mimarTulebisa SeiZleba iyos an saerTo mizezi mesame faqtoria. me-3 TavSi naCvenebi iyo, rogor ukavSirdeboda erovnuli simdidre individualizmis qulebs da drois ori wertilis monacemebze dayrdnobiT gamovida, rom kauzaluroba simdidrisgan individualizmisken moZraobda. CVS kvlevam drois mxolod erTi monakveTis Sesaxeb mogvawoda informacia. kauzalu-robis mimarTulebis mxolod warmodgenaa SesaZlebeli. RirebulebaTa bu-nebis gaTvaliswinebiT SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom es Rirebulebebi iyo ekonomikuri zrdis mizezi. maT ki aRmosavleT aziis indmewarmeTa uni-kaluri warmateba akavSirebT. iaponelebi da zRvisgaRma Cinelebi momWir-neni da saqmis bolomde mimyvanni ekonomikur zrdamde didi xniT adre iyv-nen. indmewarmeoba TvalsaCinodaa aRwerili 250 wlis win daweril wignSic `wiTeli oTaxis sizmari.“ TvalsaCinoa. aRmosavleT aziaSi modernizaciis gamo tradiciebis darRvevis brwyinvale unari SewevT.

amerikelma politologma rasel ridma LTO-sa da fulis dagrovebas Soris kavSiri daamtkica. yvelaze Zlieri kavSiri _ dagrovebis marginalu-ri tendencia (MPS) - 1970-1990 wlebSi erT sul mosaxleze dagroveba da piradi moxmareba plus dagrovebis mTliani cvlilebis procenti aRmoCn-da. MPS icvleboda aSS-is 3%-dan singapuris 64%-mde.39 gaugebaria!

momxmarebelTa qcevis analizis Sedegad de muJma daadgina, rom maRali LTO- s qveynebSi xalxi met fuls debda uZrav qonebaSi, rac xangrZli-vi mizania, xolo dabali LTO- s qveynebSi investiciebs saerTo fondebSi debdnen.40

cxrilSi 6.4 Sejamebulia bolo or nawilSi ganxiluli gansxvavebebi xangrZlivi da xanmokle orientaciis qveynebSi


40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

00 20 40 60 80 100 120

mep

– i

s z

rd

a er

T s

ul

mo

saxl

eze

1970

-200

0

xangrZlivi orientaciaxanmokle xangrZlivi

samxr. koreataivani

singapuri

portugalia irlanida

espaneTi

avstria

didi britaneTi

pakistani CineTi

iaponia

norvegia

fineTiniderlandebi

belgiabrazilia

safrangeTiavstralia

SvedeTibangladeSi

filipinebi

das. afrikapoloneTi ungreTi

indoeTi

aRm. afrikaslovakeTi

vietnami

germania

aSS

hong-kongi

kanadaaxali zelandia

tailandiitalia

dania

CexeTis respublika

legenda

azia da musulmanuri qvynebiregulari evropa da anglo qveynebi

italiki laTinuri amerikis qveynebi

daxrili

6.1 sqema xangrZlivi orientacia da mep —is zrda erT mosaxleze 1970-2000

ekonomikuri zrda da politika

kulturaSi garkveuli dominanturi Rirebulebis arseboba ekonomiku-ri zrdisTvis aucilebeli, magram sakmarisi piroba ar aris. ori sxva pi-robaa bazris arseboba da ganviTarebis damSvebi politikuri konteqsti. bazris saWiroebiT aixsneba is, rom `drakonebis“ zrda mxolod 1955 wlis Semdeg moxda. WeSmaritad globalurma bazarma am dros daiwyo ganviTa-reba. politikuri mxardaWeris saWiroeba xuTive qveyanaSi dakmayofil-


da, Tumca es sxvadasxva formiT gamoixateboda. zogierT qveynebSi mas mTavroba aqtiurad uWerda mxars, zogierTSi ki ar ereoda. xuTive qvey-anaSi profkavSiri susti da kompaniaze orinetirebuli iyo da Semosav-lis SedarebiT Tanabari ganawileba revoluciur socialur cvlilebebs abrkolebda. zedmetobisagan Tavis aridebis konfuciuri Rirebuleba, daZabulobisa da Zaladobis ramdenime SemTxvevis miuxedavad, politikur cxovrebazec zemoqmedebda.

cxrili 6.4. mTavari gansxvavebebi xanmokle da xangrZlivi orientaciis sazogadoe-

bebs Soris: biznesi da ekonomika


mTavari samuSao Rirebulebebia Tavisufleba, uflebebi, warmateba da damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebis miReba

mTavari samuSao Rirebulebebia swavla, patiosneba, morgeba, pasuxismgebloba da TviTdisciplina ( aq SemeSala da orive grfaSi erTi da igive mewera)?

Tavisufali dro mniSvnelovania Tavisufali dro mniSvnelovani ar aris

fokusi dauyovnebliv Sedegzea fokusi sabazro poziciazea

wliuri mogebis mniSvneloba 10 wlis Semdeg mogebis mniSvneloba

menejerebi da muSakebi fsiqologiurad or banakSi arian

patron-menejerebsa da muSakebs erTi da igive miznebi aqvT

unarisa da damsaxurebis mixedviT waxaliseba

didi socialuri da ekonomikuri gansxvavebebi sasurveli ar aris

pirovnuli erTguleba biznes- moTxovnilebasTan erTad icvleba

sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi Tanamdev qselebSi investicia, guanxi

1970-2000 wlebSi ekonomikuri zrda neli iyo an sul ar aRiniSneboda

1970-2000 wlebSi swrafi ekonomikuri zrda iyo

dagrovili fulis patara kvota investiciisaTvis cota fulia

dagrovili fulis didi kvota investiciisaTvis bevri fulia

investireba saerTo fondebSi investireba uZrav qonebaSi

politikuri konteqstis gavlena konfucianelobis akvanSi _ CineTSic aRmoCnda. mas cotaTi maRali LTO qula aqvs. zRvismiRma CineTi hong-


kongSi, singapursa da taivanSi momxdari ekonomikuri saswaulis safuZ-veli da indoneziis, malaiziis, tailandisa da filipinebis ganviTareba-di ekonomikis xelSemwyobi iyo. am qveynebSi wasuli Cinelebi ukeTesad iyenebdnen indemwarmeobis unars, vidre saxlSi darCenili maTi naTesavebi.

1970 wels Cinuri valuta konvertacias ar eqvemdebareboda. amis gamo 1970 GNP-is gadafaseba da 2000/1970 Sefardebis arasakmarisi Sefaseba moxda. magram CineTis ekonomikam politikuri movlenebis gamo izarala kidec. amis magaliTia win didi naxtomis katastrofa (1958-59), didi pro-letaruli, kulturuli revolucia (1966-76) da pekinSi, ciuri simSvidis karibWeebis (tiananmenis) moedanze studentebis demonstraciis dramatu-li daSlis Sedegebi (1989). meores mxriv, mkacri politikuri kontroliT SemoRebuli erT Svilis yolis politikam mosaxleobis afeTqebas SeuSala xeli. mas mohyveboda GNP-is Semcireba. 1975-2000 wlebSi CineTis mosax-leoba 37%-iT gaizarda, 0.93-dan 1.28 miliardamde, saSualod 1.3%-iT yo-velwliurad. 2015 wlisaTvis. 7%-iT zrdas moelian. mosaxleobis nakle-bad efeqturi kontrolis Sedegad indoeTis mosaxleoba imave periodSi 64%-iT _ 0.62-dan 1.01 miliardamde, saSualod weliwadSi 1.9%-iT gaizar-da. populaciis kontrolis gegmis gareSe, nigeriis populacia 107%-iT, 55-dan 114 milionamde gaizarda, saSualod 2.9%-iT weliwadSi.41

CineTis mmarTvelebisaTvis gamowveva qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis msofliosaTvis gaxsnis Sida politikuri Sedegebis gadalaxvaa. 1.3 mili-ardiani qveynis mobruneba despotizmis, anarqiisa da garemos ganadgure-bis gareSe bevrad ufro rTuli amocanaa, vidre im kunZulis modernizacia (mag. singapurisa), sadac 4 milioni mosaxlea, Tu am dilemis pasuxi moinaxa, Cans, rom kontinentur CineTs iseTi gonebrivi programuli uzrunvelyo-fa aqvs, rom is meeqvse da giganturi drakoni gaxdeba.

vietnamSic, 1964-73 wlebSi aSS-is mier ganadgurebuli qveynis SemTx-vevaSic asea. aqac politikuri xelmZRvaneloba ganviTarebisaTvis auci-lebel Tavisuflebasa da mkacr politikur kontrols Soris iryeoda. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi vietnamSi swrafi ekonomikuri progresi aRi-niSna, magram Semdeg politikosebma kontroli gazardes da ekonomikam ukan daixia. sxva qveynebSi, vietnameli indmewarmeebi Zalian warmatebulni arian. kulturulad, vietnams axali ekonomikuri saswaulis Sansi aqvs.

6.1 sqemaze 5 drakons ekonomikur zrdaSi sami evropuli qveyana mohy-veba: irlandia, portugalia da espaneTi. am qveynebma evrokavSiris wevro-biT bevri moiges. aRmoCnda, rom 2003 wels evrokavSiris wevri 15 qveynidan SvedeTis garda yvela ufro swrafad gaizarda, vidre aSS. evrokavSiri imis magaliTia, politikurma mSvidobam ekonomikur zrdas gza rogor gaukvala.

6.1 sqemaze asaxulia nela mzardi (an kleba aRiniSneba) aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi, sadac komunisturi mmarTveloba iyo: poloneTi, ungre-Ti, CexeTis respublika da slovakeTi. yofil sabWoTa blokSi, iseve ro-gorc CineTSi, valutis konvertireba SeuZlebeli iyo, ris gamoc erT sul mosaxleze 1970 wlis GNP gadafasda da 2000/1970 Sefardeba sakmarisad ar Sefasda. komunizmis kraxis Semdeg, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma maT


Sokuri ekonomikuri `Terapia“ Cautara. is warumatebeli aRmoCnda. po-loneTi, qveyana, romelmac saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds yvelaze didi winaaRmdegoba gauwia, naklebad dazaraldnen.42 2004 wlis maisSi es qvey-nebi evrokavSirs SeuerTdnen. SesaZloa es ekonomikuri progresisaTvis Sansis momcemia.

6.1 sqemaze im qveynebs Soris, sadac ekonomika Semcirda, nigeria da zimbabvec aris. afrikul situacias am TavSi kidev davubrundebiT.

xangrZlivi da xanmokle orientacia da dapatimrebaTa raodenoba

Tanamedrove qveynebs Soris TvalSisacemad gansxvavebulia dapatimre-baTa raodenoba _ Tavisuflebis aRmkveT institutebSi Caketili popu-laciis wili. es wili gansakuTrebiT didia aSS-Si: 2002 wels, TiTqmis 2 milioni kaci (sloveniis msgavsi qveynis populaciis an parizisa da hiu-stonis mosaxleobis ekvivalenti) daapatimres anu yovel 100.000 mosax-leze 690 kaci. erTaderTi qveyana, romelic am monacemTan axlos iyo, ruseTia 625 patimriT, Semdeg ki rumineTi 230 dapatimrebuli adamianiT. 31 qveyanas Soris yvelaze cota adamiani iaponiaSi iyo dapatimrebuli — 100,000 mosaxleze 48 kaci.43

aseTi didi gansxvavebis faqtoruli analizi xanmokle Tu xangrZliv orientaciaze miuTiTebda. situacia aseTia: dapatimrebaTa siaSi qveynis reitinigze Zlier da negatiur zegavlenas ori damoukidebeli faqtori axdenda. es iyo erovnuli simdidre da LTO. im 24 qveyanaSi, sadac LTO-ca da dapatimrebebis monacemebic xelmisawvdomi iyo, mxolod siRaribis gamo dapatimrebis skalaze rangebs Soris sxvaobis 42%-is axsna SeiZleboda da xanmokle orientaciis - mxolod 38%-isa. orive erTad 48%-s xsnida. dapa-timrebis skalaze rangebs Soris sxvaobis axsna individualizmis damate-biT 67 procentamde izrdeboda.44

kavSiris am paterns Semdeg interpretacias vukeTebT: siRaribes dana-Sauli mohyveba. ufro Rarib qveynebSi saSualod meti dasjili borotmo-qmedia. es, ra Tqma unda, amerikis pozicias ar xsnis. dapatimrebaze meore faqtoric zemoqmedebs da es dasjis mizania. xangrZlivi orientaciis qvey-nis SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa aSS da odnav naklebad britaneTi, mizani pa-timrebis cixeSi CaketviT sazogadoebis dacvaa. amis Sedegi ki patimrobis grZeli vadebia. problemis xangrZlivi gadaWra kriminalebis gamosworeba da produqtiul moqalaqeebad gadaqcevaa, amitomac patimrobis vada da dapatimrebis SemTxvevebi naklebia. Zlierad individualistur sazogadoe-bebSi kriminals problemad ufro xSirad aRiqvamen da amitom danaSaulis CamdenTa dasja surT; naklebad individualistur sazogadoebebSi pro-blemas danaSaulSi xedaven da misi mizezebis aRmofxvraze zrunaven.


religia da azrovnebis tipebi

doqtorma rajendra pradhanma nepalelma anTropologma 1987-88 wlebSi holandiis sofel SoonrevoerdSi (Schoonrewoerd) 10 Tviani kvle-viTi proeqti ganaxorciela. man aRmosavlur soflebSi dasavleli anTro-pologebis kvlevis Catarebis nacnobi paterni Seatriala. Soonrevoerdi, tipuri holandiuri sofeli, samxreT holandiis provinciaSi mdebareob-da. misi mosaxleoba 1500 adamians iTvlida da masSi gansxvavebuli kalvi-nisturi protestantuli aRmsareblobis ori eklesia hqondaT. doqtori pradxani orive eklesiaSi regularulad dadioda da adgilobriv mosax-leobasTan kontaqts iq axerxebda. eklesiis Semdeg mas xSirad patiJebdnen saxlSi yavis misarTmevad da sasaubro Tema, rogorc wesi, religia iyo. mas imis axsna uwevda, rom misi mSoblebi induistur ritualebs scemdnen pativs, magram maTi Sesruleba Sewyvita, radgan es bevr dros arTmevda. holandiel maspinZlebs undodaT gaegoT, ra swamda — es iyo egzotikuri kiTxva, romlis pirdapiri pasuxi ar hqonda. `aq yvela rwmenaze, rwmenaze, rwmenaze saubrobs~, SeniSna man dabneulad. `Cems samSobloSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani ritualia, masSi mxolod mRvdeli da ojaxis Tavi monawi-leoben. danarCenebi uyureben da Sesawirs gaiReben. aq kidev amdeni ram aris aucilebeli. induistebi arasdros ikiTxaven, gwams Tu ara RmerTi? ra Tqma unda, adamians unda swamdes, magram mniSvnelovania, adamiani ras akeTebs~.45

RirebulebaTa Cinur kiTxvarSi aRmoCnda, rom dasavlur da aRmo-savlur azrovnebaSi mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. es kiTxvari aRmosavlelma adamianebma Seqmnes da man gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis ganzomileba ver daadgina. IBM da RVS dasavleTSi Seiqmna da xangrZlivi da xanmokle orientacia ver daadgina.

danarCeni sami ganzomileba samive kvlevaSi gamoCnda. Cven maT Zal-auflebriv distancias, individualizm-koleqtivizms da maskulinoba-feminurobas vuwodebT. isini im elementarul adamianur urTierTobebs ganixilavn, romelic rogorc kiTxvarebis aRmosavlelma, ise dasavlelma Semdgenlebma gaiTvaliswines.

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba me-5 TavSi aRvwereT. sabolood is sa-zogadoebis mier WeSmaritebis Ziebas adgens. kulturebi, romlebic gau-rkvevlobas Tavidan icilebs, absolutur WeSmaritebas aRiarebs, gaurk-vevlobis mimRebi kulturebi ki ufro relativistur poziciaze dganan. dasavluri azrovnebisaTvis es mniSvnelovani arCevania. is mTavar Rire-bulebebSi aisaxeba. aRmosavluri azrovnebisaTvis WeSmaritebis sakiTxi naklebad mniSvnelovania. xangrZlivi da moklevadiani orientaciis inter-pretacia SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc sazogadoebis mier saTnoebis (Vir-tue) Zieba. SemTxveviT ar aris, rom es ganzomileba konfucis moZRvrebas ukavSirdeba. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, konfuci religiur Sinaarss mokle-bul praqtikul eTikas qadagebda. is saTnoebas ganixilavda, magram WeS-maritebis sakiTxs Riad tovebda. aRmosavlur azrovnebaSi saTnoebis mo-Zebnaa mTavari. dasavluri azrovnebisaTvis pirvel adgilze WeSmariteba dgas, Semdeg ki _ saTnoeba.


1990-93 wlebis RirebulebaTa msoflio kiTxvarSi respondentebs sTxovdnen erT-erTis arCevas Semdegi ori debulebidan:

1. keTilisa da borotis Sesaxeb absoluturad naTeli instruqciebia. isini garemoebis miuxedavad yvelas exeba;

2. keTilisa da borotis Sesaxeb absoluturad naTeli instruqcia verasodes iqneba. ra aris kargi da boroti, mTlianad imdroindel garemoebebzea damokidebuli.

pirveli debulebis momxreTa raodenoba nigeriaSi 60%, amerikaSi 50%, SvedeTSi 19% da iaponiaSi 15%-mde varirebda. saSualod Rarib qveynebSi absoluturi instruqciis ufro swamdaT. simdidris zegavlenis kontro-lis SemTxvevaSi pasuxebi LTO-sTan korelirebda.46 respondentebs maRali LTO-s mqone qveynebidan kargisa da borotis Sesaxeb universaluri in-struqciebisa naklebad sjerodaT da garemos ufro iTvaliswinebdnen. es naTels hfens wina nawilSi aRweril dapatimrebaTa gansxvavebas: Tu boro-ti da keTili erTmaneTisagan gamoyofilia, boroti adamianebi unda ga-movketoT; Tu boroti da keTili yovel adamianSia, vinc boroteba airCia, unda iswavlos, rogor gaxdes kargi.

aRmosavluri religiebi (induizmi, budizmi, sintoizmi da taoizmi) da-savluri religiebisgan (iudaizmi, qristianoba da islami) Rrma filoso-fiuri xaziT aris gamoyofili. sami dasavluri religia erTi azris ojaxs miekuTvneba; istoriulad, isini erTi fesvebidan momdinareoben. rogorc me-5 TavSi vamtkicebdiT, samive dafuZnebulia adamianis mier Secnobad WeSmaritebis arsebobaze. samives aqvs wigni. aRmosavleTSi arc konfucia-neloba (romelic arareligiuri eTikaa), arc sxva didi religia adamianis mier Secnobadi WeSmaritebis arsebobaze ar aris dafuZnebuli. isini gvTa-vazoben sxvadasxva saSualebas, romlis meSveobiTac adamians TviTgaumjo-besoba SeuZlia; magram, isini ara rwmenisagan, aramed ritualis, medita-ciis an cxovrebis wesisagan Sedgeba. aqedan zogierTs umaRles sulier mdgomareobamde mivyavarT. SesaZloa, RmerTTan an RmerTebTan erTiano-basac gulisxmobdes. amitom daabnia doqtori pradhani rwmenis Sesaxeb kiTxvam — aRmosavleTSi es ararelevanturi kiTxvaa. mniSvnelovania, ras akeTebs adamiani. amerikelma miTologma jozef kempbelma dasavluri da aRmosavluri religiuri miTebi Seadara. man daaskvna, rom iudaizmi, qri-stianoba da islami materialursa da suliers cal-calke gamoyofs, xolo aRmosavluri religiebi da filosofiebi maT aerTianebs.47 azrovnebis es gansxvaveba naTels hfens imas, ratom aris WeSmaritebasTan dakavSirebuli me-4 ganzomileba dasavleTSi Sedgenil kiTxvarSi; aRmosavleTSi Sedgenil kiTxvarSi me-4 ganzomileba saTnoebas exeba.

adamianis RirebulebaTa gamokiTxvis monacemebis mixedviT maRali LTO-s mqone qveynebSi, dabali LTO-s qveynebTan SedarebiT adamianebi Tavian-Ti piradi wvliliT kmayofilni iyvnen Semdeg debulebaSi: `yoveldRiuri adamianuri urTierTobebisaTvis yuradRebis miqceva, ojaxSi, mezoblo-baSi, megobrebsa da nacnobebSi kavSirebis gaRrmaveba~ da `socialuri


uTanasworobisa da usamarTlobis gamosasworeblad Zalisxmevis gaReba, yvelasaTvis Tanabari cxovrebis uzrunvelyofa.~48 xanmokle kulturis respondentebi am kargi miznebis misaRwevad Tavisi wvliliT naklebad kmayofilni iyvnen. iseT kulturaSi, sadac keTilisa da borotis abso-luturi kriteriumi arsebobs, rac ar unda ecados adamiani, verasodes iqneba kmayofili kargi saqcielis SedegiT. xangrZlivi orientaciis kul-turaSi saTnoebis didi mniSvneloba moralisa da praqtikis pragmatuli integraciis sawindaria. keTilSobileba kargia da borotis absolutur standartebze ar aris damyarebuli; ra iTvleba keTilSobilurad, gare-moebis mixedviT icvleba. rodesac adamiani keTilSobilurad iqceva, is ar grZnobs, rom socialuri uTasworobis gamosasworeblad metis gakeTeba saWiro ar aris.

WeSmaritebaze dasavluri zrunva gamoixateba Semdegi aqsiomiTac: Tu a WeSmaritia, maSin b (romelic a-s sapirispiroa) mcdaria. aRmosavlur logikas aseTi aqsioma ar gaaCnia — Tu a WeSmaritia, misi sapirispiro b-c SeiZleba WeSmariti iyos da erTad isini a-zec da b-zec did sibrZnes gamoxataven. filosofiur midgomaSi adamianuri WeSmariteba yovelTvis nawilobrivia. aRmosavluri da samxreT-aRmosavluri qveynebis adamiane-bisaTvis sxvadasxva religiis elementebis miReba an erTdroulad sxva-dasxva religiis mimdevroba problemurad ar miiCneva. aseTi filosofi-uri safuZvlis qveynebSi, konfucianelobis msgavsi arareligiuri eTikuri sistema sazogadoebis qvakuTxedad iqceva. dasavleTSi, eTikuri wesebi re-ligiidan modis xolme, saTnoeba — WeSmaritebidan.

danieli sociologis verner uormis mosazrebiT, Cinelebs racionalu-robas saRi azri urCevniaT. racionaluroba abstraqtuli, analitikuri da idealisturia, mas logikuri ukiduresobebi axasiaTebs, xolo saRi az-rovneba ufro adamianuria da realobasTanac ufro axlosaa.49

dasavluri fsiqologiis Tanaxmad, adamianebi kognitur konsonanss eZe-ben anu konfliqtur informacias gaurbian. aRmosavleT da samxreTaRmo-savleT aziis qveynebSi es naklebad aris ase. 50 Crdiloel amerikelebTan SedarebiT, Cinelebs uTanxmoeba pirovnuli urTierTobebisaTvis ufro naklebad saSiSad miaCndaT, vidre gulis dawyveta da Wriloba. gansxvave-buli azri maT egoebs ar vnebda.51

koreeli fsiqologi uikol kimi amtkicebs, rom fsiqologiis dasavlu-ri praqtika aRmosavleT aziisaTvis gamosadegi ar aris:

fsiqologia... Rrmad Caflulia evroamerikul RirebulebebSi. isini racionalur, liberalur da individualistur idealebs aniWeben upi-ratesobas... es mosazrebebi gavlenas axdens imaze, rogor aris konferen-ciebi organizebuli, kvlevebi dafinansebuli da publikaciebi miRebuli. aRmosavleT aziaSi is adamianuri urTierTobebi, romlebsac `keTilSobi-lebaze dafuZnebulad~ vaxasiaTebT, ufro mTavaria, vidre `uflebebze dafuZnebuli~ urTierTobebi. individebs ise uyureben, rogorc inter-dakavSirebul qsels da ideebi socialuri qselis meSveobiT vrceldeba.52


mecnierebasa da teqnologiaSi dasavluri WeSmariteba analizur az-rovnebas astimulirebs, xolo aRmosavluri keTilSobileba —sinTezurs. Cinelma studentma girts ganucxada:

Cinursa da dasavlur sazogadoebas Soris udidesi gansxvaveba isaa, rom dasavluri sazogadoeba gmirs eTayvaneba, xolo Cinuri — wmindans. Tu adamiani erT raRacas kargad akeTebs, is gmiria. imisaTvis, rom wmindani gaxde, yvelafers kargad unda akeTebde.

dasavleTSi, industriuli revoluciis dros, WeSmaritebis Ziebam bu-nebis kanonebis aRmoCenamde migviyvana. am kanonebis gamoyeneba progre-sisaTvis daiwyo. civilizaciis maRali donis miuxedavad, Cinel mecnie-rebs niutonis kanonebi ar aRmouCeniaT. ubralod isini am kanonebs arc eZebdnen. Cinuri damwerloba ganzogadebis interesis simcires gamoxatavs. yoveli marcvlisaTvis TiTo simboloa saWiro da amitom 3.000-ze meti simbolo gamoiyeneba, amave dros, dasavlur enebSi asoebad dayofil mar-cvlebs daaxloebiT 33 simbolo sWirdeba. dasavluri analizuri azrovne-ba elementebzea fokusirebuli, xolo aRmosavluri sinTezuri azrovneba mTlianzea fokusirebuli. amboben, rom fizikis dargSi nobelis premiis iaponelma laureatma Tqva: `iaponuri mentaliteti abstraqtul azrovne-bas ar miesadageba~53

meoce saukunis SuaSi, WeSmaritebis dasavluri koncefcia damxmaredan tvirTad gadaiqca. SesaZloa mecnierebam analizuri azrovnebiT moigos, magram marTva da mTavroba sinTezzea dafuZnebuli. dasavluri, anali-tikurad miRebuli da xelmisawvdomi teqnologiebis saSualebiT aRmo-savlur kulturebs TavianTi brwyinvale sinTezuri unariT maTi gamoye-neba SeuZliaT. ra aris WeSmariti an swori, imaze naklebad mniSvnelovania, ra muSaobs sinamdvileSi da erTiani miznis misaRwevad gansxvavebuli az-rovnebis paternis mqone adamianebi rogor iReben Zalisxmevas. iaponuri menejmenti, gansakuTrebiT iaponur dasaqmebulebTan, pragmatuli sinTe-ziTaa cnobili. arasworia imis daSveba, rom sxvanairi azrovnebis qveynebSi misi eqsporti SeiZleba.

6.5 cxrilSi Sejamebulia grZelvadiani da moklevadiani gazmomilebis am nawilSi naxsenebi mTavari gansxvavebebi; 6.2, 6.3 da 6.4 cxrilebTan erT-ad, am ganzomilebis yvela sferoSi gansxvavebis ganxilva SeiZleba.


cxrili 6.5. mTavari gansxvavebebi xanmokle da xangrZlivi orientaciis sazogadoe-

bas Soris: religia da azrovnebis tipebi


mTavaria WeSmaritebis Secnoba mTavaria keTilSobilebis moTxovnebis pativiscema

keTilisa da borotis Sesaxeb universaluri instruqciebi arsebobs

ra iTvleba kargad da cudad garemoebazea damokidebuli

dapatimrebulTa raodenoba maRalia dapatimrebulTa raodenoba dabalia

adamianur urTierTobebsa da usamarTlobis SesworebaSi Setanili wvliliT ukmayofileba

adamianur urTierTobebsa da usamarTlobis SesworebaSi Setanili wvliliT kmayofileba

materia da suli gayofilia materia da suli integrirebulia

Tu a WeSmaritia, misi sapirispiro b mcdari unda iyos

Tu a WeSmaritia, SesaZloa misi sapirispiro b-c aseve WeSmariti iyos

prioriteti eniWeba abstraqtul racionalurobas

prioriteti eniWeba saR azrs

arsebobs kognituri konsistenturobis moTxovnileba

uTanxmoeba saSiSi ar aris

analitikuri azrovneba sinTezuri azrovneba

fundamentalizmi, rogorc xanmokle orientacia

rogorc adre aRvniSneT, iudaizmi, qristianoba da islami sami da-savluri religiaa, romelic azrovnebis erT ojaxs miekuTvneba da saer-To fesvebi aqvs. samiveSi saTnoeba WeSmaritebidan gamomdinareobs. samives aqvs awmyoze fokusirebuli Tanamedrove ganStoebebi da warsulis sibrZ-neze fokusirebuli fundamentalisturi ganStoebebi. am ganzomilebaze religiur fundamentalistebs ukiduresad xanmokle orientacia aqvT. gadawyvetilebebs dRevandel dReze ki ara, Zvel wminda wignebSi dawe-rilze afuZneben. fundamentalistebi Tanamedrove msoflios problemebs ver umklavdebian. britanelma filosofosma, bertran raselma (1872-1970) ganacxada:

yvela fanatikuri mrwamsi mavnea. amitom sxva fanatikosebTan Sejibri uwevT, radgan am SemTxvevaSi siZulvilisa da SuRlis gaCena SeuZliaT. magram es erTi fanatikuri mrwamsis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic asea. is Tavi-sufal azrovnebas ar uSvebs, radgan aman SesaZloa misi zegavlena Seamci-


ros da Tu amaSi samRvdeloebac monawileobs (rogorc wesi, asea), is Za-lauflebas iseT kastas aZlevs, romlis profesiuli mizani status kvos SenarCunebaa da darwmuneblobis ieris miRebaa iq, sadac sinamdvileSi darwmunebuloba ar arsebobs.54

politikurad gavleniani fundamentalizmi safrTxes uqmnis samive dasavlur religiaSi arsebul mSvidobasa da keTildReobas. dapirispi-rebuli Tanamedrove ganStoebebi yvelaze susti iranSia. istoriaSi ise-Ti periodic (ax.w. me-9-14 saukuneebi iyo, rodesac musulmanuri samyaro mxolod militaristulad ki ara, mecnieruladac aRemateboda ukuRmarT qristianul evropas. renesansisa da reformaciis meSveobiT, evropa mo-dernizaciis gzas daadga, islami ki tradicionalizmSi dabrunda.

islamis amerikelma specialistma bernar luisma me-14 saukunisSemdgo-mi musulmani mecnierebis ganwyoba aRwera, rogorc `gancda, rom dro ar arsebobs, sinamdvileSi araferi icvleba~, amas danarCen samyaroSi mimdi-nare movlenebisadmi interesis dakargva daemata. codnas ganixilavdnen, rogorc `usasruli WeSmaritebebis korpuss, romlis SeZena, dagroveba, gadacema, interpretacia da gamoyeneba SeiZleba, magram Secvla an gadake-Teba — ara~. inovacia cudi da eretikosobis msgavsi iyo. maSin, rodesac sabeWdi manqana evropaSi 1450 wels gamoigones, TurqeTSi sabeWdi dazga 1729 wels dadges da 1742 wels konservatiulma musulmanebma kvlav dake-tes. luisi wers:

dasavlur gamowvevaze iaponiisa da islamuri samyaros Zalze gansx-vavebuli pasuxebi xSirad gamoiyeneba kontrastis saCveneblad. maTi si-tuaciebi Zalian gansxvavebulia. musulmanuri warmodgenebi evropaze nawilobriv, Tu srulad ara, ganpirobebulia im elementiT, romelmac ia-poniaze mcire an sulac ver moaxdina efeqti — religiiT. iseve, rogorc danarCenma msofliom, musulmanebma evropa, pirvel rigSi, religiuri kuTxiT dainaxes, anu ara rogorc evropuli an dasavluri, an TeTri, ara-med rogorc qristianuli — da Sua aRmosavleTisaTvis, Soreuli aRmosav-leTisagan gansxvavebiT, qristianoba ucnobi ar yofila. Rirebulebis ra gakveTilis swavla SegviZlia am mcdari da moZvelebuli religiisagan? 55

Tanamedrove teqnologiebma musulmanur samyaroSic SeaRwia. islamis tradiciuli da Tanamedrove formebi arsebobs, magram tradiciuli ufro Zlieri da agresiulia. CamorCenilobiTa da siRaribiT Sewuxebulebi, zo-gierTi jgufi SariaTs anu winaswarmetyveli muhamedisdroindeli wesebis aRdgenas iTxovs. is musulmanuri qveynebi, romlebmac navTobiT didZa-li simdidre iSoves, Rarib qveynebze ukeTesad ver Seeguen Tanamedrove msoflios. SesaZlebelia, rom navTobis qona upiratesoba ki ara, tvirTia. 5 `drakonidan“ arc erTs ar hqonda araviTari bunebrivi resursi, Tavisi mosaxleobis gonebrivi programuli uzrunvelyofis garda.

6.1 cxrili moicavs ori mTlianad musulmanuri qveynis monacemebs. esaa bangladeSi (40), romelsac saSualo qula aqvs da pakistani, romelic


Zalian xanmokle orientaciis mqonea (0). islami TavisTavad ar niSnavs xan-mokle orinetacias, fundamentalizmi ki niSnavs.

me-20 saukunis meore naxevarSi bevri musulmanis migracia moxda da-savlur qveynebSi. 2000 wels, evropaSi evropeli musulmanebis komuna aT milion adamians iTvlida. bevri muSaTa da saSualo klasSi daimkvidra adgili da dasavleli musulmani gaxda; zogierTi ver integrirda, klasis miRma aRmoCnda da getoSi gadavida. Tanamedrove evropel musulmanebs saSualeba aqvT islamis keTildReobas gza gaukvalon.

xanmokle orientacia afrikaSi

afrika, gansakuTrebiT ki saharis samxreTiT mdebare qveynebi, ganvi-Tarebis ekonomistebis Tavis tkivilia. 2003 wlis msoflio ganviTarebis angariSSi naCvenebia, rom 12-dan 11 yvelaze Raribi qveyana afrikulia.56 afrikuli qveynebis problema populaciis afeTqebaa. mosaxleobis rao-denoba yovelwliurad 3%-iT izrdeba, ris gamoc 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi afrikis mosaxleobis gaormagebaa mosalodneli. maT mdgomareobas Sidsi da sxva epidemiebi, sisxliani omebi da mkvlelobebi, sakuTari xalxis mier korufciulad da araefeqturad miCneuli mTavrobebi amZimebs. 50 afriku-li saxelmwifodan bevrSi, ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, mTavrobis iseTi elementaruli movaleoba, rogoricaa jandacva, dakninebulia an saerTod ar arsebobs.

amis ukiduresi magaliTi gaxlavT somali. 1969 wels arCeuli misi pre-zidenti siad bare 1991 wels gaiqca da qveyana qaossa da moqiSpe meomre-bis/omis mbrZaneblebis xelSi datova. Semdeg wels aSS prezidentma j. buS-ma gaeros egidiT, somaliSi jarebi gaagzavna imedis aRdgenis operaciis Casatareblad. quveiTSi pirveli warmatebuli omis Semdeg, yvelas molo-dinis sawinaaRmdegod, somalis intervencia katastrofa aRmoCnda. yvela-ze Zalauflebian winamZRols, aidids, veraferi Seagnebines; mosaxleoba mtrulad iyo ganwyobili da amerikelebma aRmoaCines, rom maT ganmaTavi-sufleblebad ki ara, agresorebad aRiqvamen. imis mere, rac televiziiT aCvenes, rogori sixaruliT miaTrevdnen somalelebi gardacvlil ameri-kel jariskacs mogadiSos quCebSi, aSS-is sazogadoebrivi azri Seicvala. 1994 wels amerikelebma somali datoves da 1995 wels gaerom am qveyanaSi Tavisi aqtivoba daamTavra. somali datoves, sadac mZvinvarebda anarqia; gaeroSi misi skami axlac ar aris dakavebuli.57

naTelia, rom dasavlurma logikam afrikaSi ar gaWra. bondis Rirebu-lebebis Cinurma kiTxvarma girts afiqrebina, rom msgavsi ram afrikaSic unda moxdes: afrikelebs kiTxvaris SedgenaSi daxmareba unda sTxovon, gamokiTxva rogorc afrikul, aseve araafrikul qveynebSi Caataron da naxon, ra axali ganzomileba gamoikveTa da ratom ar muSaobs ganviTarebis dasavluri receptebi afrikaSi.

es proeqti girtis yofil universtitetSi, interkulturuli TanamS-romlobis kvlevis institutSi daiwyes.58 mas girtis memkvidre, nils nor-derheveni da senegaleli basiru tijani axorcieleben. afrikaSi moRvawe


afrikel mecnierebsa da sazRvargareT myof afrikel studentebs Rirebu-lebaTa kiTxvaris debulebebis SemuSaveba da miwodeba sTxoves. `delfi~ midgomis saSualebiT, pirveli Sedegebi anonimurad ukan gaugzavnes da maTi SemoTavazebebi gaiTvaliswines. 100-ze meti samuSao debuleba Segro-vda da damTxvevebis amoRebis Sedegad 82 debulebamde daiyvanes. kiTxva-ris franguli an inglisuri versia kamerunis, ganas, senegalis, samxreT afrikis, tanzaniis, zimbabvesa da afrikis gareT belgiaSi, germaniaSi, did britaneTSi, gaianaSi, hong-kongSi, malaiziaSi, niderlandebsa da aSS-Si orive sqesis studentebs SerCeviT CautardaT. sul 14 qveynidan 1,100 re-spondenti gamohkiTxes.59

Rirebulebebis Cinuri kiTxvarisagan gansxvavebiT, Rirebulebebis afrikulma kiTxvarma axali ganzomileba ar gamoavlina. man 6 faqtori warmoaCina. aqedan oTxi IBM-is ganzomilebebTan sandod korelirebda. erTi trivialuri aRmoCnda da or enas Soris gansxvavebis Sedegi iyo.60 darCenili faqtori (am analizSi siZlieriT meore adgilze myofi), tra-diciuli sibrZne, LTO-sTan sandod korelirebda da kvlevaSi monawile afrikul (da zog evropul) da aziur qveynebs erTmaneTs upirispirebda.61 xanmokle orientaciis polusze mdebare ganmasxvavebeli debulebebia: `si-brZne codnaze ufro mniSvnelovania~ da ̀ sibrZne gamocdilebisa da drois Sedegad da ara ganaTlebis Sedegad modis~. es debulebebi konfuciur Rirebulebebs sastikad ewinaaRmdegeboda.

RirebulebaTa afrikuli kiTxvari da CVS-ze dafuZnebuli nigeriisa da zimbabves dabali LTO qulebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom afrikaSi xanmokle azrovnebaa gavrcelebuli. sibrZnis, codnisa da ganaTlebis gareSe xva-lindeli sargeblis molodini dRes swavlas xels ar uwyobs.

afrikelebis, Sedegebs mizezebs ar ukavSireben, es kavSiri ki garedan mayureblisaTvis TvalsaCinoa. amis magaliTia, rogor uaryofda samxreT afrikis prezidenti, Tabo mbeki virusiT daavadebasa da Sidss Soris kav-Sirs (2000 wels man es Sexeduleba Secvala). jadosnobis gavrcelebuli rwmenis gamo gasaWirs sxvebsa da okultur Zalebs abraleben, miuxedavad imisa, rom garedan damkvirveblebis azriT es gasaWiri afrikelebis bra-lia.

RirebulebaTa qulebi ar gulisxmobs imas, rom yvela afrikeli mok-levadianad moazrovnea, yvela Cineli ki — piriqiT. igulisxmeba, rom az-rovnebis es tipebi imdenad zogadia, rom xSiri qcevis paternze da nacio-naluri institutebis struqturasa da kargad an cudad funqcionirebaze axdens gavlenas. amaT Soris azrovneba ekonomikaze zemoqmedebs.

1980 wlidan afrika ufro da ufro xdeba msoflios yvelaze Raribi adgili. es saSineli ironiaa, radgan am kontinentze mravali bunebrivi resursia. TiTqmis yvela afrikuli qveyana ucxour daxmarebasa da saerTa-Soriso savaluto fondzea damokidebuli. jozef Stiglici msoflio ban-kis yofili ekonomisti da 2001 wels ekonomikis sferoSi nobelis premiis laureati, Tvlis, rom afrikis problemebs msoflio savaluto fondis sesxis aRebisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebi amZimebs. msoflio bankze metad, am fondSi xanmokle orientaciis fundamentalizmi dominirebs. amis gamo


biujetSi disciplina ganaTlebis, janmrTelobisa da infrastruqturis xarjzea miRweuli da Tan axlavs importebis daZalebuli liberalizacia, maSin, rodesac dasavluri bazrebi afrikuli eqsportisaTvis Caketilia, es ki adgilobriv kompaniebs angrevs.62 aRmoCnda, rom savaluto fondis mrCevlebi iseve gaebnen xanmokle miznebSi, rogorc maTi afrikeli kli-entebi.

Zalian xanmokle Rirebulebebi (10 qulis) aseve me-3 TavSi naxseneb av-straliel aborigenebSi dadginda. esec iseTi jgufia, romlis ekonomi-kuri ganviTareba problemuria.63 da kvlav gavimeorebT, TeTrkanianebis xanmokle orientaciis politika maT problemebs amZimebs.

xangrZlivi da xanmokle orientaciis momavali

rodesac Tavadma Cingma konfuci meore audienciaze daibara, hkiTxa: `ra aris kargi mmarTvelobis saidumlo?~ konfucim miugo: `kargi mmarT-veloba resursebis Senaxvas niSnavs~.64

momavali, Tavisi arsidan gamomdinare, xangrZlivi amocanaa. Cveni Svi-liSvilebi da SvilTaSvilebi Cveni axlandeli namoqmedaris Sedegebs mo-imkian.

2,500 wlis win Tavad Cinis dasmuli kiTxva axlac aqtualuria: ra aris kargi mTavroba? 1999-2000 wels aRmosavleT aziis qveynebisa (CineTi, ia-ponia da samxreTi korea) da CrdiloeT evropis (dania, fineTi da SvedeTi) mecnierebma erTobliv proeqtSi TavianTi qveynebis populaciis arCeva-ni gamoikvlies da igive sakiTxi ganixiles. kiTxvaris Sedegad gamoCnda, ra gansxvavebebia mmarTvelisa da moqalaqis urTierTobis Sesaxeb mosaz-rebaSi. es qveynis Zalauflebriv distanciasa da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebas ireklavda. mTavrobis rolze mniSvnelovani konsensusi gamoCn-da. 6 qveynis umravlesobam mxari dauWira `Zlier mTavrobas, romelic dRevandel ekonomikur problemebs moagvarebs~ da ar sjerodaT, rom `Ta-visufali bazari maT problemebs mTavrobis Carevis gareSe gadawyvets~. ekonomikuri rolis Semdeg, mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobaze konsensusi ga-remos dabinZurebasTan brZolasa da harmoniuli socialuri urTierTobis SenarCunebas exeboda.65

Crdiloaziuri kvleva globalizaciis sakiTxsac ganixilavs. aziele-bisaTvis is `gadasavlurebaa~, xolo CrdiloevropelebisaTvis — ~gaameri-keleba~. is 6 qveyanaSi RirebulebaTa gansxvavebaze miuTiTebs da gviCve-nebs, ras gulisxmoben avtorebi amgvari globalizaciis Rirebulebis qveS.66

Cveni azriT, am qveynebis mTavari winaaRmdegoba am globalizaciis xan-mokle orientacia iyo. 6.1 cxrilSi naCvenebia, rom am proeqtSi monawile yvela qveyanas xangrZliv skalaze aSS-ze maRali qulebi hqonda. isini karg mTavrobas momavalze mimarTulad xedavdnen, aSS-sa da savaluto fondis mier gaZRolili globalizacia swraf `SekeTebas“ moiTxovs. jozef Stig-lici Tvlis, rom sabazro fundamentalizmi, iseve, rogorc nebismieri fundamentalizmi, wina poziciebze dabrunebazea agebuli, imis magivrad,


rom adamianuri modgmis, rogorc mTlianis, saerTo momavlis mosazrebe-biT ixelmZRvanelos.

religiuri, politikuri da ekonomikuri fundametalizmi xangrZlivad azrovnebis agresiuli mteria. is warsulzea dafuZnebuli da momavlis winaSe pasuxismgeblobas gaurbis, yvelafers RmerTis an bazris xelSi to-vebs. magaliTad, msoflios bevr qveyanaSi simSvides, janmrTelobasa da samarTlianobas win populaciis zedmeti zrda udgas. ojaxuri dagegmvis adekvaturi gegmebi arsebobs, magram religiuri da ekonomikuri funda-mentalistebis SesamCnevi konsensusis gamo, maTi SewinaaRmdegeba farTod miRebuli xdeba.

21-e saukuneSi aRmosavleT aziis ekonomikuri mniSvneloba albaT gaizrdeba. erTi Zvirfasi saCuqari, romelsac aRmosavleli brZeni qalebi da kacebi mogvitanen, globaluri xangrZlivi orientaciisaken cvlilebaa.

218

Tavi 7

piramidebi, manqanebi, bazrebi da ojaxebi: organizeba sxva-dasxva erSi

sadRac dasavleT evropaSi teqstilis saSualo sididis kompania gadar-CenisaTvis ibrZoda. masala, rogorc wesi, aziidan SemohqondaT. aq mas klientis anu adgilobrivi bazrisaTvis modis Semqmnelebis survilis mixedviT mraval ferad Rebavdnen. kompanias generaluri menejeri uZR-veboda. mas angariSs abarebda sami funqciuri menejeri: erTi gayidvebisa da dizainis, meore warmoebisa da mesame — finansebisa da personalis marT-visa. kompaniaSi sul 250 adamiani muSaobda.

firmis samuSao klimati xSirad moRuSuli iyo, radgan gayidvebisa da warmoebis menejerebs konfliqti hqondaT. rogorc nebismier warmoebis menejers msoflioSi, am warmoebis menejersac uproblemo warmoeba da minimaluri danaxarjebi ainteresebda. ferebisa da dizainis cvlileba danadgarebis gawmendas saWiroebda. amas produqciis damzadebis drois gazrda da ZviradRirebuli saRebavis danakargi mosdevda. yvelaze uaresi muqidan Ria ferze gadasvla iyo, radgan muqi saRebavis yoveli wveTi na-Wers emCneoda da xarisxs gaafuWebda. amitom warmoebis direqtori danad-garis gawmendas Ria ferebiT iwyebda da nel-nela gadadioda muq ferebze da amgvarad, mTlian wmendas rac SeiZleba gvian akeTebda.

dizainisa da gayidvebis menejeri didad konkurentul bazarze kli-entis dakmayofilebas cdilobda. es klientebi tansacmlis samodelo firmebi, gegmebis bolo wuTSi SecvliT iyvnen cnobilni. mRebav kompanias xSirad uxdeboda dakveTebis naCqarevad Sesruleba. maSinac ki, rodesac dakveTa patara da, SesaZlo, mogebis momtanic ar iyo, menejerebs uaris Tqma ar undodaT. klienti konkurents mimarTavda da firma am klientis Semdeg did dakveTas dakargavda. did dakveTas ki menejeri darwmunebiT moeloda. magram, naCqarevi dakveTebi warmoebis menejeris grafiks arR-vevda da iZulebuls xdida, absoluturad sufTa danadgariT muqi ferebi gamoeyenebina. amis gamo operatorebs gawmenda Tavidan uxdebodaT.

garkveuli dakveTis Sesruleba/arSesrulebaze or menejers Soris kon-fliqtebi xSirad iyo. konfliqti mxolod ganyofilebaTa ufrosebze ar vrceldeboda: produqciis Semqmnelebi gayidvebiT dakavebuli TanamSrom-lebis kompetenciaSi eWvs sajarod gamoxatavda da piriqiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom es xalxi erTmaneTs wlebis ganmavlobaSi icnobda, Sesvenebis dros, produqciis Semqmnelebis da gayidvebis muSakebi kafeSi erTmaneTis gverdze ar sxdebodnen.

219p i r a m i d e b i, m a nq a n e b i, b azr e b i d a o ja x e b i : o r ga n iz e b a sx v a d a sx v a e rSi

organizaciaTa implicituri modelebi

am ambavSi nebismier organizaciaSi arsebuli banaluri problemaa aRwe-rili. rogorc organizaciuli problemebis umetesobas, mas sturqturu-li da adamianuri mxareebi aqvs. problemaSi CarTuli adamianebis reaqcie-bi programuli uzrunvelyofiT aris gamowveuli.

me-2-5 TavebSi aRwerili oTxi ganzomilebidan, organizaciebze Cvens warmodgenaze yvelaze did gavlenas Zalauflebrivi distancia da gaurk-vevlobis Tavidan acileba axdens.

1970 wels ouen jeims stivensma fontenblos (safrangeTi) INSEAD-is biznes II skolis profesorma, organizaciuli qcevis kursis studentebs am Tavis dasawyisSi aRwerili SemTxvevis msgavsi sagamocdo davaleba mis-ca. am SemTxvevaSic saqme erTi kompaniis or moqiSpe ganyofilebas exebo-da. INSEAD MBA (biznesmarTvis magistri) im studentebs Soris, romle-bic gamocdas abarebdnen, erovnebis mixedviT 3 yvelaze did kontingents frangebi, germanelebi da britanelebi warmoadgendnen. 7.1 sqemaze es qvey-nebi qveda marjvena, qveda marcxena da zeda marcxena kvardatSia.

stivenma SeamCnia, rom studentis erovneba am SemTxvevis problemis ga-dawyvetaze axdenda gavlenas. mas hqonda 200 studentis sagamocdo naSro-mi, romlebSic ganixiles konkretuli SemTxveva da daweres: 1. problemis diagnozi; 2. problemis gadaWra. stivensma pasuxebi studentTa erovnebis mixedviT daalaga da yvela frangis, yvela germanelisa yvela britanelis pasuxebi cal-calke waikiTxa.

Sedegebi mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda. frangebis umetesobam situacia gene-realuri menejeris minusad CaTvala. frangebma problemis gadasawyvetad miiCnies, rom orive menejeri saerTo ufrosTan misuliyo, romelic mo-mavalSi aseTi dilemebis amosaxsnel wesebs SeimuSavebda. stivensma fran-gebis organizaciis implicituri modeli axsna, rogorc `adamianebis pi-ramida~: generaluri menejeri piramidis Tavzea da yvela Semdgom dones Sesabamisi qveda pozicia ukavia.

germanelebis umravlesobam situaciis problemad struqturuli xar-vezebi daasaxela. ori konfliqturi ganyofilebis ufrosebis kompeten-ciebi naTlad dawerili ar yofila. germanelebiseuli xsnis gza ki pro-cedurebis SemoRebisken midioda. procedurebis SemoRebisaTvis saWiro iyo an konsultantis mowveva, an specialuri jgufis Seqmna, an saerTo ufrosis Tu ufrosisadmi? mimarTva. stivensma CaTvala, rom germanelebi organizacias `kargad dazeTil manqanad~ aRiqvamen. maTi azriT, menej-mentis intervencia mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi iyo saWiro, radgan yoveldRiuri problemebis gadawyveta wesebis meSveobiT xdeba.

britanelTa umetesobam am SemTxvevas adamianuri urTierTobis pro-blemis diagnozi dausva. ganyofilebis ufrosebs molaparakebis unari ar hqondaT da am kuTxiT maTi ganviTareba menejmentis kursis meSveobiT SeiZleboda. umjobesi iqneboda am kursze orive erTad gaegzavnaT. aseTi organizaciis implicituri modeli britanelebis gonebaSi arsebobs da stivensma mas ̀ soflis bazari~ uwoda. am dros mosalodnel movlenas wese-bi da ierarqia ki ara, situaciis moTxovna gansazRvravs.


stivensis gamocdileba da IBM-is proeqtSi Zalauflebrivi distanciisa da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis, rogorc qveynis kulturis ganzomi-lebebis, aRmoCenas daemTxva. es ori ganzomileba hgavda astonis proeqtis saxeliT cnobil akademiur kvlevas. 1961-1873 wlebSi, birmingemis astonis universitetSi industriul-administraciuli kvleviTi jgufi muSaobda. mkvlevarTa Soris derek piu, devid hiqsoni da jon Caildi1 iyvnen. astonis kvlevis mizani sxvadasxva organizaciis struqturis mTavari aspeqtebis kvantitaturi — anu gazomvadi Sefaseba iyo. pirveli kvleva mxolod gaer-Tianebul samefoSi Catarda, Semdeg ki sxva qveynebSic gaimeores. astonis kvlevis praqtikuli daskvna imaSi mdgomareobs, rom organizaciis stru-qturis ori mTavari gansxvaveba Zalauflebis koncentracia da aqtivobe-bis struqturizacia. pirvelis Zalauflebriv distanciasTan da meoris gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebasTan dasakavSireblad warmosaxvis didi unari ar yofila saWiro.

astonis mkvlevrebma organizaculi struqturis ̀ myari~ aspeqtebis anu obieqturad gazomvadi maxasiaTeblebis gazomva moiwadines. Zalauflebri-vi distanciisa da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis monacemebi mocemuli qveynis xalxis `rbili~ (subieqturi) maxasiaTeblebia. am ors Soris kav-Siri imaze metyvelebs, rom organizaciis struqturireba misi wevrebis subieqturi kulturuli moTxovnebis mixedviT mimdinareobs. stivensis implicituri organizaciis modelebma es azri daamtkica. INSEAD MBA-s frangi studentebi TavianTi `adamianebis piramidis~ modeliT, didi Zal-auflebrivi distanciisa da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan aridebis kuTxiT Zlie-ri qveynidan modian. am modelis mixedviT zomebis miReba avtoritetsa da aqtivobis struqturirebazea dafuZnebuli. germanelebi da `kargad daze-Tili manqanis modeli~ mcire Zalauflebrivi distanciis, magram gaurkvev-lobis Tavidan acilebis kuTxiT Zlieri saxelmwifodan momdinareobs. am modelis mixedviT aqtivobebis struqturireba iyo saWiro avtoritetis gareSe. INSEAD MBA britaneli studentebi da `soflis bazris~ modeli iseTi erovnuli kulturidan modis, romelic mcire Zalauflebrivi di-stanciisa da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis kuTxiT susti poziciiT xasiaTdeba. am SemTxvevaSi arc avtoritetisa da arc aqtivobebis stru-qturizaciis dacva ar yofila. yvela studenti erTi da imave sagamocdo SemTxvevas ixilavda. saerTaSoriso bizneseqspertebi adastureben, rom im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sxva faqtorebi Tanabaria, franguli organizaciebi sinamdvileSi ufro xSirad mimarTaven avtoritets, germanulebs ufro sWirdebaT struqtura, britanelebs ki problemebis situaciuri gziT ga-daWris sisworis ufro sjeraT.

stivensis sami implicituri modelis gaTvaliswinebiT 7.1 sqemis erTi kvadrati auxsneli rCeba. zeda marjvena kuTxeSi evropuli qveynebi saer-Tod ar gvxvdeba, garda zRvarze myofi kvebekisa. aq aziuri da afrikuli qveynebia moqceuli. am qveynebis mcxovrebni INSEAD MBA-Si iSviaTobaa da amitom am jgufis Sesaxeb sakmarisi monacemebi ar arsebobs. stivensis, indoeli da indonezieli studentebis diskusiis Sedegad gaCnda varaudi, rom am qveynebis implicituri organizaciuli modeli (didi) `ojaxia~,


bazariiamaika

singapuri ojaxi

dania

hong-kongi

vietnami CineTi

irlandiadidi britaneTi

indoeTi

malaizia

filipinebi

indonezia

slovakeTi

bangladeSiirani

kanada kvebeki

taivanitailandi

ekvadori

arabeTis qvey.

pakistanimaroko

venesuelabrazilia

kolumbiaxorvateTi

meqsika

panamasam. korea

TurqeTibulgaraTi

safrangeTi

slovakeTi rumineTi

serbeTisurinami

ruseTi

gvatemalaportugalia

saberZneTi

urugvai

malta

iaponiaperu

CileespaneTi

argentina

salvadoripoloneTi

aSSmTliani kanada

germania

trinidadiniderlandebi

norvegiaaxali zelandia

estoneTi

luqsemburgi

italia

kosta-rika

israeli

avstria

avstralia

CexeTis res.

Seicaria germanuli

Seicaria franguli

SvedeTi

sam. afrika

fineTi

ungreTi

das. afrikaaR. af

rika

bulgareTi(ni.)

piramida

bulgareTi(fr)manqanebi

5

15

25

35

45

55

65

75

85

95

105

11510 30 50 70 90 110

patara didiZalaufrebrivi distancia (PDI)

Zlie

ri

sust

iga

ur

kvev

lo

bis

Tav

idan

ac

ileb

a



daxrili

sqema 7.1 Zalaufrebrivi distancia da safrTxis Tavidan acileba

sadac mflobeli—menejeri yovlisSemZle babua/mamaa. es didi Zalauf-lebrivi distanciisa da gaurkvevlobis mimReblobis Sesatyvisia. am dros konfliqtis mosagvareblad dominanturi iyo ufrosisadmi gamudmebuli mimarTva: aqtivobebis struqturirebis gareSe avtoritetze koncentra-

cia. induri warmoSobis amerikelebma anant negandim da s. benjamin prasadma prestiJuli amerikuli universitetis doqtoris wodebis mqone

indoeli mTavari xelmZRvanelis citireba gaakeTes:

CemTvis da Cemi ganyofilebisaTvis is ki ar aris mniSvnelovani, ras va-keTebT kompaniisaTvis, aramed davimsaxurebT Tu ara ufrosis/patronis (Master) kelTilganwyobas... amis misaRwevad patronis yvela warmoTqmulze Tu namoqmedarze vambob `diax~... misi SewinaaRmdegeba sxva samsaxuris Zie-bas niSnavs.. azris Tavisufleba bostonSi davtove.2

cota xnis win, niderlandelma profesorma Jan pier oudenhovenma 10


sxvadasva qveynis biznesis marTvis specialobaSi 700 studentisagan adgi-lobrivi organizaciebis spontanuri aRwera Seagrova.3 maT sTxoves Tavi-suflad arCeuli zedsarTavebiT kargad nacnobi kompania daexasiaTebinaT. 700 istoriis analizis Semdeg zedsarTavebi sapirispiro wyvilebad dai-yo. erTi aseTi wyvili biurokratiuli-arabiurokratiuli iyo. `biuro-kratiulis~ sixSire qveynis Zalauflebriv distanciasa da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebas ukavSirdeboda. meore wyvili individualuri samuSao —gunduri samuSao aRmoCnda. `individualuri samuSao~ individualizmTan iyo korelaciaSi; mesame — megobruli an mtruli samuSao garemo iyo da `mtruli samuSao garemos~ sixSire maskulinobasTan korelirebda.4 stu-dentebis mier maTi qveynis organizaciebis aRwera erovnuli kulturis aspeqtebs aireklavda.

danieli pol erik mouritceni da amerikeli jeims svara politologTa qsels xelmZRvanelobdnen. maT 12 dasavlur demokratiul qveyanaSi 4000-ze meti municipalitetis adgilobrivi mmarTveloba Seiswavles. sxva miz-nebTan erTad, erovnuli kulturis qulebi moagroves. amisaTvis yovel municipalur administraciaSi umaRles sajaro moxeleTa pasuxebi daT-vales. es kvleva IBM kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze didi replikaciaa (ix. 1.1 cxrili). maT gamoyves adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebis oTxi tipi: arCeuli politikuri liderebisa da daniSnuli sajaro moxeleebis gaT-valiswinebiT:

1. Zlieri meris forma, sadac arCeuli meri qalaqis sabWos umravle-sobas akontrolebs da yvela aRmasrulebeli funqcia akisria.

2. sabWo-menejeris forma, sadac yvela aRmasrulebeli funqcia umaR-lesi sajaro moxelis xelSia. mas niSnavs arCeuli sabWo, romelsac politikuri kursis gatarebis pasuxismgebloba akisria, aRmas-rulebeli funqcia ki ara aqvs. es forma avstraliaSi, fineTSi, irlandiaSi, norvegiasa da aSS-is ufro patara municipalitetebSi gvxdeba.

3. komiteti-xelmZRvanelis forma, sadac aRmasrulebel funqciebs politikuri lideri (meris titulis mqone an armqone), arCeuli pilitikosebis komiteti da umaRlesi sajaro moxele inawileben. aseTi forma daniaSi, SvedeTsa da gaerTianebul samefoSia.

4. koleqtiuri forma, sadac yvela aRmasrulebeli funqcia aRmas-rulebeli komitetis xelSia. am komitets daniSnuli meri Tavm-jdomareobs. mers sajaro moxeleebi angariSs abareben. es forma belgiasa da niderlandebSia. 2004 wels holandiurma mTavrobam gadawyvetileba gamoacxada sistemuri cvlilebis Sesaxeb. daniS-nul mers arCeuli meri Secvlis da es qveyana me-3 kategoriaSi gadava. arCeuli meris gegma belgiaSic arsebobs.

mkvlevrebma es formebi Zalauflebriv distanciasa da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis erovnul kulturul ganzomilebebs daukavSires. maT kiTxvarze umaRlesi sajaro moxeleTa pasuxebi gamoiyenes. es sazomebi mniSvnelovnad korelirebda, magram IBM-is kvlevis identuri ar iyo. am


monacemebisa da 14 qveynis Sida jgufebis monacemebis safuZvelze dad-ginda, rom Zlieri meris forma gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis kuTxiT Zlier qveynebSi iyo gavrcelebuli. mrCeveli-menejeris forma iseT sa-zogadoebaSi iyo gavrcelebuli, sadac gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba susti iyo, xolo Zalauflebrivi distancia — saSualo. komiteti-xelmZR-vanelis forma iseT qveyanaSi gvxvdeba, romelSic gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba SedarebiT sustia, xolo Zalauflebrivi distancia — mcire.5

menejmentis profesorebi adamianebi arian

mxolod organizaciebi ki ara, organizaciaTa Sesaxeb Teoriebic kul-turiTaa ganpirobebuli. TeoriaTa avtori profesorebi TavianTi kul-turis Svilebi arian; isini ojaxebSi gaizardnen, skolaSi swavlobdnen, damsaqmeblisaTvis muSaobdnen. maTi gamocdileba azrovnebisa da naweris fuZe masalas warmoadgens. mkvlevrebs Cveulebrivi adamianuri Tvisebebi aqvT da kulturuladac mikerZoebulni arian, rogorc sxva mokvdavni.

71. sqemaSi mocemuli yoveli kuTxisaTvis klasikuri avtoris mier Se-muSavebuli modeli avirCieT. es modelebia: piramida, manqana, bazari an ojaxi. oTxive avtori daaxloebiT erT dros moRvaweobda. yvela me-19 saukunis Sua wlebSi daibada.

henri faioli (1841-1925) frangi inJineri iyo. misi menejmenturi ka-rieris kulminacia madnis mompovebeli sawarmos generaluri direqtoris poziciaze daniSvna iyo. pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg Tavisi gamocdileba or-ganizaciis Temaze revoluciur wignSi _ Administration industriaelle et generale (1916) aRwera. Zalauflebis gamoyenebis erT-erT sakiTxze faioli wers:

menejerSi mis samsaxurebriv, statusur avtoritetsa da personalur avtoritets gamovyofT. personaluri avtoriteti misi inteleqtisgan, codnisagan, gamocdilebisagan, moraluri Rirebulebebisagan, xelmZRva-nelobisagan, msaxurobis Canawerebis da a.S Sedgeba. kargi menejeris Sem-TxvevaSi pirovnuli avtoriteti mdgomareobrivi avtoritetis aucile-beli Semavsebelia.6

faiolis mixedviT adamianis avtoriteti pirovnebaSic da wesebSicaa (statusi). am modelis piramidul organizacias vicnobT. koordinaciis principebia piraduli Zalaufleba da formaluri wesebi.

maqs veberi (1864-1920) germaneli mecnieri iyo. mas iuridiuli sauni-versiteto ganaTleba da sajaro moxelis ramdenimewliani gamocdileba hqonda. is ekonomikis profesori da germanuli sociologiis fuZemdebe-li gaxda. veberis me-17 saukunis puritanuli protestantuli qristianu-li saxelmZRvanelodan mohyavda citata: `avtoritetis rwmena codvaa da daSvebulia mxolod arapirovnuli avtoritetis SemTxvevaSi~.7 organiza-ciis miseul modelSi veberi biurokratias aRwers. Tavdapirvelad es si-tyva xumroba iyo, is frangul fuZeze berZnul bolosarTs warmoadgens. dRes mas gamorCeulad negatiuri mniSvneloba aqvs, magram veberisaTvis


is nebismieri didi organizaciis idealuri tipi gaxldaT. biurokratiaSi avtoritetis Sesaxeb veberi wers:

movaleobebis SesrulebisaTvis saWiro braZanebis gacemis Zalaufleba stabilurad unda xorcieldebodes. is oficialuri pirebis xelT arsebu-li iZulebis meTodebis damdgeni wesebiT mkacrad aris SemosazRvruli.8

veberis mixedviT, namdvil avtoritets wesebi ganapirobebs. `oficia-luri pirebis~ Zalauflebas wesebi mkacrad SemosazRvravs. am organiza-am organiza-ciis models wesebis mixedviT momuSave kargad dazeTil manqanad vaRi-arebT.

frederik uinslou teilori (1865-1915) amerikeli inJineri iyo. faio-lisgan gansxvavebiT qarxanaSi muSaoba muSad daiwyo da foladis kompaniis mTavari inJineri gaxda, Semdeg ki — menejmentis erT-erTi pirveli mrCeve-li. telors avtoritetis sakiTxi sulac ar ainteresebda; is efeqturobas aqcevda yuradRebas. man SemogvTavaza pirveli rigis ufrosis amocanis 8 specialobad dayofa da yvela amocanas Tavisi Semsrulebeli ufrosi miuCina. amgvarad, yovel muSas sxvadasxva kompetenciis 8 ufrosi eyole-boda. teiloris mosazrebis es nawili bolomde arasodes gamouyenebiaT, magram misi elementebi Tanamedrove matricul organizaciaSi aisaxa. am SemTxvevaSi dasaqmebuls ori (samic ki) ufrosi hyavs, oRond erTi produ-qtiulobas aqcevs yuradRebas, meore ki — teqnikur eqspertizas.

teiloris wigni maRaziis menejmenti frangulad 1913 wels iTargmna. is faiolma waikiTxa da Tavis 1916 wels gamocemul wignSi mas 6 mTliani gverdi miuZRvna. rogorc Cans, teiloris `mmarTveli rgolis erTiano-bis principis darRvevam~ faiolze didi gavlena moaxdina da gaakvirva. faioli wers: `piradad me ar mjera, rom mmarTveli rgolis erTianobis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi ganyofilebas muSaoba SeuZlia. miuxedavad amisa, teilori didi organizaciis warmatebuli menejeria. rogor avxsnaT es urTierTgamomricxavi movlenebi?~9 faiolis ritorikul SekiTxvas orn-axevari saukuniT adre misma Tanamemamulem blez paskalma (1623-62) upasu-xa: erT qveyanaSi arsebuli WeSmaritebebi sxva qveyanaSi mcdaria.

1981 wels faiolis kidev erTma Tanamemamulem, andre lorenma erTi da imave kiTxvaris meSveobiT gamoavlina, rom frangi menejerebi erT da-saqmebulze ori sxvadasxva xelmZRvanelis arsebobas kategoriulad See-winaaRmdegnen, maSin rodesac Svedi da amerikeli menejerebi naklebad kategoriulni iyvnen.10 matriculi organizacia safrangeTSi arasodes yofila iseTi popularuli, rogorc aSS-Si. sasaciloa, rom matriculi organizaciebis safrangeTSi mosargebad loreni ierarqiuli terminebiT maT gadaTargmnas gvTavazobs — anu erTi namdvili ufrosi da erTi an meti eqsperti. 1916 wels teiloris sistemis ganxilvisas, zustad aseTive gamo-savals gvTavazobda faioli. igi werda, rom misi azriT, teiloris sistema teiloris kompaniebSi albaT ase muSaobda.

Tu teolori organizaciaSi avtoritetis sakiTxs impliciturad exe-ba, organizaciis Teoriis meore amerikeli pioneri meri parker foleti


(1868-1933) am sakiTxs pirdapir ganixilavs:

Tavi rogor avaridoT or ukiduresobas: brZanebis gacemisas zedmet ufrosobasa da praqtikulad brZanebis gacemis ararsebobas?.. Cemi gamosa-valia brZanebebis depersonalizacia, raTa situaciis Seswavlisas yvela CarTuli piri gavaerTianoT, situaciis kanoni aRmovaCinoT da davemor-CiloT. .. erTma adamianma meores ar unda ubrZanos, orivem situaciisagan unda miiRos brZaneba.11

teilorisa da foletis koncefciis mixedviT, avtoriteti pirovneba an wesebi ki ar aris, aramed — situacia. organizaciis am modelSi bazris models vxedavT, rodesac bazris pirobebi gansazRvravs, ra moxdeba.

Cineli sun iat-seni (1866-1925) naxseneb diagramaze meoTxe kuTxis mec-nieria. dasavluri ganaTleba man havaisa da hong-kongSi miiRo da poli-tikuri revolucioneri gaxda. CineTma industrializacia dasavleTze gvian daiwyo da amitom faiolis, veberisa da teiloris dros ar hyavs moRvawe industriuli organizaciis genialuri Teoretikosebi. miuxeda-vad amisa, suni politikuri, magram mainc organizaciiT iyo dakavebuli. mas gaucxoebuli manCus mTavrobis ufro Tanamedrove Cinuri saxelmwi-foTi Secvla surda. sabolood is cota xans Cinuri respublikis pirve-li prezidenti gaxda. suniseuli Cinuri mTavrobis forma dasavluri da tradiciulad Cinuri elementebis integracia iyo. dasavleTidan man trias politica Semoitana: aRmasrulebeli, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo Stoe-bi. Tumca, dasavleTisgan gansxvavebiT, samive prezidents dauqvemdebara. Cinuri tradiciidan gamomdinare, man kidev ori Sto gamoyo: testireba (sajaro samsaxurSi muSaobis ganmsazRvreli) da kontroli anu mTavrobis Semmowmebeli. sul 5 Sto gamovida.12

ori sistemis es saintereso Serwyma formalurad taivanis saxelmwi-fos safuZvelia. taivanSi sunis ideebi gomindanis partiasTan erTad Se-movida. prezidentis avtoritetis mniSvneloba gamaxvilebulia (didi Zal-auflebrivi distancia): sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo Stoebi, romlebic dasavleTSi kanonieri mTavrobis garantiaa, mmarTvelzea damokidebuli da Tan sdevs testirebisa da kontrolis Zalaufleba, romelic mmarTve-lobazea dafuZnebuli (gaurkvevlobis susti arideba). am ojaxur modelSi mmarTveli qveynis mamaa da struqtura, Tuki is arsebobs, pirad urTier-Tobazea dafuZnebuli.

paradoqsia, rom sxva CineTSi (romelmac, gomindani gaaZeva) anu CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi 1966-76 wlebis kulturuli revoluciis eqsperi-menti mmarTvelis (am SemTxvevaSi mao Ze dunis (1893-1967) mier Zalauf-lebis SenarCunebis mcdelobadac SeiZleba ganimartos. amave dros wese-bis Zalauflebis uaryofa moxda. wesebi gonebis modernizaciis daxSobad miiCneoda. sinamdvileSi ki modernizaciis saxeliT saukuneebis winandeli aracnobieri SiSi amotivtivda.

wina paragrafebSi ganxiluli sxvadasxva kulturis organizaciuli mo-delebi maT avtor mamebTan (da erT dedasTan) iyo dakavSirebuli. gansx-


vavebuli modelebi ufro Tanamedrove TeoriebSic SeiZleba davinaxoT. 1970-80 wlebSi aSS-Si modaSi Semovida organizaciebis transaqciaTa

xarjis WrilSi ganxilva. ekonomistma oliver uiliamsonma ierarqiebs bazrebi daupirispira.12 misi msjelobiT, adamianis socialuri cxovreba individebs Soris ekonomikuri transaqciebisagan Sedgeba. es individebi ierarqiul organizaciebs maSin Seqmnian, rodesac ekonomikuri transaq-ciebis xarji (magaliTad, informaciis miReba, adamianis sandoobis dad-gena da a.S.) ierarqiaSi naklebia, vidre Tavisufal bazarze. am Teoriis mixedviT kulturuli TvalTaxedviT sainteresoa, rom `bazari~ aTvlis wertili anu sabazo modelia da organizacia bazris CavardniT aixsneba. aseTi Teoriis warmomSob kulturaSi mosalodnelia iseTi organizaciebis mowoneba, romlebic Sida bazars hgvanan. isini ufro sasurvelni iqnebian, vidre is organizaciebi, romlebic piramidis msgavs struqturizebul mo-dels miemsgavsebian. `bazris~ filosofiisaTvis organizaciis kontrolis idealuri principi individebs Soris konkurenciaa.

uiliam ouCi uiliamsonis iaponuri warmoSobis amerikeli kolega iyo. man bazris ori alternativa SemogvTavaza: `biurokratia~ da `klanebi~; isini am TavSi adre naxseneb `manqanisa~ da `ojaxis~ modelTan axlos dga-nan.14 Tu uiliamsonisa da ouCis ideebs gavaerTianebT, davinaxavT, rom isini oTxive organizaciul models faravs. Tumca bazari am Teoriis sawyisi wertilis pozicias ikavebs da amis axsna avtorTa erovnebiT aris SesaZlebeli.

rogorc germaneli, aseve frangi organizaciis TeoretikosebisaT-vis bazari mokrZalebul rols asrulebs. germanuli wignebi yuradRebas formalur sistemebze anu manqanaze amaxvilebs.15 organizaciis kontro-lis idealuri principi yvelasaTvis sando formaluri wesebia. franguli wignebi Zalauflebasa da xandaxan individis piramidiT gaTelvis winaaRm-deg brZolas exeba.16kontrolis principi ierarqiuli avtoritetia; arse-bobs wesebis sistema. magram, germanuli SemTxvevis sapirispirod, pirov-nuli avtoriteti wesebze maRla dgas.

CineTSi, maosa da kulturuli revoluciis dros organizaciaTa kon-trolis principi bazrebi, wesebi da ierarqia ki ara, indoqtrinacia iyo. es qveynis im saukunovan tradiciebs emTxveoda, romelic adekvaturi in-doqtrinaciis Sesamowmeblad SedarebiT gamocdebs iyenebda.

adamianis gonebaSi arsebul organizaciaTa modelebi qveynis SigniTac gansxvavdeba. nebismier qveyanaSi banki ufro piramidasaviT funqcionirebs, safosto ofisebi — rogorc manqana, sareklamo saagentoebi — rogorc bazrebi, xolo orkestri — rogorc (avtokratiuli xelmZRvanelobis qveS arsebuli) ojaxebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom gansxvavebebs moveliT, Tuki sa-xelmwifo sazRvars vkveTT, moulodnelad gansxvavebul organizaciul modelebs vawydebiT. ufro vrclad am sakiTxs me-9 TavSi ganvixilavT.


kultura da organizaciuli struqtura: mincbergis garCeva

inglisurenovan samyaroSi mainc, kanadeli henri mincbergi organi-zaciebis srtuqturebis Tanamedrove avtoritetad iTvleba. man akademi-uri sakiTxebi Zalian praqtikul da advilad gasageb patara koncefciebad dayo.

mincbergis azriT organizaciaSi yvelaferi kargi xuTobiT modis.17 zogadad, organizaciebi 5 calkeuli nawilisgan Sedgeba. esenia:

1. saoperacio guli (adamianebi, romlebic saqmes akeTeben);2. strategiuli mwvervali (zeda rgolis menejerebi);3. Sua xazi (maT Soris arsebuli ierarqia);4. teqnostruqtura (ideis momwodebeli adamianebi);5. damxmare kadrebi (momsaxureobis momwodebeli adamianebi).

zogadad organizaciebi aqtivobebis koordinaciisaTvis am xuTidan iyeneben erT an met meqanizms:

1. ormxriv morgebas (araformaluri komunikaciis meSveobiT);2. pirdapir zedamxedvelobas (ierarqiuli ufrosis mier);3. samuSao procesis standartizacias (samuSaos Sinaarsis da-

konkretebas);4. Sedegebis standartizacias (sasurveli Sedegebis dakonkretebas);5. unaris standartizacias (saqmis Sesasruleblad saWiro treningebis

dakonkretebas).

organizaciaTa umetesobas xuTidan erT-erTi konfiguracia axa-siaTebT:

1. martivi struqtura: mTavari nawili _ strategiuli wvero. koordi-naciis meqanizmi _ pirdapiri zedamxedveloba;

2. manqanis biurokratia: mTavari nawili _ teqnostruqtura. koordi-naciis meqanizmi: samuSao procesis struqturizacia;

3. profesiuli biurokratia: mTavari nawili — saoperacio safuZveli. koordinaciis meqanizmi: unarebis standartizacia;

4. dayofili forma: mTavari nawili _ Suaxazi. koordinaciis meqanizmi _ Sedegebis standartizacia;

5. adhokrasia/adhocracy: mTavari nawili _ damxmare kadrebi (xandaxan saoperacio safuZvelTan erTad), koordinaciis meqanizmi _ or-mxrivi SeTanxmeba.

mincbergma koordinaciuli meqanizmebis arCevaSi Rirebulebebis roli aRiara. magaliTad, organizaciebSi qcevis formalizaciis Sesaxeb (es sa-muSao procesis standartizaciis nawilia) is wers:

organizaciebi qcevis formalizacias ewevian, raTa cvalebadoba Seam-ciron da sabolood, misi winaswarmetyveleba da kontroli SeZlon...…aqtivobebis koordinaciisaTvis...…efeqturi warmoebisaTvis saWiro man-


qanismagvari mdgradobisaTvis... organizaciebi qcevis formalizacias sxva, saeWvo validurobis mizezebis gamoc axorcieleben. magaliTad, formalizaciam SeiZleba wesrigis moTxovnileba daakmayofilos... Zal-ze formalizebuli struqtura sxva yvelaferTan erTad koxtaa; is iseT adamianebs uTbobs guls, romlebic samyaros dawyobilad uyureben.18

mincbergis mier `saeWvo validurobis~ xseneba mis Rirebulebebs Tval-naTliv warmoaCens. Tumca man RirebulebaTa arCevani da erovneba erT-maneTs ar daukavSira. IBM-is kvlevam gamoavlina raoden did gavlenas axdenen adamianis gonebaSi impliciturad arsebul organziaciaTa model-ze centralizaciisa (Zalauflebrivi distanciis gamomxatveli) da forma-lizaciis (gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis gamomxatveli) Rirebulebebi da ramdenad gansxvavdeba es modeli sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. es migviTiTebs, rom SesaZlebelia mincbergis organizaciuli konfiguraciis tipologiisa da IBM-is monacemebze damkvidrebuli erovnuli profilebis dakavSire-ba. Tu sxva faqtorebi Tanabari iqneba, es kavSiri niSnavs, rom garkveuli erovnuli warmomavlobis adamianebi garkveul konfiguracias mianiWeben upiratesobas. amis mizezi ki is gaxlavT, rom es konfiguracia maT impli-citur modelebs moergeba da sxvamxriv msgavsi organizaciebi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi maTi kulturuli arCevnis gamo mincbergis konfiguraciis sxva-dasxva tips daesmgavsebian.

mincbergis 5 konfiguraciisa da Tavis dasawyisSi moyvanili 2 ganzomilebis kvadratebs Soris kavSiris diagrama ioli Sesadgenia. is 7.2 sqemazea asaxuli. mincbergi termins manqana Cvengan da stivensisgan gansxvavebulad xmarobs: manqanis biurokratiaSi mincbergi kargi unaris mqone treninggavlili mu-Sebis anu saoperacio safuZvlis nacvlad teqnostruqturis rolze (anu umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone specialistebze) amaxvilebs yuradRebas. amgva-rad, mincbergis manqanis biurokratia stivensis manqanas ki ara, piramidas ukavSirdeba. gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad 7.2 sqemaSi mas `mTliani biurokratia~ vuwodeT. es termini astonis kvlevaSi msgavs konfiguracias ewodeboda (ix. am Tavis dasawyisi).

1. upiratesi konfiguracia2. koordinaciuli upiratesi meqanizmi3. organizaciis mTavari nawilebi.

maRali

gau

rkv

evl

obi

s T

avid

an a

cil

eba.

dabali

maRaliZalauflebrivi distanciadabali

1. adhokratia 2. ormxrivi SeTanxmeba 3 damxmare kadrebi

didi britaneTi

1. profesiuli biurokratia 2. unaris standartizacia. 3. saoperacio birTvi

germania

1. martivi struqtura. 2. pirdapiri zedamxedveloba 3. strategiuli mwvervali

CineTi

1. mTliani demokratia.2. samuSao procesis standartizacia

3. teqnostruqtura

safrangeTi

1. dayofili forma 2. Sedegebis

standartizacia 3. Suaxazi

aSS

7.2 sqema organizaciaTa xuTi upiratesi konfiguracia

adhokrasia `soflis bazris~ imlicitur organizaciul models Seesabameba, profesiuli biurokratia `kargad dazeTili manqanisas~, mT-liani (manqanis) biurokratia `piramidisas~ da martivi struqtura `oja-xis~ models, xolo ganyofilebiani forma orive kulturul ganzomilebas Soris mdebareobs da oTxive modelis elementebs Seicavs. 7.2 sqemaze Tu diagrama centrTan axlos mdebare tipuri qveyanaa aSS, sadac ganyofile-bebiani forma kargad ganviTarda da didi popularobiT sargeblobs.

7.2 sqema im erovnul maxasiaTeblebs xsnis, romlebic organizaciebze profesiuli da araprofesiuli literaturidan aris cnobili. ormxri-vi SeTanxmeba bazris organizaciul models ergeba da anglo qveynebis situaciur molaparakebas usvams xazs. unaris standartizacia germa-


niisa da Sveicariis msgavsi qveynebis muSebis profesiuli kvalifikaciis tradiciebsa da am qveynebSi Segirdobis sistemebis maRal statuss xsnis. samuSao procesis standartizacia biurokratiis frangul koncefcias ergeba.19pirdapiri zedamxedveloba Cinur organizaciebze Cvens codnasa da CineTis gareT patronisa da misi naTesavebis pirovnuli intervenciis koordinacias ukavSirdeba. Sedegebis standartizacia aSS-Si filosofias asaxavs, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac Sedegebis Sefaseba rTulia.

dagegmva, kontroli da buRalteria

organizaciaSi dagegmva da kontrolis procesi kulturis Zlier ze-gavlenas ganicdis. dagegmva da kontroli erTad gvxvdeba: dagegmva gau-rkvevlobis Semcirebas cdilobs, xolo kontroli Zalauflebis formaa. amgvarad, qveyanaSi gavrcelebuli dagegmva da kontroli mosalodnelia icvlebodes gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebisa da Zalauflebrivi di-stanciis normebis mixedviT. dagegmvisa da kontrolis sistemebs xSirad ukavSireben racionalur fesvebs, magram sinamdvileSi, isini nawilobriv ritualuria. Zalian Znelia imis dadgena, sinamdvileSi ramdenad efeqtu-ria dagegmva da kontroli. ritualisturi elementebis gamo obieqturi Sefaseba SeuZlebelia —yovelTvis iqnebian morwmuneni da urwmunoni.

amgvarad, sxva kulturaSi efeqturi da araefeqturi kontrolis dad-gena yovelTvis rTulia. modiT, zeda rgolis strategiuli dagegmvisa da kontrolis SemTxveva ganvixiloT. me-5 TavSi safrangeTSi, germaniasa da britaneTSi zeda rgolis menejementis kvleva ganvixileT (1980 wels fran-gi Jak horovicis mier iyo gamoqveynebuli). aSS dagegmvisa da kontrolis sistemis Semqmnelebis SemuSavebuli kriteriumis mixedviT britaneli me-nejerebi strategiul dagegmvas germanel da frang kolegebze ukeT arT-mevdnen Tavs. bolo ori detalebsa da xanmokle ukukavSirze amaxvilebda yuradRebas. miuxedavad amisa, safrangeTisa da germaniis im drois ekono-mika aSS-sa da didi britaneTis ekonomikis doneze mainc iyo. strategiuli dagegmvis efeqturobaSi eWvi Crdiloamerikelma mincbergmac ki Seitana.20

ritualebi mxolod maTTvis aris efeqturi, visac maTi swams.erovnuli Zalauflebrivi distancia da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acile-

ba dagegmvisa da kontrolis procesze Semdegnairad moqmedebs:21

• ufro maRali PDI mxars politikur da ara strategiul dagegmvas

uWers;

• ufro maRali PDI mxars uWers personaluri da ara arapersonaluri

dagegmvisa da kontrolis sistemebs. ierarqiaSi rac ufro zemoT

avdivarT, miT ufro nakleb formaluria dagegmva da kontroli;

• ufro dabali PDI-is kontrolis sistemebi daqvemdebarebulebs

ufro endobian. maRali PDI- is kulturebSi aseTi ndoba ar arse-

bobs;

• ufro maRali UAI-is SemTxvevaSi strategiuli dagegmvis aqtivoba


naklebad mosalodnelia, radgan amis gamo raSic dRes varT darw-

munebulni, kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba;

• ufro maRali UAI-is dagegmvaSi meti detalis saWiroebas da ufro

xanmokle ukukavSirs uWers mxars.

• ufro maRali UAI niSnavs, rom dagegmvis specialistebi akeTeben;

• ufro maRali UAI zRudavs imis garCevas, romeli informaciaa rel-

evanturi.

rodesac kompaniebi saerTaSoriso asparezze gadian, maTi dagegmvi-sa da kontrolis sistemebi erovnuli kulturis didi zagavlenis qveS rCeba. holandielma mkvlevrebma ane-vil harzingma da arndt sorJma mra-valerovnuli kompaniebis mier daqvemdebarebulobis kontrolis Sesaxeb monacemebi Seagroves. saboloo gadawyvetilebaze mravalerovnuli kom-paniis samSoblo da ara daqvemdebarebuli qveyana axdenda gavlenas. es kargad xsnis, rogorc yofili Tanamemamuleebis mier personalur, iseve sistemebis arapersonalur kontrols.22

erovnuli kultura organizaciaSi buRaltris rolSic aisaxeba. ara mxolod menejerebsa da menejmentis profesorebs, buRaltrebsac ki adamianuri sisusteebi axasiaTebT; garda amisa, isini sazogadoebis kul-turaSi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben.23

pirvel TavSi kultura simboloebis, gmirebis, ritualebisa da gmire-bis manifestaciad ganvixileT. naTqvamia, rom buRalteria biznesis enaa: es niSnavs, rom is iseTi simboloebiT operirebas niSnavs, romlebic mxo-lod biznesSi iniciirebul adamianebs esmiT. simboloebis doneze fulic Cans. TavisTavad fuls Rirebuleba an mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia, garda imisa, rasac mas konvenciurad miaweren. aseve, is sxvadasxva adamians gansxvavebu-lad esmis. magaliTad, buRalterTa kulturaSi fuli sxva rames niSnavs, bankirebis kulturaSi ki — sxvas. fulis mniSvnelobas erovnuli kompo-nenti aqvs: me-4 TavSi fulis mniSvnelovneba maskulinobas ukavSirdebda. germaniisa da aSS-is msgavs ufro maskulinur sazogadoebaSi, sabuRaltro sistemebi wminda finansuri samizneebis warmatebas ufro met yuradRebas aqceven, vidre SvedeTisa da niderlandebis msgavs feminur sazogadoeba-Si. aSS-is msgavs xanmokle orientaciis qveynebSi, xangrZlivi orientaciis qveynebTan SedarebiT xazi ufro xanmokle Sedegebs esmeva.

ar aris mosalodneli, rom Tavad buRaltrebi organizaciaSi gmire-bi gaxdnen, magram isini organizaciSi gmirebis Seqmnasa da CamogdebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben. am mizniT maTi mTavari iaraRi pasuxismge-blobaa: adamians Sedegebze piradad pasuxismgebelad ganixilaven. gazom-vadi Sedegebi maskulinuri kulturisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre feminuri kulturisaTvis. amrigad, maskulinur kulturaSi, buRaltrebs ufro SeuZliaT pasuxismgeblobis mqone menejeris gmirad an antigmirad gamoyvana.

kulturuli TvalTaxedviT, organizaciebSi arsebuli buRaltruli sistemebi yvelaze kargad gaurkvevlobis Semamcirebeli ritualebis ter-minebiT xdeba gasagebi. is danamdvilebiT codnis, simartivis da gaugebar


samyaroSi WeSmaritebis moTxovnilebas akmayofilebs, miuxedavad imisa, aqvs Tu ara am WeSmaritebas obieqturi safuZveli. britaneli yofili buRalteri trevor gemblingi bevrs wers imis Sesaxeb, rom sabuRaltro informacia Tavidanve aralogikuri mizeziT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis gamarTlebaa. gemblingis mixedviT, gaurkvevlobis SemTxvevaSi moralis Senaxva sabuRaltro informaciis mTavari funqciaa. buRalteri `Zalze demoralizebul industriul Tanamedrove samyaros sakuTar TavTan Tva-lis gasworebis saSualebas aZlevs da arwmunebs, rom misi modelebi da monacemebi SesaZloa WeSmaritebad CaiTvalos.~24

es kargad xsnis imas, ratom ar miaRwia sxvadasxva qveyanam konsensuss imis Sesaxeb, ra iTvleba swor sabuRaltro meTodad. aSS-Si es buRal-tris GAAP Guide-is „wminda wignSi“ aris Sekrebili. is zogadad miRebul sabuRaltro principebs eyrdnoboda. garkveul sazogadoebaSi `zogadad miRebuloba~ swored isaa, rac rituals ritualad aqcevs. sxva gamarT-leba mas ar sWirdeba. rogorc ki rituals daeTanxmebi, bevri problema kvlav teqnikuri xdeba da am ritualis efeqturad Sesrulebas Seexeba. gulubryvilo damkvirveblisaTvis buRalteriis praqtikas religiasTan bevri saerTo aqvs (isic gaurkvevlobis Sesamcireblad aris). britanelma Jurnalistma grehem qleverlim buRaltrebs `biznesis mRvdlebi~ 25 uwo-da. zogjer religiasa da buRalteriis wesebs Soris pirdapir kavSirsac vxvdebiT. magaliTad, aseTia islamSi mogebis daTvlis yuranuli akrZalva.

girtis 1960 wlis sadoqtoro naSromi biujetirebis/ biujetidan da-finansebis? qceviT Sedegebs exeboda da sabiujeto aRricxvis ritualur bunebas arc ise brZnulad uWerda mxars. es sainteresoa, radgan biujetis Sedgenis procesi buRaltruli sistemis qmedebaze albaT yvelaze ori-entirebuli nawilia. maSin girti teqstilis gadamamuSavebel holandi-ur saamqroSi muSaobda. mas gaukvirda, ramdeni qceviTi paradoqsi daiwyo sabiujeto sistemis Semotanisas: dakvirvebadi qceva sistemis Canafiqris sapirispiro aRmoCnda.

kvlevis mTavari daskvna disertaciis dasaxelebaSic Canda: biujetis kontrolis TamaSi.26 is 5 holandiuri bizneskompaniis savele kvlevas efuZneboda. naSromi ritualebsa da kulturas ki ar exeboda, aramed amt-kicebda, biujetis kontrols Sedegebze pozitiuri gavlena rom hqondes, is TamaSiviT unda aRiqva. yovel adamianur sazogadoebaSi TamaSi ritua-lis Zalian specifikuri formaa: es iseTi aqtivobaa, romelic mxolod ga-keTebisTvis keTdeba. kvlevaTa Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom sistemis ritualad sworad gamoyeneba Sedegebze misi gavlenis mTavari piroba iyo. sistema-Si gamoyenebuli teqnikuri aspeqtebi, anu is raRaceebi, rac profesiul literaturas axlac yvelaze metad ainteresebs, Sedegebze did gavlenas ar axdenda. rogor TamaSdeboda es TamaSi, moTamaSeTa gonebaSi sistemas mniSvnelobas sZenda da Sedegs es gansazRvravda. raRac doneze es kultu-ruli interpretacia iyo.

Tu sabuRaltro sistemebi gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis ritualia, mosalodnelia, rom sazogadoebis gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis qula sabuRaltro praqtikaze did zegavlenas iqoniebs:


gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis kuTxiT ufro Zlier sazogadoebas gansxvavebul SemTxvevebTan gamklavebis ufro zusti wesebi eqneba; gaurk-vevlobis Tavidan aridebis kuTxiT sust sazogadoebaSi, organizaciisa da TviT buRaltris nebaze meti iqneba damokidebuli.

buRalteriaSi simboloebis, gmirebisa da ritualebis ukan Rirebule-bebia. rac ufro naklebad aris aqtivoba teqnikuri aucileblobiT gan-sazRvruli, miT ufro imarTeba RirebulebiT da amgvarad, masze gavlenas kulturuli gansxvavebebi axdens. buRalteria is dargia, romelSic te-qnikuri imperativebi sustia: misTvis istoriaze dafuZnebuli konvencia ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre bunebis kanoni. maSasadame, sabuRaltro si-stemebisa da maTi gamoyenebis erovnuli kulturis mixedviT cvlileba logikuria.

didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis qveynebSi sabuRaltro sistema Zal-auflebis mflobelis gadawyvetilebis gasamarTleblad aris gamoyenebu-li: mas aRiqvamen Zalauflebis mflobelis iaraRad, romlis meSveobiTac is sasurvel suraTs miiRebs da monacemebs gaamrudebs/iqneb daamaxinjebs an Secvlis?. aSS-is 2002 wlis buRaltruli skandali (yvelaze kargi ma-galiTi enronis korporaciaa) didi Zalauflebrivi distanciisaken aSS-is cvlilebas kargad gamoxatavda.

Zalauflebrivi distancia imazec axdens gavlenas, ramdenad sTxoven sabuRaltro standartebis SemuSavebaSi monawileobas organizaciis da-bal safexurze momuSave adamianebs. rodesac tailandSi samma didma kom-paniam aSS-Si SemuSavebuli monawileobiTi xarjebis sistemis Semotana sca-da, did winaaRmdegobas waawyda. Zalauflebis gadanawileba tailandur Rirebulebebs ar ergeboda.27

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan aridebis kuTxiT safrangeTisa da germaniis ms-gavs Zlier qveynebSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, sabuRaltro sistema ara mxolod ufro detaluri iqneba, aramed Teoriaze metad dafuZnebulic — Tavs mogvaCvenebs, rom zogadi, mdgradi ekonomikuri principebidan gamomdina-reobs. Zalauflebis susti acilebis qveynebSi sabuRaltro sistema ufro pragmatuli, ad hoc da folkloristulia. amis magaliTia, zemoT xsenebuli zogadad miRebuli sabuRaltro principebi. safrangeTSi, germaniasa da iaponiaSi kompaniis wilis mflobelebisaTvis wardgenili wliuri angari-Si kompaniis qonebis iseTive Sefasebas moiTxovs, rogorsac fiskaluri miznebisaTvis iyeneben. wilis mflobelTaTvis gankuTvnili holandiuri, britanuli da amerikuli angariSebi fiskaluri angariSebisagan saerTod gansxvavdeba.

individualistur kulturaSi sabuRaltro informacia ufro serio-zulad aRiqmeba da ufro mniSvnelovnad miiCneva, vidre koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi. eduard holis mixedviT, koleqtivisturi sazogadoeba `maRali konteqstis~ sazogadoebaa da organizaciis mdgomareobasa da adamianebis muSaobaze sxva, faruli miniSnebebiT Seityobs. maSasadame, isini buRaltrebis mier miwodebul eqsplicitur informacias naklebad eyrdnobian. amitomac aseT sazogadoebaSi buRalters dabali statusi aqvs; buRaltris samuSaos aRiqvamen ritualur praqtikad, romelic ga-


dawyvetilebebze praqtikul gavlenas ver axdens. sazRvargareT gasvlisas, multinacionalur kompaniebs konsolida-

ciisaTvis universaluri sabuRaltro wesebis SemoReba uwevs. rogorc IBM-is kvlevaSi gamoCnda, Tu aseT mkacrad koordinirebul korpora-ciaSic ki sxvadasxva qveyanaSi dasaqmebulebs gansxvavebuli pirovnuli Rirebulebebi aqvT, mosalodnelia, rom multinacionalebis filialebSi sabuRaltro wesebis interpretaciebi gansxvavebuli iqneba da isini saTa-vo ofisis molodinebisagan gansxvavebulad imoqmedeben.

samuSao RirebulebaTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi buRaltrebsa da organizaciis sxva wevrebs Soris komunikaciaze zemoqmedebs. buRalte-riis specialobis amerikelma studentebma sxva studentebTan SedarebiT sisufTavesa da pasuxismgeblobas ufro didi Rirebuleba mianiWes, vidre warmosaxvis unars. es maT gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis Rirebule-bisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebaze miuTiTebs.28 holandiur da saerTaSori-so SerCevaSi girtma aRmoaCina, rom buRalteri xazs usvams informaciis formas, xolo saoperacio rolebSi myofi adamianebi ki — mis Sinaarss.29

buRaltrebi aseve organizaciis qonebis Rirebulebas gansazRvraven. qonebis Sefasebis xerxebi aracnobier RirebulebaTa sistemas aireklavs, magaliTad, im faqts, rom manqanebs upiratesobad miiCneven, xolo adamian-ebs — ara. myari informacia rbil informaciaze ufro garkveulia.

korporaciuli mmarTveloba da biznesmiznebi

tradiciulad korporaciuli mmarTvelobis anu korporaciis mflo-beloba da kontroli qveynebs Soris Zalian gansxvavdeba. 1997 wels Cata-rebul kvlevaSi30 12 evropuli qveyana Seiswavles. aRmoCnda, rom rodesac britaneTis 100 udidesi kompaniidan 61-Si gafantuli wilis mflobelebi iyvnen (erT mflobels 20%-ze meti ar ekuTvnoda), avstriasa da italiaSi aseTi mflobelebis arc erT kompanias ar hyavda. gafantuli mflobelo-bis procenti IDV-sTan sando korelaciaSi iyo. 31

istoriulad kapitalizmi individualizms ukavSirdeba. gaerTianebul-ma samefom skot adam smiTis uxilavi xelis bazris idea memkvidreobiT mi-iRo. individualistur paternSi individsa da organizacias Soris kavSiri gaTvlilia, rogorc mflobelisaTvis, ise muSakisaTvis; is msubuq TviTin-tereszea dafuZnebuli. ufro koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi individsa da organizacias Soris kavSiri tradiciis mixedviT moraluria (Tavi 3). rogorc „daiqirave-gaagde,~ aseve „iyide-gayide~ midgoma amoralurad da miuReblad miiCneva. xandaxan dasaqmebulebis gagdeba kanoniTac ki ikrZa-leba. im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac aseTi kanoni ar arsebobs, cudad momuSave dasaqmebulis gagdeba an kompaniis gayidva, adamians Zvirad ujdeba, radgan sajaro imijs kargavs da xelisuflebasTan problemebi eqmneba.

Zalauflebrivi distanciis gansxvavebebi korporaciul mmarTvelo-bazec zemoqmedeben. imave 12 evropul qveyanaSi, 100 umsxvilesi kompa-niis dominanturi mflobeloba (erTi adamiani, ojaxi an kompania 20-50%-s flobs) Zalauflebriv distanciasTan pozitiur korelaciaSi iyo.32 maRa-


li PDI-s mqone safrangeTis banki, msxvili kompaniebis ganviTareba da sa-gareo vaWroba istoriulad, merkantilobis principidan gamomdinare, sa-xelmwifos mier Zlier kontrolirdeboda. sxva didi kompaniebi ojaxebis mflobelobaSia.

CrdiloeT qveynebSi — daniaSi, fineTSi, norvegiasa da SvedeTSi, agreT-ve avtriaSi 100 umsxvilesi korporaciidan 10 an meti kooperativis mflo-belobaSi iyo; britaneTsa da italiaSi — TiTqmis arc erTi. kooperaciuli mflobelobis kompaniebis wili maskulinobasTan negatiur korelaciaSi aRmoCnda.33 kooperativi feminuri sazogadoebis kooperaciis moTxovni-lebas akmayofilebs.

rusma ekonomistma, radislav simionovma 2000 wels 17 dasavluri kom-paniis mmarTvelobis stili Seadara.34 aRmoCnda, rom literaturaSi moy-vanil nebismier ekonomikur cvladze ukeTesad gansxvavebebs kulturuli qulebi xsnis. Zalauflebrivi distanciis, maskulinurobisa da gaurkvev-lobis Tavidan acilebis kombinaciiT, man qveynebis klasifikacia Semdegi faqtorebis mixedviT SesZlo: bazris, bankis, an sxva kontroli; mflobe-lobis koncentracia;

mflobelobis koncentracia; politikosebis, direqtorebis, dasaqme-bulebisa da investorebis azrovnebis stili, ekonomikuri politikis Se-muSaveba da danergva, sawarmoo urTierTobebi. man msoflios 44 qveyanaSi firmis mflobeloba Seiswavla da sando kavSiri mxolod gaurkvevlobis Tavidan aridebasTan aRmoaCina. misi kvleva erTi qveynidan meore qveyanaSi problemebis gadawyvetis eqsportis dros kulturuli faqtorebis mniSv-nelobas aRniSnavs. aseTi eqsportis mcdeloba 1990 wlebis aRmosavleT evropaSi xSiri iyo.

korporaciuli mmarTveloba aseve korporaciul finansur miznebs ukavSirdeba. gulubryvilobaa imis warmodgena, rom aseTi miznebi kultu-ruli zegavlenisagan Tavisufalia. holandieli mkvlevris, ierun vaimeris holandiel, germanel da amerikel biznesis aRmasruleblebTan interviue-bis dros, holandielebi qonebis, germanelebi bankisagan damoukideblo-bis, xolo amerikelebi wilis mflobelis mniSvnelobaze saubrobdnen 35 es ara mxolod qveynebs Soris arsebul instituciur gansxvavebaze (germania-Si bankebis Zlieri rolze), aramed gavrcelebul ideologiebzec migviTi-Tebs (aSS-Si wilis mflobeli, rogorc gmiri ise aRiqmeba).

biznesis aRmasruleblis miznebi mxolod finansuri rodia; gamowveva imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gaarkvio sinamdvileSi ra aris es miznebi. aRmas-ruleblebis gamokiTxvas albaT winaswar SemuSavebuli pasuxebi da Selama-zebuli sabuRaltro aRricxvebi mohyveba. girtma es dilema Semdegnairad gadawyvita: man umcros menejerebs da MBA kursebis momaval profesio-nalebs maTi qveynebis warmatebuli umaRlesi rgolis menejerebis mizne-bis Sefaseba sTxova. dRisiT, kompaniaSi naxevar ganakveTze momuSave MBA studentebi albaT yvelaze ukeT informirebuli msajulebi arian. ko-legebis saerTaSoriso qselis daxmarebiT girtma da misma koavtorebma 15 qveynis 21 adgilobrivi universitetis 1,800 naxevar ganakveTze mo-muSave MBA studenti gamokiTxes. amisaTvis isini 15 potenciuri miznis


sias iyenebdnen.36 yvela qveyanaSi zrdis, gagrZelebisa da mogebis miznebi siis TavSi moxvda. bolos da bolos saqme xom bizneskompaniebTan gvqon-da. magram mTel siaSi sxvadasxva qveynis MBA studentebma Tavisi qveynis warmatebul biznesliders gansxvavebuli prioritetebi miaweres. SesaZ-lebeli gaxda qveynebis 7 klasterad dayofa. 7.1 cxrilSi am klasterebis miznebis SedarebiTi rigia mocemuli. masSi 7 àrqetipuli“ bizneslideris rolia SemoTavazebuli.

aSS-is arqetipia àRmasrulebeli“ (amis Sesaxeb qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxis yvela universiteti TiTqmis erTsulovania). am tipisaTvis yvela-ze mniSvnelovania zrda, swrafi mogeba, piradi simdidre da kanonis dacva (msoflioSi, erT sul mosaxleze yvelaze meti advokati aSS-Si modis). yve-la sxva qveyana am paternisgan ramdenime aspeqtSi gansxvavdeba. magaliTad, germaniaSi, niderlandebSi da aseve britaneTsa da axal zelandiaSi `dasa-qmebulis mimarT pasuxismgebloba“ mniSvnelovania. am qveynebSi organize-buli samuSao sazogadoebaSi tradiciulad mniSvnelovan rols asruleb-da. me-2 da me-3 klasterebSi òjaxuri interesebi“ gamoCnda. es umetesad laTinuri amerikis qveynebsa da indoeTSi aRiniSna da am qveynebSi biznesi axlac saojaxo saqmea. `10 weliwadSi mogebis miReba“ hong-kongsa da azi-uri warmomavlobis havaieli amerikelebisaTvis yvelaze prioritetuli mizania.

amorCeuli miznebidan zogi qveynis kulturul indeqsebTan pirdapir korelirebda. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani Zalauflebrivi distancia aR-moCnda: is `Zalauflebis“ da `pativis, saxis, reputaciis“ òjaxuri inte-resebis“ mniSvnelobas da `kanonis dacvis“ umniSvnelobas ukavSirdeboda. grZelvadiani orientacia `10 wlis Semdeg mogebis miRebas“ àm wlis moge-basTan“ SedarebiT miweril mniSvnelobas ukavSirdeboda.


7.1 cxrili warmatebuli biznesliderebis eqvsi SedarebiT yvelaze mniSvnelovanad

aRqmuli mizani, qveynebis Svid (sub) klasterSi

klasteri 1a (aSS) klasteri 1b (britaneTi, axali zelandia)

àRmasrulebeli“ `menejeri“

biznesis zrda am wlis mogeba

am wlis mogeba kanonis dacva

piradi simdidre pasuxismgebloba dasaqmebulis mimarT

Zalaufleba biznesi, romelic unda gagrZeldes

kanonis dacva eTikuri normebis pativiscema

patriotizmi, erovnuli siamaye eTikuri normebis pativiscema

klasteri 2 (indoeTi, iamaika, bahamis kunZulebi)

òjaxis menejeri“

biznesi, romelic unda gagrZeldes

ojaxuri interesebi patriotizmi, erovnuli siamaye

piradi simdidre 10 weliwadSi mogebis miReba mimdinare wlis mogeba

klasteri 3 (laTinuri qveynebi, avstralia, ungreTi)

`saojaxo mewarme“ ojaxuri interesebi piradi simdidre Zalaufleba mimdinare wlis mogeba

azartuli TamaSis suli

biznesis zrda

klasteri 4 a (hong-kongi, havaiur-aziuri mosaxleoba)

klasteri 4 b (germania, niderlandebi)

ìndmewarme“ `damfuZnebeli“

pozicia 10 weliwadis Semdeg pasuxismgebloba dasaqmebulis mimarT

axlis Seqmna pasuxismgebloba sazogadoebis mimarT

azartuli TamaSis suli axlis Seqmna

biznesis zrda azartuli TamaSis suli

pativi, saxe, reputacia biznesi, romelic unda gagrZeldes

piradi simdidre Rirseba, saxe, reputacia

klasteri 5 (CineTi)

`mandarini1“

eTikuri normebis pativiscema

patriotizmi, erovnuli siamaye

pativi, saxe, reputacia

Zalaufleba

sazogadoebis mimarT pasuxismgebloba

10 weliwadSi mogebis miReba


zogierTi adamiani askvnis, rom globalizacia da kompaniebis SeZena sazRvargareT 7.1 cxrilSi mocemul gansxvavebebs waSlis da biznesis yve-la lideri amerikeli ̀ aRmasruleblis“ arqetips daemsgavseba. sinamdvile-Si ki es arqetipebi mravalsaukunovani fesvebis nayofia da es mosazreba albaT ar gamarTldeba. sxvadasxva qveynis liderebsa da yofil Tanamema-muleebs da maT adgilobriv personals Soris mosalodnelia konfliqtu-ri miznebis warmoSoba.

biznesis gansxvavebuli erovnuli miznebis gamo, `agentobis Teori-is“ eqsportabeluroba SezRudulia. agentoba agentisaTvis gadamwyveti Zalauflebis delegirebas gulisxmobs da 1980-iani wlebidan es termini mflobelis mier menejerisadmi Zalauflebis delegirebas aRniSnavs. agen-tobis Teoriebi sazogadoebis wesrigze, kontraqtul urTierTobebsa da motivaciaze arsebul implicitur daSvebebs efuZneba. aseTi daSvebebi ki saxelmwifo sazRvrebiT aris ganpirobebuli.

motivaciis Teoriebi da praqtika

motivacia individSi arsebuli is nagulisxmevi Zalaa, romelic mas ama Tu im qcevis arCevisken ubiZgebs. amgvarad, kultura, rogorc gonebis koleqtiuri daprogrameba, motivaciaSi TvalsaCino rols asrulebs. kul-tura rogorc Cvens qcevebze, aseve am qcevebis axsnaze axdens gavlenas. amgvarad, saqmeSi Cadebul met Zalisxmevas amerikeli miRebuli fuliT axsnis, frangi — pativiT, Cineli — ormxrivi valdebulebiT, xolo danieli — kolegialobiT.

motivaciis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi, motivaciis gansxvave-bul Teoriebs ganapirobebs. motivaciis Teoriis damfuZnebeli avstrieli mecnieri zigmund froidia, magram ironiulia, rom menejmentTan mimarTe-baSi misi azrebis citirebas arasodes axdenen.3 menejmentis konteqstSi klasikuri Teoretikosebi amerikelebi arian. me-3 TavSi maslous adamianis motivaciis ierarqia, me-5 TavSi ki devid maklenandiseul miRwevis motivi ganvixileT. aSS-is warmomavlobis amsaxveli amerikuli mesame Teoria fre-derik hercbergis motivaciisa da higienis Teoriaa.

1959 wels hercbergma da misma kolegebma axla klasikurad aRiarebuli kvleva Caatares.38 es kvleva amtkicebda, rom samuSao situacia rogorc pozitiuri motivaciuri potencialis (namdvili motivatorebi), iseve ne-gatiuri potencialis elementebs (higienuri faqtorebi) moicavs. moti-vatori Tavad samuSao, miRweva, aRiareba da winsvlaa. maT samuSaos Sina-gani elementebi uwodes. higienuri is faqtorebia, romelmac motivaciis nakleboba unda Seamciros, magram Tavad motivireba ar SeuZlia. aseTi faqtorebia kompaniis politika da administracia, zedamxedveloba, xel-fasi da samuSao pirobebi, rac samuSaos garegani elementebia. hercbergs miaCnda, rom es adamianis motivaciis universaluri maxasiaTeblebia. man gamoTqva mosazreba, rom adamianebs amoZravebs samuSaos Sinaarsi da ara samuSaos konteqsti.

hercbergis daskvna misi Tanamemamulis, meri parker foletis citire-


bas hgavs. am Tavis dasawyisSi misi naTqvamis citireba moviyvaneT: `brZane-bebs situaciidan iReben“. kulturulad, orive iseT garemos ergeba, sadac Zalauflebrivi distancia mcirea da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba — susti; arc Zalauflebis mqone ufrosebze damokidebuleba da arc wese-bis moTxovnileba adamianebis asamoqmedeblad ver iqneba aucilebeli an funqciuri. es Teoria 7.1 sqemis zeda marcxena kuTxeSi kargadaa asaxuli.

7.1 sqemis qveda marcxena kuTxeSi mdebare qveynebisaTvis, hercbergis Teoriis sapirispirod, wesebi, romlebsac hercbergma ̀ kompaniis politika da administracia“ uwoda, mxolod higienad ver CaiTvleba. superegoTi ganmtkicebuli (ix. me-5 Tavi — Cveulebrivi eniT rom vTqvaT, pasuxismge-blobiT ganmtkicebuli) es faqtori, SesaZloa am qveynebisaTvis namdvili motivatori iyos.

amave logikiT, 7.1 sqemis marjvena naxevarSi moTavsebuli qveynebisaT-vis `zedamxedveloba“ higienur faqtorad ar unda CaiTvalos. didi Za-lauflebrivi distanciis SemTxvevaSi, Zalauflebis mqone adamianebze damokidebuleba elementaruli moTxovnilebaa rac SeiZleba namdvili mo-tivatori gaxdes. qveda marjvena kuTxeSi, sadac laTinuri amerikis qvey-nebis umetesobaa moTavsebuli, motivators SesaZloa ufrosi vuwodoT, rac formalurad daniSnul ufross niSnavs. fontenblos INSEAD-s biz-nesskolaSi (sadac stivensma am TavSi naxsenebi analizi Caatara) frangi monawileebis iseTi jgufebi, romlebsac lideri ar hyavdaT, liderobis mosapoveblad CxubSi dros produqtiulobis xarjze iyenebdnen, rac ar xdeboda germanelebisa da britanelebis, aseve sxvadasxva erovnebis stu-dentebis integrirebul jgufebSi, sadac frangebic monawileobdnen.

zeda marjvena kuTxeSi, sadac aziuri da afrikuli qveynebia moTavse-buli, motivators patroni unda daerqvas. is ufrosisagan imiT gansxvav-deba, rom misi Zalaufleba formalur poziciaze metad tradiciasa da qarizmas eyrdnoba.

sabolood SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wina TavebSi ganxiluli motivaciis amerikuli Teoriebis msgavsad, hercbergis Teoriac mxolod im kultu-rul garemoSia validuri, romelSic is Seiqmna. is kulturulad SeboWi-lia da aSS-is garemos im nawils ireklavs, romelSiac avtori gaizarda da kvlevas atarebda.

motivaciis kidev erTi amerikuli Teoria duglas makgregoris `X Teo-ria“ da `Y Teoriaa“. makgregoris moRvaweobas 1950-iani wlebis Zlieri mi-sioneruli elferi aqvs. misi namuSevari am dros Seiqmna da im wlebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia. X Teoriis mTavari daSvebaa, rom saSualo statistikur adamians muSaoba Tandayolilad ar moswons da yvelafers moimoqmedebs, raTa mas Tavi aaridos; amitom, adamianebs unda davaZaloT, unda davsajoT da gavakontroloT, raTa organizaciis miznebSi Tavisi wvlili Seitanon. Y Teoriis mTavari daSvebaa, rom saqmeSi Cadebuli fizikuri da gonebri-vi Zalisxmeva iseTive bunebrivi movlenaa, rogorc TamaSi da dasveneba, Sesabamis pirobebSi adamianebi organizaciis miznebs ara mxolod miiRe-ben, aramed Zebnas Tavadac dauwyeben. rogorc Cans, makgregori Y Teorias icavda.


1980 wels girti indoneziaSi, jakartaSi moiwvies. is adamianis resur-sis ganviTarebis sakiTxebze gamarTul seminarze sityviT unda gamosuli-yo. viRacam urCia, indonezieli menejerebisaTvis eswavlebina, rogor gadasuliyvnen X Teoriidan YTeoriaze. amis gaTvaliswinebiT man orive TeoriaSi arsebuli elementaruli kulturuli daSvebebi axsena. man Sem-degi mosazrebebi Camoayaliba:

1. muSaoba adamianebisaTvis kargia. RvTis nebaa, rom adamianma imuSaos;2. adamianis SesaZleblobebi maqsimalurad unda gamoviyenoT. RvTis

nebaa, rom adamianma Tavisi SesaZlebloba maqsimalurad gamoiyenos;3. adamianisagan calke arsebuli `organizaciuli miznebi“ arsebobs;4. organizaciaSi adamianebi iqcevian, rogorc aravisze an araferze

mibmuli individebi.

es daSvebebi amerikulis msgavsad individualisturi, maskulinuri sa-zogadoebis Rirebulebebs ireklavs. swored aseT sazogadoebaSi gaizarda makgregori. am Rirebulebidan arc erTi indonezias an sxva samxreT-aR-mosavleT aziur qveyanas ar ergeba. samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi daSvebas ganapirobebs rwmena:

1. muSaoba aucilebelia, magram TavisTavad mizani ar aris.2. adamianebma unda moZebnon iseTi adgili, romelic garemosTan mSvi-

dobianad da harmoniaSi iqneba.3. absoluturi miznebi mxolod RmerTs ukavSirdeba. dedamiwaze

ki RmerTs Zalauflebis mqone pirebi warmoadgenen, amitom maTi miznebi unda Sesruldes;

4. adamianebi ojaxis an/da jgufis wevrebiviT iqcevian. vinc ase ar iqceva, sazogadoebidan gariyulia.

kulturulad gansazRvruli am gansxvavebul daSvebaTa gamo makgre-goris `X Teoria“ da `Y Teoria“ samxreT-aRmosavleT aziisaTvis rele-vanturi ar aris. samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis kulturis Sesabamisi Teoria urTierTgamomricxav alternativebs erTmaneTs ar daupirispirebda _ es harmoniis normas daarRvevda. idealur modelSi sapirispiroebi erTma-neTs Seavsebda da harmoniulad moergeboda. modiT, mas Teoria t da Teo-ria t+ vuwodoT. t tradicias niSnavs.

Teoria t SeiZleba aseTi yofiliyo:

1. dedamiwaze uTanasworobis wyobaa. am wyobaSi yvelas Sesabamisi ad-gili aqvs. maRali da dabali adgilebi RmerTis mier Seqmnili wyo-biT aris daculi;

2. bavSvebma unda iswavlon, rogor Seasrulon is movaleobebi, rom-lebic maTi dabadebis gansazRvruli adgilis gamo akisria. Tavisi adgilis gaumjobeseba maT maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT swavla, karg patronTan muSaoba an/da karg partniorze qorwinebiT Seu-ZliaT;


3. tradicia sibrZnis wyaroa. amitom, saSualo statistikur adamians cvlileba Tandayolilad ar moswons da yvelafers iRonebs, raTa mas moeridos.

t Teoriis uaryofis gareSe Teoria t+ daasabuTebda, rom:

1. miuxedavad tradiciis sibrZnisa, cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba ise-Tive bunebrivia, rogorc muSaoba, TamaSi da dasveneba.

2. cvlilebisadmi erTguleba iseT liderTa Tvisebaa, romlebic cv-lilebas, masTan dakavSirebul jildoebs da cvlilebis naklebobis SemTxvevaSi, uaryofiT Sedegebs xelmZRvaneloben.

3. axali situaciisken adamianebis waZRolis unari mosaxleobis li-derebSi viwrod ki ara, farTodaa ganawilebuli;

saSualo ojaxis daswavlis unari modernizaciis miznebisTvis saWiroze metia. amgvarad, adamianuri resursis ganviTarebis samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis ekvivalenti t da t+ msgavs Teoriebze da ara ararelevantur X — Y Teoriaze unda iyos agebuli.39

motivaciuri paternebis erovnuli gansxvavebebi kompensaciis gansxva-vebul tipebSic aisaxeba. xelfasi da sxva pirobebi imave samuSao bazarze sxvebTan SedarebiT SemuSavdeba. 24 qveyanaSi Catarebulma kvlevam kompen-saciis praqtikasa da Cvens kulturul indeqsebs Soris sando korelacia gamoavlina.40 esenia:

• mcire Zalauflebis mqone qveynebis damsaqmebeli menejerebs, pro-

fesiuli da teqnikuri kadrebis warmomadgenlebs sabavSvo baRiT,

xolo aramenejerebs ufro xSirad aqciebiT uzrunvelyofs.

• individualistur qveynebSi damsaqmebeli individualuri Ses-

rulebisaTvis ufro xSirad ixdida fuls da menejerebs aqciebiT

ufro xSirad uzrunvelyofda.

• maskulinur qveynebSi damsaqmebeli aramenejer dasaqmebulebs

ufro xSirad uxdida sakomisioebs. feminur qveynebSi is klerkebsa

da manualur muSakebs ufro moqnil damatebiT pirobebs uqmnida

samsaxurSi sabavSvo baRis da dekretze gasvlis saSualebas aZlev-

da;

• gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis qveynebSi damsaqmeblebi fulis

gadaxdas samuSao gamocdilebasa da unars ufro ukavSirebdnen, vi-

dre muSaobis xarisxs.


lideroba, gadawyvetilebis miReba da gaZliereba

liderobis erT-erTi adrindeli Teoretikosi nikolo makiaveli41 gax-lavT is yofili saxelmwifo moxele iyo da Tavis wignSi `mmarTveli“ mani-pulaciisa da Zalauflebis SenarCunebis efeqturi meTodebi aRwera. am meTodebSi tyuili, qrTami da mkvlelobac Sedioda da amitom, momdev-no saukuneebSi mas cudi reputacia hqonda. sinamdvileSi ki, makiavelim is aRwera, rac naxa — dRes mas sociologs uwodebdnen. makiaveli Tavi-si epoqis italiaze werda da man didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis mqone maskulinuri Sinaarsis qveyana aRwera. IBM-is kvlevis mixedviT, italiaSi Zalauflebrivi distanciis indeqsi saSualoze maRalia, me-16 saukuneSi albaT ufro maRali iyo. IBM-is kvlevis mixedviT, italias axlac maRali maskulinobis qulebi aqvs.

rogorc meore TavSi vamtkicebdiT, qveyanaSi lideroba da subordina-cia ganuyofelia. organizaciebSi arsebuli vertikaluri kavSiri ufro-sebisa da maTi daqvemdebarebulebis saerTo Rirebulebebzea agebuli. mosazreba liderobaze qveynis dominantur kulturas asaxavs. vTxovoT adamians kargi lideris Tvisebebi CamogviTvalos, niSnavs Tavisi kultu-ris aRwera vTxovoT. qcevis modelis TvalsazrisiT lideri gmiria (ix. 1.2 sqema)

individualisturi qveynebis avtorebisaTvis, lideroba is damouki-debeli maxasiaTebelia, romlis SeZena adamians misi konteqstis gareSec SeuZlia. avstraliis, britaneTisa da aSS-is msgavsi individualisturi, maskulinuri qveynebis literaturaSi maskulinuri lideris romantiulad gamosaxva popularulia. isini aRweren imas, rac mkiTxvels unda, rom iyos da risic sjera. sinamdvileSi ra moxdeba, liderebzec, mimdevrebzeca da situaciazec didad aris damokidebuli.

feminur kulturebSi mokrZalebuli lideris sjeraT. erTxel presti-Jul amerikul firmas mowinave holandiuri korporaciis gadawyvetile-bis miRebis procesis gaanalizeba sTxoves. firmam ganacxada, rom kor-poraciis gadawyvetilebis miRebis stili `intuiciuri“ da `konsensusze dafuZnebulia“.42 diribarnis mier Catarebuli franguli, amerikuli da holandiuri Sedarebis (ix. Tavi 2) Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom konsensusi ho-landiuri qarxnis warmatebis aucilebeli piroba iyo. holandiuri konsen-susis modeli qveynis ekonomikis qvakuTxedad iTvleba. aseT situaciaSi (universalurad aRiarebuli) ucxouri modelis Semotana kulturis kapi-talis ngrevis tolfasia.

danielma mkvlevarma jet Sram-nilsenma warmoebis frangul kompaniaSi momuSave danielebisa da warmoebis daniur kompaniebSi momuSave frange-bisgan interviu aiRo. man gadawyvetilebis miRebis daniuri da franguli gzebis Sefaseba sTxova. orive ganacxadSi kargad gamoCnda am qveynebs So-ris arsebuli UAI naprali.

danielma Tqva:

frangebs hgoniaT, rom danielebi sakmarisad Rrmad ar eZiebian, xolo danielebs hgoniaT, rom frangebi zedmetad rTulni arian. samuSao magi-


dasTan frangi Tavis saqmeze didxans muSaobs, radgan arc sxvebs da arc Tavis Tavs endoba da rodesac saqmes morCeba da daskvnas dawers kidev er-Txel ganixilavs.

erTma fragma Tqva:

diax, frangebi racionalurni arian, magram es debuleba unda Sefasdes. isini gansjis dros racionalurebi, xolo qcevisa da reagirebis dros be-vrad ufro subieqturni arian.

meore frangma Tqva:

danielebi ufro pragmatulni arian... maTi racionaluroba maTive qce-vebiTa da praqtikuli codniT icvleba xolme.43

orma amerikelma mkvlevarma, elen jakovskim da jon slokumma 5 qvey-nis presis mier menejmentis mTavari aRmasruleblebis aRwerebis anali-zi moaxdines. frangi aRmasrulebeli avtokratiuli iniciativis mqoned aRweres (maRali PDI); germanelebi — rogorc menejerebisa da muSebis pasuxismgeblobasa da treningis SesaZleblobebis momcemni (dabali PDI, maRali UAI); iponelebi — moTminebis unaris mqoned da organizaciis TviT-marTvis saSualebis mimcemad da bazris xangrZliv wilze orientirebu-lad (maRali LTO); Svedebi _ samewarmeo riskebis Camdenad da, amave dros, momuSave adamianebis cxovrebiT dainteresebulebad; (dabali UAI, dabali MAS); SerCevaSi monawile erTma taivanelma aRmasrulebelma gulmodgined muSaobasa da ojaxs gausva xazi (maRali LTO, dabali IDV). 44

Svedma ingrid tolgerdt-andersonma evropis 8 qveyanaSi aRmasru-leblebis 1,400-ze meti samuSao sareklamo gancxadebebi Seadara. is iseT reklamas eZebda, romelic TanamSromlobis unaris msgavs pirad da so-cialur unar-Cvevebs axsenebda. SvedeTSi, daniaSi, niderlandebSi gan-cxadebebis 80% aseTi iyo, xolo italiasa da espaneTSi — mxolod 50%. gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis kuTxiT susti midgoma am gansxvavebaTa umetesobas xsnis. TanamSromlobis unari dabali kriteriumia da is da-bali UAI-s qveynebisaTvis ufro validuria. feminuroba TiTqmis yvela darCenil gansxvavebas xsnis: TanamSromloba Rirebulebad maskulinur ki ara, feminur kulturebSi iTvleba.45

sxvadasxva tipis liders daqvemdebarebuli adamianebis kmayofilebis da produqtiulobis Seswavla erovnuli kulturis gavlenas asaxavs. IBM-is frangi teqnikosebi paternalisturi da damarwmunebeli ufrosiT iyv-nen kmayofili, xolo maTgan gansxvavebiT, britanelebsa da germanelebs ufro moTaTbire da demokratiuli ufrosi moswondaT. amerikeli muSe-bisagan gansxvavebiT, peruSi muSebs zedamxedvelobiTi ufrosi moswondaT. indieli asistentebi yvelaze did kmayofilebas maSin avlendnen da ukeTe-sadac muSaobdnen, rodesac Zmebis msgavsi ufrosebi hyavdaT. erT SemTx-vevaSi misaRebi liderebi meore SemTxvevaSi sxvanairad daprogramebuli


daqvemdebarebulebisaTvis misaRebi ar unda iyos.46

liderobis iseTi qceva da Teoria, romelic daqvemdebarebulis kole-qtiur molodins ar iTvaliswinebs, SeiZleba disfunqciurad CaiTvalos. hari triandisma aRwera, rogori araefeqturi iyo liderobis amerikuli stili saberZneTSi, xolo berZnuli — amerikaSi.47 rodesac sazRvargareT qveynisaTvis ucxour Teoriebs aswavlian, rogorc wesi, maT qadageben, magram ar asruleben xolme. adgilobrivi Wkviani menejerebi ucxour ide-ebs maTi daqvemdebarebulobis Rirebulebas Cumad argeben. iaponia iseTi qveyanaa, sadac aseTi ram xSirad momxdara.48 naklebad brZenma menejerebma, SesaZloa, mourgebeli modelis gamoyeneba scadon, aRmoaCinon, rom is ar muSaobs da kvlav Zvel rutinas daubrundnen.

ukmayofilebis arxebis meSveobiT organizaciis dabali safexuris we-vrebs maRal safexurze mdgomebis Sesaxeb SeniSvnis gamoTqma SeuZliaT. maTi arseboba da funqcionireba, ra Tqma unda, kulturulad ganpiro-bebulia. didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis mqone sazogadoebaSi ukmayo-filebis arxebis Seqmna Zalze rTulia. erTis mxriv, daqvemdebarebulebs samagieros gadaxdis SeeSindebaT (da gamarTlebuladac), meores mxriv ki, ukmayofileba ufro gazviadebuli da ararealisturi iqneba da amgvari arxebis sxvanairad miuRweveli arasasurveli ufrosisaTvis samagieros gadaxda moxdeba. gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebac did rols asrulebs: SeniSvnebis daSveba gauTvaliswineblis daSvebasac gulisxmobs.

termini gaZliereba 1990-ian wlebSi Semovida modaSi. is liderebisa da daqvemdebarebulebis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis Zalauflebisa da zegavlenis gaziarebis nebismier formalur an araformalur gzas gu-lisxmobs. am procesis adrindeli terminebi monawileobiTi menejmenti, gaerTianebuli konsultacia, mitsbestimmung, industriuli demokratia, muSakis reprezentacia, muSakis TviT menejmenti, maRaziis konsultanti da kodeterminacia iyo. maTi ganxorcieleba organizaciuli wevrebis — rogorc liderebis, ise daqvemdebarebulebebis Rirebulebebzea damoki-debuli Rirebulebebze. pirveli ganzomileba, romelsac es exeba, isev Zalauflebrivi distanciaa. gavlenis ganawileba ufro dabali, vidre ma-Rali PDI-s qveynebisaTvisaa bunebrivi.49 ideologiaTa piriqiT warmod-genac SeiZleba. IBM kiTxvaris debulebas — `industriis muSakebi menej-mentis miRebul gadawyvetilebebSi metad unda monawileobdnen~ maRali PDI-s qveynebSi ufro uWerdnen mxars. es imaze miuTiTebs, rogor SeiZleba ideologiis meSveobiT realobis kompensireba.

meoce saukunis Sua wlebis liderobis amerikuli klasikuri mode-lebi mcire, magram arc Zalian mcire Zalauflebriv distancias asaxavs (IBM-is kvlevaSi aSS-is PDI-s saSualod dabali qulebi hqonda) aseTebia duglas makgregoris Teoria (ukve vaxseneT), rensis likertis sistema — 4, da robert bleiqisa da jein moutonis menejeruli qseli50 daqvem-debarebulebis monawileobis mxriv monawileobriv menejments mxari yve-la Teoriam dauWira, magram CaTvales, rom iniciativa ufrosisgan unda modiodes. SvedeTis, norvegiis, germaniisa da israelis msgavsi dabali PDI-s mqone qveynebis SemTxvevaSi menejmentis iseTi modelebi ganviTarda,


romlebic daqvemdebarebulis iniciativas gulisxmobs. leqciis amerikel wamkiTxvels erTma skandinavielma ase upasuxa: `monawileobas imave mize-ziT ewinaaRmdegebiT, ra mizeziTac Cven mxars vuWerT — aravin icis, sad damTavrdeba. migvaCnia, rom es kargia.~51 meores mxriv, monawileobrivi menejmentis amerikuli Teoriebi ufro maRali PDI-s mqone qveynebs ver ga-moadgeba. hari triandisma berZeni daqvemdebarebulis sircxvili aRwera, rodesac misma yofilma Tanamemamule amerikelma hkiTxa, misi azriT, saq-mis gasakeTeblad ramdeni dro dasWirdeboda. berZenma upasuxa: `ufrosi is aris. Tavad ratom ar metyvis?~52 GLOBE kvleviTi proeqtis erT-erTi kritika isaa, rom kiTxvari liderobis amerikul koncefciaze iyo dafuZ-nebuli.53 es proeqti sazogadoebis kulturas, organizaciul kulturasa da liderobas ikvlevda (ix. Tavi 1).

Zalauflebis mopovebis formaluri an araformaluri tipis arCeva qveynis gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebazea damokidebuli. amgvarad, PDI da UAI orive unda gaviTvaliswinoT. 7.1 sqemaze asaxuli oTxive kvadrati Zalauflebis gayofis oTx gansxvavebul formas warmoadgens. zeda mar-cxena kuTxeSi (anglo/inglisurenovani qveynebi, skandinavia, niderlan-debi, orive ganzomilebaze dabali qulebi) monawileobis araformaluri da spontanuri formebia xazgasmuli. qveda marcxena kuTxeSi (germanule-novani qveynebi: PDI dabali; UAI maRali) formalur, kanonismier deter-minirebul sistemebze amaxvileben yuradRebas (mitsbestimmung). marjvena mxares (PDI maRalia) cneba Zalauflebis ganawileba urTierTsapirispiro mniSvnelobis sityvebisagan Sedgeba; mas rogorc elitebi, aseve xandaxan maT daqvemdebarebuli an warmomadgeneli profkavSirebic SeewinaaRmdege-bian. sadac amis gakeTebas ecdebian, es cvlileba Zlierma liderma unda SesZlos — mamis tipma, rogoricaa maRali PDI, dabali UAI-is qveynebSi arsebuli ganaTlebuli indmewarme (zeda marjvena kuTxe) an kanonieri sa-Sualebebis daxmarebiT politikurma liderma maRali PDI, maRali UAI-is qveynebSi (qveda marjvena kuTxe). paradoqsia, magram orives SemTxvevaSi daZalebul monawileobasTan gvaqvs saqme. misi funqcionirebis erTi vari-antia cxovrebis zogierT sferoSi monawileobis SezRudva, sxva sferoSi ki — mkacri kontroli. es Cinuri variantia. am SemTxvevaSi, samuSao orga-nizaciis konkretuli struqturebi ideologiur sakiTxebSi mkacrad kon-trolirebad ierarqiasTan aris SeTavsebuli.54 amasac didi istoria udevs safuZvlad da es me-6 Tavis dasawyisSi moyvanili ambidanac Cans: me-18 saukunis monawileobiTi menejmenti wiTeli oTaxis sizmris baRSi.

Sesrulebis Semowmeba da menejmenti miznebis mixedviT

nebismier organizaciaSi nebismieri kultura adamianebis Sesrule-bazea damokidebuli. yvelaze dabali menejeruli donidan dawyebuli, me-nejeruli ganviTarebis programebis mTavari Tema daqvemdebarebulis Ses-rulebuli samuSaos monitoringia. xSirad Sefasebis formaluri programa ufrosis mier daweril an zepir Sefasebas moiTxovs. aseTi programebis eqsportisaTvis aucilebelia adaptacia. koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi


socialuri harmonia organizaciuli funqcionirebis mniSvnelovani kom-ponentia. is formalur Sesrulebaze ufro mniSvnelovania da iseTi pro-grama, romelic pirvels avnebs, sabolood meoresac gaanadgurebs.55 pira-di kritika arapirdapiri gziT an naTesavis msgavsi Suamavlis meSveobiT unda gadaeces. girts axsovs pakistanSi erTi SemTxveva: mravalerovnuli kompaniis personalis ganyofilebam saerTaSoriso saTavo ofisis dasak-mayofileblad sayovelTaod aucilebeli Sefasebis sistemisaTvis saWiro yvela sakancelario samuSao Seasrules, magram adgilobrivma menejerebma Sefasebis interviuebis Catarebas frTxilad aarides Tavi.

aSS-Si menejmentis guru piter drakerma muSaobis xarisxis Sefaseba menejmentSi amocanebis mixedviT (MBO) gadazarda.56 MBO meoce saukunis menejmentis albaT yvelaze popularuli teqnika iyo. MBO bevrad ufro warmatebuli aRmoCnda im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Sedegebi obieqturad ga-zomva SesaZlebeli iyo, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Sedegebs subieqtu-ri interpretacia ganapirobebda. is amerikul Rirebulebebs gamoxatavs da Semdeg daSvebebzea awyobili:

• daqvemdebarebuli sakmarisad damoukidebelia ufrosTan seriozu-

li dialogisaTvis (Zalian maRali PDI dauSvebelia)

• daqvemdebarebulica da ufrosic garkveuli uzustobis misaRebad

mzad arian (dabali UAi);• Sesrulebas orive mniSvnelovan miznad miiCnevs.(maRali MAS)

axla ganvixiloT germaniis SemTxveva. es saSualoze dabali PDI qveyanaa da amitom MBO-Si arsebuli dialogis elementi misTvis problema ar unda iyos. magram germanias bevrad ufro maRali UA aqvs. amgvarad, mas uzusto-bis miRebis ufro dabali mzaoba aqvs. germaniaSi MBO Zlier formalize-buli gaxda da `erTiani miznis garemos menejmentad~ gadaiqca.57

safrangeTSi MBO 1960-ian wlebSi Semovida. is Zalian popularuli gax-da im periodSi, rodesac studentebis gamosvlebma 1968 wels dasavleTi msoflio Seazanzara. xalxi moeloda, rom es axali teqnika/taqtika orga-nizaciebis didi xnis saWiro demokratizaciis sawindari iqneboda. MBO-s franguli Targmani DPO (direction par objectifs), DPPO-d gadaiqca (direction par-ticipative par objectifs). Tumca, ramdenime weliwadSi frangma menejerma dawera: `me mgonia, rom DPPO- s kariera dasrulda an saerTodac ar dawyebula da manam arc daiwyeba, sanam Cven, frangebi ideologiisa da realobis aRrevis tendencias gavagrZelebT~. Jurnalis redaqtorma daamata: `safrangeTis Savi muSebi da mosamsaxureebi dabali donis da maRali donis menejerebi da mflobelebic yvela erT kulturul sistemas miekuTvneba. am sistemaSi urTierTobebi sxvadasxva donezea damokidebuli. ierarqiuli struqtura SfoTvisgan gvicavs; DPO ki SfoTvis warmomqmnelia~.58


menejmentis treningisa da organizaciuli ganviTareba

am wignSi da am TavSi mocemuli informaciidan Cans, rom yvela kultu-risaTvis gamosadegi warmatebuli menejeris Camoyalibebis formula ar arsebobs. garda imisa, rom warmateba sxvadasxva kulturaSi gansxvavebuli ramaa, saskolo ganaTlebis sistema da samuSao adgilze treningic Zalzed gansxvavebulia.

amgvarad, kulturul barierebs iqiT menejerebis ganviTareba SeuZle-bel amocanad unda miviCnioT. sabednierod, programaze msjeloba mxolod mis Sinaarsze dayrdnobiT ar unda moxdes. maT sxva funqciac aqvs. isini sxvadasxva kulturis adamianebs erTad Sekreben da amiT am adamianebis Tvalsawiers afarToeben. mraval organizaciaSi menejmentis ganviTare-bis programebi winsvlis sawindari gaxda. es programa menejer-monawiles atyobinebs, rom is menejerebis kastas ekuTvnis. isini menejeruli sub-kulturis socializaciis sawindaria da es socializacia SeiZleba ro-gorc kompaniisaTvis specifikuri, ise zogadi iyos. isini aseve samuSao rutinas wyveten da ukan moxedvasa da reorganizacias astimulireben.

meoce saukunis Sua wlebidan, amerikaSi menejmentis paketebi iqmneba. zogierT paketSi sensitiurobis treningisa da transaqciuri analizis ms-gavsi interpersonaluri procesebis intensiuri diskusia mimdinareobs. kulturulad isini dabal PDI-s, dabal UAI-s, saSualoze maRal IDV-s da saSualoze dabal MAS-s gulisxmoben. bolo punqti amerikis kulturis sawinaaRmdego aRmoCnda.

rodesac aseT programebs saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi iyenebdnen, trene-risaTvis gaugebari disfunqciuri qcevebi warmoiqmneboda. magaliTad, ia-poniaSi, pirovnuli ukukavSiris miReba-gacema TiTqmis SeuZlebeli gaxda da rodesac es scades, aman ritualuri xasiaTi miiRo: ukukavSiris mimRebs egona, rom ukukavSiris gamcems raRaciT Seuracxyofa miayena. aseTi pro-gramebis iaponeli monawileebi interpersonaluri procesebis sakiTxebis nacvlad davalebebze koncentrirdebodnen. germanelebis umetesobasac ar moewona pirovnul sakiTxebze saubari. maT CaTvales, rom es davalebe-bis Sesrulebisagan tyuilubralo gadaxveva iyo.59

paraleluri xazi organizaciis ganviTarebaa, roca, menejerebi da sxvebi arsebuli problemebis Seswavlasa da amoxsnas erTdroulad cdi-lobdnen. es xandaxan interpersonaluri procesis intensiur analizsac moicavda.

laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi, laTinuri warmoSobis trenerebma orga-nizaciis kulturis ganviTarebis programis kulturuli SeuTavsebulobi Semdegi mizezebi daasaxeles:

• Cven, laTinosebs (maRali PDI-), aseTi programebisaTvis saWiro

xarisxis eTosi ar gagvaCnia;

• Cven, laTinosebs, TviTganviTarebis ar gvjera;

• Cven, laTinosebi, ufrosis garda, sxva interpersonalur ukukav-

Sirs Sejibrebad aRviqvamT;


• organizaciis ganviTarebis procesi daucvelobis grZnobas qmnis,

Cven laTinosebs ki amis atana ar SegviZlia;

• Cveni laTinuri ena da diskusiebis stili abstraqtuli diskus-

iebisaTvis ufro gamodgeba, vidre aqtualuri problemebis gada-

sawyvetad.

• Cveni laTinuri organizaciebi ganviTarebiT ki ara, krizisiTa da

revoluciiT icvleba.60

daskvna: erovneba organizaciul racionalobas gansazRvravs

1980 wels amerikul JurnalSi organizaciuli dinamika, girtma Semde-gi saTauris statia gamoaqveyna: `motivacia, lideroba da organizacia: SeiZleba Tu ara amerikuli Teoriebis sazRvargareT gamoyeneba?~ es usia-movno istoriaa. mas Semdeg, rac statiis avtori da mimRebi redaqtori udroo dros daiTxoves, statia jer ar miiRes, xolo axalma redaqtorma yoymanis Semdeg dabeWda. man amerikel da avstraliel kolegebs sTxova daewera damamSvidebeli komentarebi. isini girtis pasuxTan erTad Sem-deg nomerSi daibeWda.61 am statiam imaze didi aJiotaJi gamoiwvia, vidre girts SeeZlo warmoedgina. misi xelaxla dabeWdvis mravali SekveTa movi-da, gansakuTrebiT ki — kanadidan.

sazRvrebis mqone evropisaTvis Teoriis validurobis SezRudva ero-vnebis mixedviT bevrad ufro cxadi iyo, vidre amerikis msgavsi uSvele-beli, sazRvrebs gareSe qveynisaTvis. evropaSi ukve me-16 saukuneSi scnes adamianis qcevis makontrolebeli kanonebis relatiuroba. is miSel de montenis (1533-92) skepticizmSi gamoixateba. am TavSi paskalis sityvebic gavixseneT: `pirineebis am mxares iseTi WeSmariteba arsebobs, romelic pi-rineebis meore mxares mcdaria~ (pireneebi safrangeTis da espaneTis gamyo-fi mTebia). es montenis mier STagonebuli frazaa.62 montenisa da paskalis Semdeg, erovnebasa da azrovnebas Soris arsebuli kavSiri xan axsendebaT da xan aviwydebaT.

wina TavebSi erovnebis gansxvavebis xuTi forma aRvwereT. organiza-ciul da menejmentis procesebze yvela zemoqmedebs. Teoriebi, mode-lebi da praqtikebi specifikuria kulturis Sesabamisad. SesaZloa isini sazRvris iqiTac moqmedeben magram amas yovelTvis damtkiceba sWirdeba. gulubryvilo daSveba, rom menejmentis ideebi universaluria, mxolod popularul literaturaSi ar aris gavrcelebuli. saerTaSoriso akade-miur JurnalebSic ki, kulturulad SezRuduli aRmoCenebis validurobis faruli daSveba arsebobs. aseT JurnalebSi, statiebSi, xSirad is qveyanac ar aris miTiTebuli, sadac monacemebi Segrovda (aSS-Si amas avtorebis mosazrebebiT mixvdebiT). mecnieruli etiketis mixedviT, Semogvaqvs Se-moTavazeba, rom saerTaSoriso JurnalebSi dabeWdil statiebSi is qveyana an qveynebi, sadac monacemebis Segroveba moxda da kvlevis Catarebis dro yovelTvis iyo miTiTebuli.

saxelmwifo sazRvrebis gauTvaliswineblobis gamo, menejmentisa da organizaciis Teoriebisa da ideebis eqsporti ise xdeba, rom maTi Se-


qmnis RirebulebaTa konteqsti mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba. sxva qveynebis gulubryvilo mkiTxvelebi aseT eqsports mxars uWeren. saubedurod, cnobili diqtumis perefrazireba rom movaxdinoT, cud Teoriaze arapra-qtikuli araferi arsebobs.63

meore msoflio omamde da omis Semdeg aSS-Si ekonomikuri warmatebis gamo msoflios sxva kuTxeebSi zogierTma adamianma daijera, rom menej-mentis amerikuli ideebi sxvebze ukeTesia da, maSasadame, isini unda gad-moviRoT. maT daaviwydaT ekiTxaT, rogor sazogadoebaSi SeimuSaves da sad muSaobs es ideebi — namdvilad ise muSaoben Tu ara rogorc amas statiebi da wignebi amtkiceben. menejmentis amerikelma mkvlevrebma mark piter-sonma da jeims huntma daweres: `bevri amerikuli normativis Sesaxeb isic sakiTxavia, muSaobs Tu ara amerikaSi~64 amerikelma anTropologma, eduard stuartma dawera: `CrdiloeT amerikeli gadawyvetilebebis mimRebni, ro-gorc wesi, racionaluri gadawyvetilebis miRebas sakuTar cxovrebaSic ver axerxeben, magram warsulis movlenebs gadawyvetilebis miRebis mo-delis mixedviT awyoben.…amgvarad, aSS-Si racionaluri gadawyvetilebis miReba miTia.~65

amerikelma istorikosma robert lokma aRwera, rom aSS-is warmatebul-ma industrializaciam Zalian specifikur istoriul konteqstSi Caiara da ufro metad iyo damokidebuli garSemo mimdinare movlenebze, vidre gamoyenebuli menejmentis principis xarisxze.66

amerikuli Teoriebis upiratesobis rwmenas isic uwyobs xels, rom me-nejmentis “saerTaSoriso“ Jurnalebis umetesoba amerikaSi da amerikeli redaqtorebis xelmZRvanelobiT gamodis da ara CrdiloeT amerikeli av-torebisaTvis am JurnalebSi statiis gamoqveyneba Zalian Znelia.67 brita-nelma anTropologebma devid hiqsonma da erek pugma Tavis anTologiaSi organizaciebis didi avtorebis 71 saxeli Seitanes da maTgan 48 amerikeli iyo, 15 — britaneli da ori — kanadeli. mxolod darCenili ori ar iyo inglisuri warmoSobis.68

aSS-is biznesis profesorma da konsultantma maikl porterma saerTa-Soriso kompaniebis warmateba gaaanaliza. is Seecada gaego, meoce saukunis bolo naxevarSi zogierTi saerTaSoriso kompania sxvebze warmatebuli ra-tom aRmoCnda. erovnuli upiratesobis ̀ rombSi~ man oTxi atributi Seiyva-na: 1. faqtorebis pirobebi. amaSi man saWiro unarebis samuSaosa da infra-struqturis msgavsi warmoebisaTvis aucilebeli faqtorebi igulisxma. 2. moTxovnilebis pirobebi 3 dakavSirebuli da mxardamWeri industriebi da 4. myari strategia, struqtura da Sejibri. porteri SeCerda da ar ikiTxa, ratom aris, rom zogierTi qveynebi sxvebTan SedarebiT ukeTes rombebs iReben. is konkurentuli bazris eTnocentruli wesebis universalurobas mainc uSvebda.69

rogorc zogierTi erovneba garkveul sportSi sxvebze ukeTesia, aseve zogierTi qveyana garkveul dargebTan aris dakavSirebuli. fsiqologia, socialuri fsiqologiis CaTvliT, umTavresad amerikuli disciplinaa: individualisturi da umetesad maskulinuri. sociologia umTavresad evropulia,70 magram azrovnebaze nacionalobis gavlenis Sesaxeb evropuli


sociologebic ar fiqrdebian. frangi sociologi, pier burdio mkacrad uaryofda, rom misi ideebi misi franguli erovnebiT aixsneba.71 Cveni az-riT, burdios Teoriebis franguli waromoSobis aRiareba am Teoriebis Tavdasxmas ki ara, aramed sxvebisaTvis maTi gagebis gaadvilebas niSnavs — iseve, rogorc amerikuli modelebis SemTxvevaSi, romelTa gageba maTi amerikuli warmoSobis gaTvaliswinebiT ufro advilia.

organizaciuli Teoriebis SemTxvevaSi, avtoris erovneba implicitur daSvebebs Seicavs. es daSvebebi imas exeba, saidan movida organizacia, sad aris da ris miRwevas cdilobs. yvela nacionaluri paradigma ase iwyeba: `da dasabamidan iyo...~. rac RmerTma adamiani Seqmna, adamianma organiza-ciebi Seqmna: magram gaugebaria maTi Seqmnis dros raze fiqrobdnen. qve-moT mocemulia girtis dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebuli paradigmebis sia: da dasabamidan iyo...

aSS-Si bazari

safrangeTSi Zalaufleba

germaniaSi wesrigi

poloneTsa da ruseTSi efeqturoba

niderlandebSi konsensusi

Crdilo evropul qveynebSi Tanasworoba

britaneTSi sistemebi

CineTSi ojaxi

iaponiaSi iaponia

1994 wels parizSi amerikeli ekonomisti oliver uiliamsoni or frang socialur sferoSi moRvawe mecnierTan, ekonomist olivie faverosTan da sociolog emanuel lazegasTan sajaro diskusiaSi Caeba uiliamsoni organizaciebis Sesaswavlad Zalauflebisa da avtoritetis SemTxvevaSic ki `efeqturobis damokidebulebas~ icavda. `mimaCnia, rom Zalauflebis Rirebuleba imaze naklebia, vidre Cans~, ganacxada man. faverom da laze-gam uiliamsonis `transaqciis xarjis~ koncefcia gaakritikes. maT gana-cxades, rom es organizaciuli Teoriis safuZvlisaTvis zedmetad mcire-masStabiani Teoriaa; efeqturoba susti mamoZravebelia; da Zalauflebis uiliamsonis koncefcia Zalzed SezRudulia. diskusia/debatebi ekono-mikasa da sociologias Soris konvergenciis egidiT iyo gamocxadebuli da sinamdvileSi ki is implicituri erovnuli diagramebis divergencias mieZRvna. erTmaneTs amerikuli paradigma (bazari) da franguli paradigma (Zalaufleba) daupirispirda. uiliamsonis mier citirebuli yvela wyaro amerikuli iyo; foveros da lazegas mier citirebuli yvela wyaro fran-guli iyo. amisda miuxedavad, verc erTma mxarem gaiazra, rom meore mxare


gansxvavebuli konteqstidan gamomdinare saubrobda. maT isic ki ar dauS-ves, rom erovnuli konteqsti saerTod arsebobs da rom Teoriebi swored am konteqstSi iwereba da kritikas eqvemdebareba.72

menejmentisa da organizaciuli problemebis universaluri pasuxe-bis ararseboba imas ar niSnavs, rom adamianebs erTmaneTisagan swavla ar SeuZliaT. piriqiT, sazRvars iqiT gadaxedva menejmentisaTvis, organiza-ciisaTvis an politikisaTvis axali ideebis miRebis yvelaze efeqturi gza aris. magram, maTi eqsporti dafiqrebasa da msjelobas moiTxovs. erovneba racionalobas boWavs.

251

Tavi 8

spilo da wero: organizaciuli kultura

Heaven’s Gate BV (HGBV) holandiis qimiuri mrewvelobis sawarmoa, rome-lic samoci welia arsebobs. misi bevri TanamSromeli Zalian didi xania muSaobs organizaciaSi. isini mraval istorias da ambavs ixseneben kom-paniis warsulidan. muSebi yvebian, rogori mZime samuSao hqondaT maSin, rodesac tvirTs xeliT ezidebodnen, ixseneben sicxes da fizikur riskebs. HGBV-s mdidari damsaqmebelis saxeli hqonda gavardnili. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mis produqciaze moTxovna miwodebas aRemateboda. produq-cias anawilebdnen, mas ar hyidden. momxmareblebi keTilganwyobili da zr-dilobianebi unda yofiliyvnen, Tu produqciis miReba surdaT. kompania Semosavals Zalze martivad iRebda.

HGBV-s marTvis stili paternalisturi iyo. moxuci generaluri mene-jeri yovel diliT Semoivlida sawarmos da xels arTmevda yvelas, visac gzad Sexvdeboda. rogorc TanamSromlebi amboben, es kompaniis tradiciis safuZvelia, romelic dRemde arsebobs da `HGBV-is misalmeba~ ewodeba: rodesac adamiani diliT samsaxurSi modis, igi xelis CamorTmeviT esalmeba kolegebs. misalmebis amgvari rituali bunebrivi iqneboda safrangeTSi, Tumca uCveuloa holandiisTvis. mdidari da paternalisturi HGBV didi xnis ganmavlobaSi erTgvar mfarvelad iyo miCneuli rogorc sakuTari TanamSromlebisTvis, rodesac maT es sWirdebodaT, ise adgilobrivi sa-zogadoebisTvis. aseTi Sexeduleba garkveulwilad dRemde SenarCunda. TanamSromlebis mier organizacia kvlav aRiqmeba, rogorc sasurveli damqiravebeli, romelic maT sTavazobs karg anazRaurebas, bonusebis si-stemas da usafrTxo, garantirebul samuSaos. HGBV dRemde miCneulia samuSao adgilad, romelic mTeli cxovrebis manZilze ineba. nebismieri isurvebda, rom mis Svilebsac am organizaciaSi emuSavaT. HGBV sxvadasxva adgilobrivi sportuli da humanitaruli asociaciis regularuli spon-soria. `HGBV-s arasodes uTqvams uari sazogadoebisTvis daxmarebaze.~

organizaciaSi keTilganwyobili samuSao atmosferoa, TanamSromlebs Tavisuflebis maRali xarisxi aqvT miniWebuli. qarxanas xSirad erTgvar klubad, soflad, ojaxad warmoadgenen. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva TanamSromelTa 25 da 40 wlis iubileebs. sayovelTaod cnobilia Soba-sTan dakavSirebuli dResaswaulebi, romlebic sawarmoSi ewyoba xolme. aseTi tipis dResaswaulebi didi istoriis mqone ritualebis gamoxatule-baa, romlebsac TanamSromlebi dRemde afaseben. HGBV-is kulturaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba socialur qcevebTan dakavSirebul dauwerel kano-nebs. adamiani ar cxovrobs imisTvis, rom imuSaos, igi muSaobs imisTvis, rom icxovros. gacilebiT naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ras akeTebs adamiani, imasTan SedarebiT, Tu rogor akeTebs igi imas, rasac akeTebs. adamiani araformalur urTierTobaTa bades unda moergos. aRniSnuli moTxovna vrceldeba organizaciis yvela ierarqiul rangze. morgebaSi igulisxmeba konfliqtebisTvis da pirdapiri konfrontaciebisTvis Ta-


vis arideba, sxvebis Secdomebis dafarva, gamosworeba, organizaciisadmi erTguleba, megobruloba, Tavmdabloba, keTilganwyobili TanamSromlo-ba. aravin ar unda gamoarCio zedmetad, arc uaryofiTi da arc dadebiTi TvalsazrisiT.

marTalia, HGBV-is TanamSromlebi erTmaneTze Civian xolme, magram Riad da pirdapir arasodes. Civili Semoifargleba mxolod konkretuli adamianis uaxloesi wriT da ar aRwevs ufrosebamde an gareSe pirebamde. harmoniasa da jgufur solidarobaze amgvari zrunva kargadaa morgebuli im geografiuli regionis kulturasTan, sadac HGBV mdebareobs. axal-mosulebis miReba swrafad xdeba, Tu isini adaptirdebian. maT socialur adaptacias meti yuradReba eTmoba, vidre samuSaos Sesrulebis xarisxs. arsebuli harmoniis damrRvevs aTavisufleben, rac ar unda kargi muSaki iyos igi profesiuli TvalsazrisiT. darRveuli urTierTobebis aRdgenas SeiZleba wlebi dasWirdes. `Cven gvirCevnia samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli problema kidev erTi Tve gagrZeldes da did finansur xarjebs ukavSir-debodes, vidre arakeTilganwyobili gziT movagvaroT is.~ organizaciis wesebi arasodesaa absoluturi. yvelaze mniSvnelovani wesi, rogorc erT-erTma respondentma aRniSna, isaa, rom wesebi moqnilia. adamianma SeiZleba daarRvios wesi, Tuki amas rbilad gaakeTebs. meti sifrTxile im adamians marTebs, romelic wesis darRvevas ganxilvis sagnad aqcevs da ara imas, vinc uSualod daarRvevs mas.

lideroba HGBV-Si socialuri qcevis paternebs unda Seesabamebodes, imisTvis, rom efeqturi iyos. menejerebi Ria, samarTliani da kargi ms-menelebi unda iyvnen. amJamindeli generaluri menejeri swored aseTia. mas sakuTar Tavze didi warmodgena ar aqvs, yvela rangis TanamSromelTan urTierTobs da isini mas Tavisianad aRiqvamen. karieruli winsvla or-ganizaciaSi ZiriTadad socialur unarebzea damokidebuli. adamians ar unda hqondes gadaWarbebuli warmodgena sakuTar Tavze; igi SeiZleba ar iyos brwyinvale profesionali, magram sxvebTan kargi urTierToba unda hqondes, icodes, rogor moergos arsebul araformalur urTierTobebs. adamiani unda miekuTvnebodes `CogburTis klubs~. saboloo jamSi, adamia-ni pativs unda scemdes karg pirovnebad yofnis mkacr wesebs.

zemoT aRwerili romantikuli suraTi bolo dros garkveulwilad dai-rRva gare zegavlenis Sedegad. pirvel rigSi, Seicvala situacia bazar-ze da organizacia moxvda misTvis ucnob konkurentul garemoSi. saWiro gaxda xarjebis da adamianuri resursebis Semcireba. HGBV-is tradicii-samebr amgvari problemis gadaWra xdeboda ara TanamSromlebis samsaxu-ridan koleqtiuri gaTavisuflebiT, aramed maTi pensiaze adre gaSvebiT. miuxedavad amisa, veterani TanamSromlebi, romlebsac droze adre mouwi-aT organizaciis datoveba, Sokirebulni iyvnen im faqtiT, rom kompanias isini aRar sWirdeboda.

garda amisa, rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, garemos dabinZurebis gamo garemos damcvelebma daiwyes organizaciis kritika. garemos dacvis sakiTxi ki gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani gaxda politikur wreebSi. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom HGBV-is muSaobisTvis aucilebeli licenziebi gauqm-

253sp i l o d a w e r o : o r ga n iz a c i u l i k u l tu r a

des. kompaniis menejmenti Seecada aRniSnuli problema sxvadasxva avto-ritetul figurebTan lobirebiT, media kampaniiT, organizaciaSi sajaro vizitebis organizebiT gadaeWra, Tumca am yvelafers warmateba ar mohyo-lia. HGBV-is SigniT es safrTxe ufro Serbilebulad aRiqmeba. adamianebs ver warmoudgeniaT, rom erT dRes HGBV-m SeiZleba aRar iarsebos. `Cveni menejmenti yovelTvis poulobda gamosavals. gamosavali axlac iqneba.~ paralelurad, xelmZRvaneloba cdilobs organizaciis konkurentunaria-noba produqciis xarisxis gaumjobesebisa da gamravalferovnebis gziT gazardos. yovelive es gulisxmobs kompaniaSi axali xalxis Semoyvanas. Tumca, aRniSnuli siaxleebi pirispir ejaxeba HGBV-is tradiciul kul-turas.1

sayovelTao gataceba organizaciuli kulturiT

zemoT moyvanil mokle magaliTSi organizaciuli kulturaa aRwerili. HGBV-Si momuSave adamianebs qcevisa da urTierTobis gansazRvruli, spe-cifikuri manerebi aqvT, rac maT ganasxvavebs Tundac igive geografiul regionSi, magram sxva organizaciebSi momuSave adamianebisgan. wina TavebSi kultura ZiriTadad dakavSirebuli iyo erovnebebTan. inglisurenovani literatura, sadac kultura, rogorc organizaciis atributad ganixile-ba, pirvelad 1960-ian wlebSi gamoCnda: termini ̀ organizaciuli kultura~ gaxda `organizaciuli klimatis~ sinonimi. ekvivalenturi termini `kor-poraciuli kultura~, romelic 1970-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda, mas Semdeg gaxda popularuli, rac 1982 wels aSS-Si gamoica terens dilis da alan kenedis wigni `korporaciuli kultura~. termini kidev ufro farTod gavrcelda igive wels gamocemuli tomas pitersisa da robert uoterma-nis wignis, `saukeTesos ZiebaSi~ Semdeg.2 es avtorebic makkinzi-harvard biznesskolis (McKinsey-Harvard Business School) gunds miekuTvnebodnen. amis Semdeg aRniSnuli sakiTxis irgvliv sakmaod farTo literatura gaCnda sxvadasxva enaze.

pitersi da uotermani werdnen:

`eWvgareSea, rom organizaciuli kulturis dominantoba da mdgra-doba warmatebuli, saukeTeso organizaciebis aucilebeli maxasiaTe-belia. garda amisa, rac ufro Zlieria da bazarze orientirebulia kul-tura, miT ufro naklebia kompaniaSi politikis saxelmZRvaneloebis, organizaciuli struqturis an detaluri procedurebisa da wesebis sa-Wiroeba. aseT organizaciebSi adamianebma ierarqiis yvela doneze ician, Tu ra unda gaakeTon gansxvavebul situaciebSi, vinaidan warmmarTveli Rirebulebebis naTeli erToblioba arsebobs.~ 3

kompaniis, organizaciis kulturaze saubari popularuli gaxda ro-gorc menejerebisa da konsultantebis wreSi, ise mecnierebs Soris, Tumca am ukanasknelTa SemTxvevaSi odnav sxva TvalsazrisiT. popularoba war-mavalia. aseve moxda organizaciuli kulturis SemTxvevaSic, Tumca man


mainc datova Tavisi nakvalevi. organizaciuli, an korporaciuli kultu-ra iseTive moduri ganxilvis sagani gaxda, rogorc organizaciuli stru-qtura, strategia da kontroli. aRniSnuli cnebis standartuli gansaz-Rvreba ar arsebobs, magram im adamianTa umetesoba, romelic wers masze, albaT daTanxmdebodnen, rom organizaciuli kultura aris:

• holisturi — mTliani, romelic ufro metia, vidre Semadgeneli

nawilebis ubralo erTianoba

• istoriulad ganpirobebuli — asaxavs organizaciis istorias

• anTropologiuri Seswavlis sagani _ ritualebi da simboloebi

• socialuri konstruqti — Seqmnilia da SenarCunebulia adamianebis

jgufis mier, romlebic erToblivad qmnian organizacias

• rbili — Tumca pitersi da uotermani TavianT mkiTxvelebs arw-

munebdnen, rom `rbili aris magari~

• rTuli Sesacvleli — Tumca avtorebs sxvadasxva Sexeduleba aqvT

imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ramdenad Znelad eqvemdebareba is cvli-

lebas

pirvel TavSi kultura ganmartebuli iyo, rogorc `gonebis koleqti-uri programireba, romelic adamianebis erT jgufs an kategorias ganasx-vavebs meorisgan.~ aqedan gamomdinare, organizaciuli kultura SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc ̀ gonebis koleqtiuri programireba, romelic erTi organizaciis wevrebs, TanamSromlebs ganasxvavebs meore organizaciis we-vrebisgan.~ magram, unda gaviTvaliswinoT is faqti, rom organizaciuli kultura arsebobs ara mxolod organizaciis wevrebis, aramed aseve misi sxva `mewileebis~ gonebaSic da yvela im adamianisTvis, visac garkveuli urTierToba aqvs organizaciasTan (magaliTad, momxmareblebi, klientebi, momwodeblebi, profesiuli kavSirebi, mezoblebi, politikuri figurebi da presa).

Zlieri organizaciuli kulturis mqone kompaniebi im TvalsazrisiT, romelsac pitersi da uotermeni gvTavazoben, zog adamianSi dadebiT grZ-nobebs aRZravs, zogSi _ uaryofiTs. Zlieri organizaciuli kulturis flobis sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli survili xSirad kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba _ man SeiZleba fataluri rigiduloba gamoiwvios.4

Zlieri organizaciuli kulturisadmi Sexedulebaze garkveulwilad zegavlenas axdens erovnuli kulturis elementebi. IBM-is, pitersis da uotermanis mixedviT, erT-erTi saukeTeso kompaniis, organizaciuli kul-tura, Zalze uaryofiTad iyo daxasiaTebuli wamyvani frangi sociologis, maqs paJes mier 1979 wels ganxorcielebuli IBM safrangeTis kvlevaSi. avtorma aRniSnul organizacias `axali eklesia~ („la nouvelle église“) uwoda.5

amerikul sazogadoebasTan SedarebiT, franguli sazogadoeba gacile-biT metad xasiaTdeba rigiTi moqalaqis mxridan ierarqiasa da wesebze damokidebulebiT (ixileT meore, mexuTe da meSvide Tavebi). frangi mec-nierebic TavianTi sazogadoebis Svilebi arian da, Sesabamisad, mosalod-


nelia, rom amerikel mecnierebze metad gaamaxvileben yuradRebas intele-qtualur wesebze, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, organizaciis racionalur elementebze. amave dros, rogorc mesame TavSi aRvniSneT, franguli kul-tura individualisturia, amitom arsebobs individis racionaluri si-stemebisgan dacvis saWiroeba.6

holandielma sociologma jozef soetersma aCvena msgavseba pitersisa da uotermanis `saukeTeso kompaniebis~ aRwerasa da socialur moZraobebs Soris, romlebic qadageben moqalaqeTa uflebebze, qalTa liberaliza-ciaze, religiur Tavisuflebaze an civilizaciisgan ganridebaze. Tavad aSS-Si iyideboda baraTebi warweriT `mirCevnia movkvde, vidre viyo sauke-Teso.~ soetersis Tanamemamulem, korneli lamersma aCvena, rom `saukeTe-so kompaniebi~ `bunebrivi organizaciebis~ organizaciul sociologiaSi gamoyofili idealuri tipebis genealogiis ukanaskneli STamomavlebi iyv-nen. es tipi jer kidev 1931 wels germanelma sociologma jozef paiperma (SesaZloa manamde sxvebmac) aRwera da atlantikis orive mxaris sociolo-giurma literaturam aitaca.7

gansxvavebuli reaqcia gamovlinda skandinaviur qveynebSi, rogoricaa dania, SvedeTi da garkveulwilad norvegia da fineTi. am SemTxvevaSi sa-zogadoeba ufro naklebadaa agebuli ierarqiasa da wesebze, vidre aSS-Si. `organizaciuli kulturis~ ideas am qveynebSi dadebiTad, mowonebiT Sexvdnen, vinaidan, rogorc Canda, is aqcents akeTebda iracionalursa da paradoqsulze. aRniSnulma faqtma saerTod ar SeuSala xeli ZiriTadad dadebiTi damokidebulebis Camoyalibebas organizaciuli kulturis mi-marT.8

oci wlis ganmavlobaSi organizaciul kulturaze Seqmnili literatu-ris Seswavlis safuZvelze Svedi sociologi mets alvesoni erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs rva metaforas, romelsac sxvadasxva avtori iyenebs:

1. araformaluri kontraqtis kontrolis meqanizmebi 2. kompasi, romelic prioritetul mimarTulebebs uCvenebs3. organizaciasTan identifikaciisTvis saWiro socialuri webo 4. kerpi, romlis erTgulnic arian adamianebi5. emociebisa da maTi gamoxatvis regulatori6. konfliqtebis, orazrovnebisa da fragmentaciis narevi7. mocemulobad miCneuli ideebi, romlebsac mivyavarT gauTval-

iswinebel, gaugebar situaciebamde8. ideebis da mniSvnelobebis Caketili sistema, romelic adamianebs

axali SesaZleblobebis kritikulad SeswavlaSi xels uSlis.9

savaraudod, yvelaze didi gansxvaveba organizaciul kulturaze ar-sebuli naSromebis avtorebs Soris imaSia, Tu rogor aris danaxuli es fenomeni — rogorc fenomeni, romelic organizacias aqvs, Tu fenomeni, romelic organizacia TavisTavad aris. pirvels mivyavarT analitikur midgomamde da cvlilebebis mniSvnelovnebis gaTvaliswinebamde. aseTi midgoma gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebulia menejerebsa da menejmentis kon-sultantebs Soris. meore Tvalsazrisi mxars uWers sinTetur midgomas


da gagebis, amoxsnis mniSvnelovnebas. is umeteswilad mecnierebs Soris gvxvdeba.10

gansxvaveba organizaciul da erovnul kulturas Soris: IRIC proeqti

sityva ̀ kulturis~ gamoyeneba rogorc erebis, ise organizaciebis kon-teqstSi, mianiSnebs imaze, rom kulturis es ori saxe identuri fenomene-bia. Tumca, es ase ar aris: eri ar aris organizacia da kulturis es ori saxe sxvadasxva bunebisaa.

gansxvaveba erovnul da organizaciul kulturas Soris dafuZnebulia Rirebulebebisa da praqtikebis gansxvavebul nazavze, rogorc es naCvene-bia 8.1 naxazSi, romelic 1.3 naxazze dayrdnobiTaa gakeTebuli. erovnuli kultura warmoadgens erTgvari mentaluri programis nawils, romels-ac viZenT Cveni cxovrebis pirveli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ojaxSi, sac-xovrebel garemocvaSi, skolaSi. igi moicavs Cveni sabaziso Rirebulebebis udides nawils. organizaciul (anu korporaciul) kulturas viZenT maSin, rodesac SevdivarT organizaciaSi, rogorc ukve myarad Camoyalibebuli Rirebulebebis mqone axalgazrda, an arc Tu ise axalgazrda zrdasruli. organizaciis SemTxvevaSi kultura metwilad Sedgeba organizaciis pra-qtikebisgan _ isini SedarebiT zedapirulia.11

Rirebulebebi

praqtikebi

done

genderulierovnuli

socialuri klasi

profesiuli

organizaciulikopporaciuli

industria

genderulierovnulisamsaxuri

skola

ojaxi

sqema 8.1 Rirebulebebis da praqtikebis balansi kulturis sxvadasxva donisTvis

8.1 naxazze gamoyofilia agreTve kulturis ramdenime sxva done: gen-deruli done — kidev ufro bazisuri, vidre erovneba; socialuri klasis done zrdis an klebis SesaZleblobiT; profesiuli done, romelic da-kavSirebulia arCeul saskolo ganaTlebis tipTan da industriuli done,


romelic Tavsdeba profesiulsa da organizaciul doneebs Soris. indu-stria, anu biznesis mimarTuleba, logikuri an tradiciuli mizezebidan gamomdinare, qiraobs konkretul profesiebs da inarCunebs specifikur organizaciul Cvevebs.

erovnuli kulturis WrilSi sxva mxriv yvelanairad msgavsi adamiane-bis Sedarebisas IBM-is kvlevam gamoavlina mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba Ri-rebulebebSi pirvel TavSi aRwerili zogadi Rirebulebebis kuTxiT: ma-galiTad, keTilis da borotis zogadi SegrZneba da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara IBM-Si erTnair samuSaoze momuSave TanamSrom-lebis msgavseba praqtikebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed gansxvaveba sxvadasxva erovnul ganStoebebSi.

rodesac weren, rom Tanamedrove msoflioSi erovnuli kultura ufro msgavsi, erTgvarovani xdeba, aRniSnuli Sexedulebis dadastureba, ro-gorc wesi, xdeba praqtikebis donidan aRebuli magaliTebiT: adamianebi erTnairad icvamen, yiduloben erTi da imave produqtebs, iyeneben erTi da imave modur sityvebs (simboloebi), uyureben erTi da imave satelevi-zio gadacemebsa da filmebs (gmirebi), dakavebulni arian erTi da imave sportiTa da dasvenebisa da garTobis saSualebebiT (ritualebi). kultu-ris es met-naklebad zedapiruli gamoxatulebebi zogjer SecdomiT aris miCneuli kulturad mTlianobaSi. xSirad uyuradRebod rCeba Rirebule-bebis ufro siRrmiseuli done, romelic adamianebisTvis garkveuli pra-qtikebis mniSvnelobas gansazRvravs. swored Rirebulebebis Seswavlaze orientirebuli kvlevebi gamudmebiT avlenen sxvadasxva erebs Soris am mimarTulebiT arsebul STambeWdav gansxvavebebs. es faqti WeSmaritia ara mxolod IBM-is kvlevebis da maTi mravalricxovani replikaciebisTvis (cxrili 1.1), aramed `Rirebulebebis msoflio kvlevis~ etapebisTvis, ro-melic populaciis reprezentatul SerCevebze keTdeba.12

winamdebare Tavis udidesi nawili eyrdnoba 1985 wlidan 1987 wlam-de Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebs. kvleva ganxorcielda interkulturu-li TanamSromlobis kvlevis institutis (IRIC) daxmarebiT da mas girti xelmZRvanelobda. kvlevam modelad gamoiyena IBM-is erovnebaTSorisi kvleva. paradoqsulia, magram am ukanasknels ar moucia pirdapiri infor-macia IBM-is korporaciuli kulturis Sesaxeb, radgan yvela Seswavlili ganyofileba erTi korporaciidan iyo da SedarebisaTvis gare faqtori ar arsebobda. rogorc erovnebaTSorisi kvlevis damateba, IRIC-is kvleva organizaciaTaSorisi iyo: nacvlad imisa, rom moecva erTi korporacia ramdenime qveyanaSi, is Seexo ramdenime sxvadasxva organizacias or qveya-naSi, kerZod, daniasa da holandiaSi.

IRIC-is kvlevam gamoavlina, rom organizaciul doneze Rirebulebebis roli da mniSvnelovneba CvevebTan SedarebiT absoluturad sapirispiroa erovnul doneze maTi rolisa. sxvadasxva organizaciaSi momuSave yvela sxva parametriT msgavsi adamianebis Sedarebam aCvena sakmaod didi gansx-vaveba maT Cvevebs Soris, magram gacilebiT naklebi gansxvaveba Rirebule-bebis, Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT.

amave dros, korporaciul kulturaze arsebuli popularuli litera-


tura pitersis da uotermanis kvaldakval amtkicebda imas, rom korpora-ciuli kulturis safuZvels warmoadgens gaziarebuli Rirebulebebi. IRIC-is proeqtma aCvena, rom organizaciuli kulturis qvakuTxedad unda CaiTvalos yoveldRiuri praqtikebis gaziarebuli percefcia. TanamSro-melTa Rirebulebebi erTmaneTisgan ufro metad maTi sqesis, asakis da ganaTlebis (da, ra Tqma unda, maTi erovnebis) mixedviT gansxvavdeboda, vidre maTi ama Tu im organizaciisTvis mikuTvnebulobiT.

gansxvaveba IRIC-is Sedegebsa da pitersisa da uotermanis da maTi mim-devrebis mtkicebulebebs Soris SeiZleba im faqtiT aixsnas, rom menej-mentis amerikuli literatura cdilobs aRweros korporaciuli gmirebis (damfuZneblebi da mniSvnelovani liderebi) Rirebulebebi, xolo IRIC-is farglebSi gamoikiTxa organizaciebis Cveulebrivi, rigiTi TanamSromle-bi, romlebic realurad arian kulturis matareblebi. kvleva afasebda, Tu ramdenad kargad gaiges liderebisgan momavali gzavnilebi organiza-ciis wevrebma. damfuZneblebis da wamyvani liderebis Rirebulebebi, ra Tqma unda, ayalibebs organizaciul kulturas, magram aRniSnuli kul-turis mier rigiT TanamSromlebze gavlenis moxdena gaziarebuli pra-qtikebis meSveobiT xdeba. damfuZneblebisa da liderebis Rirebulebebi organizaciis wevrebis praqtikebi xdeba.

efeqturi da yvelas mier gamoyenebuli praqtikebi ganapirobebs imas, rom multinacionalur korporaciebs saerTod SeswevT funqcionirebis Zala. es kompaniebi mravali sxvadasxva erovnebis adamians asaqmeben da ver eqnebaT molodini, rom TanamSromlebis Rirebulebebis sistema ms-gavsia. organizaciebi TavianTi operaciebis koordinaciasa da kontrols axorcieleben msoflios masStabiT msgavsi praqtikebis danergviT. es pra-qtikebi STagonebulia erovnuli warmomavlobiT (iqneba es aSS, iaponia, germania, holandia Tu sxva), magram sxvadasxva erovnebis TanamSromlebs maTi daswavla da aTviseba SeuZliaT.13

Tu organizaciis wevrTa Rirebulebebi, upirveles yovlisa, ganpiro-bebulia raime sxva kriteriumiT da ara organizaciis wevrobiT, maSin am Rirebulebebis organizaciaSi moxvedra xdeba SerCeva-daqiravebis meSveo-biT: kompania qiraobs gansazRvruli erovnebis, sqesis, asakis, Tu ganaT-lebis adamianebs. organizaciaSi maTi Semdgomi socializacia warmoadgens praqtikebis, tradiciebis (kerZod, simboloebis, gmirebisa da ritualebis) daswavlis sakiTxs.

orma holandielma mkvlevarma, jozef soetersma da hain Sreder-ma erTmaneTs Seadares holandiuri da holandiaSi arsebuli ucxouri buRaltruli firmebis TanamSromlebi. maT gamoavlines gansxvaveba ori jgufis Rirebulebebs Soris, magram SeZles imis dadastureba, rom aR-niSnuli sxvaoba ganpirobebuli iyo kandidatebis mier ganxorcielebuli TviT-arCeviT da ara firmaSi muSaobis dawyebis Semdeg arsebul Rire-bulebebTan mimarTebaSi socializaciiT.14 adamianuri resursebis depar-tamentebi, romlebic axorcieleben dasaqiravebeli adamianebis winaswar SerCevas, mniSvnelovan rols asruleben organizaciuli Rirebulebebis SenarCunebis procesSi (rogorc pozitiuri, ise negatiuri mimarTulebiT).


es aris roli, romelsac adamianuri resursebis menejerebi (da maTi kole-gebi) yovelTvis ver acnobiereben.

Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi midgomebi IRIC-is proeqtSi

dasawyisSi IRIC-is proeqtis idea iyo erTmaneTisTvis Seedarebina or-ganizaciebi erTi qveynis (holandiis) masStabiT. kvlevaSi monawileobis msurvelTa povna sakmaod rTuli aRmoCnda. danieli konsultantis gu-luxvi daxmarebis Sedegad kvlevas ramdenime daniuri organizacia daama-tes. saboloo jamSi, proeqti ganxorcielda aTi sxvadasxva organizaciis oc ganyofilebaSi; aqedan xuTi kompania daniidan, xolo xuTi holandii-dan iyo. IBM-is erovnuli kulturis ganzomilebebis mixedviT am or qvey-anas met-naklebad msgavsi Sedegebi hqonda: orive miekuTvneba erTi da imave skandinaviur-holandiur klasters. aRniSnuli erovnuli konteq-stis farglebSi IRIC-is proeqti sxvadasxva tipis organizaciebis farTo speqtrs Seexo. vakvirdebiT ra imas, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva organizaciis kultura, ukeTesad vigebT imas, Tu rogor aris gansxvavebuli gansxvavebuli da msgavsi msgavsi. kvlevis obieqti iyo rogorc mTeli organizaciebi, ise maTi calkeuli nawilebi, romlebic, menejerebis azriT, met-naklebad homogenuri iyo kulturuli Tvalsaz-risiT (mogvianebiT, kvlevis Sedegebma saSualeba mogvca, Segvemowmebina maTi varaudi).

8.1 cxrilSi CamoTvlilia saqmianobebi, romlebsac kvlevaSi monawile oci organizaciuli ganyofileba axorcielebda. ganyofilebebis moculo-ba samoci adamianidan 2 500 adamianamde meryeobda. ganyofilebebis rao-denoba mcire iyo imisTvis, rom SesaZlebeli yofiliyo TiToeuli maTga-nis siRrmiseuli Seswavla, rogorc calke Tvisebrivi SemTxvevis Seswavla. amasTanave, raodenoba sakmarisad didi iyo imisTvis, rom yvela magali-TisTvis momxdariyo SedarebiTi raodenobrivi monacemebis statistikur analizi.

cxrili 8.1 IRIC -is proeqtSi monawile organizaciebi

warmoebis sferoSi momuSave kerZo kompaniebi (eleqtronika, qimiuri nivTierebebi, samomxmareblo saqoneli)

mTliani organizacia, an mwarmoebeli ganyofileba 6 saTao ofisi an marketignis ganyofileba 3 kvlevisa da ganviTarebis ganyofileba 2 momsaxurebis sferoSi momuSave kerZo kompaniebis (sabanko, satransporto, gayidvebi) ganyofilebebi 5 sajaro dawesebulebebis (telekomunikacia, policia) ganyofilebebi 4

Seswavlili ganyofilebebis saerTo raodenoba 20


kvlevis pirveli, Tvisebrivi nawili Sedgeboda CaRrmavebuli pirispir interviusgan, romelic daaxloebiT ori-sami saaTi grZeldeboda da TiTo ganyofilebidan 9 informanti moicva (mTlianobaSi 180 respondenti). aR-niSnuli interviuebi orientirebuli iyo rogorc mTeli ganyofilebis (geStalti) kulturis Sesaxeb zogadi warmodgenis Seqmnaze, ise im sakiT-xebis identificirebasa da Segrovebaze, romlebic Caideboda kvlevis mom-devno etapze gaTvaliswinebul kiTxvarSi. informantebis SerCeva xdeboda im adamianTan gasaubrebis safuZvelze, romelic mkvlevrebis sakontaqto piri iyo ganyofilebaSi. SerCeva xdeboda imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom re-spondents unda SeZleboda moewodebina saintereso da informaciuli masala kulturis Sesaxeb. informantebis jgufSi aucileblad Sedioda ganyofilebis maRali rangis menejeri da misi mdivani. garda amisa, jgufi moicavda yvela donis sxvadasxva tipis samuSaos Semsrulebel adamianebs, rogorc ganyofilebis veteran TanamSromlebs, ise axaldaqiravebulebs, mamakacebs da qalebs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi darajic ki iyo miCneuli sau-keTeso informantad. jgufSi yovelTvis Sedioda TanamSromelTa warmo-madgeneli (maRaziis mmarTvelis eqvivalenturi).

interviuierebis gundi Sedgeboda 18 wevrisgan (danielebi an holandie-lebi). maT umetesobas gavlili hqonda treningi socialur mecnierebebSi, magram mizanmimarTulad iyvnen SerCeuli iseTi adamianebi, romlebsac ar hqondaT zusti warmodgena imaze, Tu ra tipis aqtivobebi xorcieldebo-da kvlevis obieqt ganyofilebebSi. TiToeul ganyofilebaSi interviuebs atarebda ori interviueri, qali da mamakaci, vinaidan interviueris sqess SeiZleboda gavlena moexdina miRebul dakvirvebebze, informaciaze. yve-la interviuers winaswar Cautarda proeqtTan dakavSirebuli absolutu-rad erTnairi treningi da yoveli maTgani intervius procesSi iyenebda Ria kiTxvebis erTi da igive vrcel CamonaTvals.

CamonaTvali moicavda Semdegi saxis kiTxvebs:

• organizaciis simboloebis Sesaxeb: ra specifikuri, konkretuli

terminebi, gamonaTqvamebi gamoiyeneba organizaciaSi, romlebic mx-

olod mis wevrebs esmiT?

• organizaciis gmirebis Sesaxeb: rogor adamianebs aqvT yvelaze me-

tad swrafi karieruli ganviTarebisa da winsvlis perspeqtiva

Tqvens organizaciaSi? vis miiCnevT Tqveni organizaciisTvis gansa-

kuTrebiT mniSvnelovan adamianad?

• organizaciis ritualebis Sesaxeb: ra tipis periodul SexvedrebSi

iRebT monawileobas? rogor iqcevian adamianebi am Sexvedrebis

dros? romeli dResaswaulebi aRiniSneba Tqvens organizaciaSi?

• organizaciis Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb: yvelaze metad ra surT Tanam-

Sromlebs, rom dainaxon TavianT organizaciaSi? romelia yvelaze

didi Secdoma, romelic SeiZleba dauSvas adamianma am organizaci-

aSi? samuSaosTan dakavSirebulma ra tipis problemebma SeiZleba ar


dagaZinoT Rame?

interviuerebs SeeZloT respondentebisgan sxva informaciac mieRoT, Tu amas saWirod CaTvlidnen. xdeboda intervius firze Cawera, xolo in-terviuerebs unda daeweraT angariSi yoveli intervius Sesaxeb. angariSi iwereboda winaswar gansazRvruli TanmimdevrobiT da xdeboda responden-tis rac SeiZleba meti frazis citireba.

proeqtis meore, raodenobrivi nawili moicavda werilobiT gamokiTxvas winanswar kodirebuli kiTxvaris meSveobiT, romelic Sesavsebad eZleoda TiToeuli ganyofilebis mkacrad SemTxveviT SerCevas (gansxvavebiT pir-veli Tvisebrivi nawilisgan). SerCeva Sedgeboda daaxloebiT 25 meneje-risgan (an imdenisgan, ramdenic iyo warmodgenili ganyofilebaSi, Tu maTi raodenoba Seadgenda 25-ze naklebs), 25 kolejis donis ara-menejerisgan (`profesionalisgan~) da 25 ara-kolejis donis ara-menejerisgan. kiTxvari moicavda garkveul sakiTxebs IBM-is erovnebaTSorisi kvlevidan da mog-vianebiT gakeTebul damatebas, Tumca kiTxvebis umetesoba Camoyalibda kvlevis pirvel fazaSi ganxorcielebuli interviuebis Sedegad. kiTxvebi exeboda yvela im aspeqts, romelic, interviuerTa azriT, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli iyo sxvadasxva ganyofilebaSi. maT Soris iyo yoveldRiuri praqtikebis bevri percefcia, romelic erovnebaTSoris kvlevebSi ar ga-nuxilavT.

rogorc intervius, ise kiTxvaris Sedegebi ganyofilebis xelmZRvane-lobasTan ganixileboda, xolo zogjer, xelmZRvanelobis Tanxmobis miRe-bis SemTxvevaSi, miewodeboda TanamSromelTa farTo jgufsac.

CaRrmavebuli interviuebis Sedegebi: SAS-is magaliTi

oci ganyofilebis Seswavlam Sedegad mogvca amdenive magaliTi, Ti-Toeuli ganyofilebis kulturis amomwuravi aRwera. gamokiTxvis Sedege-biT ki interviuebis interpretacia Semowmda. am Tavis dasawyisSi ganxi-luli -is magaliTi swored gamokiTxvis Sedegebidan iyo aRebuli. qvemoT aRvwerT kidev erT magaliTs: skandinaviis aviaxazebis sistemas (Scandinavi-an Airlines System_SAS), kopenhagenis terminals.

1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi SAS-ma mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis procesi gaiara. axali prezidentis, ian karlconis xelmZRvanelobiT kompania mi-marTulebidan `produqti-da-teqnologia~ gadaerTo mimarTulebaze `ba-zari-da-momsaxureba~. manamde dagegmva da gayidvebi efuZneboda yvelaze Tanamedrove SesaZlo aRWurvilobiT ganxorcielebuli frenis saaTebis maqsimum raodenobas. mfrinavebi, teqnikosebi da disciplinaruli meneje-rebi kompaniis gmirebad iTvlebodnen. gauaresebulma Sedegebma kompaniis reorganizacia ganapiroba.

karlconi darwmunebuli iyo, rom aviaxazebis sakmaod konkurentul bazarze warmateba damokidebuli iyo arsebuli da potenciuri klientebis moTxovnebis da saWiroebebis umaRles doneze dakmayofilebiT. aRniSnuli


moTxovnebi Zalian kargad unda icodnen organizaciis TanamSromlebma, gamomdinare maTi klientebTan yoveldRiuri piradi urTierTobidan. adre am TanamSromlebs arasodes ekiTxebodnen azrs: isini formaSi gamowyo-bili disciplinirebuli jariskacebi iyvnen, romlebsac treningi hqon-daT gavlili imaze, Tu rogor emoqmedaT wesebis mixedviT. axla ki isini gaxdnen, ase vTqvaT, wina xazi da organizaciis restruqturizacia moxda ise, rom maT brZanebebis nacvlad mxardaWera miiRes. ufrosebi mrCevle-bad gadaiqcnen; wina xazs mieniWa mniSvnelovani Tavisufleba klientTa problemebis adgilze mogvarebis sakiTxSi. isini valdebulni iyvnen kon-kretuli SemTxvevis Semdeg TavianTi gadawyvetilebebi mxolod angariSis saxiT miewodebinaT ufrosebisTvis. yovelive es gulisxmobda TanamSro-melTa msjelobebis, gadawyvetilebebis daSvebas yvela SesaZlo riskis gaTvaliswinebiT.

IRIC-is kvlevaSi SAS-is kopenhagenis aeroportis terminali monawi-leobda. interviuebi terminalis TanamSromlebTan organizaciis restru-qturizaciidan sami wlis Semdeg Catarda. TanamSromlebi da menejerebi iyvnen disciplinirebulebi, formalurebi, punqtualurebi da atarebd-nen formebs. isini iseTi adamianebis STabeWdilebas tovebdnen, romelTac uyvarT disciplinirebul garemoSi muSaoba. TanamSromlebi cvlebSi mu-Saobdnen _ datvirTuli samuSao saaTebis periodi icvleboda aqtivobis met-naklebad pasiuri periodebiT. adamianebi TavianTi axali rolebis mi-marT sakmao mimReblobas avlendnen. rodesac saubari iyo maTi kompaniis istoriaze, warsulze, isini laparaks iwyebdnen organizaciis resrtuqtu-rizaciis periodidan; mxolod zogierTi menejeri ixsenebda ufro adrin-del wlebs.

respondentebi amayobdnen TavianTi kompaniiT: rogorc gamovlinda, maTi identoba didwilad swored organizaciidan momdinareobda. so-cialuri urTierToba samsaxuris gareT xSirad isev SAS-is sxva TanamSrom-lebTan xorcieldeboda. karlcons xSirad asaxelebdnen kompaniis gmirad. miuxedavad disciplinirebulobisa, urTierToba TanamSromlebs Soris dadebiTi da keTilganwyobili iyo, xSiri iyo urTierTdaxmareba. TanamS-romlebi, romlebsac garkveuli problemebi hqondaT pirad cxovrebaSi, mxardaWeras iRebdnen kolegebisgan da mTlianobaSi kompaniisgan. sxva-dasxva rangis menejerebi Ria da misawvdomebi iyvnen. Tumca, naTeli iyo, rom menejerebs ufro gauWirdaT axali rolebis aTviseba, vidre aramene-jerul Tanamdebobebze momuSave adamianebs. axali TanamSromlebis miReba xdeboda formaluri gacnobisa da trening-programis saSualebiT, rome-lic axdenda rTuli, problemuri klientebis SemTxvevebis simulirebas. es meTodi gacxrilvis iaraRadac gamoiyeneboda, romelic avlenda, ram-denad hqonda axal TanamSromels samuSaos SesrulebisTvis saWiro Rire-bulebebi da unarebi. isini, vinc warmatebiT gadiodnen trenings, swrafad adaptirdebodnen ganyofilebaSi da Tavs ise grZnobdnen, rogorc saxlSi. klientebis mimarT TanamSromlebi amJRavnebdnen problemebis gadaWraze orientirebul damokidebulebas: isini eZebdnen axal, originalur gzebs klientTa problemebis gadasaWrelad, cdilobdnen garkveuli wesebis


adaptirebas da morgebas ise, rom miRweuli yofiliyo sasurveli Sede-gi. dawinaureba xdeboda damsaxurebis mixedviT da yvela fiqrobda, rom amas imsaxurebdnen kompetenturi da damxmare TanamSromlebi. ar aris ga-moricxuli, rom aRniSnulma departamentma garkveuli sargebeli miiRo erTgvari `hotornis efeqtis~16 saSualebiT, gamomdinare im ZiriTadi rolidan, romelic man Seasrula mTlianobaSi kompaniis warmatebul re-struqturizaciaSi. warmatebuli restruqturizaciiT Seqmnili eiforia interviuebis periodSi, savaraudod, pikis fazaSi iyo. kompaniis SigniT myofi damkvirveblebi aRniSnavdnen, rom TanamSromlebis Rirebulebebi realurad ar Secvlila, ubralod restruqturizaciam ganapiroba ufro-sebisadmi damorCilebis disciplinis Canacvleba discipliniT, romelic orientirebuli iyo klientTa momsaxurebaze.

gamokiTxvis Sedegebi: organizaciuli kulturis eqvsi ganzomileba

IBM-is kvlevam gamoavlina erovnuli kulturis oTxi ganzomileba (Zalauflebrivi distancia, individualizmi-koleqtivizmi, maskulinoba-feminuroba da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba). es Rirebulebebis gan-zomilebebia, vinaidan IBM-is nacionaluri ganStoebebi erTmaneTisgan ZiriTadad TanamSromelTa kulturuli Rirebulebebis mixedviT gansx-vavdebodnen. IRIC-is organizaciaTaSorisi kvlevis farglebSi Seswavlili oci ganyofileba erTmaneTisgan mxolod mcired gansxvavdeboda Tavisi wevrebis kulturuli Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT, magram mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba iyo praqtikebis mxriv.

gamokiTxvis kiTxvebis umetesoba zomavda imas, Tu rogor aRiqvamdnen adamianebi TavianT organizaciaSi damkvidrebul Cvevebs. kiTxvebi moce-muli iyo Semdeg formatSi: `iq, sadac me vmuSaob...~ . qvemoT mogvyavs ramdenime magaliTi:

iq, sadac vmuSaob:

Sexvedrebis dro yovelTvis punqtualurad aris daculi 1 2 3 4 5

Sexvedrebis dro miaxloebiT aris daculi

raodenoba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre xarisxi 1 2 3 4 5

xarisxi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre raodenoba

yoveli aspeqti, Sesabamisad, moicavda or urTierTsawinaaRmdego de-bulebas. is, Tu romeli debuleba daiwereboda marjvena mxares da romeli marcxena mxares, SemTxveviTobis principiT wydeboda, raTa maT ganlagebas


ar moexdina miniSneba sasurvelobaze.yvela samocdaerTi `iq, sadac me vmuSaob...~ kiTxva Seiqmna Ria inter-

viuebis dros Segrovebuli informaciis safuZvelze da statistikurad gaanalizda, IBM-is kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli analizis msgavsad. Sedegad ga-movlinda eqvsi srulebiT axali ganzomileba — praqtikebis da ara Ri-rebulebebis ganzomileba. oci ganyofilebis mixedviT moxda 61 kiTxvis matricis faqtoruli analizi. TiToeuli ganyofilebisTvis iTvleboda saSualo maCvenebeli yvela kiTxvisTvis cal-calke da yvela responden-tisTvis (saidanac erTi mesamedi menejeri iyo, erTi mesamedi profesiona-li da erTi mesamedi araprofesionali). am analizis Sedegad miRebul iqna eqvsi gamokveTili faqtori, romelic asaxavda oci organizaciuli erT-eulis, ganyofilebis, erTmaneTisgan ganmasxvavebel (aRqmuli) praqtikebis ganzomilebebs. eqvsi ganzomileba erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli iyo, anu SeiZleboda Segvxvedroda nebismier kombinaciaSi.

empiriulad gamovlenili ganzomilebebisTvis dasaxelebebis miniWe-ba subieqturi procesia: es nabijia monacemebidan Teoriisken. SerCeuli dasaxelebebi ramdenjerme Seicvala. maTi amJamindeli formulireba ga-nyofilebebis TanamSromlebTan ganixiles. dasaxelebebis formulirebis dros maqsimalurad unda yofiliyo Tavidan acilebuli ganzomilebaTa polusebis dadebiTobaze an uaryofiTobaze miniSneba. ganzomilebebis in-terpretacia (rogorc dadebiTis, Tu rogorc uaryofiTis), mTlianad da-mokidebuli iyo ganyofilebebis menejerebis survilze da Sexedulebebze. sabolood ganzomilebebisTvis Camoyalibda Semdegi dasaxelebebi:

1. procesebze orientacia — Sedegebze orientacia2. TanamSromlebze orientacia — samuSaoze orientacia 3. adgilobrivi — profesiuli4. Ria sistema — Caketili sistema5. msubuqi kontroli — mkacri kontroli6. normatiuli — pragmatuli

mocemuli eqvsi krosorganizaciuli ganzomileba im TanmimdevrobiT dalagda, romliTac isini analizis procesSi gamovlinda. Tumca, es Teo-riul mniSvnelobas ar atarebs; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, nomeri pirveli ar aris ufro mniSvnelovani, vidre nomeri eqvsi. qveda nomeri miuTiTebs mxolod imaze, rom kiTxvari ufro met iseT kiTxvas Seicavs, romelic exeba pirvel ganzomilebas, vidre meore ganzomilebas da a.S. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli faqti gamoxatavs kiTxvaris Semdgeni mkvlevrebis interesebs.

eqvsi ganzomilebidan TiToeulisTvis SeirCa sami ZiriTadi, sakvanZo `iq, sadac me vmuSaob...~ kiTxva, raTa gamoTvliliyo TiToeuli ganyofi-lebisTvis yoveli ganzomilebis Rirebulebis indeqsi, romelic sakmaod axlos iyo IBM-is kvlevaSi gamoangariSebul Rirebulebis indeqsTan yo-veli qveynisTvis TiToeuli kulturaTSorisi ganzomilebis mixedviT. ga-nyofilebebis qulebi arCeuli sami kiTxvisTvis maRal korelaciaSi iyo


erTmaneTTan.17 isini iseTi Sinaarsis matareblebi iyvnen, rom mTlianobaSi gamoxatavdnen, mkvlevaris TvalsazrisiT, ukukavSiris sesiebSi monawile menejerebis da TanamSromlebis mier danaxul konkretul ganzomilebas.

pirveli ganzomileba erTmaneTs upirispirebs saSualebebze zrunvas (procesze orientacia) da amocanebze zrunvas (Sedegebze orientacia). sami ZiriTadi kiTxva aCvenebs, rom procesze orientirebul kultura-Si adamianebi Tavs arideben riskebs da mxolod SezRudul Zalisxmevas xarjaven TavianT samuSaoze; yoveli samuSao dRe met-naklebad erTmane-Tis msgavsia. Sedegebze orientirebul kulturaSi adamianebi Tavs kom-fortulad grZnobdnen maTTvis ucxo situaciebSi, TavianTi Zalisxmevis maqsimums uTmobdnen samuSaos da yovel dRes siaxleebi, axali gamowve-vebi mohqonda. 100 balian skalaze, sadac 0 qula gamoxatavs yvelaze me-tad procesze orientirebuli kulturis mqone ganyofilebas, xolo 100 qula — yvelaze metad Sedegze orientirebuli kulturis matarebel ga-nyofilebas, HGBV-m, zemoT ganxilulma qimiurma sawarmom, miiRo 2 qula (procesze Zalze orientirebuli organizaciaa, sadac naklebad fiqroben Sedegebze), xolo SAS-is terminalma moagrova 100 qula — nakvlev ganyo-filebebs Soris is yvelaze metad Sedegze orietirebuli kulturis mqone aRmoCnda. aRniSnuli ganzomilebisTvis rTulia Sedegze orientirebul poluss ar mieniWos `dadebiTis~ iarliyi, xolo procesze orientirebuls — `uaryofiTis~. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, aris operaciebis garkveuli kategoria, romlisTvisac gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisaa erTmniSvnelovani fokusireba procesebze. yvelaze metad procesebze orientirebuli erT-euli (0 quliT Sefasebuli) aRmoCnda warmoebis ganyofileba farmacev-tul firmaSi. wamlebis warmoeba aris SemTxveva, romlis drosac bunebrivi da logikuria riskebisTvis Tavis aridebis, rutinaze dafuZnebuli gare-mos arseboba da naklebad warmosadgenia, rom sasurveli iyos Sedegebze orientirebuli kultura. msgavsi SemTxveva SeiZleba Segvxvdes bevr sxva organizaciul ganyofilebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, Sedegebze orientacia mainc ar aris yovelTvis `kargi~ da, piriqiT, procesebze orientaciac ar SeiZleba yovelTvis miCneul iqnas, rogorc `cudi~.

pitersisa da uotermanis wignSi `saukeTesos ZiebaSi~ gatarebuli erT-erTi mTavari Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, `Zlieri~ kultura ufro efe-qturia, vidre `susti~ kultura. am daSvebis damtkicebisas problemas warmoadgens is, rom korporaciul kulturasTan dakavSirebul litera-turaSi Znelad moiZebneba kulturis siZlieris praqtikuli (operaciuli) sazomi. iqidan gamomdinare, rom es sakmaod mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, IRIC-is proeqtis farglebSi SemuSavda kulturis siZlieris gamzomi meTodi. Zlieri kultura interpretirebuli iyo, rogorc homogenuri kultura — sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kultura, romlis SemTxvevaSic yvela re-spondenti iZleoda daaxloebiT erTi da igive pasuxs ZiriTad kiTxvebze maTi Sinaarsis miuxedavad. piriqiT, susti kultura iyo heterogenuli — rodesac erTi ganyofilebis sxvadasxva TanamSromlis pasuxebi ZiriTad kiTxvebze mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan. kvlevis Sedegma aCvena, rom Seswavlil oc ganyofilebaSi kulturis siZliere (homogen-


uroba) mniSvnelovan korelaciaSi iyo Sedegebze orientaciis aspeqtTan. 18 im daSvebis farglebSi, rom `Sedegebze orientirebuli~ aRniSnavs `efe-qturs~, pitersis da uotermanis Tvalsazrisi Zlieri kulturis efeqtu-robasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dadasturda.

meore ganzomileba erTmaneTs upirispirebs TanamSromlebze zrunvas (TanamSromlebze orientacia) da samuSaos Sesrulebaze zrunvas (samu-Saoze orientacia). rogorc SerCeulma kiTxvebma aCvena, TanamSromlebze orientirebul kulturaSi adamianebi grZnobdnen, rom organizaciaSi xde-boda maTi piradi problemebis gaTvaliswineba, kompania iRebda pasuxism-geblobas maT kargad yofnaze da mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi miiRebo-da jgufebis an komisiebis mier. samuSaoze orientirebul ganyofilebebSi adamianebi Zlier zewolas grZnobdnen samuSaos Sesrulebis Tvalsazri-siT; isini fiqrobdnen, rom organizacia dainteresebuli iyo mxolod sa-muSaoTi, romelsac asrulebdnen TanamSromlebi da ara maTi piradi an maTi ojaxis keTildReobiT; mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miReba xde-boda konkretuli individebis mier. 100 balian skalaze HGBV-m miiRo 100 qula, xolo SAS-is terminalma 95 — orive maTgani TanamSromlebze ori-entirebuli kulturis matarebeli iyo. qulebi am ganzomilebaSi gamoxa-tavs ganyofilebis an kompaniis damfuZneblis (damfuZneblebis) filoso-fias, magram SeiZleba aseve asaxavdes warsuli movlenebis mier datovebul erTgvar `iarebs~. aq SeiZleba moviazroT ganyofilebebi, romlebsac ma-namde garkveuli ekonomikuri sirTuleebi hqondaT, gansakuTrebiT im Sem-TxvevaSi, Tu msgavs faqtebs Tan axlda TanamSromelTa masiuri daTxovna samsaxuridan. aseT kompaniebs, rogorc wesi, axasiaTebT samuSaoze ori-entirebuli kultura maSinac ki, roca informantebis Tanaxmad, warsul-Si organizaciaSi am TvalsazrisiT sxva situacia iyo. kvlevis farglebSi Seswavlili ganyofilebebis liderebis poziciebi Zlier TanamSromlebze orientirebuli kulturis sasurvelobis Sesaxeb erTmaneTisagan gansxvav-deboda. ukukavSirisTvis gankuTvnil diskusiebSi zogierTi maRali rangis menejeri gamoTqvamda survils, rom misi daqvemdebarebuli ganyofile-ba ufro metad TanamSromlebze orientirebuli gamxdariyo, Tumca zo-gierTs sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT surda cvlileba.

TanamSromlebze orientaciis da samuSaoze orientaciis ganzomileba liderobis amerikul models Seesabameba: robert bleiqis da jein mouto-nis menejerul bades.19

bleiqma da moutonma TavianT modelze dayrdnobiT SeimuSaves li-derobis treningis mravlismomcveli sistema. aRniSnul treningSi Ta-namSromlebze orientacia da samuSaoze orientacia ganixileba, rogorc ori damoukidebeli ganzomileba: adamians SeiZleba maRali maCvenebeli hqondes oriveSi, mxolod erTSi, an arc erTSi. rogorc vxedavT, es mo-sazreba ewinaaRmdegeba Cvens midgomas, rodesac orientaciis ori tipi ganlagebulia erTi ganzomilebis or urTierTsawinaaRmdego polusze. ma-gram aRsaniSnavia, rom bleiqis da moutonis bade gamoiyeneba individebis SemTxvevaSi maSin, rodesac IRIC-is kvleva erTmaneTs adarebs organiza-ciul ganyofilebebs, erTeulebs. IRIC-is kvleva aCvenebs, rom maSin, ro-


desac individebi erTdroulad SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc TanamSromlebze, ise samuSaoze orientirebulni, organizaciuli kultura mxolod erTs an meores aniWebs upiratesobas.

mesame ganzomileba erTmaneTs upirispirebs ganyofilebebs, romlis TanamSromlebi TavianT identobas metwilad organizaciidan gamomdinare ayalibeben (adgilobrivi) da ganyofilebebs, sadac adamianebi identifi-kacias samuSaosTan axdenen (profesiuli). sakvanZo kiTxvebis analizi av-lens, rom pirveli tipis kulturis SemTxvevaSi organizaciis wevrebi grZ-noben, rom organizaciis normebi gavlenas axdens maT qcevebze rogorc samsaxurSi, ise samsaxuris gareT, saxlSi; axali TanamSromlebis daqirave-bisas organizacia iseve iTvaliswinebs maT socialur da ojaxur mdgoma-reobas, rogorc kompetenturobas konkretul samuSaoSi; TanamSromlebi ar iyurebian Soreul momavalSi (isini savaraudod miiCneven, rom amas maT magier organizacia gaakeTebs). meore mxriv, profesiuli kulturis ma-tarebeli organizaciis wevrebi Tvlidnen, rom piradi cxovreba mxolod maTi saqme iyo da ara kompaniis; isini grZnobdnen, rom organizaciaSi maTi daqiraveba xdeboda mxolod Sesasrulebeli samuSaos TvalsazrisiT kom-petenturobis gaTvaliswinebiT da isini realurad fiqrobdnen TavianT Soreul momavalze. amerikelma sociologma robert mertonma midgomebs Soris aRniSnul sxvaobas uwoda adgilobrivi Tu kosmopolituri, esaa kontrasti internalur da eqsternalur kriteriumebs/aTvlis wertilebs Soris.20

kulturis adgilobrivi tipi xSirad asocirdeba iaponur organiza-ciebTan. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, IRIC-is kvlevaSi qulebi am ganzomi-lebaSi korelaciaSi aRmoCnda ganyofilebebis TanamSromelTa ganaTlebis donesTan: adgilobrivi kulturis matarebel erTeulebs umeteswilad naklebi formaluri ganaTlebis mqone wevri hyavdaT. SAS-is terminalSi adgilobrivi tipis kultura gamovlinda (24 qula), HGBV-m ki daaxloebiT qulaTa naxevari miiRo (48).

meoTxe ganzomileba erTmaneTs upirispirebs Ria da daxurul, Caketil sistemebs. ZiriTadi kiTxvebis mixedviT, Ria sistemis mqone ganyofilebe-bis TanamSromlebi Tvlidnen, rom maTi organizacia da misi wevrebi Riebi iyvnen axalmosulebisa da gareSe pirebis mimarT; TiTqmis yvela moergebo-da organizacias da axal TanamSromlebs mxolod ramdenime dRe sWirdebo-daT imisTvis, rom Tavi ise egrZnoT, rogorc saxlSi. daxuruli sistemis SemTxvevaSi organizacia da misi TanamSromlebi aRiqmebodnen, rogorc Caketilebi TviT kompaniis wevrebisTvisac ki; mxolod gansakuTrebuli da gamorCeuli adamianebi ergebodnen organizacias, axal TanamSromlebs ki weliwadze meti sWirdebodaT imisTvis, rom Tavi ise egrZnoT, rogorc saxlSi (yvelaze Caketili sistemis mqone organizaciuli ganyofilebis TanamSromelma, romelic mmarTveli sabWos wevri iyo, aRiara, rom 22 wlis Semdeg is Tavs mainc gareSe pirad grZnobda kompaniaSi). aRniSnul ganzo-milebaSi HGBV-m isev qulaTa naxevari miiRo (51), xolo SAS-is terminali mniSvnelovnad Ria sistemis mqone ganyofileba aRmoCnda (9). es ganzomile-ba gamoxatavs organizaciis komunikaciur klimats. gamovlenili eqvsidan


es erTaderTi ganzomilebaa, romelic erovnebasTan asocirda: rogorc gamoikveTa, Ria organizaciuli komunikaciis klimati ufro metad iyo damaxasiaTebeli daniisTvis, vidre holandiisTvis, Tumca erTi daniuri organizacia Zalze Caketili sistemis mqone aRmoCnda.

mexuTe ganzomileba gamoxatavs organizaciaSi Sida, internaluri struqturirebis xarisxs. ZiriTadi kiTxvebis analizis Sedegad gamovlin-da, rom msubuqi kontrolis mqone organizaciul ganyofilebebis TanamS-romlebs hqondaT gancda, rom aravin fiqrobda xarjebze, vadebis zusti dacva ar iyo miCneuli aucileblobad da isini xSirad xumrobdnen kom-paniasa da samuSaoze. mkacri kontrolis SemTxvevaSi adamianebi TavianT organizacias aRwerdnen, rogorc vadebis Sesrulebis mxriv punqtualur, xarjebis dazogvaze orientirebul adgils; iSviaTad xumrobdnen kompa-niaze da/an samuSaoze. miRebuli monacemebidan Cans, rom statistikurad mkacri formaluri kontrolis sistema asocirebulia mkacr dauwerel normebTan da wesebTan Cacmisa da moqcevis stilTan mimarTebaSi. 100 ba-lian skalaze, sadac 0 qula aRniSnavs Zalian msubuq, xolo 100 qula _ Zalian mkacr kontrols, SAS-ma sakmaod maRali qula miiRo (96), xolo HGBV-m kvlav naxevari (52). magram SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qulaTa naxevari sakmaod msubuq kontrols gamoxatavs warmoebisTvis, Tuki SevadarebT ms-gavsi warmoebis sxva tipis organizaciul ganyofilebebs.

da bolos, meeqvse ganzomileba dakavSirebulia momxmarebelze, kli-entze orientirebulobis sakmaod popularul cnebasTan. pragmatuli organizaciuli ganyofilebebisTvis bazari gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisaa. normatiul ganyofilebebSi gare samyarosTan mimarTebaSi dasmul amoca-nad ganixileboda myari, daurRveveli wesebis danergva. ZiriTadi kiTxvebi aCveneben, rom normatiul ganyofilebebSi ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeboda zustad organizaciuli procedurebis Sesabamisad moqmedebaze, rac ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre saboloo Sedegi; bizneseTikisa da patiosnebis TvalsazrisiT TanamSromlebi ganyofilebis standartebs maRal Sefase-bas aZlevdnen. pragmatul organizaciul erTeulebSi yvelaze didi mniSv-neloba eniWeboda momxmareblis, klientis moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas; Sedegebi ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre swori procedurebi, xolo biz-neseTikasTan mimarTebaSi pragmatuli midgoma ufro dominirebda, vidre dogmaturi. SAS-is terminalma yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli pragmatuli midgomis TvalsazrisiT (100) daagrova, rac mianiSnebs imaze, rom realu-rad is ganxorcielda, rac ian karlcons surda. HGBV-m 68 qula miiRo da, Sesabamisad, ganzomilebis aseve pragmatul nawilSi moxvda. warsulSi, rogorc HGBV-is magaliTis ganxilvisas iyo aRwerili, kompania SesaZloa ufro metad xasiaTdeboda momxmareblebis mimarT normatiuli midgomiT, Tumca, rogorc Cans, is axal konkurentul garemos moergo.


kulturasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi konkurentul upiratesobaTa masStabi

kvlevaSi monawile oci organizaciuli ganyofilebis, erTeulis ze-moT aRwerili eqvsi ganzomilebis mixedviT Seswavlam aCvena, rom pirveli, mesame, mexuTe da meeqvse ganzomilebebi (procesi Tu Sedegi, viwro Tu profesiuli, msubuqi kontroli Tu mkacri kontroli da normatiuli Tu pragmatuli) kavSirSia organizaciis saqmianobis tipTan da im bazris bune-basTan, romelSic is operirebs. aRniSnuli oTxi ganzomileba nawilobriv asaxavs industriis (an biznesis) kulturas (ixileT sqema 8.1). pirveli ganzomilebis SemTxvevaSi sawarmoo da msxvili organizaciuli ganyofile-bebis umetesi nawili xvdeboda procesze orientirebuli kulturis kate-goriaSi, xolo kvlevisa da ganviTarebis da momsaxurebis ganyofilebebi ufro metad Sedegebze orientirebulni iyvnen. mesame ganzomilebis Sem-TxvevaSi tradiciuli teqnologiis mqone organizaciebi ZiriTadad viwro, xolo uaxlesi teqnologiis mqone erTeulebi — profesiul organizacie-bad iTvlebian. mexuTe ganzomilebis SemTxvevaSi zusti an sarisko produ-qtebis an momsaxurebis mimwodebeli ganyofilebebi (magaliTad, farmacev-tuli, an fuladi gadaricxvebis mwarmoebeli kompaniebi) moxvdnen mkacri kontrolis polusze, xolo inovaciuri da araprognozirebadi aqtivobe-bis ganmaxorcielebel erTeulebSi msubuqi kontroli gamovlinda. mkvle-vrebis gaoceba gamoiwvia im faqtma, rom kvlevaSi monawile policiis ori departamenti moxvda ganzomilebis msubuqi kontrolis nawilSi (16 da 41 qula). Tumca SeiZleba gaviTvaliswinoT is faqti, rom policielis samu-Sao araprognozirebadobis sakmaod maRali xarisxiT xasiaTdeba da Ta-namSromlebs mniSvnelovani Tavisufleba aqvT amocanebis ganxorcielebis gzebis arCevis procesSi. meeqvse ganzomilebis SemTxvevaSi momsaxurebis sferoSi momuSave da konkurentul bazarze moqmedi organizaciuli erT-eulebi daxasiaTdnen, rogorc pragmatulebi, xolo kanonebis danergvis da monopoliur garemoSi moqmedi ganyofilebebi am ganzomilebis norma-tiul polusze moxvdnen.

amocanebi da sabazro garemo gavlenas axdens ganzomilebebis mixedviT miRebul qulebze. damatebiT, kvlevam gamoavlina garkveulwilad mou-lodneli Sedegebi: produqciis mwarmoebelma ganyofilebam Sedegebze orientirebulobis gasaocrad maRali maCvenebeli miiRo, maRaziis do-nezec ki; HGBV-is msgavsi organizaciuli erTeuli ki daxasiaTda, ro-gorc msubuqi kontrolis sistemis mqone. es `siurprizebi~ gamoxataven ganyofilebis kulturis gamorCeul elementebs (msgavs ganyofilebebTan SedarebiT) da konkretuli organizaciuli kulturis konkurentul upi-ratesobas an nakls.

danarCeni ori ganzomileba, meore da meoTxe (TanamSromeli Tu ka-riera da Ria Tu Caketili), rogorc gamovlinda, ufro naklebad aris ganpirobebuli amocanebiT da bazriT, magram metad aris damokidebuli iseT istoriul faqtebze, rogoricaa damfuZneblis (damfuZneblebis) fi-losofia da axlo warsulSi momxdari krizisi. meoTxe ganzomilebis Sem-TxvevaSi (Ria sistema Tu Caketili sistema) erovnuli kultura TamaSobda


garkveul rols. sqema 8.1 gviCvenebs, rom, marTalia, organizaciuli kultura umetes-

wilad Cvevebs eyrdnoba, masSi mcire doziT mainc aris Rirebulebebis komponenti. IRIC-is organizaciaTaSoris kvlevaSi RirebulebebTan da-kavSirebul SekiTxvebi Sedioda IBM-is erovnebaTSorisi kvlevidan. or-ganizaciebi ZiriTadad RirebulebaTa sami klasteris mixedviT gansxvav-debodnen. pirveli gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis erovnebaTSorisi ganzomilebis msgavsi iyo, Tumca, gansxvavebebi gamovlinda kvlevaSi mo-cemul sxva kiTxvebSi, romlebic ar iyo gamoyenebuli qveynebis gaurkvev-lobis Tavidan acilebis indeqsis qulebis gamosaTvlelad. gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis aspeqti organizaciaTaSorisi TvalsazrisiT korelacia-Si aRmoCnda meoTxe ganzomilebasTan (Ria sistema Tu Caketili sistema). dabali maCvenebeli gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis maxasiaTebelSi Ria komunikaciuri klimatis mqone organizaciul ganyofilebebs axasiaTeb-da. aRniSnuli kavSiri kidev ufro gamyarebuli iyo im faqtiT, rom dani-uri organizaciuli ganyofilebebi, erTi gamonaklisis garda, ufro Ria iyvnen, vidre holandiuri ganyofilebebi. dania da holandia, miuxedavad erovnuli kulturis umetes aspeqtSi msgavsebisa, erTmaneTisgan yvelaze metad gansxvavdebodnen gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis TvalsazrisiT erovnul konteqstSi — danias am SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT dabali maCvenebe-li hqonda, vidre holandias.

organizaciaTaSorisi Rirebulebebis meore klasteri garkveulwilad Zalauflebrivi distanciis aspeqtis msgavsi iyo. is korelaciaSi iyo pir-vel ganzomilebasTan (procesze orientacia-Sedegze orientacia): Zal-auflebrivi distanciis maRali maCvenebeli asocirebuli iyo procesze orientaciis polusTan, xolo ufro dabali maCveneblebi _ Sedegze ori-entirebulobasTan.

individualizmTan da maskulinobasTan dakavSirebuli organizaciaTa-Sorisi Rirebulebebis gansxvavebebis klasterebi IRIC-is kvlevaSi ar ga-movlinda. SesaZlo mizezi isaa, rom kvlevaSi mxolod biznesorganizaciebi da sajaro dawesebulebebi monawileobda. Tu, magaliTad, moxdeboda kv-levaSi janmrTelobisa da keTildReobis organizaciebis CarTva, SesaZle-belia, kvlevas Rirebulebebis ufro farTe speqtri gamoevlina, gamomdi-nare sxva adamianebisTvis daxmarebis gawevis aspeqtidan, rac warmoqmnida feminuroba-maskulinobis ganzomilebas.

kiTxvebi, romlebic erovnebaTaSoris kvlevaSi individualizmisa da maskulinobis ganzomilebebs exeboda, organizaciaTaSoris kvlevaSi gansx-vavebuli konfiguraciiT iyo gamoyenebuli. mas ewoda samuSaos centralu-roba (Zlieri an susti): samuSaos mniSvnelovneba adamianis cxovrebaSi. is korelaciaSi iyo me-3 ganzomilebasTan: viwro Tu profesiuli. bunebrivia, rom samuSaos centraluroba ufro Zlieria profesiuli organizaciuli kulturis SemTxvevaSi. adgilobriv kulturaSi adamianebs TavianT samu-SaosTan dakavSirebuli problemebi ar `miaqvT~ saxlSi.

maSasadame, organizaciuli kulturis eqvsi ganzomilebidan pirveli, mesame da meoTxe ganzomileba garkveulwilad kavSirSi aRmoCnda Rirebu-


lebebTan. danarCeni sami ganzomilebisTvis (meore, mexuTe da meeqvse) Ri-rebulebebTan araviTari kavSiri ar gamovlinda. aRniSnuli ganzomilebebi ubralod aRwerdnen im Cvevebs, romlebic adamianebma aiTvises socializa-ciis gziT TavianTi sabaziso Rirebulebebis Secvlis gareSe.

organizaciuli kultura da organizaciis sxva maxasiaTeblebi

IBM-is kvlevebma daadastura erovnuli kulturis winapirobebis da Sedegebis arseboba, radgan qveynis qulebi korelirebda sxvadasxva saxis eqsternalur monacemebTan. maT Soris iyo iseTi ekonomikuri indikatore-bi, rogoricaa qveynis mTliani erovnuli produqti erT sul mosaxleze, politikuri indikatorebi, rogoricaa presis Tavisuflebis indeqsi da demografiuli monacemebi, rogoricaa mosaxleobis zrdis koeficienti. aseve keTdeboda Sedareba imave qveynebSi Catarebuli sxva kvlevebis Sede-gebTan, romlebSic gamoyenebuli iyo sxva kiTxvebi da monawileobdnen sxva respondentebi. IRIC-is organizaciaTaSorisi kvleva moicavda ganzomile-bebis amave tipis `validizacias~ eqsternalur monacemebTan mimarTebaSi. amjerad, ra Tqma unda, gamoyenebuli monacemebi moicavda sxva saSualebe-biT da resursebiT miRebul informacias organizaciul ganyofilebebze.

garda interviuebisa da kiTxvarisa, IRIC-is kvleva aseve Seicavda raodenobriv monacemebs ganyofilebebze, rogorc mTlianobebze. aseTi informaciis (romelsac ewoda struqturuli monacemebi) magaliTs war-moadgens adamianuri resursis saerTo raodenoba, biujetis struqtura, ekonomikuri Sedegebi da sakvanZo menejerebis asaki. yvela tipis stru-qturuli monacemi Segrovda piradad girtis mier. imis dadgena, Tu ra tipis Sinaarsobrivad mniSvnelovani struqturuli monacemebis mopoveba iqneboda SesaZlebeli, warmoadgenda evristikul process, romelic mo-nacemebis Segrovebis paralelurad mimdinareobda. aRniSnuli procesi Zalze rTuli iyo imisTvis, rom mkvlevrebs Soris gaenawilebinaT. stru-qturuli monacemebis momwodeblebi maRali rangis menejerebi iyvnen — personalis mTavari oficeri da biujetis mTavari oficeri. maT eZleo-daT kiTxvarebi, rasac pirispir interviuebi mosdevda.

raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebis didi jgufidan daaxloebiT ormocma mogvca sasargeblo monacemebi. moxda aRniSnuli ormoci maxasiaTeblis mixedviT yoveli organizaciuli erTeulis maCveneblebis korelacia eqvsi ganzomilebis TvalsazrisiT miRebul qulebTan.21qvemoT aRwerilia pra-qtikebis TiToeuli ganzomilebisTvis gamovlenili yvelaze mniSvnelovani kavSirebi.

maRali korelacia gamovlinda pirvel ganzomilebasa (procesze ori-entacia-Sedegze orientacia) da samuSao Zalebis balanssa da operaciul biujetSi materialur xarjebs (yoveldRiuri funqcionirebisTvis saWiro fuli) Soris. operacia SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorc intensiuri samu-Sao Zalis, masalis, an kapitalis momTxovni gamomdinare iqidan, xarjebis romeli kategoria saWiroebs saoperacio biujetis udides nawils. inten-siuri samuSao Zalis momTxovnma ganyofilebebma (sadac TanamSromlebis


raodenoba ucvlelia) ufro meti maCvenebeli miiRes Sedegebze orienti-rebulobaSi, xolo intensiuri masalis momTxovni ganyofilebebi (sadac TanamSromelTa raodenoba isev da isev ucvlelia) ufro metad procesze orientirebulni aRmoCndnen. Tu operacia intensiuria samuSao Zalebis TvalsazrisiT, adamianebis Zalisxmeva did rols asrulebs saboloo Sede-gebis miRwevaSi. Sesabamisad, ufro mosalodnelia, rom aRniSnulma faqtma ganapirobos Sedegze orientirebuli kulturis Camoyalibeba. masalis da kapitalis TvalsazrisiT intensiuri organizaciuli ganyofilebis pro-duqtiuloba, rogorc Cans, damokidebulia teqnikur procesebze, rac procesze orientirebuli kulturis Camoyalibebis stimulirebas axdens. aqedan gamomdinare, ar aris gasakviri, rom kvleviTa da ganviTarebiT da momsaxurebis miwodebiT dakavebuli ganyofilebebi ganlagdnen ganzomi-lebis Sedegze orientaciis polusze, xolo mwarmoebeli da saofise tipis samuSaos Semsrulebeli ganyofilebebi, romlebic met avtomatizacias ga-nicdian, ufro xSirad gvxvdeba procesze orientaciis polusze.

maRali korelaciis TvalsazrisiT meore adgilze aRmoCnda korelacia Sedegze orientaciasa da absentizmis dabal maCvenebels Soris. es faqti warmoadgens karg validizacias imisa, rom, rogorc erT-erT kiTxvaSi iyo formulirebuli, `adamianebi samuSaoSi TavianTi Zalisxmevis maqsimums deben.~ aseve, sami mniSvnelovani korelacia gamovlinda Sedegze orienta-ciasa da organizaciis struqturas Soris. horizontaluri organizaciebi (pasuxismgeblobis farTe gaSla maRali rangis menejerebis doneze) ufro metad Sedegze orientirebulni aRmoCndnen. es amtkicebs pitersisa da uo-termanis erT-erT mtkicebulebas: `martivi forma, cota TanamSromeli.~ centralizaciis, specializaciisa da formalizaciis sakvlevad gamoyene-bul iqna sami gamartivebuli skala, romelic efuZneboda meSvide TavSi ganxilul astonis organizaciuli kulturis kvlevebs.22

rogorc specializacia, ise formalizacia uaryofiT korelaciaSi iyo Sedegze orientaciasTan, xolo centralizacia saerTod ar iyo masTan korelaciaSi. Sedegze orientacia aseve korelaciaSi aRmoCnda ganaTlebis dabali donis mqone maRali rangis menejmentis arsebobasTan, romelic daawinaures dabali donis poziciebidan. da bolos, Sedegze orientire-bul organizaciul ganyofilebebSi dabali iyo TanamSromelTa profe-siuli kavSirebisTvis mikuTvnebulobis maCvenebeli.

yvelaze maRal korelaciaSi meore ganzomilebasTan (TanamSromlebze orientacia-samuSaoze orientacia) iyo is, Tu rogor xdeboda ganyofile-bis marTva im organizaciis mier, romelsac is miekuTvneboda. iq, sadac maRali rangis menejeri ambobda, rom xelmZRvanelebi mas afasebdnen miRe-buli mogebisa da organizaciis finansuri saqmianobis sxva maCveneblebiT, ganyofilebis wevrebi kulturas samuSaoze orientirebulad afasebdnen. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac maRali rangis menejeri Tvlida, rom misi xe-lmZRvanelebi mas samuSaos Sesrulebis da ara biujetis TvalsazrisiT afasebdnen, adgili hqonda sapirispiro Sedegs: ganyofilebis wevrebi kulturas TanamSromlebze orientirebulad afasebdnen. rogorc Cans, eq-sternaluri standartebis mixedviT moqmedeba (bazridan miRebuli mogeba,


Semosavali) naklebad gulisxmier kulturas ayalibebs, vidre internalu-ri standartebis mixedviT operireba (biujeti). iq, sadac maRali rangis menejeri aRniSnavda, rom igi iZleoda sakamaTo sakiTxebis TanamSromelTa JurnalSi dabeWdvis uflebas, TanamSromlebi fiqrobdnen, rom maTi ga-nyofileba ufro metad iyo TanamSromlebze orientirebuli, rac maRali rangis menejeris gulaxdilobis validizacias niSnavs.

TanamSromlebze orientaciis aspeqti korelaciaSi iyo aseve staJis sa-Sualo maCvenebelTan (ramdeni wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda TanamSromeli kompaniaSi), TanamSromelTa asakTan (ufro asakovani TanamSromlebi kul-turas afasebdnen, rogorc ufro metad samuSaoze orientirebuls), maRa-li rangis menejmentis gundis ganaTlebis donesTan (naklebad ganaTlebu-li gundebi iZleodnen Sefasebas ufro metad samuSaoze orientirebuli kulturis mimarTulebiT) da jamur investirebul kapitalTan (sakvirve-lia, magram ara TiToeul TanamSromelSi investirebul kapitalTan). didi investiciebis mqone msxvili organizaciebi, rogorc wesi, ufro metad samuSaoze orientirebuli kulturis matarebelni iyvnen.

mesame ganzomilebis SemTxvevaSi (adgilobrivi kultura- profesiuli kultura) tradiciuli teqnologiis mqone organizaciuli ganyofilebebi ufro xSirad iyvnen adgilobrivi kulturis matarebelni, xolo Taname-drove teqnologiiT aRWurvili ganyofilebebi — profesiuli kulturis. aRniSnuli ganzomileba yvelaze maRal korelaciaSi iyo zomis, masStabe-bis sxvadasxva gamoxatulebasTan: ar aris gasakviri, rom rac ufro msx-vili iyo organizacia, miT ufro xSirad iyo masSi damkvidrebuli profe-siuli kultura. aseve bunebrivia, rom profesiuli kulturis SemTxvevaSi organizaciis naklebi TanamSromeli iyo profesiuli kavSirebis wevri. maTi menejerebi saSualod ufro asakovanni iyvnen da ganaTlebis saSualo maCvenebelze maRali qulebi hqondaT. maT organizaciul struqturaSi adgili hqonda met specializacias. saintereso korelacia gamovlinda ga-nyofilebis maRali rangis menejeris droiT biujetTan: rogor da raSi ixarjeboda misi dro. profesiuli kulturis mqone organizaciebSi ma-Rali rangis menejerebi amtkicebdnen, rom maTi drois SedarebiT didi nawili ixarjeboda Sexvedrebze da pirispir diskusiebze. da bolos, kerZo sakuTrebaSi myofi organizaciuli ganyofilebebi ufro metad xasiaTde-bodnen profesiuli kulturiT, vidre sajaro erTeulebi.

meoTxe ganzomileba (Ria sistema-Caketili sistema) maRal korelacia-Si iyo mxolod erT eqsternalur monacemTan _ TanamSromelTa saerTo raodenobaSi qalebis procentuli maCvenebeli da komunikaciuri klima-tis Riaoba. menejerebs Soris qalebis procentuli maCvenebeli da mini-mum erTi qalis arseboba maRali rangis menejerebis gundSi korelaciaSi iyo sistemis RiaobasTan. Tumca, aRniSnul korelaciaze gavlenas axden-da sakvlevi populaciis binacionaluri Semadgenloba. kvlevis periodSi evropis ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris danias erT-erTi yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli hqonda samuSao ZalebSi qalebis CarTulobis TvalsazrisiT, xolo holandias erT-erTi yvelaze dabali. garda amisa, rogorc manamde aRvniSneT, daniuri ganyofilebebi mTlianobaSi (erTi gamonaklisis garda)


ufro Ria kulturiT xasiaTdebodnen, vidre holandiuri ganyofilebebi. aRniSnuli faqti aucileblobis wesiT ar gamoricxavs mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs samuSao ZalebSi qalebis monawileobasa da ufro metad Ria komu-nikaciur klimats Soris: SeiZleba Zalian kargad aixsnas, Tu ratom iyo daniuri organizaciuli erTeulebi amdenad Ria.

aRniSnul ganzomilebasTan iyo kavSirSi is faqti, rom formalizacia asocirdeboda ufro metad Caketil kulturasTan (orive maCveneblis kar-gi validizacia), sakamaTo sakiTxebis TanamSromelTa JurnalSi gamoqvey-neba Ria kulturasTan (rac bunebrivia) da veterani TanamSromlebis maRa-li saSualo maCvenebelic ufro Ria kulturasTan.

mexuTe ganzomileba (msubuqi kontroli-mkacri kontroli) yvelaze ma-Ral korelaciaSi aRmoCnda erTeulis maRali rangis menejerebis drois biujetTan: iq, sadac isini ambobdnen, rom TavianTi drois yvelaze did nawils xarjavdnen organizaciis Sida angariSebis da memorandumebis kiTx-vasa da weraSi, adgili hqonda ufro metad mkacr kontrols. aRniSnuli faqti savsebiT bunebrivi da logikuria. Cven aseve davadgineT, rom in-tensiuri masalis momTxovni ganyofilebebi ufro mkacri kontrolis si-stemebiT xasiaTdebodnen. esec logikuria, vinaidan amgvar ganyofilebaTa saboloo Sedegebi xSirad damokidebulia masalis produqtiulobis mcire sxvaobebze.

mkacri kontroli aseve korelaciaSi aRmoCnda qali menejerebis da qali TanamSromlebis procentul maCvenebelTan. savaraudod, es iyo mar-tivi, rutinuli da saofise tipis aqtivobebis Sedegi, romlisTvisac Ses-wavlil organizaciebSi qalebis didi nawilis daqiraveba xdeboda. ufro metad mkacri kontroli gamovlinda ganyofilebebSi, sadac ganaTlebis dabali done iyo rogorc mamakac da qal TanamSromlebs, ise maRali ran-gis menejerebs Soris. es faqti Cven mogvagonebs meore TavSi ganxilul aRmoCenebs, rom TanamSromlebi im saqmianobebSi, romlebic xasiaTdeba ga-naTlebis dabali doniT, Zalauflebrivi distanciis ufro maRali maCve-nebliT xasiaTdebodnen. im ganyofilebebSi, sadac TanamSromelTa rao-denoba cota xnis win gaizarda, kontroli ufro msubuqi iyo, xolo im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac moxda TanamSromelTa raodenobis Semcireba, kon-troli miCneuli iyo, rogorc sakmaod mkacri. TanamSromelTa masiuri gaTavisufleba, rogorc Cans, asocirebulia biujetis SemcirebasTan. da-bolos, naklebad mkacri kontrolis sistemebis SemTxvevaSi, absentizmi TanamSromelTa Soris ufro dabali iyo. naTelia, rom absentizmi war-moadgens mkacri kontrolis mier Seqmnili daZabulobisgan gaqcevis erT-erT saSualebas.

meeqvse ganzomilebis SemTxvevaSi (normatiuli kultura-pragmatuli kultura) mxolod erTi mniSvnelovani korelacia gamovlinda eqster-nalur monacemebTan. kvlevaSi monawile kerZo organizaciebis ganyofile-bebi ufro metad pragmatulebi aRmoCndnen, xolo sajaro ganyofilebebi (rogoricaa, magaliTad, policiis ganyofileba) _ normatiulebi.

kulturasTan korelaciaSi ar aRmoCnda eqsternaluri monacemebis iseTi maCvenebeli, rogoricaa organizaciis saqmianobis xarisxi. es ar niS-


navs imas, rom kultura ar aris kavSirSi aRniSnul faqtorTan. SeiZleba mxolod iTqvas, rom am kvlevis farglebSi ver gamovlinda amdenad mra-valferovan organizaciaTa ganyofilebebis saqmianobis xarisxis Sedare-bis sazomebi.

am nawilSi aRwerili urTierTkavSirebi organizaciis im obieqtur ma-xasiaTeblebs avlenen, romlebic garkveulad asocirebulia kulturuli profilis konkretul tipTan. isini miuTiTeben im aspeqtebze, romlebic unda Seicvalos organizaciis kulturis modificirebisaTvis — maga-liTad, misi struqturis garkveuli maxasiaTeblebi an maRali rangis me-nejmentis prioritetebi. aRniSnul Temas am Tavis bolos davubrundebiT.

organizaciuli subkulturebi

IRIC-ma Semdgom kvlevaSi organizaciuli subkulturebi Seiswavla.1988 wels daniurma sadazRvevo kompaniam IRIC-s daukveTa kvleva,24 romlis mi-zani iyo aRniSnuli organizaciis yvela departamentis kulturis Seswav-la. mTlianobaSi kvleva Catarda kompaniis yvela TanamSromelze, kerZod, 3 400 adamianze. kvlevaSi gamoiyenes igive midgoma, rogorc wina dania-holandiis proeqtSi: Tavdapirvelad Ria kiTxvebiani interviu, romelic safuZvlad edeboda Semdgomi etapisTvis kiTxvaris Seqmnas.

respondentTa saerTo raodenoba dayves 131 `organikul~ samuSao jgufad. es iyo organizaciis patara saSeni `agurebi~, romelTa wevrebs erTmaneTTan regularuli urTierToba hqondaT. menejerebi ar Sediodnen im jgufebSi, romelsac realurad xelmZRvanelobdnen, Tumca ganawildnen sxva, amave ierarqiuli donis warmomadgenlebisgan Semdgar jgufebSi.

gamokiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli pasuxebis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gax-da 131 jgufis sam gamokveTil subkulturad dayofa: profesiuli, admini-straciuli da klientebTan urTierTobis. pirveli subkultura moicav-da yvela menejers da im TanamSromlebs, romelTa samuSaoc, Cveulebriv, umaRles ganaTlebas saWiroebda. meore subkulturaSi gaerTianebuli iyo yvela is TanamSromeli (umeteswilad qalebi), romlebic muSaobdnen administraciul, klerkul departamentebSi, xolo mesame aerTianebda TanamSromelTa or jgufs, romelTac pirdapiri urTierToba hqondaT klientebTan — gayidvebSi momuSave da klientTa saCivrebze, moTxovnebze pasuxismgebeli TanamSromlebi.

dania-holandiis kvlevis farglebSi gamoyenebuli eqvsi ganzomilebis saSualebiT mkvlevrebma gamoavlines kulturuli gansvlebi, sxvaobebi aRniSnul sam subkulturas Soris. profesiuli jgufebi yvelaze metad samuSaoze orientirebulni, profesiuli, Ria, mkacrad kontrolirebu-li da pragmatuli kulturis matarebelni iyvnen. administraciuli jgu-febis SemTxvevaSi kultura yvelaze metad adgilobrivi da normatiuli iyo, xolo klientebTan pirdapiri kavSiris, urTierTobis mqone jgufebs yvelaze metad axasiaTebdaT Sedegebze da TanamSromlebze orientirebu-li, Caketili da msubuqi kontrolis mqone kultura. es ukanaskneli sub-kultura warmoadgens profesiuli kulturis sawinaaRmdegos, romelic


Sedgeba maRali rangis menejerebisgan.kvlevis dawyebamde cota xniT adre kompaniaSi adgili hqonda or sx-

vadasxva àjanyebas~: gayidvebSi momuSave TanamSromlebis mxridan da qali TanamSromlebis mxridan. gayidvebis sferoSi momuSave TanamSromlebis àjanyeba~ warmoadgenda konfliqts, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo samuSao pirobebTan da anazRaurebasTan. gaficvis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebeli gaxda. aRniSnuli problema SeiZleba gasagebi iyos im sakmaod didi gansv-lis safuZvelze, romelic arsebobs profesiul da klientebTan pirda-piri urTierTobis mqone subkulturebs Soris. kompaniis kulturul rukaze warmoqmnili es bzari sakmaod saSiSi aRmoCnda. TanamSromlebi, romelTac klientebTan aqvT urTierToba warmoadgenen biznesis wamyvan Zalas — maT gareSe sadazRvevo kompania ver iarsebebda. menejerebi da profesionalebi, romlebic iRebdnen ZiriTad gadawyvetilebebs kompa-niaSi, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebul subkulturas miekuTvnebodnen: gansa-kuTrebuli, gandidebuli garemo, sadac didi fuli, biznesis siaxleebi da bazarze Zalaufleba yoveldRiur safiqrals warmoadgenda da Sors iyo im xalxisgan, romelic realurad asrulebda samuSaos da kompaniisTvis yoveldRiuri Semosavali Semohqonda.

meore, qalebis àjanyeba~ gamomdinareobda iqidan, rom qalebisTvis naklebad arsebobda karieruli ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba. ajanyeba dai-wyo maSin, rodesac qali TanamSromlebis raodenoba 50 procents gadacda. aRniSnuli konfliqti SeiZleba gagebul iqnes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im sxvaobas, romelic gamovlinda profesiul da administraciul subkul-turebs Soris. menejmenti Tavisi profesiuli subkulturis poziciidan qalebs administraciuli subkulturis nawilad Tvlida: rutinuli saqmi-anobiT dakavebul TanamSromlebad. magram es Sexeduleba aRar iyo swori, Tuki rodesme mainc Seesabameboda WeSmaritebas. kompaniis 1 700 qali Ta-namSromlidan 700-s umaRlesi ganaTleba hqonda; bevris samuSao Tavisi bu-nebiT profesiuli iyo da administraciuli saqmianobiT dakavebuli qali TanamSromlebic ki iseve iyvnen dainteresebulni TavianTi karieruli gan-viTarebiT, rogorc maTi mamakaci kolegebi. interviuebma gamoavlina, rom menejerebis umetesobis azriT, qalebi ganicdidnen konfliqts TavianT samuSaosa da pirad, ojaxur cxovrebas Soris. Tumca, rogorc Semdgomma gamokiTxvam aCvena, marTalia, qali TanamSromlebis 21 procenti marTlac ganicdida aRniSnul konfliqts, magram igive konfliqtis winaSe idga mama-kaci TanamSromlebis 30 procenti. qalebma es Sedegi imiT axsnes, rom Tu qali iwyebda muSaobas, mas Tavisi ojaxuri problemebi mogvarebuli unda hqonoda, xolo mamakacebi cnobierad arasodes agvarebdnen maT.

imisaTvis, rom gagvego am sadazRvevo kompaniis kultura, aucilebeli iyo misi subkulturebad dayofa. samwuxarod, menejmentma, romelic mT-lianad Caketili aRmoCnda Tavis profesiul subkulturaSi, ver SeamCnia kulturuli bzarebis gamafrTxilebeli, saSiSi aspeqtebi. kvlevas maTi mxridan ar mohyolia raime konkretuli qmedeba. cota xnis Semdeg kompani-am daiwyo finansebis dakargva, xolo ramdenime wlis Semdeg Seicvala misi mflobelic da maRali rangis menejmentic.


organizaciuli kulturis individualuri aRqma: yvavilebi, Taigulebi da baRebi

erTi da igive ganyofilebis TanamSromlebi identur pasuxebs ar iZ-leodnen kiTxvebze, Tu rogor aRiqvamdnen isini TavianT organizaciaSi damkvidrebul Cvevebs. IRIC-is kvleva ar amaxvilebda yuradRebas indi-videbs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebze; misi sagani iyo gansxvavebebi orga-nizaciul kulturebs Soris. maikl bondma hong-kongis CineTis univer-sitetidan, romelic dainteresebuli iyo individualuri gansxvavebebiT, SemogvTavaza xelaxla gaeanalizebina IRIC-is monacemebi swored aRniSnu-li TvalsazrisiT. Cung leung lukma, romelic im dros maikl bondis asi-stenti iyo, Sesabamisi kompiuteruli samuSao Caatara. mis mier miRebuli Sedegebi gviCveneben variaciebs undividualur monacemebSi TiToeuli ga-nyofilebis saSualoebis SemTxvevaSi: rogor gansxvavdeba individualuri pasuxebi mas Semdeg, rac gamoricxes sxvadasxva organizacias Soris kul-turuli sxvaobebi. IRIC-is proeqtis es gagrZeleba aRvwereT hofstedes, bondisa da lukis erTobliv naSromSi.25

individualuri aRqmis kvlevaSi, pirvel rigSi, cal-calke gaaanalizes Rirebulebebi da praqtikebi. gasakviri araa, rom erTi da imave ganyofile-baSi momuSave individebi erTmaneTisgan ufro metad gansxvavdebodnen Ri-rebulebebis TvalsazrisiT, rac piraduli iyo, vidre ganyofilebis pra-qtikebis aRqmiT, rac ufro saerTo iyo. miuxedavad amisa, naTeli gaxda, rom individebisTvis Rirebulebebi da praqtikebis aRqma dakavSirebuli iyo erTmaneTTan, ase rom, momdevno analizSi SesaZlebeli xdeboda maTi kombinireba. kombinirebis Sedegad individualuri pasuxebis eqvsi ganzo-mileba miviReT:

1. gaucxoeba — mdgomareoba, rodesac praqtikebis yvela aRqma nega-tiuri iyo. gaucxoebuli respondentebi organizacias afasebdnen, rogorc naklebad profesiuls, miiCnevdnen, rom menejmenti Sors idga TanamSromlebisgan, naklebad endobodnen kolegebs, orga-nizacias aRiqvamdnen, rogorc naklebad mowesrigebuls, hqondaT mis mimarT metwilad agresiuli damokidebuleba da nakleb in-tegracias xedavdnen organizaciasa da mis TanamSromlebs Soris. gaucxoeba ufro Zlieri iyo im TanamSromlebs Soris, romlebic SedarebiT axalgazrdebi, naklebad ganaTlebulebi iyvnen da ika-vebdnen aramenejerul Tanamdebobebs.

2. samuSaos erTguleba, rasac mkvlevrebma `vorkoholizmi~ uwodes (magaliTad, samuSao ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre Tavisufali dro) mxardamWer organizaciaSi muSaobis survilis sapirispirod (magal-iTad, survili, imuSao naTlad gansazRvrul samuSao situaciaSi). samuSaosadmi erTguleba ufro axalgazrda, metad ganaTlebul, mamrobiTi sqesis TanamSromlebSi ufro maRali iyo, Tanac, maT menejeruli Tanamdebobebi ekavaT.

3. miRwevis pirovnuli survili (magaliTad, organizaciis warmate-baSi wvlilis Setanis da sakuTari winsvlis, ganviTarebis survili).

4. pirovnuli maskulinoba, ̀ maCizmo~ (magaliTad, mSoblebma unda waax-


alison Svilebi, rom isini iyvnen saukeTesoebi klasSi da rodesac mamakacis kariera amas saWiroebs, misi ojaxi unda wavides garkveul daTmobebze).

5. mowesrigebuloba _ organizacias ufro mowesrigebulad ufro disciplinirebuli TanamSromlebi aRiqvamdnen.

6. avtoritarizmi (magaliTad, ar aris sasurveli, rom kiTxvis niS-nis qveS dadges menejmentis avtoriteti). avtoritarizmi Zlierad iyo gamoxatuli ganaTlebis dabali donis mqone, mdedrobiT sqesis TanamSromlebSi.

organizaciuli kulturis xedvis sistemuri pirovnebaTSorisi gansxva-veba yvelaze didi albaTobiT pirovnebazea damokidebuli. realurad ze-moT CamoTvlili eqvsi ganzomilebidan xuTi mogvagonebs pirovnebis ̀ didi xuTeulis~ ganzomilebebs, romlebic ukve aRvwereT mesame TavSi. es aris: axali gamocdilebisadmi Riaoba, patiosneba, eqstraversia, konformizmi da neirotizmi. percefciis, aRqmis individualuri ganzomilebebi SeiZle-ba Semdegnairad davakavSiroT `did xuTeulTan~:26

1. gaucxoeba — neirotizmTan;2. `vorkaholizmi~— eqstraversiasTan (romelic moicavs aqtiurobasa

da energiulobas);3. miRwevis survili gamocdilebis miRebis mzaobasTan erTad;4. `maCizmo~ konformizmTan (uaryofiTad);5. mowesrigebuloba — patiosnebasTan.

avtoritarizms arc erTi pirovnuli faqtori ar daukavSirda. is SeiZ-leba gamoyenebul iqnes `didi xuTeulis~ `did eqvseulad~ gardaqmnis saSualebad. sakvirvelia, rom misi Sesabamisi faqtori ar aris Setanili `did xuTeulSi~.

aRniSnul TavSi analizis konkretuli donis SerCevam mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula. rodesac sxvadasxva qveynis erTi tipis monacemebs va-darebdiT, sxvadasxva organizaciisTvis da sxvadasxva individisTvis, gamovavlineT sami sxvadasxva ganzomileba, romelic miekuTvneboda so-cialuri mecnierebis disciplinis sam sxvadasxva sferos: anTropologias, sociologiasa da fsiqologias.

IBM-is erovnebaTSorisma kvlevam Tavdapirvelad fsiqologiurad miCneuli monacemebi qveynis masStabiT gaaerTiana. am doneze isini sazo-gadoebebis aRmwer cnebebad gardaiqmna, magaliTad, koleqtivizmi-indivi-dualizmi; es ki realurad anTropologiis da/an politikur mecnierebaTa kvlevis sagania. IRIC-is organizaciuli kulturis kvlevis monacemTa baz-am, romelic organizaciuli erTeulebis doneze gaanalizda, mogvca or-ganizaciul sociologiaSi miRebuli ZiriTadi da mertonis adgilobrivi Tu kosmopolituri gansxvavebebi. imave monacemTa bazam individualuri gansxvavebebis doneze gakeTebuli analiziT gaamyara pirovnebis kvlevis mimarTuleba pirovnebis fsiqologiaSi.

sazogadoebebi, organizaciebi da individebi socialuri mecnierebis baRebi, Taigulebi da yvavilebia. Cvenma kvlevam aCvena, rom isini ur-


TierTdakavSirebulnia da erTi da imave socialuri realobis nawilia. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT Cveni socialuri realoba, ar unda mivejaWvoT am samidan mxolod erT dones: mzad unda viyoT, rom gaviTvaliswinoT samive maTgani.27

profesiuli kultura

8.1 naxazze profesiuli kulturis done ganTavsebuli iyo erovnul da organizaciul kulturas Soris, rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom adamianis mier konkretul profesiul sferoSi Sesvla gulisxmobs rogorc Rirebule-bebis, ise praqtikis SeZenas, aTvisebas. socializaciis adgili skola da universitetia, xolo drois periodi — bavSvobidan samuSaos dawyebamde.

CvenTvis ar aris cnobili raime farTo krosprofesiuli kvlevis Se-saxeb, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdida profesiuli kulturis ganzomile-bebis gamovlenas. arc erovnuli kulturis xuTi ganzomileba (Rirebu-lebebi) da arc organizaciuli kulturis eqvsi ganzomileba (praqtika) avtomaturad ar miesadageba profesiuli kulturis dones. xuTi erovne-baTSorisi ganzomilebidan mxolod Zalauflebrivi distancia da masku-linoba-feminuroba Seesabameboda profesiul gansxvavebebs IBM-Si. mesame TavSi aRiniSna, rom IBM-Si arsebuli profesiebi ver CaiTvleboda ufro `individualisturad~ an `koleqtivisturad~, vidre `SigniT~ an `gareT~ mimarTulad imisda mixedviT, ra iyo ZiriTadi motivatori konkretuli profesiis adamianebisTvis organizaciis farglebSi — TviTon samuSao, Tu samuSao pirobebi da Sedegad miRebuli materialuri jildoebi.

literaturis analizi28 da garkveuli mosazrebebi safuZvels gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom sistemuri krosprofesiuli kvlevis Sedegad SesaZloa gamovlindes profesiuli kulturis Semdegi ganzomilebebi:

1. adamianebTan muSaoba — sagnebTan muSaoba (magaliTad, eqTani da inJineri);

2. specialisti — universali, an sxva perspeqtividan, profesionali-moyvaruli (magaliTad, fsiqologi da politikosi)

3. disciplinirebuli — damoukidebeli (magaliTad, policieli29 da maRaziis mflobeli);

4. struqturirebuli — arastruqturirebuli (magaliTad, sistemebis analitikosi da tansacmlis dizaineri);

5. Teoriuli — praqtikuli (magaliTad, profesori da gayidvebis menejeri);

6. normatiuli — pragmatuli (magaliTad, mosamarTle sareklamo agentis sapirispirod).

mocemuli ganzomilebebi ufro metad da mniSvnelovnad iqneba da-kavSirebuli praqtikasTan, vidre erovnuli kulturis ganzomilebebisa da RirebulebebTan, vidre organizaciuli kulturis ganzomilebebTan. isini SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes profesiebs SigniT gansxvavebebis gamo-savlenad; magaliTad, medicinis specialistebis SemTxvevaSi kontiniumze


`adamianebTan muSaoba _ sagnebTan muSaobis sapirispirod~ pediatrebi SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT `adamianebTan muSaobis~ poluss (maT xSirad aqvT urTierToba ara mxolod bavSvebTan, romlebsac mkurnaloben, aramed maT mSoblebTanac), xolo qirurgebi da paTologistebi, romlebic fokusire-bulni arian adamianis sxeulis, organizmis sxvadasxva nawilze, `sagnebTan muSaobis~ poluss.

IRIC-is kvleviTi proeqtis daskvnebi: ganzomilebebi Tu geStaltebi

IRIC-is kvleviTma proeqtma mogvca organizaciuli kulturis eqvsgan-zomilebiani modeli, romelic damkvidrebul praqtikebad — simboloebad, gmirebad da ritualebad — aRiqmeba. kvlevis Sedegebi Crdilo-dasavle-Ti evropis ori qveynis oci organizaciis ganyofilebebidan modis da, Sesabamisad, sifrTxilea saWiro, raTa ar moxdes imis mtkiceba, rom igive modeli miesadageba nebismier organizacias nebismier qveyanaSi. ramdenime mniSvnelovani tipis organizacia, rogoricaa jandacvis, saxelmwifo da samxedro organizaciebi, ar iyo Seyvanili aRniSnul kvlevaSi.30 ar viciT, kidev ra axali praqtikis ganzomilebebi SeiZleba gamovlindes sxva qvey-nebSi. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, migvaCnia, rom ramdenime praqtikuli gan-zomilebiT organizaciuli kulturis logikuri daxasiaTeba universalu-rad gamarTlebuli saSualebaa. savaraudod, aseTi ganzomilebebi msgavsi iqneba an nawilobriv gadafaravs am TavSi aRweril eqvs ganzomilebas.31

eqvsganzomilebiani modelis geografiuli da industriuli SezRu-duloba imaze miuTiTebs, rom ver moxdeba Cveni SemuSavebuli kiTxvaris pirdapiri gadatana sxva situaciaSi. Sedegebis interpretacia Sedarebis sagania. ganzomilebaTa maCveneblebis gamoTvlisTvis Cven mier gamoyene-buli formulebi imisTvis Seiqmna, rom IRIC-is kvlevaSi Seswavlili oci organizaciuli erTeulis urTierTSedareba gagvekeTebina, magram sxva ga-remoebebSi da sxva dros es formulebi gamousadegaria. axali kvlevebis SemTxvevaSi SedarebisTvis unda SeirCes sxva erTeulebi da Camoyalibdes Sedarebis konkretuli, Sesabamisi standartebi. pirveli etapi unda iyos interviuebi organizaciebis masStabiT, raTa mkvlevrebma zogadi infor-macia miiRon organizaciis geStaltebze da Semdeg SeimuSaon kiTxvari, romelic moicavs aRniSnuli organizaciebis praqtikas Soris mniSvne-lovan sxvaobebs.32

gamovlenili ganzomilebebi aRwers organizaciaTa kulturas, Tumca ar warmoadgenen instruqciebs: eqvsi ganzomilebis arc erTi konkretuli wertili TavisTavad ar aris an kargi an cudi. pitersisa da uotermanis wignSi `saukeTesos ZiebaSi~ normis saxiT iyo mocemuli saukeTesoobis ganmsazRvreli rva winapiroba. wignis Tanaxmad, arsebobs warmatebisken mimavali erTaderTi saukeTeso gza. IRIC-is kvlevis Sedegebi uaryofs am debulebas. ra aris kargi an cudi, konkretul situaciaSi damokidebu-lia imaze, ra mimarTulebiT gvsurs wavides organizacia. kulturuli maxasiaTebeli, romelic SenaZenia erTi miznisTvis, SeiZleba seriozuli pasuxismgebloba iyos sxva miznis Sesrulebisas. ganzomilebaTa skalebze


konkretuli wertilebisTvis metad an naklebad sasurveli poziciis iar-liyis mikuTvneba strategiuli gadawyvetilebaa, romelic gansxvavebuli iqneba sxvadasxva organizaciaSi. magaliTad, aqcentis gakeTeba klientze orientaciaze (meti pragmatuloba meeqvse ganzomilebis mixedviT) Zalze mniSvnelovania momsaxurebisa da specialuri SekveTis safuZvelze damz-adebuli xarisxiani produqciis warmoebis sferoSi momuSave organiza-ciebisTvis, magram SeiZleba naklebad gadamwyveti, an sulac, mavnec ki iyos, magaliTad, konkurentuli sabazro fasebis pirobebSi standartuli produqciis warmoebis dros.

am TavSi warmodgenili polemika ukavSirdeboda Semdeg sakiTxs: or-ganizacia Tavad aris kultura, Tu organizacias aqvs kultura. IRIC-is kvleviT proeqtze dayrdnobiT, Cven gTavazobT mosazrebas, rom pra-qtikebi maxasiaTeblebia, romlebic organizacias aqvs. radgan praqtikebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben organizaciul kulturaSi, es ukanaskneli SeiZleba met-naklebad marTvad fenomenad CaiTvalos. Cven vnaxeT, rom zrdasruli adamianebis koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis raime sasurveli mi-marTulebiT Secvla Zalze rTulia, xandaxan ki — SeuZlebelic. Tumca ko-leqtiuri praqtikebi damokidebulia iseT organizaciul maxasiaTebleb-ze, rogoricaa struqtura da sistemebi da masze SeiZleba met-naklebad prognozirebadi zegavlenis moxdena aRniSnuli organizaciuli Tvisebebis Secvlis gziT. organizaciebs zogjer cxovelebs adareben; am Tvalsaz-risiT HGBV SeiZleba warmovidginoT spilod (neli, didi, Tavdajerebu-li), xolo SAS-is terminali, rogorc wero (sando, mzrunveli, gadamyvani). miuxedavad amisa, rogorc manamde vambobdiT, organizaciuli kultura garkveulwilad integrirebuli mTliani anu geStaltia, xolo geStalti SeiZleba miCneul iqnas imad, rac aris organizacia. cxovelebTan dakavSi-rebuli metafora migvaniSnebs geStaltis cvalebadobis farglebze: SeuZ-lebelia spilo ise gavwvrTnaT rom doRis cxeni, an pepela gaxdes.

praqtikebSi cvlilebebis Setana isaa, riTac SeiZleba gavlena movaxdi-noT aRniSnul mTlianobebze. es iseTi qcevebia, romlebic cxovelebs SeuZ-liaT iswavlon TavianTi ZiriTadi arsis dakargvis gareSe. iqidan gamomdi-nare, rom organizacia mTlianobas warmoadgens, saWiroa gamaerTianebeli da STamagonebeli lideroba, romelic procesSi CarTuli adamianebisTvis mniSvnelovans gaxdis ganxilul struqturul da sistemur cvlilebebs. saboloo Sedegi unda iyos axali da SekavSirebuli kulturuli paterni, romelsac SAS-is magaliTSi SevxvdiT.


organizaciuli kulturis marTva

1980-ian wlebSi, rodesac girti cdilobda garkveuli gasamrjelos fa-sad organizaciuli kulturis kvleviT proeqtSi CaerTo organizaciebis maRali rangis menejerebi da amtkicebda rom, `organizaciuli kultura organizaciis fsiqologiuri sakuTrebaa, romelic momdevno xuT weliwad-Si kompaniis materialuri sakuTrebis prognozirebis saSualebas iZleva.~ rogorc axla vxedavT, umniSvnelovanesi elementia ara organizaciuli kultura TavisTavad, aramed is, Tu ras akeTebs menejmenti (maRali ran-gis) masTan mimarTebaSi. es oTxi aspeqti dabalansebuli unda iyos (sqema 8.2).33

organizaciis saqmianobis xarisxi unda gaizomos misi miznebis da maRa-li rangis menejementis mxridan miznebis strategiaSi gadatanis mixedviT, maSinac ki, Tu sabolood Caurevlobis strategia miiReba. strategie-bis praqtikaSi gadatana arsebuli struqturisa da kontrolis sistemis gziT, xolo maTi Sedegis modificireba ki organizaciuli kulturiT. es oTxive aRniSnuli elementi gavlenas axdens erTmaneTze.

IRIC-is kvlevam aCvena, rom Tu organizaciuli kulturis raodenobri-vi kvlevebi gamoiyeneba ara izolirebulad, aramed integrirebulad ufro farTo midgomaSi, isini xelSesaxebi da gamosadegia. liTonis nakeTobebisa da cifrebis samyaroSi qulebrivi maCveneblebi organizaciul kulturaTa Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs SesamCnevs xdis da, aqedan gamomdinare, ma-tulobs misi prioritetuloba kompaniis xelmZRvanelobisTvis.

aseTi kvlevebis praqtikuli sargebeli, rogorc menejerebisa da orga-nizaciis sxva wevrebisTvis, ise konsultantebisTvis, Semdegia:

1. sakuTar organizaciaSi arsebuli subkulturebis identifikacia. IRIC-is proeqtis gagrZelebam, romelic sadazRvevo kompaniaSi Catarda, naTlad warmoaCina aRniSnuli faqtis mniSvnelovneba. ro-gorc 8.3 naxazi gviCvenebs, rom kulturuli TvalsazrisiT orga-nizaciebi SeiZleba dayofili iyos ierarqiul doneebad, rangebad: zeda rgolis menejementi, Sua da qveda rgolis menejmenti, profe-sionali TanamSromlebi da sxva TanamSromlebi (ofisis an maRaziis done). Sida kulturuli danawevrebis sxva potenciuri ganmapiro-bebeli faqtorebia funqcionirebis sfero (magaliTad, gayidvebi, warmoeba da kvlevebi), produqtis/bazris gayofa, saqmianobis qveya-na; xolo organizaciebisTvis, romlebmac gaiares sxva kompaniasTan (kompaniebTan) SeerTebis etapi — SeerTebamde arsebuli partnio-rebi. Cven gvqonda SemTxvevebi, rodesac sxva kompaniasTan SeerTe-bidan oci wlis Semdeg, SeerTebuli kompaniebis kulturuli nakva-levis gamovlena kidev iyo SesaZlebeli. yvela zemoT CamoTvlili faqtori SeiZleba ar iyos erTnairad Zlieri da mniSvnelovani, ma-gram menejerebisa da TanamSromlebisTvis aucilebelia, rom icod-nen TavianTi organizaciis kulturuli ruka, rac, rogorc Cans, yovelTvis ase ar aris.


strategia

kontroli

struqtura

kultura

sqema 8.2. mimarTeba strategias, struqturas, kontrolsa da kulturas Soris

1.

2. imis Semowmeba, Seesabameba Tu ara kultura momavlisTvis dasaxul strategias. kulturuli SezRudvebi gansazRvravs imas, romeli strategia aris realuri, romlis ganxorcieleba SeuZlia orga-nizacias da romlis — ara. magaliTad, Tu kultura Zalze nor-matiulia, strategia, romelic orientirebulia klientis momsax-urebaSi konkurenciaze, rogorc wesi, ver iqneba warmatebuli.

3. kompaniaTa Serwymis, SeerTebis, yidvis SemTxvevaSi partniorebs Soris potenciurad konfliqturi kulturuli sferoebis identi-ficireba. es SeiZleba iyos gadawyvetileba, moxdes Tu ara SeerTe-ba, xolo — maSin, Tu gadawyvetileba ukve miRebulia — SeerTebis Semdgomi integrirebis marTva, raTa minimalurad Semcirdes dana-kargebi da SenarCundes unikaluri kulturuli kapitali.

4. droTa ganmavlobaSi organizaciuli kulturis ganviTarebis Se-faseba erTi an meti wlis Semdeg kvlevis xelaxla CatarebiT. es gviCvenebs, realurad ganxorcielda Tu ara nacadi kulturuli cvlilebebi; aseve gamoavlens, ra kulturuli efeqtebi mohyva wina


kvlevis Semdeg momxdar eqsternalur cvlilebebs.praqtikulad ra SeuZlia gaakeTos adamianma Tavisi organizaciis kul-

turisTvis? pirvel rigSi es damokidebulia konkretuli adamianis pozi-ciaze organizaciaSi an organizaciasTan mimarTebaSi. germaneli profes-oris eberhard vites klasikuri kvlevis mixedviT, warmatebuli siaxleebi organizaciebSi saWiroebda ori mxaris maxpromotorisa da faxpromoto-ris (Zalauflebis mflobelisa da eqspertis) erTobliv aqtivobas: 34 vites modeli Camoyalibda germanul monacemebze dayrdnobiT da SesaZloa vali-duri iyos mxolod germaniis msgavsi qveynebisTvis, sadac mcirea Zalauf-lebrivi distancia (Zalauflebis mqone pirTa siaxlove, xelmisawvdomoba) da sakmaod Zlieria gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba (rwmena eqspertebSi). Tumca mainc unda aRiniSnos, rom am ori rolis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna nebismier erovnul kulturaSi gonivruli iqneba. kulturuli inovacie-bisTvis orive Zalze mniSvnelovania. aucilebelia Zalauflebis mqone pi-ris mxardaWera — savaraudod qarizmatuli adamianisa, romelic mxolod administratori ar aris. aucilebelia eqspertiza swori diagnozis das-masa da Sesabamisi Terapiis arCevaSi. vites kvlevis Tanaxmad, Tu sxvagan ara, germaniaSi mainc, maxpromotori da faxpromotori ori sxvadasxva adamiani unda iyos, radgan am ori rolis kombinireba iwvevs erT-erTis mimarTulebiT kompromisze wasvlas.

faxpromotorma orgnizaciis kulturisa da subkulturebis amJamin-deli mdgomareobis swori diagnozi unda dasvas. saSiSia imis daSveba, rom adamianma icis Tavisi organizaciis awmyo kulturuli ruka, ra cvlilebe-bia masSi gansaxorcielebeli da rogor. organizacia SeiZleba sxvanairad gamoiyurebodes `zevidan~, vidre `Suidan~ an `qvevidan~, sadac realuri samuSao sruldeba. roca IRIC-is mkvlevrebi ganyofilebaTa menejerebs ukukavSirisTvis interviuebisa da gamokiTxvis Sedegebs awvdidnen, yo-velTvis sTxovdnen maT, rom gamoecnoT, sad idga maTi organizacia sx-vadasxva ganzomilebis mixedviT manam, sanam naxavdnen, rogor upasuxes maTma daqvemdebarebulma TanamSromlebma kvlevis SekiTxvebs. zogierTi menejeri saocrad gamWriaxi aRmoCnda da swor pasuxebs iZleoda gamocno-bis dros, magram sxvebi WeSmaritebisgan sakmaod Sors iyvnen. pasuxebze xSirad axdenda gavlenas maTi survilebi da gaucnobierebeli SiSebi. aqe-dan gamomdinare, swori diagnozi aucilebelia.


zeda rgolismenejmenti

Sua/qveda rgolismenejmenti

profesionaliTanamSromlebi

sxvaTanamSromlebi

qvey

ana

A

qvey

ana

B

qvey

ana

C

funq

ciu

ri

sfer

o X

funq

ciu

ri

sfer

o Y

funq

ciu

ri

sfer

o Z

produqc

ia

da

bazar

i D

produqc

ia

da

bazar

i E

produqc

ia

da

bazar

i F

partni

ori

gaer

Tia

nebi

sa M

partni

ori

gaer

Tia

nebi

sa O

partni

ori

gaer

Tia

nebi

sa N

naxazi 8.3. organizaciuli kulturis potenciuri qvedanayofebi

gamarTul diagnostikur informaciaze dayrdnobiT maxpromotorma kulturuli analizi organizaciis strategiis nawilad unda gaxados. ra aris arsebuli kulturuli rukis Zlieri da susti mxareebi? SesaZlebe-lia Tu ara, Zlieri mxareebis ukeTesad gamoyeneba, susti mxareebisTvis ki Tavis arideba? SeuZlia Tu ara organizacias, gaagrZelos arseboba aw-myo kulturuli rukiT? Tuki menejments surs misi Secvla, realuri da SesaZlebelia Tu ara es? gadawonis Tu ara sargebeli xarjebs (romelic yovelTvis mosalodnelze maRalia)? arsebobs Tu ara is materialuri re-sursi da adamianuri SesaZleblobebi, romelic saWiro iqneba kulturis Sesacvlelad? Tu gadawyda, rom kultura unda Seicvalos, ra nabijebs


gadadgamen cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad? acnobierebs Tu ara maxpro-motori Tavis gadamwyvet da xangrZliv rols am procesSi? miecema Tu ara mas ufrosebisgan, direqtorebisgan an bankebisgan sakmarisi dro imisTvis, rom procesi bolomde miiyvanos (da amas yovelTvis meti dro sWirdeba, vidre vfiqrobT)? SesaZlebeli iqneba Tu ara organizaciaSi mxardaWeris mobilizeba cvlilebebisTvis saWiro masStabiT? vin iqnebian mxardamWere-bi? winaaRmdegobis gamwevebi? SesaZlebeli iqneba Tu ara am ukanasknel-TaTvis Tavis arideba an iseT mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba, rom ver SeZlon zianis miyeneba?

marTalia kultura `rbili~ maxasiaTebelia, magram misi Secvla sak-maod `Zlier~ saSualebebs saWiroebs. struqturuli cvlilebebi SeiZleba iTvaliswinebdes departamentebis daxurvas, sxva, axali departamentebis gaxsnas, saqmianobebis Serwymas an danawevrebas, adamianebis da/an jgufe-bis geografiul gadaadgilebas. zogadi wesi aseTia: rodesac xdeba adami-anebis, rogorc individebis gadaadgileba, isini adaptirdebian TavianT axal garemosTan, xolo rodesac maTi gadaadgileba jgufuria, gadaad-gilebulebs Tan moaqvT jgufis kultura. adamianebma, rogorc TavianTi kulturis nawili, jgufurad ganaviTares urTierTobis sakmaod stabi-luri da rTulad Sesacvleli saSualebebi. maTi Secvla niSnavs imas, rom gadaxedili da Tavidan mogvarebuli unda iyos pirovnebaTSorisi yvela urTierToba. Tu axali amocanebi an axali garemo gvaiZulebs aseTi tipis gadaxedvis ganxorcielebas, SesaZloa, gaqres Zveli kulturis arasasur-veli aspeqtebi.

proceduruli cvlilebebi gulisxmobs axali procedurebis danerg-vas, kontrolis Semcirebas an axali kontrolis meqanizmebis SemoRebas, avtomatizaciis danergvas an Sewyvetas da komunikaciis Semcirebas an axa-li sakomunikacio kavSirebis Seqmnas.

did qimiur kompanias surda gadasuliyo qimiuri nivTierebebis warmo-ebis bazris ufro momgebian specializebul segmentSi. maT am amocanaSi warmatebas miaRwies mxolod mas Semdeg, rac uari Tqves procesTan dakav-Sirebul detalur cifrebze da maT adgilas danerges produqtis miwode-bisa da klientis kmayofilebis Semowmebis praqtika.

procesebi SeiZleba vakontroloT Sedegebis an Cadebuli investicie-bis safuZvelze. es ukanaskneli, Tuki misi ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia, ufro efeqturia. xSirad saqmianobebs, romelTa Sedegebis gansazRvra naTlad SeiZleba, tradiciuli sabiujeto midgomis gamo, mxolod inve-sticiebze dayrdnobiT akontroleben. es gansakuTrebiT sajaro seqtorSi aRiniSneba.

personalTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebi niSnavs axali TanamSromle-bis daqiravebas da dawinaurebis politikas. am procesSi aucileblad unda iyos aRiarebuli adamianuri resursebis departamentis ase vTqvaT `dar-ajis“ funqcia. adamianuri resursebis menejerebs gaucnobiereblad aqvT Camoyalibebuli organizaciisTvis, erTgvari gmirebis modelebi, romelic axali kulturis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gadaxedvas saWiroebdes. SesaZlebe-lia Tu ara, rom gmiri mamakaci iyos gmiri qali? SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom


dawinaurdes mamakaci TanamSromeli, romelic sayures atarebs? rodesac menejerebs kulturis Secvla surT, xSirad, pirveli, rac axsendebaT, treningprogramebia. es sasargebloa mxolod mas Semdeg, rac xelaxali treningis gavlis saWiroeba gamovlindeba struqturuli, proceduruli da personalTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebis safuZvelze (rogorc SAS-is magaliTSi). trening-programebi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis mxardaWeris gareSe, rogorc wesi, sakuTari Tavis motyueba da fulis wyalSi gaday-raa. zogadad vinmesTvis treningis Catarebis SeTavazebas yovelTvis sif-rTxiliT unda movepyroT. treningi efeqturia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu treningis minawiles Tavad surs misi gavla.

kulturuli cvlilebis ganxorcielebis mcdelobis dros xSirad didi yuradReba eqceva axal simboloebs. isini advilad SesamCnevia: axali saxe-li, axali logo, axali formebi, axali sloganebi da portretebi kedleb-ze — yvelaferi es miekuTvneba korporaciuli identobis modur mxares. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom simboloebi kulturis mxolod zedapiruli na-wilia. axali simboloebi gmirebis, ritualebisa da ZiriTadi liderebis RirebulebaTa ufro fundamenturi doneebidan momdinare mxardaWeris gareSe, realurad arafers ar niSnavs da Zalian swrafad kargavs efeqts.

kulturuli cvlileba organizaciaSi maxpromotoris mizanmimarTu-lobas da mudmiv yuradRebas moiTxovs. Tu procesi kulturis diagnoziT daiwyo, ra Tqma unda, sasargebloa aRniSnuli diagnozis ganmeoreba mas Semdeg, rac sakmarisi dro gava imisTvis, rom dagegmili cvlilebebi Se-samCnevi gaxdes. amgvarad iwyeba monitoringis procesi, romlis ganmavlo-baSi realurad aRmoCenili cvlilebebs adareben dagegmil cvlilebebs da SesaZlebeli xdeba gamosasworeblad saWiro momdevno zomebis gatareba. swored es aris organizaciuli kulturis marTvis gza.

8.2 cxrilSi Sejamebulia organizaciuli kulturis marTvis ZiriTadi etapebi.


cxrili 8.2 organizaciuli kulturis marTva

• maRali mmarTvelobis maRali rgolis amocanaa, romlis dele-

girebac ver moxdeba;

• moiTxovs Zalauflebasa da eqspertizas;

• unda daiwyos organizaciis kulturuli rukiT;

• saWiroebs strategiuli arCevanis gakeTebas

• Seesabameba Tu ara amJamindeli kultura strategias?

• Tu ar Seesabameba, SesaZlebelia Tu ara strategiis adaptireba?

• Tu es SeuZlebelia, ra kulturuli cvlilebebis ganxorcielebaa

saWiro?

• aris Tu ara es cvlileba realurad ganxorcielebadi — gvyavs

Tu ara amisTvis xalxi?

• ra xarjebTan gveqneba saqme finansuri TvalsazrisiT da xelmZR-

vanelobis yuradRebis kuTxiT?

• gadawonis Tu ara mosalodneli sargebeli xarjebs?

• realurad ra dro dasWirdeba cvlilebebis ganxorcielebas?

• Tu eWvqveSaa, sjobs strategia Seicvalos;

• gansxvavebuli subkulturebi SesaZloa gansxvavebul midgomas

saWiroebdes.

• SeqmeniT cvlilebaTa agentebis jaWvi organizaciaSi;

• wamyvani specialistebi yvela doneze;

• Tu wamyvani specialistebi daiwyeben, sxvebi maT mihyvebian;

• SesaZlebelia Tu ara winaaRmdegobis gamwevTaTvis Tavis arideba?

• ganaxorcieleT aucilebeli struqturuli cvlilebebi

• departamentebis Camoyalibeba an daxurva;

• departamentebis an amocanebis Serwyma an danawevreba;

• unda moxdes Tu ara jgufebis an individebis gadaadgileba?

• Seesabameba Tu ara amocanebi unar-SesaZleblobebs?

• ganaxorcieleT saWiro proceduruli cvlilebebi

• kontrolis meqanizmebis Semcireba an damateba, danergva;

• avtomatizacia an avtomatizaciis Semcireba;

• sakomunikacio kavSirebis danergva an gauqmeba;

• Senatanebis kontrolis Secvla Sedegebis kontroliT.

• gadaxedeT personalTan dakavSirebul politikas

• gadaxedeT SerCeva-daqiravebis kriteriumebs;

• gadaxedeT dawinaurebis kriteriumebs;

• SeZlebs Tu ara adamianuri resursebis marTvis menejeri axlad

dakisrebuli amocanis Sesrulebas?


• dagegmeT samuSao adgilebis drouli rotacia;

• sifrTxile gamoiCineT sxvebisTvis treningebis Catarebis geg-

mebis Sedgenisas;

• treningis gavlis saWiroeba unda gansazRvros Tavad treningSi

monawilem.

• ganagrZeT organizaciuli kulturis ganviTarebis monitoringi

• mizanmimarTuloba da yuradRebis SenarCuneba;

• periodulad gaimeoreT kulturis diagnostikis procesi.

291

Tavi 9

kulturaTSorisi urTierTobebi

ingliseli elCi Cvenze ramdenime dRiT adre Cavida TeiranSi. igi iseve didebulad miiRes, rogorc urwmuno ZaRls Cveni dalocvili winaswar-metyvelis qveSevrdomisgan ekuTvnoda. ... Tavadebs da didgvarovnebs el-CisTvis saCuqrebis gagzavna daavales. gamoica sayovelTao brZaneba, rom elCi da misi amqari Sahis stumrebi iyvnen da mefis risxvis Tavidan asaci-leblad maTTan mxolod misaReb Temebze SeiZleboda saubari.

zogierTma SeiZleba ifiqros, rom mTeli es yuradReba sakmarisze meti iqneboda, raTa urjuloni TavianTi bediT kmayofilni darCeniliyvnen. magram, piriqiT, etiketis sakiTxis gadawyvetis dros dausrulebelma sirTuleebma iCina Tavi. elCi Zalian jiuti adamiani iyo. pirvel rigSi, es exeboda dasxdomis sakiTxs. SahTan Tavisi pirveli audienciis dRes man uari ganacxada Zirs dajdomaze da daJinebiT moiTxova skami. garda amisa, man moiTxova, TviTon ganesazRvra manZili taxtsa da skams Soris. meore sakiTxi iyo fexsacmelebi. elCma uari Tqva fexze gaxdaze da iatakze SiS-veli fexebiT gavlaze. ufro metic, man iuara Cveni, wiTeli qsovilis win-debis Cacma. rac Seexeba qudebs, man ganacxada, rom qudis moxdiT da Tavis dakvriT apirebda misalmeboda mefes, miuxedavad Cveni mtkicebisa, rom Tavis gaSiSvleba uaRresad arakoreqtuli qceva iyo. da bolos, yvela-ze gacxarebuli kamaTi tansacmlis Taobaze gaCaRda: pirvel rigSi, elCs Seatyobines, rom mas da mis Tanmxleb pirebs iseT samoss miarTmevdnen, romelic maT sxeuls (romelic uaRresad Seufereblad iyo gaSiSvlebu-li) ise dafaravda, rom Sesabamisi iqneboda mefesTan SexvedrisTvis. elCma es winadadeba dacinviT uaryo da ganacxada, rom igi sparseTis Sahis winaSe imave tansacmelSi wardgeboda, rac Tavisi monarqis winaSe ecva xolme.

— jeims morie, `ispahaneli haji babas Tavgadasavlebi~, 1824, XXVII Tavi

jeims j. morie (1780_1849) evropeli iyo, xolo `ispahaneli haji babas Tavgadasavlebi~ fantaziis nayofia. Tumca moriem icoda, ris Sesaxebac werda. igi otomanTa TurqeTSi daibada da gaizarda da konstantinopolis (axlandeli stamboli) elCis vaJiSvili iyo. mogvianebiT, mTeli 7 weli sparseTSi (axlandel iranSi) gaatara, rogorc britanelma diplomatma. rodesac haji baba sparsulad iTargmna, mkiTxvelebs ar sjerodaT, rom es nawarmoebi ucxoelma dawera. `temperamentis TvalsazrisiT morie ide-aluri mogzauri iyo. igi gasaocari ucxo miwisa da xalxebis gacnobiT siamovnebas iRebda; morie pozitiuri iumoris grZnobiT iyo dajildoe-buli, rac saSualebas aZlevda daefasebina misgan srulebiT gansxvave-buli adamianis mamoZravebeli motivebi“ _ ase werda mories Sesaxeb misi wignis 1923 wlis gamocemis redaqtori. 1 naTelia, rom morie Turqul da sparsul enebze werda da kiTxulobda. yvela praqtikuli miznis gamo igi mravalkulturuli adamiani gaxda.


gamiznuli Tu aragamiznuli kulturaTSorisi konfliqti

kacobriobis istoria sxvadasxva kulturul jgufs Soris momxdari omebisgan Sedgeba. jozef kempbeli (1904_87), SedarebiT miTologiaze Se-qmnili naSromebis avtori, miiCnevs, rom wera-kiTxvis ucodinari xalxebis yvela primitiuli miTi mxars uWers da adidebs oms. Zvel aRTqmaSi, ro-melic rogorc iudaizmis, ise qritianobis wminda wignia, da amave dros, musulmanTa yuranis wyaro-dokumentia, ramdenime adgilas weria:

oRond am xalxTa qalaqebidan, romlebic ufalma, Senma RmerTma, mogca wilad, erTi sulic ar datovo cocxali. pirwmindad gaanadgure isini: xe-Telebi, amorevelebi, qanaanelebi, ferizevelebi, xivielebi da iebuseve-lebi, rogorc gibrZana ufalma, Senma RmerTma.

_ meore sjuli 20:16-18

es genocidis religiurad sanqcirebuli mowodebaa.2 Zveli aRTqmis me-xuTe mcneba, `ara kac hkla,“ aSkarad mxolod Sida jgufis wevrebs exeba. sakuTari tomisTvis teritoriis gafarToeba sxvebis mokvlis xarjze ara mxolod nebadarTuli, aramed RvTis mier aris nabrZanebi. ara marto Zve-li aRTqmis miwaze, aramed msoflios bevr sxva qveyanaSi teritoriuli konfliqtebi, sxva jgufebis wevris mokvla an miwebidan gaZeveba dRem-de grZeldeba. Tanamedrove palestinelebi israelis miwas edavebian is-raelelebs. maTi arabuli saxeli filistinelebia, es igive saxelia, rom-liTac Zvel aRTqmaSi maTi winaprebia moxseniebuli.

misi erTaderTi mizezi— casus belli— teritoriebis gafarToeba ar aris. adamianTa jgufebma ukve moZebnes sxvebze koleqtiurad Tavdasxmis sxva gamamarTlebeli sabuTic. gareSe mteri yovelTvis iyo Sida erTianobis SenarCunebis yvelaze efeqturi saSualeba. rogorc mexuTe TavSi aRvniS-neT, bevr kulturaSi swamT, rom `rac gansxvavebulia - saSiSia“. rasizmi gulisxmobs erTi jgufis bunebriv upiratesobas meoreze da swored amiT amarTlebs Zaladobas, romelic aucilebelia aRniSnuli upiratesobis Se-sanarCuneblad. totalitaruli ideologiebi, magaliTad, aparteidi, mo-saxleobas Tavs axvevda ukeTesi da uaresi jgufebis ganmartebas, Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi es ganmartebebi SesaZloa Seicvalos. kulturebisad-mi pesimisturad ganwyobili adamianebi svamen kiTxvas: SeuZliaT Tu ara adamianTa sazogadoebebs mtrebis gareSe arseboba?

evropam, garda yofili iugoslaviis zogierTi nawilisa, TiTqos SeZlo mieRwia im etapisTvis, rodesac qveynebi, romlebic warsulSi erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen, zesaxelmwifoebriv kavSirSi gaerTiandnen. meore mxriv, afrika farTomasStabiani omisa da genocidis scenad gadaiqca. am SemTxvevaSi masStabi iseTia, rom zogierTi amas maT warsul koloniza-torebs Soris gaCaRebul msoflo omebs adarebs.3realurad zeerovnuli afrikis kavSiris arseboba jer kidev Soreuli momavalia.

miuxedavad imisa, rom kulturuli procesebi sakmaod mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxebTan, omi da mSvidoba ar iqneba

293k u l tu r aTSo r i s i u rTi e rTo b e b i

am Tavis mTavari Tema. isini adamianTa jgufebs Soris mimdinare `ganzrax konfliqts“ aRniSnavs, rac winamdebare wignisTvis Zalze vrceli Temaa. am Tavis mizania, ganixilos aragamiznuli konfliqtebi, romlebic xSirad iCens Tavs inteleqtualuri urTierTobebis dros, Tumca es aravis ar surs da amiT yvela zaraldeba. zogierT SemTxvevaSi aseT garemoebebs omis dawyebisTvisac ki Seuwyvia xeli. Tumca, Cveni mxridan gulubryvilo-ba iqneboda gvefiqra, rom kulturaTSorisi komunikaciis unaris ganviTa-rebis xarjze yvela omi SeiZleba Tavidan aviciloT.

mogzaurobisa da komunikaciis Tanamedrove teqnologiebis Sedegad msoflioSi Zalian swrafad gaizarda da gafarTovda kulturaTSorisi urTierTobebi. iseTi uxerxuli situaciebi, rogoric aRwerili iyo mo-ries inglisel elCsa da Sahis karis warmomadgenels Soris, dRes Cveu-lebriv turistsa da adgilobriv mcxovrebs, skolis maswavleblebsa da maTi moswavleebis emigrant mSoblebs da saerTaSoriso biznesis dawyebis msurvel biznesmenebs Soris iCens Tavs. mories mier aRwerilze ufro dax-vewili, Tumca imave safuZvlis mqone gaugebroba, jer kidev mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens Tanamedrove diplomatebisa da/an politikuri lidere-bis molaparakebebis procesze. kulturebs Soris komunikaciis unari zr-dis molaparakebis warmatebulobis Sanss, razec xSirad uaRresad mniSv-nelovani globaluri problemebia damokidebuli. mocemuli Tavis Tema aragamiznuli kulturuli konfliqtebis Tavidan acileba iqneba.

qveynebsa da regionebs Soris, kulturis garda, sxva gansxvavebebic arsebobs. 9.1 naxazSi asaxulia qveynebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis sami tipi: identoba, Rirebulebebi da instituciebi. samives istoriuli fesve-bi aqvs. identoba pasuxobs kiTxvaze, `romel jgufs vekuTvni?“ is xSirad dafuZnebulia enaze da/an religiur kuTvnilebaze da aRiqmeba da SeigrZ-noba, rogorc identobis mqoneTa, ise im garemocvis mier, romelic mas ar iziarebs. Tumca, identoba ar aris erovnuli kulturis mTavari nawili. 1.2 naxazis terminologiis Tanaxmad, identobis gansxvavebuloba praqti-kebSia fesvgadgmuli (saerTo simboloebi, gmirebi da ritualebi) da ara aucileblad RirebulebebSi. im qveyanaTa jgufebi, romlebic erTmaneTs gansxvavebuli identobis gamo ebrZvian, SeiZleba erTsa da imave Zireul Rirebulebebs iziarebdnen. swored ase iyo yofil iugoslaviaSi serbebisa da xorvatebis SemTxvevaSi da CrdiloeT irlandiaSi kaTolikebsa da pro-testantebs Soris. adamianis cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi identobebi SeiZleba Seicvalos, rac xSirad xdeba warmatebuli migrantebis SemTxvevaSi.

identobebis sxvaobebisgan gansxvavebiT, RirebulebebSi gansvla re-alurad qmnis kulturis birTvs, rac grafikuladaa mocemuli 1.2 naxa-zis `xaxvSi“. identobebi xilulia, Rirebulebebi — uxilavi. kulturuli Rirebulebebi gavlenas axdens identobebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis Sedegebze. koleqtivizmi da ara individualizmi, niSnavs, rom identuri jgufebi Tavs ganacalkeveben sxvebisgan; gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis Zlieri da ara susti maCvenebeli niSnavs, rom erTi jgufi meores gani-xilavs, rogorc safrTxes. 5.2 naxazze qveynebi individualizm-koleqti-vizmis da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis ganzomilebebis mixedviT aris


dajgufebuli. mexuTe TavSi vsaubrobdiT, rom am naxazis mixedviT, qvey-nis kombinirebuli pozicia naTels xdis im gansxvavebul gzebs, romlis saSualebiTac sazogadoebebi Tavs arTmeven jgufTaSoris konfliqtebs.

qveynebi aSkarad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan istoriulad Camoyali-bebuli instituciebiT wesebiT, kanonebiTa da organizaciebiT, romlebic ojaxur cxovrebas, skolas, jandacvas, bizness, mTavrobas, sports, me-dias, xelovnebasa da mecnierebas awesrigeben. qveynis instituciebs Soris struqturuli da funqciuri gansxvaveba naklebad ukavSirdeba gansxva-vebebs identobebs Soris; aq ufro mniSvnelovania Rirebulebebis gansx-vavebulobaa; amdenad 9.1 naxazze horizontaluri isrebiT erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia mxolod `Rirebulebebis“ da `instituciebis“ kvadratebi.

identobaenareligiaxiluli

Rirebulebebigonebrivi programebiuxilavi

instituciebiwesebi, kanonebi,organizaciebixiluli

History

9.1 naxazi qveynebsa da jgufebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebaTa wyaroebi

kulturuli Soki da akulturacia

kulturaTSoris urTierTobebs xSirad Tan sdevs erTnairi fsiqolo-giuri da socialuri procesebi. kulturaTSorisi urTierTobis umarti-vesi forma aris urTierToba erT ucxoel individsa da axal kulturul garemos Soris.

ucxoeli yovelTvis ganicdis kulturuli Sokis garkveul formas. ro-gorc es araerTxel iyo aRniSnuli wina TavebSi, Cveni gonebrivi programa Zireul Rirebulebebs Seicavs. es is Rirebulebebia, romlebic adamianma cxovrebis adreul periodSi SeiTvisa da imdenad bunebrivi gaxda, rom aracnobierad arsebobs CvenSi. swored maTzea dafuZnebuli kulturis gaazrebuli da ufro zedapiruli manifestaciebi: ritualebi, gmirebi da simboloebi (ix. 1.2 naxazi). gamoucdeli ucxoeli SeiZleba garkveuli Za-lisxmevis gziT ecados, iswavlos axali garemosTvis damaxasiaTebeli zo-gierTi simbolo da rituali (ra sityvebi gamoiyenos, rogor miesalmos,


rodis miarTvas saCuqari), magram naklebad savaraudoa, rom igi SeZlebs Seicnos da SeigrZnos, ra Rirebulebebi udevs safuZvlad yovelive amas. ucxo qveyanaSi Casuli adamiani garkveulwilad ubrundeba Cvilis gone-briv mdgomareobas da am mdgomareobaSi xelaxla unda iswavlos umarti-vesi ram. Cveulebriv es iwvevs tanjvis, umweobis SegrZnebebs da adamians axali garemos mimarT mtruli damokidebuleba uCndeba. xSirad es mdgo-mareoba adamianis fizikur funqcionirebazec moqmedebs. eqspatriantebsa da migrantebs ufro meti samedicino daxmareba sWirdebaT gadasvlidan Zalze mokle drois Semdeg, vidre manamde an mogvianebiT.4

ucxo kulturul garemoSi moxvedrili adamianebi amboben, rom dro-Ta ganmavlobaSi aReniSnebaT SegrZnebebis Secvla, romlis mimdinareobac met-naklebad emTxveva 9.2 naxazze mocemul ucxo kulturasTan adaptire-bis mruds. grZnobebi (dadebiTi an uaryofiTi) gamosaxulia vertikaluri xaziT, xolo dro — horizontaluriT. rogorc wesi, mokle pirveli faza aris eiforiis periodi: Taflobis Tve, mgzavrobiTa da axali adgilis naxviT gamowveuli emociebi. meore faza kulturuli Sokis periodia, ro-desac iwyeba realuri cxovreba axal garemoSi, rogorc es adre iyo aRwe-rili. mesame faza, ucxo kulturasTan adaptireba, maSin iwyeba, rodesac adamianma nel-nela iswavla axal pirobebSi funqcionireba, aiTvisa zo-gierTi axali adgilobrivi Rirebuleba, gaizarda misi Tavdajerebuloba da xdeba misi integracia axal socialur qselSi. meoTxe faza gonebis stabilur mdgomareobaa, romelsac bolos miaRwia adamianma. grZnobebi SesaZloa negatiuri darCes (4a) — Tu, magaliTad Camosuli Tavs ucxod da diskriminirebuladac grZnobs. SesaZloa grZnobebi iseTive iyos, rogo-ric adre (4b) — am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom adamiani bikultu-rulad adaptirebulia. da bolos, SeiZleba grZnobebi ufro pozitiuric ki iyos adrindelTan SedarebiT (4g). am SemTxvevaSi Camosuli `gaxda adgi-lobrivi~ - is romaelebze ufro romaeli gaxda.

naxazze mocemuli drois monakveTi nebismieria. is TiTqos Seesabameba eqspatriantobis periods. is vinc moklevadiani, daaxloebiT samTviani da-valebiT arian mivlenibuli sazRvargareT, am periodSi gamoyofs eifori-is, kulturuli Sokis da ucxo kulturasTan adaptirebis fazebs. grZel-vadiani, ramdenime wliani, mivlinebiT wasulebis SemTxvevaSi kulturuli Sokis faza moicavs erTwlian an ufro xangrZliv periods, sanam ad amiani moaxerxebs ucxo kulturasTan adaptirebas.


dadebiTi +

SegrZnebebi

uaryofiTi

-

fazaeiforia kulturuli

Sokiucxo kulturasTan

adaptirebastabiluri

mdgomareoba

1 2 3 4

c

b

a

dro

sqema 9.2 ucxo kulturasTan adaptirebis mrudi

kulturuli Soki da Sesabamisi fizikuri simptomebi SeiZleba iseTi mwvave iyos, rom saWiro gaxdes mivlinebis droze adre Sewyveta. saer-TaSoriso bizneskompaniebis umravlesobas aqvs am saxis gamocdileba zo-gierT eqspatriantTan mimarTebaSi. yofila eqspatrianti TanamSromlebis TviTmkvlelobis SemTxvevebic. eqspatriantTa meuRleebi ufro xSirad ganicdian kulturul Soks, vidre samuSaoTi dakavebuli eqspatriantebi. es faqti SesaZloa ukan dabrunebis mizezic ki gaxdes. eqspatriants xom samuSao garemo uqmnis saxlTan kulturuli kavSiris SegrZnebas. erTi ame-rikeli coli qmars safrangeTSi, nicaSi turistebis samoTxeSi gahyva. igi binaSi Caiketa da gareT ver gamodioda.

menejmentis Temaze daweril literaturaSi xSirad aris moyvanili sam-SobloSi eqspatriantebis droze adre dabrunebis maRali maCveneblebi. holandiel-avstralielma mkvlevarma en-vil harzingma saguldagulod Seiswavla am sakiTxze dawerili 30-ze meti statia da miakvlia Semdegi saxis mtkicebulebebs: `sakmaod xangrZlivi empiriuli kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom eqspatriantTa warumatebloba mniSvnelovani da mudmi-vi problemaa, romlis maCveneblebic ganviTarebul qveynebSi 25% - 40%-s Soris varirebs da 70%-amdea ganviTarebad qveynebSi.~ rodesac am cifre-bis wyaroebis Semowmeba scada, harzingma mxolod mcire mtkicebulebis aRmoCena SeZlo. erTaderTi sando kvleva, romelic mraval qveyanasa da erovnebas moicavda, ekuTvnoda kanadel profesor rozali tuns 1970-iani wlebis bolos, ufro adre, vidre kulturaTSorisi treningi Cveulebri-vi movlena gaxdeboda, mkvlevarma gamoavlina, rom eqspatriantebis ukan


dabrunebis saSualo maCvenebeli iaponur da evropul kompaniebSi 10%-ze naklebi iyo; amerikuli kompaniebisTvis saSualo maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 12-13% iyo da mxolod ramdenime kompania warmoadgenda gamonakliss, sad-ac es maCvenebeli 20%-40%-s Seadgenda. savaraudod, es situacia momdevno wlebSi gamosworda, Tu davuSvebT, rom adamianuri resursebis marTvis menejerebi muSaobdnen am problemis gadaWraze. eqspatriantTa warumate-blobis dramatulad maRali maCvenebeli sasargeblo informaciaa inter-kulturul sakiTxebze momuSave konsultantebisTvis, romlebic cdilo-ben gayidon eqspatriantTa treningebi da daarwmunon rogorc sakuTari Tavi, ise sxvebi imaSi, rom maTi saqme mniSvnelovania. magram es mxolod miTia.5 ukeTesi argumenti Semdegia — droze adre dabrunebis maCvenebeli SeiZleba marTlac dabali iyos, magram es realurad ar zomavs eqspatria-ciis problemas: zarali, romelic SeiZleba qveyanaSi darCenilma arakom-petenturma da ugrZnobma eqspatriantma moitanos, gacilebiT didia.

devnilebisa da migrantebis garkveuli nawili seriozulad avaddeba fizikurad an gonebrivad, Tavs iklavs, an nostalgiis iseTi Zlieri SegrZ-neba aqvs, rom pirvelive wels brundeba ukan.

eqspartiantebi da migrantebi, romlebic warmatebiT amTavreben ucxo kulturasTan adaptirebis process da Semdeg brundebian saxlSi, ukukul-turul Soks ganicdian — cdiloben xelaxla Seeguon TavianT Zvel kul-turul garemos. saxlSi dabrunebisas migrantebi zogjer aRmoaCenen, rom veRar axerxeben xelaxla integrirebas da isev midian emigraciaSi, amjerad ukve samudamod. eqspatriantebi, romlebic mogvianebiT axali davalebis Sesasruleblad axal ucxo garemoSi aRmoCndebian, aRniSnaven, rom kul-turuli Sokis procesi xelaxla iwyeba. naTelia, rom kulturuli Soki damokidebulia garemoze. yovel axal kulturul garemoSi axali Sokia.

eTnocentrizmi da qsenofilia

maspinZel garemoSi ucxoelebis mimarT standartuli tipis reaqciebi Cndeba. maspinZeli kulturis warmomadgenlebi Cveulebriv sxva fsiqolo-giur cikls gaivlian. pirveli faza aris interesi — garkveuli saxis eifo-ria stumris mimarT. Tu Camosuli rCeba da cdilobs maspinZel kulturaSi funqcionirebas, iwyeba meore faza: eTnocentrizmi. maspinZlebi stumars TavianTi kulturuli standartebis mixedviT afaseben da es Sefaseba metwilad uaryofiTia. vizitori cud manerebs avlens, rogorc inglisis elCis SemTxvevaSi moxda; is uxeSi, gulubryvilo da/an sulelia. eTnocen-trizmi sazogadoebis SemTxvevaSi igivea, rac egocentrizmi individis Sem-TxvevaSi — sakuTari, patara samyaro warmodgenilia mTeli samyaros cen-trad. Tu ucxoelebi mxolod iSviaTad Camodian, maspinZlebi inarCuneben eTnocentizms. magram, Tu uwevT ucxoelebTan regularuli urTierToba, maspinZlebi SeiZleba gadavidnen mesame fazaSi — esaa policentrizmi, imis aRiareba, rom sxvadasxva adamiani sxvadasxva standartiT unda Sefasdes. zogs ucxoelebis maTive standartebiT Sefasebis unari uyalibdeba. es bian multikulturalurobis dasawyisia.6


rogorc mexuTe TavSi aRvniSneT, gaurkvevlobis Tavidan amcilebeli kulturebi metad ewinaaRmdegebian policentrizms, vidre gaurkvevlobis mimRebi kulturebi. Tumca, erTi kulturis SigniT, individebi erTmane-Tisgan saSualo kulturuli maCveneblis mixedviT gansxvavdebian. amdenad, aratolerantul kulturebSi SeiZleba SevxvdeT tolerantul maspinZels da piriqiT. sxvadasxva tipis adamianis sxvadasxva standartiT Sefasebis tendencia SeiZleba qsenofiliaSic ki gadaizardos — rwmenaSi imisa, rom ucxoelis kulturaSi yvelaferi ukeTesia. zogi ucxoeli kmayofilia amiT. eqspatriantebs aqvT mSobliur qveyanasTan dakavSirebuli yvela movlenis idealizebis tendencia. arc eTnocentrizmi da arc qsenofilia ar gamod-geba kulturaTSorisi urTierTobis jansaR safuZvlad.

jgufuri urTierTobebi: avto da hetero stereotipebi

jgufebs Soris kulturaTSorisi Sexvedrebi jgufur SegrZnebebs aCens. gavrcelebuli azris sawinaaRmdegod, jgufebs Soris kulturaTSorisi kontaqti urTierTgagebas avtomaturad ar uwyobs xels. piriqiT, is ufro metad ketavs TiToeul jgufs sakuTar identobaSi. sxva jgufis wevrebi aRiqmebian ara rogorc individebi da maT mimarT yalibdeba stereotipuli damokidebuleba — magaliTad, yvela Cineli erTmaneTs hgavs, yvela Sot-landieli Zunwia. sxva jgufis wevrebis Sesaxeb heterostereotipebi ya-libdeba. am ukanasknelisgan gansxvavebiT avtostereotipebi iqmneba saku-Tari jgufis wevrebis Sesaxeb arsebul Sexedulebebze dayrdnobiT. amgvari stereotipebi realuri movlenebis aRqmazec moaxdenen gavlenas: Tu Cveni jgufis wevri Tavs esxmis sxva jgufis wevrs, darwmunebuli varT (`Cemi sakuTari TvaliT davinaxe~), rom yvelaferi piriqiT moxda.

rogorc mesame TavSi vnaxeT, msoflios xalxTa umravlesoba cxovrobs koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi sadac adamianebi mTeli sicocxlis ganmav-lobaSi SekavSirebul, Sida jgufis wevrebad rCebian, rac uzrunvelyofs maT dacvas, miRebuli erTgulebis sanacvlod. aseT sazogadoebaSi gansx-vavebuli kulturuli fonis mqone jgufebi ufro metad gareSe jgufebad aRiqmebian, vidre sakuTari kulturis farglebSi arsebuli sxva jgufe-bi. kulturuli gansxvavebebis TvalsazrisiT integracia koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi ufro Znelia, vidre individualistur sazogadoebebSi. swored es aris mTavari problema, romelic dekolonizebuli erebis wina-Se dgas, rogorc afrikis SemTxvevaSi, sadac erovnuli sazRvrebi STamo-mavlobiT iqna miRebuli kolonizaciis periodidan, rodesac eTnikuri da kulturuli gamyofi xazebi ar gaiTvaliswines.

realuri integraciis damkvidreba kulturulad gansxvavebul jgufebs Soris iseT garemos saWiroebs, sadac am adamianebs SeuZliaT erTmaneTs Sexvdnen da erTmaneTTan urTierToba daamyaron, rogorc Tanasworebma. sportulma klubebma, universitetebma, organizaciebma da armiam SeiZleba Seasrulos es roli. zogierTi eTnikuri jgufuri kultura warmoSobs gansakuTrebuli unaris mqone adamianebs, magaliTad, mezRvaurebsa da vaW-rebs, da es unari SeiZleba maTi ufro did sazogadoebaSi integrirebis safuZveli gaxdes.


ena da iumori

bevr interkulturul situaciaSi sxvadasxva mxare Tavis mSobliur enaze metyvelebs. istoriis ganmavlobaSi es problema savaWro enebis ga-moyenebiT gadaiWra, magaliTad, malai, suahili da inglisuri enis sxva sa-xesxvaobebi. savaWro ena originali enis xelovnuri formaa. Tanamedrove msoflios savaWro enad SeiZleba miviCnioT inglisuris xelovnuri biz-nesforma. enobrivi gansxvavebebi xels uwyobs kulturuli gaugebrobis Camoyalibebas an gamZafrebas. IBM-is kulturaTSorisi treningis progra-maSi trenerebi afasebdnen monawileTa karierul potencials. karieris daaxloebiT rva wlis ganmavlobaSi Semdgomi Seswavla avlens, rom tre-nerebi ufro maRal Sefasebas aZlevdnen monawileebs, romelTa mSobli-uri ena inglisuri iyo (kursis ena), vidre frangul an italiur enaze mosaubreebs. germanulenovan monawileebs Sualeduri pozicia ukaviaT.7

savaWro an xelovnuri enis saSualebiT damyarebuli komunikaciisas saubari mxolod im sakiTxebiT izRudeba, risTvisac am gamartivebul enebs hyofnis sityvebi. imisTvis, rom ufro fundamenturi kulturaTSorisi urTierTgageba damkvidrdes, ucxoelma unda aiTvisos maspinZlis kul-turis ena. sxva enaze sakuTari azrebis gamoxatva gulisxmobs sxvisi sa-orientacio sistemis gaTavisebas. albaT, bikulturuli ver gaxdebi, Tu amave dros bilingvuri ar xar.8 marTalia, `xaxvis~ diagramis mixedviT (1.2 naxazi) enis Semadgeneli sityvebi simboloebs warmoadgens (anu kulturis zedapirul dones ganekuTvneba), magram isini, amave dros, kulturuli transferis saSualebebia. ufro metic, sityvebi rTulad gasakontroli-rebeli satransporto saSualebebia: Cvens azrovnebaze gavlenas axdens is kategoriebi, romlebisTvisac Cvens enaSi sityvebi arsebobs.9 bevri sity-va sxva enebSic gadadis, vinaidan unikalur movlenas, sagans gamoxatavs. aseTia: menejmenti, kompiuteri, aparteidi, maCizmo, perestroika, geiSa, sauna, buterbrodi, mafia, voiaJi da sxv.

erTze met enaze sakuTari azris gamoxatvis unari araTanabrad aris gadanawilebuli qveynebis mixedviT. ufro patara, mdidari qveynebis mkvidrni, rogorebic arian Sveicarielebi, belgielebi, skandinavielebi, singapurelebi da holandielebi, sargebloben ucxoelebTan xSiri konta-qtiT da Tavis qveyanaSi arsebuli ganaTlebis kargi sistemiT. amdenad, isi-ni metwilad poliglotebi arian. kulturaTSorisi kontaqtebis pirobebSi maT organizaciebs strategiuli upiratesoba aqvs, radgan TiTqmis yo-velTvis hyavT ramdenime ucxo enis mcodne adamianebi. is, vinc ukve erTze met enaze metyvelebs, damatebiT enebsac gacilebiT martivad swavlobs.

paradoqsulia, rom msoflios savaWro enis — inglisuris codna adami-anisTvis saWiroebaa da ara arCevani, raTa saTanado donis komunikacia daamyaros sxva kulturebTan. inglisuri enis mcodneni am aqts yovelTvis ver acnobiereben. isini emsgavsebian cnobili andazis personaJs kanzasel fermers, romelmac Tqva: `Tu inglisuri sakmarisi iyo ieso qristesT-vis, CemTvisac sakmarisia.~10girti erTxel erT inglisels Sexvda, romelic uelsis sazRvarTan axlos muSaobda. man uTxra, rom sazRvars miRma mdeba-re SesaniSnav saxlze uari ganacxada, radgan iq rom gadasuliyo, maSin mis


vaJiSvils skolaSi uelsuri enis swavla mouwevda. Cveni azriT, man xeli-dan gauSva Sansi, rom unikaluri wvlili Seetana Tavisi Svilis, rogorc msoflio moqalaqis, ganaTlebaSi.

ena da kultura arc ise mWidrod aris urTierTdakavSirebuli, rom saerTo ena saerTo kulturas niSnavdes. enobrivi gansxvaveba aucileblad ar ganapirobebs kulturul gansxvavebulobas. belgiaSi, sadac holan-diuri da franguli enebi dominirebs (aqve aris patara germanulenovani arealic), IBM-is 4-ganzomilebiani kvlevis farglebSi maCveneblebi fla-mandiurenovani (holandiur enaze molaparakeni) da valonur enaze mola-parake (frangulenovani) regionebisTvis TiTqmis erTgvarovani iyo. orive regioni frangebis msgavs da holandielebisgan gansxvavebul qulebs iReb-da. am faqtSi aisaxa belgiis istoria: imisgan damoukideblad, ra enaze metyvelebdnen winaprebi, saSualo da maRali klasis warmomadgenlebis ena franguli iyo. Sesabamisad, maT franguli kultura SeiTvises. dabali fe-nis warmomadgenlebi flamandiur nawilSi holandiur enaze metyvelebdnen, magram rodesac zeda fenaSi gadainacvlebdnen, saSualo fenis kultura-sTan adaptirdebodnen. IBM-is kvlevam amgvaradve Seadara Sveicariis ger-manul da frangulenovani regionebi. am SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebuli suraTi aisaxa: germanulenovanma nawilma igive qulebi miiRo, rac germaniam, xolo frangulenovanma nawilma igive, rac safrangeTma. Sveicariis istoriuli ganviTareba gansxvavdeba belgiis istoriuli ganviTarebisgan: SveicariaSi ena iyofa kantonebis (damoukidebeli provinciebis) da ara klasobrivi struqturis mixedviT. es gvexmareba imis axsnaSi, Tu ratom aris enis sa-kiTxi mZafri politikuri problema belgiaSi da ara SveicariaSi.11

enis codnis gareSe adamiani ver amCnevs kulturis bevr Tavisebur aspe-qts da iZulebulia met-naklebad gareSe piris rolSi darCes. erT-erTi aseTi Taviseburi aspeqti aris iumori. is, ra iTvleba sasacilod, mniSvne-lovanwilad aris damokidebuli kulturaze. bevri evropeli Tvlis, rom germanelebs iumoris grZnoba ar aqvT, Tumca realurad es imas niSnavs, rom am ukanasknelT ubralod gansxvavebuli iumoris grZnoba aqvT. gamoc-dilma mogzaurma icis, rom kulturaTSorisi urTierTobebis dros xum-robebi da ironia tabuirebuli Temaa manam, sanam absoluturad darwmune-buli ar xarT imaSi, Tu rogor aRiqvams iumors sxva kultura.

mesame TavSi citirebuli iyo indonezieli biznesmenis raden mas hadjiuibovos, monaTxrobi, romelic iavas ojaxebis erTmaneTTan stumro-bas aRwers. man indoneziur da holandiur iumoris grZnobas Soris gansx-vaveba gaaanaliza. qvemoT mogvyavs erT-erTi magaliTi:

Cveulebrivi dila iyo. tardeboda dilis rutinuli araformaluri saofise Sexvedra. yvelani Sexvedrebis magidas Semousxdnen da aRmoCnda, rom erTi skami aklda. markusi, erT-erTi indonezieli menejeri, gverdi-Ta ofisisken gaemarTa skamis mosatanad.

gverdiTa ofisi holandiel menejers, franss ekuTvnoda. is ofisSi ar iyo, magram ar iqneboda skamis Txovebis winaaRmdegi — aveji xom mainc firmas ekuTvnoda. markusi oTaxidan fransis skamis gamotanas apirebda,


rodesac fransi meore Semosasvlelidan Semovida.fransi karg gunebaze iyo. man gadaWra oTaxi, mivida Tavis magida-

sTan raRac qaRaldebis asaRebad da isev apirebda oTaxidan gasvlas. am dros man megobrulad gauRima markuss da TiTqos gvian gaaxsendao, miaZa-xa: `markus, qurdobis xasiaTze xar, ara?~ pasuxisTvis arc ki daucdia, ise gavida oTaxidan.

lanCis Semdeg franss oTaxSi dabrunebuli markusi elodeboda. fransma SeamCnia, rom markuss halstuxi gaekeTebina, rac uCveulo iyo. `markus, Cemo megobaro, riT SemiZlia dagexmaro?~ hkiTxa fransma. markus-ma mas naRvlianad Sexeda, skamze gasworda da mtkiced da sazeimod gana-cxada. `frans, me vacxadeb, rom qurdi ar var.~

gaognebuli fransi ver mixvda, raze laparakobda markusi. maT ki-dev daaxloebiT 45 wuTi dasWirdaT am gaugebrobis gasarkvevad.12

holandiur kulturaSi reputaciisa da statusis SenarCunebas did mniSvnelobas ar aniWeben, `megobruli Seuracxyofa~ megobrebs Soris xumrobis Cveulebrivi formaa. swori intonaciiT warmoTqmuli frazebi —`Se usindiso~ an `Se sulelo~ Tbil simpaTias gamoxatavs. indoneziaSi ki statusi wmindaa da Seuracxyofa pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT aris gagebuli. franss es unda scodnoda.

komunikaciuri teqnologiebis mniSvneloba

popularuli mediasaSualebebi xSirad varaudoben, rom sakomunikacio te-qnologiebi, rogoricaa televizia, eleqtrofosta, interneti, mobiluri telefoni, msoflios xalxebs erT globalur sofelSi gaaerTianebs, sa-dac kulturul gansxvavebebs mniSvneloba aRar eqnebaT. magram teqno-logiis kulturaze dominireba mxolod iluziaa. teqnikur saSualebaTa programebi SeiZleba globaluri gavxadoT, Tumca adamianTa mentalur programebTan mimarTebaSi es SeuZlebelia.

eleqtronuli komunikacia uzomod zrdis Zalze didi informaciis mi-Rebis SesaZleblobas, magram is paralelurad ar zrdis adamianTa mier am informaciis SeTvisebis SesaZleblobebs da arc maT RirebulebaTa si-stemas cvlis. rogorc momxmareblebi, sakuTari Rirebulebebis mixedviT varCevT informacias. mSoblebis msgavsad, Cvenc vkiTxulobT gazeTebs da vuyurebT satelevizio programebs, sadac CvenTvis prioritetuli pozi-ciis danaxvas veliT da TiTqmis usasrulo eleqtronuli informaciis pirobebSi, virCevT isev imas, rac Cvens ukve arsebul ideebs amyarebs. internetTan urTierTobis gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom adamianebi mas Zi-riTadad imis gasakeTeblad iyeneben, rasac isedac gaakeTebdnen. ubralod, axla internetis daxmarebiT amas ufro xSirad da swrafad akeTeben.

sakomunikacio teqnologiebma gazarda qveynebs Soris da qveynebis SigniT gansxvavebis Segneba/gacnobiereba. zogierTi daCagruli adamiani uyurebs programebs, romlebSic naCvenebia, rogor cxovroben adamianebi sxva qveynebSi da msoflioSi arsebuli simdidridan Tavisi wilis flo-


bis survili uCndeba. zogi privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi myofi adamiani gaigebs, rogor itanjebian da wvaloben adamianebi sxva qveynebSi da saz-Rvrebis daketvas moindomebs. msoflios karg da cud adamianebad dayofa ufro mosalodnelia, vidre tolerantobis donis zrda.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sakomunikacio teqnologiebi Ta-visTavad ver gaaumjobesebs kulturaTSoris gagebas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Wkvianurad moxdeba misi gamoyeneba, is SeiZleba gamodges kulturaTSori-si ganaTlebis iaraRad.

kulturaTSorisi urTierTobebi turizmis konteqstSi

turizmi kulturaTSorisi urTierTobis yvelaze zedapiruli formaa. turistebma SeiZleba ori kvira gaataron marokoSi, balize an qanqunSi da araferi aRmoaCinon adgilobrivi kulturis TvalsazrisiT. maspinZeli qveynis momsaxure personali ufro mets igebs turistTa kulturis Tao-baze magram suraTi, romelsac isini qmnian turistebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb, uaRresad damaxinjebuli iqneba. adamiani meore jgufis Sesaxeb informa-cias simboloebis — sityvebis, modis, statiebis, musikisa da a.S doneze SeiTvisebs (ix. sqema 1.2).

maspinZel qveynebSi masobrivi turizmis ekonomikuri efeqti SeiZ-leba dadebiTic iyos da uaryofiTic. Semosavlis tradiciuli wyaroebi xSirad nadgurdeba da turizmidan miRebuli Semosavali mTavrobasTan da ucxoel investorebTan midis. aqedan gamomdinare, imis magivrad, rom raime sargebeli miiRos, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba SeiZleba sakmaod mZime situaciaSi aRmoCndes. masobriv turizms SeiZleba savalalo ekologiuri Sedegebi mohyves. bevris azriT, turizmi Taviseburi saCuqaria.

miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, turizmi SeiZleba ufro fundamenturi kulturaTSorisi urTierTobebis sawyisi wertili gaxdes. is arRvevs kul-turuli jgufebis izolacias da adamians awvdis informacias imis Taoba-ze, rom sadRac arseboben sxva adamianebi, romlebsac misgan gansxvavebuli azrebi aqvT. zogierTis gonebaSi Cagdebuli Tesli SeiZleba mogvianebiT aRmocendes. zogi turisti im qveynis enisa da kulturis Seswavlas iwyebs, romelSic imogzaura da survili aqvs, kidev dabrundes iq. maspinZlebi iwyeben turistis enis Seswavlas, raTa biznesi ganaviTaron. yalibdeba pi-radi megobruli urTierTobebi im adamianebs Soris, romelTaganac yvela-ze naklebadaa mosalodneli, Tanac yvelaze naklebad savaraudo gzebiT. kulturaTSorisi urTierTobis konteqstSi turizmis SesaZleblobebi da dadebiTi mxareebi, savaraudod, uaryofiT aspeqtebs gadawonis.


kulturaTSorisi urTierTobebi skolebSi

amerikelma maswavlebelma pekinSi ucxo enebis institutSi wamoiZaxa: `mSveniero gogonebo, me Tqven miyvarxarT~. Cineli damkvirveblis TqmiT, misi moswavleebi SeZrwundnen. italieli profesori, romelic aSS-Si as-wavlis, Zalze ganawyenda im faqtis gamo, rom mis studentebs sTxoves kursis oficialurad Sefaseba. igi miiCnevda, rom studentebi ar unda iyv-nen misi kursis xarisxis Semfaseblebi. erT-erT afrikul universitetSi indoel leqtorTan studenti kursis dawyebidan eqvsi kviris dagvianebiT gamocxadda, magram mas is leqciebze unda daeSva imitom, rom imave sofli-dan iyo, saidanac universitetis dekani. kulturaTSorisi urTierTobam sakmaod didi dabneuloba SeiZleba gamoiwvios skolebSi.13

skolebSi arsebuli urTierTobebis umetesoba oridan erT-erTi tipia: adgilobriv maswavleblebsa da ucxoel, migrant an devnil studen-tebs Soris da eqspatriant maswavleblebs (romlebic eqspertebad arian daqiravebuli an misionerebad arian gamogzavnili) da adgilobriv studen-tebs Soris. problemebis erT-erTi wyaro maswavleblebisa da moswavlee-bis mSobliuri kulturis gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebia. meoredan meeqvse Tavamde aRwerili iyo skolis konteqstSi arsebuli situaciebi, romlebic ganpirobebulia RirebulebebSi arsebuli gansxvavebebiT da ukavSirdeba Zalauflebrivi distanciis, individualizmis, maskulinobis, gaurkvev-lobis Tavidan acilebisa da momavalze orientaciis ganzomilebebs. isini xSirad gavlenas axdenen maswavlebelTa da moswavleTa Soris, moswavleebs Soris da maswavlebelTa da mSobelTa Soris arsebul urTierTobebze.

radgan ena swavlebis saSualebaa, is, rac manamde kulturaTSoris ur-TierTobebSi enis rolze iTqva, srulebiT exeba swavlebis situaciebsac. warmatebuli kulturuli adaptaciis ufro meti Sansi arsebobs maSin, ro-desac maswavlebeli students aswavlis am ukanasknelis mSobliur enaze, vidre maSin, rodesac students uwevs maswavleblis enaze swavla, radgan maswavlebels swavlebis konkretul situaciaSi ufro meti Zalaufleba aqvs, vidre calkeul students.

kursis ena gavlenas axdens swavlebis procesze. safrangeTis saerTaSo-riso biznesskolaSi (INSEAD), girti erTsa da imave kurss aswavlida erT jgufSi frangulad, xolo meoreSi — inglisurad. orive jgufi sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebisgan Sedgeboda. magaliTebis Sesaxeb msjelo-ba saintereso inteleqtualur diskusiaSi gadadioda, margam praqtikuli daskvna sakmaod iSviaTad keTdeboda. rodesac igive SemTxveva inglisurad ganixileboda, Zalian male viRac svamda kiTxvas: `ras gvaZlevs es?~ da klasi cdilobda pragmatuli yofiliyo. orive jgufi iyenebda erTsa da imave sakiTxav masalas. nawili frangi avtorebis inglisuri Targmani iyo, nawili — piriqiT. orive jgufs moswonda originalis enaze arsebuli sa-kiTxavi masala da iwunebda Targmans, rogorc `zedmetad sityvamravals, detalurs, sakmaod susti gzavniliT, romlis gadmocemac or, sam gverdze SeiZleboda.~ frangulenovani klasis SeniSvnebi inglisuridan naTargmn sakiTxav masalaze igive iyo, rac inglisurenovan klass hqonda franguli-dan naTargmn statiebze. erTi enis gzavnili yovelTvis `umtkivneulod~


ar gadadis TargmanSi. ufro metia informacia, vidre sityvebi: es aris si-tyvebi, romlebic kulturul CarCoebs ergeba. kulturulad adekvaturi Targmani arasakmarisad dafasebuli xelovnebaa.

enobrivis garda, studentebsa da maswavleblebs Soris kognitiu-ri unarebis gansxvavebebic iCens Tavs kulturaTSorisi urTierTobebis dros. `Cveni afrikeli inJinrebi ar azrovneben ise, rogorc inJinrebi; isini cdiloben gaumklavdnen simptomebs, vidre mowyobilobas sistemu-rad miudgnen~, — ambobs britaneli trening-menejeri da ver acnobierebs sakuTar eTnocentrizms. ganviTarebis Semswavleli fsiqologebis funda-menturi kvlevebis Sedegad Cans, rom is, rac viswavleT, gansazRvrulia im garemos moTxovnebiT, romelSic gavizardeT. adamiani kargad iswavlis imis keTebas, rac misTvis mniSvnelovania da risi gakeTebac xSirad uwevs, radganac im Taobis warmomadgeneli iyo, romelic jibis kalkulatore-bis damkvidrebamde swavlobda skolaSi. girts SeeZlo zepirad angariSi, xolo misi SviliSvilebi amisTvis manqanas iyeneben. daswavlis unari, maT Soris maxsovroba, sazogadoebis sistemaSia fesvgadgmuli. CineTSi, dam-werlobis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare (saSualod ganaTlebuli adamia-nisTvis es aris daaxloebiT 3 000 rTuli ieroglifi, romlis dasawerad 24-mde xazi aris saWiro), bavSvebs ganviTarebuli aqvT paternis amocnobis unari, magram amas dazepirebis unaric sWirdeba.

kulturaTSorisi problemebi imis gamoc warmoiqmneba, rom eqspatri-ant maswavleblebs araadekvaturi saswavlo masala CamoaqvT. kongoelma megobarma, romelic briuselSi swavlobs, gaixsena, rom dawyebiT skola-Si, lubumbaSiSi misma belgielma monazonma maswavlebelma bavSvebi aiZula istoriis gakveTilze xmamaRla waekiTxaT: ‚Nos ancêtres, les Gaulois’ (`Cveni winaprebi — galebi~). CineTSi maswavleblad Casuli britaneli leqtori si-tyvasityviT imeorebs organizaciuli qcevis britanuli auditoriisaTvis SemuSavebul kurss. meti wili imisa, rasac Raribi qveynebis studentebi mdidari qveynebis universitetebSi swavloben, praqtikulad gamousade-garia maTi mSobliuri qveynis konteqstSi. raSi sWirdeba induri kompaniis momaval menejers amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saaqcio birJis maTemati-kuri modelireba? codna, romelic adamians industriulad ganviTarebul qveyanaSi sWirdeba, sustad ganviTarebuli qveynis winsvlas ver Seuwyobs xels.

da bolos, kulturaTSorisi problemebi SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos maswavleblebis da studentebis sazogadoebaTa instituciuri gansxvave-bulobiT, kerZod ki gansxvavebebiT, romlebic sxvadasxva molodins war-moqmnis rogorc saganmanaTleblo procesis, ise am procesSi sxvadasxva mxaris rolebis mimarT. rogori tipis ojaxebidan arian maswavleblebi da studentebi? ganaTlebis sistema elituria Tu antielituri? laTin-uri amerikis romelime qveyanaSi aSS-idan Casulma profesorma SeiZleba ifiqros, rom wvlili Seaqvs qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi, rodesac realurad ki igi mxolod xels uwyobs elitis privilegiebis kidev ufro metad ganmtkicebas. ra rols asruleben damqiraveblebi ganaTlebis si-stemaSi? Sveicariasa da germaniaSi mrewvelobis an biznesis sferoSi sta-


Jireba sauniversiteto ganaTlebis Tanabari alternativaa. is adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs umaRles Tanamdebobebs miaRwion. magram ase ar xde-ba bevr sxva qveyanaSi. ra rols asruleben saxelmwifo da/an religiuri organizaciebi? zog qveyanaSi (safrangeTi, ruseTi) mTavroba detalurad akontrolebs saswavlo programebs, kurikulums; sxva qveynebSi maswavle-beli Tavisufalia am mimarTulebiT. iq, sadac arsebobs rogorc kerZo, ise sajaro skolebi, kerZo seqtori SeiZleba iyos elitisTvis (aSS), an maTTvis, vinc swavlas Tavs anebebs (holandia, Sveicaria). saidan modis fi-nansebi skolebisTvis? ramdenad maRali anazRaureba aqvT maswavleblebs da rogoria maTi socialuri statusi? CineTSi maswavleblebs Zalian did pativs scemen, magram maTi anazRaureba dabalia. britaneTSi maswavleblis statusi tradiciulad dabali iyo, germaniasa da iaponiaSi ki — maRali.

umciresobebi, migrantebi da devnilebi

vin iTvleba umciresobad konkretul qveyanaSi iq miRebul gansaz-Rvrebazea damokidebuli. amas ganapirobebs iseTi aspeqtebi, rogoricaa mosaxleobis ganawileba, mosaxleobis jgufebis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da maTi erTmaneTTan urTierTobis intensivoba, agreTve kulturuli Ri-rebulebebi (gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba da koleqtivizmi) da kul-turidan gamomdinare praqtika (ena, identoba, istoriis interpretacia). yovelive es gavlenas axdens umravlesobis, zogjer umciresobis ideo-logiaze da erTmaneTis mimarT Camoyalibebul crurwmenebsa da diskrimi-naciaze. umciresobis problemebi yovelTvis umravlesobis problemebia.

msoflio masStabiT umciresobebSi Sedis bevri sxvadasxva jgufi, ro-melTac erTmaneTisgan sakmaod gansxvavebuli statusi aqvT — sazogadoe-bis umdablesi fenidan mewarmeTa da/an akademiur elitamde. am jgufebs SeiZleba Seadgendnen:

• adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, romelsac raodenobrivad imigrant-

ebma gadaaWarbes (rogorc es adgilobrivi amerikelebisa da avs-

tralieli aborigenebis SemTxvevaSi moxda);

• ekonomikuri, politikuri an eTnikuri migrantebis an devnilebis

STamomavlebi (amJamad isini umravlesobas warmoadgenen iseT qvey-

nebSi, rogoricaa aSS da avstralia);

• sxva qveynidan Semoyvanili muSaxelis STamomavlebi (magaliTad,

Savkaniani amerikelebi, xmelTaSua zRvispireTis mkvidrni Crdilo-

dasavleT evropaSi);

• yofili koloniebis adgilobrivi mosaxleoba (rogorc indoelebi

da pakistanelebi britaneTSi, Crdilo-afrikelebi safrangeTSi);

• saerTaSoriso momTabareni (sintisa da romas xalxebi — boSebi —

evropis umetes nawilSi da nawilobriv sxva ufro Soreul qvey-

nebSic).


bevr qveyanaSi umciresobis suraTi sakmaod cvalebadia, radgan migra-ciis procesi dResac mimdinareobs. im adamianebis ricxvi, romlebic Tavis mSobliur qveyanas toveben da sruliad gansxvavebul garemoSi gadadian, gacilebiT didia meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi, vidre odesme kacobrio-bis istoriaSi. amis Sedegad, individebi da mTeli ojaxebi, ase vTqvaT, ga-dainergebian sruliad axal kulturul garemoSi, romelic mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba imisgan, risTvisac isini gonebrivad iyvnen daprogramebulni. xSirad es procesi yovelgvari momzadebis gareSe iwyeba. am adamianebma unda iswavlon axali ena, magram ufro didi problemaa is, rom maT mou-wevT axal kulturaSi funqcionireba:

hasan bel gazi, holandiaSi mcxovrebi marokoeli imigranti, werda:

warmoidgineT: erT dRes Tqven iRviZebT, irgvliv mimoixedavT, magram Tvals ar ujerebT ... yvelaferi yiramala dgas, rogorc SigniT, ise ga-reT. ... cdilobT nivTebi Zvel adgilas daabrunoT, magram nuras ukac-ravad — isini samudamod yiramala mdgomareobaSi rCebian. icdiT, kidev mimoixedavT da Semdeg giCndebaT azri: `me TviTon davdgebi yiramala, ise, rogorc sxva yvelaferi, maSin SevZleb moverio situacias.~ ver-afers SveliT. ... da Tqven irgvliv arsebul samyaros ar esmis, ratom dgaxarT sworad.14

umravlesobisa da umciresobis urTierTobis Sesaxeb arsebuli ideo-logiebi uaRresad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. rasistebsa da ultrame-marjveneebs surT sazRvrebis Caketva da arsebuli umciresobis gaZeveba — an ufro uaresi ram. civilizebuli xelisuflebis politika miznad isa-xavs or ukidures poluss Soris garkveuli Sualeduri poziciis mignebas. erTi polusi aris asimilacia. igi niSnavs, rom umciresobis warmomad-genlebi Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebi unda gaxdnen da rac SeiZleba swrafad CamoiSoron TavianTi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. meore polusi aris inte-gracia, rac niSnavs imas, rom maspinZeli sazogadoeba sruluflebian we-vrebad miiRebs umciresobis warmomadgenlebs, magram, amave dros, am uka-nasknelebma ar unda dakargon kavSiri TavianT fesvebTan da koleqtiur identobasTan. paradoqsulia is, rom integraciisken mimarTuli politika sabolood umciresobaTa ukeTes da ufro swraf adaptacias ganapirobebs, vidre asimilaciis politika.

migrantebi da devnilebi Tavdapirvelad xSirad moiazrebian droebiT eqspatriantebad, magram zogierT SemTxvevaSi samudamod rCebian maspin-Zel qveyanaSi. TiTqmis yovelTvis isini ufro tradiciuli, koleqtivi-sturi sazogadoebidan ufro individualistur sazogadoebaSi gadadian. maTi adaptaciisTvis mniSvnelovania mxardaWera migraciis qveynis adgi-lobrivi sazogadoebis mxridan, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu martoni arian. Tumca SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mxardaWera saWiroa maSinac, roca maT ojaxi axlavs Tan, rac nebismier SemTxvevaSi ufro viwro jgufia, vidre mSob-liur qveyanaSi. migrantTa komunebis SenarCuneba manamde aRweril inte-graciis filosofias Seesabameba. samwuxarod, individualisturi Rirebu-


lebebis poziciidan gamomdinare, maspinZeli qveynis politikosebi xSirad SiSoben, rom migrantTa getoebi gaCndeba da cdiloben ucxoelTa daqsa-qsvas, rasac mcdarad miiCneven maTi adaptaciis damaCqarebel saSualebad.

migrantebi da devnilebi gansxvavdebian Zalauflebrivi distanciis mixedviT. maspinZeli sazogadoebebi ufro egalitarulia im adgilebi, saidanac migrantebi arian warmoSobiT. migrantebi am faqts rogorc ua-ryofiTad, ise dadebiTad ganicdian — erTi mxriv, xnier adamianebs pativs naklebad scemen, meore mxriv, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi da maswav-leblebi ufro advilad xelmisawvdomia, Tumca, Tavidan isini xelisuf-lebas ar endobian. maskulinizm-feminizmisa da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis TvalsazrisiT gansxvavebebi migrantebsa da maspinZlebs Soris SeiZleba orive mimarTulebiT ganviTardes da Sesabamisi adaptaciis pro-blemebi specifikuria kulturaTa konkretuli wyvilisTvis.

pirveli Taobis migranti ojaxebi standartuli dilemis winaSe dge-bian. samsaxurSi, maRaziaSi, sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebSi da, rogorc wesi, skolaSi, isini kontaqtSi Sedian adgilobrivebTan, swavloben maT wesebs da adgilobrivi Rirebulebebi dabrkolebas uqmniT. saxlSi ki Ta-vianTi mSobliuri qveynisTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesebis, Rirebulebebisa da urTierTobebis SenarCunebas cdiloben. es ori samyaros sazRvarze mcxovrebi xalxia da yoveldRe uwevs erTidan meoreze gadarTva.

marginalobis es efeqti gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva Taobisa da sqesisaT-vis. ufrosi asakis imigrantebi ar vaWroben TavianTi mSobliuri qveynis RirebulebebiT maspinZeli qveynis Rirebulebebis sanacvlod; saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi isini mxolod mcired adaptacias sjerdebian. mama cdilobs saxlSi Tavisi tradiciuli avtoriteti SeinarCunos, magram samsaxurSi misi statusi xSirad dabalia. migrantebi asruleben im samuSaos, romlis Sesrulebac aravis surs. ojaxma es icis da mas axloblebSi saxeli ufuW-deba. Tu igi umuSevari rCeba, es kidev ufro amcirebs mis mimarT pativis-cemas. mas xSirad problemebi aqvs adgilobrivi enis SeswavlaSi, ris gamoc Tavs sulelad grZnobs. zogjer man Tavis mSobliur enaze wera-kiTxvac ki ar icis, amitom iZulebulia daxmarebisTvis Svilebs, an socialur muSaks mimarTos, rodesac formebis Sevseba sWirdeba da oficialur pirebTan uxdeba saqmis mogvareba. is xSirad ganicdis diskriminacias damqirave-blis, policiis, oficialuri pirebis da mezoblebis mxridan. zogierT migrantul kulturaSi deda praqtikulad tyvea sakuTar saxlSi — Cake-tilia, rodesac mama samuSaod aris wasuli. am SemTxvevaSi mas ar aqvs urTierToba maspinZel sazogadoebasTan, ar swavlobs adgilobriv enas da absoluturad damokidebuli rCeba meuRlesa da Svilebze. sxva SemTxve-vebSi dedasac aqvs samsaxuri. SeiZleba swored is iyos ojaxis marCenali, rac mtkivneuli dartymaa mamis pativmoyvareobisTvis. Tu deda sxva mama-kacebs xvdeba, SeiZleba eWvi Seitanos mis erTgulebaSi. qorwineba xandaxan swored aq mTavrdeba. Tumca, ukan dasaxevi gza ar arsebobs. migrantebi, romlebic saxlSi brundebian, xSirad aRmoaCenen, rom ukve veRar ergebian TavianTi mSobliuri qveynis konteqsts da xelaxla midian emigraciaSi — amjerad samudamod.


meore Taoba — axal qveyanaSi dabadebuli an adreul asakSi Camoyvani-li bavSvebi, iReben urTierTsawinaaRmdego mentalur programebs ojaxis, adgilobrivi skolisa da sazogadoebis mxridan. maTi Rirebulebebi na-wilobriv mSobelTa kulturas moicavs da nawilobriv — axali qveynisas; aq didi sxvaobaa individebs, jgufebsa da maspinZel qveynebs Soris.15 va-JiSvilebi yvelaze mZafrad ganicdian TavianT marginalobas. zogierTi gasaocar warmatebas aRwevs, sargeblobs ukeTesi ganaTlebis miRebis Se-saZleblobiT, iwyebs kvalificiur da profesiul saqmianobas. sxvebi saxl-Si mSoblebis kontrols Tavs aRweven, toveben skolas da koleqtivistur dacvas pouloben quCis bandebSi; Cndeba riski, rom isini maspinZel sazo-gadoebaSi yvelaze dabali fenis warmomadgenlebi gaxdebian. qaliSvilebi xSirad ukeT eguebian axal garemos, Tumca mSoblebi maTze metad nervi-uloben. skolaSi isini sqesTa Soris Tanasworuflebian garemoSi aRmoCn-debian, rac maTTvis ucnobi iyo mSobliur qveyanaSi. zogjer mSoblebi maT Tanamemamuleze qorwinebas aCqareben usafrTxoebis mizniT, 16

am problemaTa umravlesoba droebiTi, gardamavalia. mesame Taobis migrantebi Seiwovebian maspinZeli qveynis mosaxleoba-

Si, isini mTlianad iTviseben maspinZeli qveynis Rirebulebebs da gamoir-Cevian mxolod ucxouri gvariT, zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki — Taviseburi religiuri da saojaxo tradiciebiT. es sami Taobis manZilze mimdinare adaptaciis procesi adrindel TaobebSic moqmedebda. Tanamedrove sazo-gadoebebis sul ufro mzardi nawili ucxoeli migrantebis STamomavalia.

moaxerxeben migrantTa jgufebi integrirebas Tu ver adaptirdebian da mudmiv umciresobebad iqcevian, erTnairad aris damokidebuli rogorc umravlesobaze, aseve TviTon migrantebze. maspinZeli sazogadoebis agen-tebs, romelTac xSirad uwevT urTierToba umciresobebTan, migrantebTan da devnilebTan, bevris gakeTeba SeuZliaT imisTvis, rom xeli Seuwyon maT integracias. eseni arian: policielebi, socialuri muSakebi, eqimebi, ZiZebi, kadrebis ganyofilebis oficrebi, klientebTan momuSave klerkebi samTavrobo dawesebulebebSi da maswavleblebi. migrantebi, romlebic im sazogadoebas ekuTvnian, sadac ufro didia Zalauflebrivi distancia, koleqtivistur kulturaSi SeiZleba ufro metad undoblad iyvnen ganwy-obilni am avtoritetebis mimarT, vidre adgilobrivebi kulturuli mi-zezebis gamo. magaliTad, maswavleblebisTvis migranti studentebis mSob-lebSi arsebuli pativiscema maTi statusis mimarT, SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos. sasaubrod unda moiwvion aseTi mSoblebi (gansakuTrebiT mamebi). migranti mSoblebi ufro did socialuri distancias aRiqvamen, vidre mas-wavlebelTa umravlesoba. samwuxarod, nebismier maspinZel qveyanaSi adgi-lobrivTa garkveuli nawili (politikosebi, policielebi, Jurnalistebi, maswavleblebi, mezoblebi) eTnocentristuli da rasistuli filosofiis msxverpli xdeba. isini adaptaciis TvalsazrisiT migrantTa warumateblo-bas gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis primitiuli manifestaciiT xsnian — `rac sxvanairia — saSiSia~.

gonebrivi sferos specialistebisgan garkveuli gamocdilebaa saWiro, Tuki maT migrantebTan da devnilebTan uwevT muSaoba. koleqtivistur da


individualistur sazogadoebebSi sxvadasxvanairad xdeba janmrTelobisa da uunarobis mkurnaloba. asimilaciis procesTan dakavSirebuli stresis maRali done migrantebs fsiqikuri darRvevebis ganviTarebis riskis winaSe ayenebs. kulturuli mizezebidan gamomdinare, maspinZeli qveynis pacien-tebisTvis gamoyenebuli fsiqiatriuli mkurnalobis meTodebi SeiZleba migrantebisTvis gamousadegari iyos. qveynebSi, sadac didi raodenobiTaa migranti mosaxleoba, magaliTad, avstraliaSi, damkvidrebulia trans-kulturuli fsiqiatria (da transkulturuli klinikuri fsiqologia), rogorc gansakuTrebuli sfero. zogierTi fsiqiatri da fsiqologi spe-cializdeba im politikuri devnilebis mkurnalobaSi, vinc omis an wamebis Semdgomi travmisgan itanjeba.

rasizmsa da eTnocentrizmSi SeiZleba davadanaSauloT ara marto ma-spinZeli qveynis moqalaqeebi. zogjer Tavad migrantebi sxva migrante-bisa da maspinZlebis mimarT rasistebi da eTnocentristebi arian, radgan cxovroben ucxo da xSirad mtrul garemoSi, migrantebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, meti mizezi aqvT amisTvis. zogi gamosavals religiur fundamentalizmSi poulobs maSin, roca mSobliur qveyanaSi isini srulebiT arareligiure-bi iyvnen. fundamentalizmi xSirad axasiaTebs sazogadoebis marginalur jgufebs da es migrantebic axali marginalebi arian.

kulturaTSorisi molaparakebebi

molaparakebebi politikasa Tu biznesSi, internacionalur Tu arain-ternacionalur garemoSi garkveuli universaluri TaviseburebebiT xa-siaTdeba:

• ori an meti mxare (garkveulwilad, met-naklebad) urTierTsapir-

ipiro interesebiT

• SeTanxmebis miRwevis saWiroeba, vinaidan mosalodnelia sargebeli

am SeTanxmebidan

• dasawyisSi ganusazRvreli, bundovani saboloo Sedegi

• mxareebs Soris komunikaciis saSualeba

• kontroli da gadawyvetilebis miRebis struqtura orive mxaresT-

vis, risi meSveobiTac molaparakebis monawileebi dakavSirebuli

arian TavianT ufrosebTan an amomrCevlebTan

molaparakebis xelovnebaze wignebia dawerili da is treningis kurse-bis popularuli Temaa. molaparakebebis simulacia kompiuterzec scades. Tumca Teoriebi da kompiuteruli modelebi TiTqmis yovelTvis mola-parakebis monawileTa Rirebulebebsa da miznebs varaudoben dasavleTis sazogadoebebis mixedviT, kerZod aSS saerTaSoriso molaparakebebSi sxva-dasxva moTamaSeebs SeiZleba gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi da miznebi hqon-deT.17

erovnulma kulturam SeiZleba molaparakebis procesze Semdegi saxis gavlena moaxdinos:


• Zalauflebrivi distancia gavlenas iqoniebs kontrolis cen-

tralizaciis xarisxsa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis struqturaze,

agreTve molaparakebis monawileTa statusis mniSvnelobaze;

• koleqtivizmi imoqmedebs molaparakebis monawileebis (dapirisp-

irebuli) stabiluri urTierTobis saWiroebaze. koleqtivistur

kulturaSi adamianis Secvla niSnavs, rom unda Camoyalibdes axali

urTierToba, es ki dros moiTxovs. mediatorebs (Suamdgomlebs)

mniSvnelovani roli akisriaT urTierTobis sicocxlisunariani

modelis ganviTarebaSi, rac progresis saSualebas iZleva;

• maskulinoba zegavlenas iqoniebs sakuTari egos gamaZlierebeli

qcevebis ganxorcielebis saWiroebaze. simpaTias iwvevs Zlieri

ufrosi da partniori, agreTve konfliqtis Zalis demonstrirebiT

mogvarebis tendencia. feminur kulturebSi konfliqtis mogvareba

ufro kompromisisa da konsensusis miRwevis surviliT xdeba:

• gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba imoqmedebs bundovani sakiTxebis

mimarT (ara)tolerantul damokidebulebaze da im oponentebis

mimarT undoblobaze (ndobaze), vinc ucnaurad iqceva. is aseve

zemoqmedebas axdens molaparakebis proceduraSi struqturisa da

ritualis saWiroebaze;

• momavlis xangrZlivi orientacia moqmedebs sasurveli Sedegis da-

JinebiT miRwevaze, msxverplis safasuradac ki.

efeqturi kulturaTSorisi molaparakebebisaTvis saWiroa sxva qveyni-dan Camosuli partnioris kulturuli Rirebulebebis arsis wvdoma. saWi-roa agreTve enis codna da komunikaciuri unar-Cvevebi, raTa meore mxaris an mxareebisTvis gadacemuli gzavnilebi garantirebulad sworad gaigon. dabolos, kulturaTSorisi molaparakebebisaTvis aucilebelia organi-zaciuli Cvevebi, kerZod, Sexvedrebisa da saWiro garemos dagegmvisa da mowyobis unari, mediatorebisa da Tarjimnebis mowveva, gare komunikaciis sakiTxebis mogvareba.

gamocdil diplomatebs, romeli qveynidanac ar unda iyvnen isini, Cveulebriv, profesiuli taqti aqvT, es ki maT saSualebas aZlevs war-matebiT awarmoon molaparakebebi sxva diplomatebTan, Tavad miiRon ga-dawyvetileba sakiTxebze, romlebic maTi uflebamosilebis farglebSia. Tumca problema isaa, rom marTlac mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadawyve-tisas diplomatebs, rogorc wesi, marTaven politikosebi, romelTac Za-laufleba aqvT, magram diplomatiuri taqti — ara. politikosebi xSirad akeTeben Sida moxmarebisaTvis gamiznul gancxadebebs, romlebic diplo-matebma molaparakebebSi monawile ucxoel partniorebs unda ganumarton. diplomatebisTvis miniWebuli arCevanis gakeTebis Tavisuflebis masStabi TavisTavad warmoadgens kulturul maxasiaTebels da gansxvavebulia sxva-dasxva sazogadoebaSi da politikur sistemebSi. komunikaciis Tanamedro-ve saSualebebi garkveul rols asrulebs diplomatTaTvis arCevanis ga-keTebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvaSi. mories inglisel elCs ar hqonda didi


Tavisufleba arCevanis gakeTebaSi im martivi faqtis gamo, rom inglisTan komunikacias im dReebSi minimum sami Tve sWirdeboda. da mainc, eWvgareSea, rom kulturaTSorisi urTierTobebis xarisxs saerTaSoriso molaparake-bebSi SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos SemTxveviTi konfliqtis Tavidan acilebas, Tu mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis mimReb aqtorebs Sesaferisi ierar-qiuli poziciebi ukavia. swored amitomaa umaRlesi rangis mmarTvelebis Tavyrilobebi amdenad mniSvnelovani — aq ikribebian is adamianebi, rom-lebic floben molaparakebis warmarTvis uflebamosilebas. samwuxarod, am adamianebma dRevandel mdgomareobas ZiriTadad imitom miaRwies, rom maTi mtkice rwmenebi harmoniulad Seesabameba maTi qveynis erovnul Ri-rebulebebs. swored amave mizezis gamo uWirT imis gageba, rom sxva adami-anebi gansxvavebuli gonebrivi programebis mixedviT moqmedeben. ndobiT aRWurvili sagareo saqmeTa ministri an elCi, romelic diplomatiuri sen-sitiurobiTa da umaRlesi donis lideris yuradRebis mipyrobis unariT gamoirCeva, udidesi ganZia qveynisTvis.

mudmivmoqmedma saerTaSoriso organizaciebma, rogoricaa gaerTia-nebuli erebis organizaciis sxvadasxva saagento, evrokomisia da Crdi-lo-atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia, sakuTari organizaciuli kultura ganaviTares, ramac gavlena iqonia Sida saerTaSoriso molapara-kebebze. diplomatTa profesiul kulturasTan SedarebiT organizaciuli kultura ufro metad emyareba praqtikis zedapirul dones — rogori-caa saerTo simboloebi da ritualebi — vidre saerTo Rirebulebebs. gamonakliss warmoadgens `misioneruli~ saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi (NGOs), magaliTad, wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti, saerTaSoriso amnistia da grinpisi.

amdenad, saerTaSoriso momlaparakeblebis qceva kulturis gavlenas sam — erovnul, profesiul da organizaciul doneze ganicdis.

biznesmolaparakebebi politikurisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom aq aqto-rebi moyvarulebi arian molaparakebis sferoSi: molaparakebebis momz-adeba SeuZliaT specialistebs, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac erT-erTi mxare didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis mqone kulturis matarebeli qvey-nidanaa, saWiro xdeba Sesabamisi Zalauflebisa da statusis mqone adami-anebis CarTva formaluri SeTanxmebis misaRwevad. saerTaSoriso molapa-rakebebi biznesganaTlebis erT-erTi gansakuTrebuli Tema gaxda, ase rom, imedia, biznesmenebis momavali Taoba ukeT iqneba momzadebuli. Semdeg nawilSi Cven visaubrebT multinacionalur kompaniebSi korporaciuli diplomatebis saWiroebaze.

mravalerovnuli biznesorganizaciebi

Tu kulturaTSorisi urTierTobebi iseTive Zvelia, rogorc kaco-brioba, mravalerovnuli biznesic iseTive Zvelia, rogorc organizebuli saxelmwifoebi. biznesis profesorma karl murma da istorikosma devid luisma xmelTaSua zRvis arealSi aRweres mravalerovnuli biznesis 4 SemTxveva Zv. w. aR-iT 1900-idan 100 wlamde, romelsac uZRvebodnen asi-


rielebi, finikielebi, berZnebi da romaelebi. istoria ar adasturebs im ganacxadebs, rom erTi garkveuli tipis kapitalizmi aucileblad da yo-velTvis yvelafer sxvaze maRla dgas.18

mravalerovnuli biznesorganizaciebis funqcionireba kulturaTSo-ris komunikaciasa da kooperaciazea damokidebuli. merve TavSi aRvniSneT, rom erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli saziaro Rirebulebebi da erovnuli kultura, xolo saziaro praqtikebi organizaciul (korporaciul) kul-turas davukavSireT. marTalia, mravalerovnuli kompaniebi sazRvargareT RirebulebaTa ucxo sistemebs awydebian, magram maTi saziaro praqtika (simboloebi, gmirebi da ritualebi) kravs organizacias.

mravalerovnuli biznesorganizaciis ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi gansaz-Rvrulia damfuZneblisa da Semdgom mniSvnelovani liderebis erovnebiTa da pirovnuli TvisebebiT. mravalerovnuli kompaniebi, sadac mSobliuri qveynis kultura dominirebs, ufro gamokveTili sabaziso RirebulebebiT xasiaTdeba da, Sesabamisad, ufro martivi samarTavia, vidre organizacie-bi, sadac naklebad Cans, saidan modis moqmedi Rirebulebebi. multinacio-nalur biznesorganizaciebSi mSobliuri qveynis Rirebulebebi da rwmene-bi miiReba, rogorc mocemuloba, faqti da aTvlis sistemad gamoiyeneba kompaniis mmarTvel wreebSi. ucxour filialebsa da saTavo ofiss Soris sakvanZo rolis Semsrulebeli adamianebi ufro bikulturulebi unda iyv-nen, vinaidan maT ormagi ndobis mopoveba sWirdebaT. erTi mxriv, es maTi mSobliuri qveynis warmomadgeneli xelmZRvanelebi da kolegebi, xolo, meore mxriv, maspinZeli kulturis warmomadgeneli TanamSromlebi arian. am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT gadamwyvetia ori roli:

1. bizneserTeulis menejeri samizne qveyanaSi: es adamiani angariSval-debulia saerTaSoriso saTavo ofisis winaSe;

2. korporaciuli diplomati: igi mSobliuri an sxva qveynis warmomad-genelia, romelic korporaciuli kulturiTaa aRsavse. misi saqmi-anoba SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos, magram mas gansxvavebul ucxour kulturebSi cxovrebisa da funqcionirebis gamocdileba aqvs. kor-poraciuli diplomatebi wamyvan rols asruleben mravalerovnuli struqturebis funqcionirebaSi, rogorc makavSirebeli rgolebi erovnul an regionul saTavo ofisebSi an rogorc axali firmebis droebiTi menejerebi.19

aucilebeli araa, rom ucxouri erovnuli filialebis sxva menejerebi da TanamSromlebi bikulturulebi iyvnen. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ucxouri filiali formalurad miiRebs mSobliuri qveynis kulturis ideebsa da politikas, isini mainc maspinZeli qveynis RirebulebaTa sistemisa da rw-menebis mixedviT imoqmedeben.

rogorc am TavSi ukve aRvniSneT, bikulturuloba orenovnebas gulisx-mobs. sakoordinacio strategiis mixedviT, amerikuli da araamerikuli multinacionaluri organizaciebis umetesoba gansxvavebulia. amerikuli mravalerovnuli kompaniebis umetesi nawili bikulturulobis pasuxism-geblobas ucxour organizaciebs akisrebs. swored es ukanasknelni arian


or an mravalenovani (amerikuli mravalerovnuli organizaciebis umete-sobaSi amerikeli aRmasrulebeli direqtorebi mxolod erT enas floben). es faqti Seesabameba im movlenas, rom amerikeli aRmasrulebeli dire-qtorebi sazRvargareT SedarebiT cota xans rCebian; TiTo ucxo qveyanaSi oridan xuT wlamde xangrZlivobis mivlineba sakmaod tipuria. es aRmasru-leblebi xSirad getoebSi cxovroben. koordinaciis ZiriTadi saSualeba msoflioSi gavrcelebuli unificirebuli politikaa, romelic SeiZleba sxvadasxva erovnebis TanamSromlebis mudmivcvalebadi Statis gamo Senar-Cundes, radgan es politika ukiduresad formalizebulia. araamerikuli multinacionali organizaciebis umravlesoba bikulturulobis tvirTs akisrebs Tavisi qveynis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic TiTqmis yovelTvis mravalenovnebi arian (SeiZleba gamonakliss warmoadgendnen britanelebi, Tumca, isinic ki, Cveulebriv, ukeT floben sxva enebs, vidre amerikelebi). maTTvis sxva qveyanaSi cxovrebis periodi, rogorc wesi, ufro xangrZ-livia da xuTsa da TxuTmet an met wels Soris meryeobs. ase rom, araa-merikuli mravalerovnuli organizaciebis eqspatrianti aRmasrulebeli direqtorebi SeiZleba `adgilobrivebi gaxdnen~ maspinZel qveyanaSi. isini adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sazogadoebaSi trialeben, Svilebi dahyavT ad-gilobriv skolebSi da ufro iSviaTad cxovroben getoebSi. koordinaciis mTavari saSualeba swored mSobliuri qveynis es eqspatrianti warmomad-genlebi arian da ara oficialuri procedurebi.20

ormagi kulturis aTviseba bavSvobis asakSi advilia. gviandel asakSi ufro meti warumatebeli mcdeloba SeiZleba aRiniSnos, Tu mravalero-vnuli organizaciis saTanado funqcionirebisTvis saWiro ar iqneba da-valebasTan dakavSirebuli bikulturaloba. cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebTan mimarTebaSi, rogoricaa gemovneba, hobi, religiuri grZnobebi da piradi urTierTobebi, eqspatriantebs SeuZliaT da axerxeben kidec, monokultu-rulebi darCnen.

meSvide TavSi moyvanilia mosazrebebi imis Taobaze, rom adamianTa go-nebaSi arsebuli organizaciaTa implicituri modelebi ZiriTadad damo-kidebulia Zalauflebrivi distanciisa da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acile-bis kombinaciaze. gansxvavebebi Zalauflebrivi distanciis TvalsazrisiT ufro marTvadia, vidre gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebasTan dakavSirebu-li gansxvaveba. kerZod, organizaciebi, romelTa saTavo ofisi Zalauf-lebrivi distanciis mcire kulturebSi mdebareobs, Cveulebriv advilad adaptirdebian qveynebSi, romelTac Zalauflebrivi distanciis Tvalsaz-risiT maRali maCvenebeli axasiaTebT. didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis pirobebSi arsebul filialebSi momuSave adgilobrivi menejerebi axer-xeben imis swavlas, rogor unda gamoiyenon marTvis avtoritetuli sti-li, maSinac ki, Tu maTi saerTaSoriso ufrosebi monawileobiTi stiliT moqmedeben.

meore Tavi iwyeba frang general, bernadotis kulturuli Sokis Se-saxeb moyolili ambiT, rac mas SvedeTis mefed gaxdomis Semdeg SeemTxva. frangulma kosmetikurma firmam erT-erTi frangi kopenhagenSi gagzav-na regionuli gayidvebis menejerad. frangma girts kopenhagenis ofisSi


gatarebuli pirveli dRis Sesaxeb mouTxro. man mdivani gamoiZaxa da da-valeba ise misca, rogorc amas parizSi gaakeTebda. magram, nacvlad imisa, rom mdivnisgan Cveuli fraza `diax, monsenior~ moesmina, danielma mdivan-ma Sexeda mas, gaicina da Tqva, `ratom gindaT amisi gakeTeba?~

didi Zalauflebrivi distanciis mqone qveynebi iSviaTad qmnian did multinacionalur organizaciebs. mravalerovnuli operaciebi ndobis ufro maRal dones saWiroebs, vidre es am qveynebSi normalurad iTvleba. garda amisa, aseTi operaciebi ar uSvebs marTvis centralizacias, rac am qveynebis saTavo ofisebis menejerebs sWirdebaT, raTa komfortulad igrZnon Tavi.

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis nebismieri mimarTulebiT arsebuli gansxvavebebi seriozul problemas qmnis mravalerovnuli organizaciebis funqcionirebisTvis. es xdeba imitom, rom Tu wesi sxvadasxvas niSnavs sx-vadasxva qveyanaSi, organizaciis, rogorc erTi mTlianis, SenarCuneba Zne-lia. gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis susti maCveneblis mqone qveynebSi, rogoricaa aSS, kidev ufro metad britaneTi da, magaliTad, SvedeTi, me-nejerebi da aramenejerebi erTnairad arakomfortulad grZnoben Tavs mkacri wesebis sistemaSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu aSkaraa, rom am wese-bis didi nawili ar sruldeba. gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis Zlieri kulturis SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, laTinuri samyaros umetesi nawilSi, adamianebi iseve arakomfortulad grZnoben Tavs wesebis sistemis armqone struqturaSi, gindac am wesebis umetesoba arapraqtikuli da ganuxorcie-lebeli iyos. gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis ganzomilebis orive pol-usze adamianTa grZnobebi agresiis kontrolisa da ucnobis winaSe dacvis Rrma fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebiT ikvebeba (ix. Tavi 5).

organizaciebSi, romlebic ucnobi kulturuli garemosken is-wrafvian, xSirad TanamSromlebi gaognebuli rCebian, rodesac sazoga-doebis an xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis moulodnel reaqcias awy-debian imasTan dakavSirebiT, rac maT surT an ar surT raime gaakeTon. albaT sazogadoebis koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis efeqti arsadaa iseTi cxadi, rogorc am SemTxvevaSi. es Rirebulebebi nawilobriv kanonmdeblo-bis formiT iqna institucionalizebuli (da misi praqtikaSi aRsrulebis formiT, rac SeiZleba sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebodes Tavad kanonmdeblo-bisagan) profkavSirebis struqturaSi, programebSi, Zalauflebis mqone Tanamdebobebsa da saqmiT dainteresebul organizaciebSi, magaliTad, momxmareblebisa da garemos damcvelTa organizaciebSi. axalmosulisTvis Rirebulebebi nawilobriv uxilavia, magram isini Zalze SesamCnevi xdeba presaSi, mTavrobis gadawyvetilebebSi an daupatiJebeli dainteresebuli jgufebis mier organizebul aqciebSi. meoredan meeqvse Tavis CaTvliT warmodgenil Rirebulebebs Soris gansxvavebebi SeiZleba davakavSiroT adgilobrivi garemos Semdeg reaqciebTan:

• metad savaraudoa, rom moqalaqeTa sainiciativo jgufebi Seiqmneba

dabali Zalauflebrivi distanciisa da dabali gaurkvevlobis Ta-


vidan acilebis kulturebSi da ara sadme sxvagan.

• komerciuli organizaciebi ufro metad iqnebian dakavebuli

sazogadoebisTvis informaciis miwodebiT dabali Zalauflebri-

vi distanciisa da dabali gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis kul-

turebSi, vidre sadme sxvagan.

• sazogadoebis mimarT simpaTiisa da misi ekonomikuri da socialuri

TvalsazrisiT susti wevrebis sasargeblo kanonmdeblobis arse-

boba ufro mosalodnelia maskulinobis dabali maCveneblis mqone

qveynebSi.

• sazogadoebis mimarT simpaTia, ekonomikurad susti qveynebisa da

ubedurebis SemTxvevaSi msoflios nebismieri wertilis samTavrobo

da kerZo dafinasneba ufro Zlieri iqneba mdidar da maskulinobis

dabali maCveneblis mqone qveynebSi, vidre mdidar da maskulinobis

maRali maCveneblis mqoneebSi.

• sazogadoebis mimarT simpaTia da garemos dacvisa da cxovrebis

maRali donis SenarCunebis mxardamWeri sasargeblo kanonmde-

blobis arseboba ufro mosalodnelia dabali Zalauflebrivi dis-

tanciisa da maskulinobis dabali maCveneblis mqone qveynebSi.

msoflio biznesSi tarifebisa da teqnologiuri upiratesobebis gau-qmebis mzardi tendencia gaCnda, rac konkurencias, garda ekonomikuri faqtorebisa, kulturuli upiratesobebis an naklovanebebisken gadaana-cvlebs. erovnuli kulturis xuTi ganzomilebis mixedviT, qveynis mier dakavebuli nebismieri pozicia mis erTdroulad potenciur konkuren-tul upiratesobasac da naklsac warmoaCens. yovelive es Sejamebulia 9.1 cxrilSi.

9.1 cxrili gviCvenebs, rom qveyana ar SeiZleba iyos yvelaferSi pozi-tiuri. kulturuli siZliere kulturul sisustesac gulisxmobs. merve TavSic swored aseTi daskvna gakeTda organizaciuli kulturis Tval-sazrisiT. es Zlieri argumentia imisTvis, rom kulturis sakiTxi strate-giuli dagegmvis nawili gaxdes da aqtivobebi im qveynebSi, regionebsa da organizaciul erTeulebSi daigegmos, romlebic konkurenciisaTvis saWi-ro kulturul Taviseburebebs floben.


cxrili. 9.1 sxvadasxva kulturuli profilis konkurentuli upiratesobebi saerTa-

Soriso konkurenciis konteqstSi

Zalauflebrivi distancia (mcire)

pasuxismgeblobis sakuTar Tavze aReba

Zalauflebrivi distancia (didi)

disciplina

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba (susti)

sabaziso inovaciebi

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba

(Zlieri)

sizuste

koleqtivizmi

TanamSromelTa erTguleba

individualizmi

menejmentis mobiluroba

feminuroba

piradi momsaxureba

SekveTiT damzadebuli produqti

soflis meurneoba

sakvebi produqtebi

bioqimia

maskulinoba

masobrivi warmoeba

droSi efeqturoba

mZime mrewveloba

qimia

masiuri qimiuri mrewveloba

momavalze moklevadiani orientacia

swrafi adaptacia

momavalze grZelvadiani orientacia

axali bazrebis ganviTareba

multinacionaluri organizaciebis koordinireba: struqtura unda mohyvebodes kulturas

mravalerovnuli korporaciebis umetesoba moicavs sxvadasxva bizness da/an produqts an bazris nawils mraval qveyanaSi. maT erTmaneTs unda daukavSiron erovnuli da bizneskulturebi.

nebismieri organizaciuli struqturis mizania saqmianobaTa ko-ordinireba. es saqmianobebi mimdinareobs biznesorganizaciebis ganyo-filebebSi, yoveli maTgani Cabmulia erTi tipis biznesSi erT qveyanaSi. korporaciuli struqturis dizaini damyarebulia yoveli erTeulisTvis arsebul eqsplicitur an implicitur sam arCevanze:

1. erTeulis romeli investiciisa da produqciis koordinacia unda xdebodes korporaciis sxva erTeulebidan?

2. sad unda xdebodes koordinacia? 3. ramdenad mkacri anda Tavisufali unda iyos koordinacia?

mravalerovnuli, mravalbiznesiani korporaciebi dganan arCevnis wina-Se, rogori saxis koordinacia ganaxorcielon _ biznesis tipisa Tu geo-grafiuli mdebareobis mixedviT. aq sakvanZo sakiTxia is, romeli ufro mniSvnelovania operaciis warmatebisTvis, biznesisa Tu kulturis codna. am sakiTxis klasikur gadaWras matriculi struqtura warmoadgens. aq


igulisxmeba, rom biznesorganizaciis yovel ganyofilebas, yovel mene-jers hyavs ori ufrosi, romelTagan erTi axdens konkretuli biznesis koordinacias yvela qveyanaSi, xolo meore aTanxmebs yvela erTeulis sa-qmianobas erT konkretul qveyanaSi. matriculi struqturis gamoyeneba ZviradRirebuli gadawyvetilebaa, romelic xSirad menejmentis doneebis dublirebas saWiroebs da maTi funqcionirebis Sedegad SeiZleba ufro meti problema Seiqmnas, vidre gadaiWras. miuxedavad amisa, erTi stru-qturuli principi ar SeiZleba moergos mTel korporacias. zog SemTx-vevaSi unda dominirebdes biznesstruqtura, sxva SemTxvevaSi priorite-ti unda mieniWos geografiul koordinacias. amgvari midgomis Sedegad miviRebT mozaikur, nakuwebisagan Sekerili sabnis struqturas, romelic SeiZleba ar iyos Zalian lamazi, magram namdvilad iTvaliswinebs bazrebis moTxovnebs da ganyofilebebis kulturaTa gansxvavebulobas. mis arsebo-bas is amarTlebs, rom mravalferovani gare garemo unda Seesabamebodes Sida mravalferovan garemos. struqturuli gadawyvetilebebis rekomen-debuli mravalferovneba gulisxmobs aramarto adgils, aramed drosac: droTa ganmavlobaSi srulebiT SesaZlebelia, rom sakiTxis optimaluri gadawyvetis buneba Seicvalos; aqedan gamomdinare Wkvianuria personalis perioduli gadajgufebac.

mravalerovnuli organizaciebis gafarToeba: saerTaSoriso gaerTia-nebebi da sxva wamowyebebi

saxelmwifo sazRvrebis orive mxares biznesgaerTianebebi, Sesyidvebi, erToblivi sawarmoebi da aliansebi sakmaod gavrcelebulia,21 magram isi-ni jer kidev kulturaTSorisi dapirispirebis wyaroa. multinacionalur sawarmoebs xSirad dramatuli marcxiT dausrulebiaT saqmianoba. Leyland-Innocenti, Vereinigte Flugzeugwerke-Fokker, mogvianebiT DASA-Fokker, Hoogovens-Hoesch, maT Semdeg ki _ Hoogovens-British Steel, Citroen-Fiat, Renault-Volvo, Daim-ler-Chrysler da Alitalia-KLM — mxolod ramdenime korporaciaa ufro vrceli avadsaxsenebeli siidan. savaraudoa, rom es sia gagrZeldeba manam, sanam menejmentis gadawyvetilebebi ,dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso warmoeba-sTan, mxolod finansur mosazrebebze iqneba damokidebuli. es mosazrebebi didi fulisa da Zalauflebis TamaSis nawilad da Tavdacvis saSualebad miiCneva konkurentebis mier Seqmnili (realuri an warmosaxviTi) safrTxis winaSe. isini, vinc am gadawyvetilebebs iReben, iSviaTad Tu acnobiere-ben axlad Seqmnil hibridul organizaciebSi warmoqmnil operatiul pro-blemebs. qveynis SigniT am sawarmoebis warmateba arc ise damajerebelia, Tumca sazRvrebs gareT warmateba kidev ufro naklebad realuria. Tu kulturuli pirobebi marTlac xelsayrelia, axali kooperaciuli stru-qturis kulturuli integracia mainc saWiroebs marTvas — is TavisTavad ar mimdinareobs. kulturuli integracia did dros, energiasa da finan-sebs saWiroebs, rac finansurma eqspertebma ar gaiTvaliswines.

saerTaSoriso gafarToebis 5 gzas gamoyofen. isini mzardi kulturu-li riskis mixedviTaa dalagebuli: (1) e.w. „mwvane mindvridan“ dawyeba (2)


saerTaSoriso strategiuli aliansi (3) erToblivi sawarmo ucxoel part-niorTan (4) ucxouri kompaniis Sesyidva da (5) saerTaSoriso gaerTianeba, Serwyma.

„mwvane mindvridan“ dawyeba niSnavs, rom korporacia Svilobil kom-panias nulidan aarsebs. Cveulebriv, igzavneba erTi eqspatrianti an pa-tara jgufi, romelic adgilze agrovebs kadrebs da TandaTanobiT aSe-nebs adgilobriv filials. „mwvane mindvridan“ dawyeba, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, neli procesia, magram aq kulturuli riski Semcirebulia. Svilobili kompaniis damaarseblebs SeuZliaT frTxilad SearCion TanamS-romlebi maspinZel qveyanaSi, mxolod isini aiyvanon, vinc korporaciis kulturas Seesabameba. Svilobili kompaniis kultura erovnuli (ZiriTa-dad Rirebulebebi; ix. Tavi 8) da korporaciuli elementebis (ZiriTadad praqtikebi, ix. kvlav Tavi 8) kombinaciT miiReba. „mwvane mindvridan“ dawy-ebas, warmatebuli Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT, maRali reitingi aqvs. IBM korporacia, bevri sxva ufro Zveli mravalerovnuli organizacia da saerTaSoriso sabuRaltro firma 1980-ian wlebamde TiTqmis mTlianad „mwvane mindvridan“ dawyebis principiT farTovdebodnen.

saerTaSoriso strategiuli aliansi arsebul partniorebs Soris kooperaciis keTilgonieri gzaa. partniorebi axal sawarmos ar qmnian, magram Tanxmdebian garkveuli produqtis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT an/da bazrebze erTmaneTis sasargeblod TanamSromlobaze. radganac kon-kretul proeqtTan dakavSirebiT riski mcirea, es erTmaneTis gacnobis usafrTxo gzaa; arc erTi mxaris arseboba ar dgas safrTxis winaSe. nacno-boba SeiZleba gadaizardos erTobliv warmoebaSi an gaerTianebaSi, magram aseT SemTxvevaSi partniorebi erTmaneTis kulturas sakmaod kargad unda icnobdnen, rom gaacnobieron kulturasTan dakavSirebuli safrTxeebi.

ucxoel partniorTan Seqmnili erToblivi sawarmo axal bizness iwyebs ori an meti damaarsebeli mxaris resursebis mozidviT. sawarmo SeiZleba daiwyos `mwvane mindvridan~ an adgilobrivma partniorma mTlianad gadas-ces Tavisi adamianuri resursi sawarmos. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma unda, kulturis nawilis gadacemac xdeba. Tu erToblivi sawarmo iqmne-ba, kulturuli riskis kontroli SeiZleba zusti SeTanxmebiT, romeli partniori romeli resursis momwodebeli iqneba, rac marTvis funqciebis gadanawilebasac niSnavs. erToblivi sawarmoebi, sadac erTi partnioria pasuxismgebeli marTvis mTel sistemaze, warmatebis ufro maRali maCve-nebliT xasiaTdeba, vidre is sawarmoebi, sadac marTvis funqciebi ganawi-lebulia. ucxour erTobliv sawarmoebs SeiZleba Camouyalibdes axali da SemoqmedebiTi kulturuli maxasiaTeblebi, rac damaarsebeli partniore-bis kulturis elementebis erTobliobas daemyareba. es ucnob qveyanasa da bazarze Sesvlis naklebad sarisko gzaa. arc ise iSviaTad xdeba, rom bolos erTma partniorma meore Seisyidos.

ucxouri Sesyidvis SemTxvevaSi adgilobriv kompanias yidulobs uc-xoeli. nayid kompanias aqvs Tavisi istoria da sakuTari organizaciuli kultura; ufro metic, is warmoadgens nacionalur kulturas, romelic myidveli korporaciis erovnuli kulturisgan gansxvavdeba. ucxouri


kompaniis Sesyidva gafarToebis swrafi gzaa, magram am SemTxvevaSi kultu-ruli riski sakmaod maRalia. Tu ojaxis analogias gamoviyenebT (amgvari analogiebi popularulia korporaciis erTeulebs Soris arsebuli ur-TierTobebis aRweris dros), ucxouri kompaniis Sesyidva `mwvane mindvris~ gziT dawyebasTan imgvarsave mimarTebaSia, rogorSic pubertatul asak-Si naSvilebi bavSvis aRzrda sakuTari Svilis aRzrdasTan. imisTvis, rom axali wevris integraciis problema gadailaxos, erTi gamosavalia misi sakmaod Sor manZilze yola — es niSnavs imas, rom unda movaxdinoT ara misi integracia, aramed mas, rogorc fasian qaRaldebSi Cadebul inve-sticias, ise unda moveqceT. magram xSirad am mizeziT ar xdeba ucxouri kompaniis Sesyidva. rodesac integracia savaldebuloa, kulturuli kon-fliqtis mogvareba xSirad uxeSi Zalis gamoyenebiT xdeba: sakvanZo Tanam-debobebze myof adamianebs korporacia sakuTari xalxiT Secvlis. sxva SemTxvevaSi sakvanZo Tanamdebobebze myofi adamianebi amas ar elodebian da TviTon toveben samsaxurs. ucxouri kompaniis Sesyidva xSirad iwvevs adamianuri kapitalis ganadgurebas, rac sabolood finansuri kapitalis ganadgurebasac ganapirobebs. igive xdeba kompaniaTa Sesyidvebis dros Ta-visive qveyanaSi, magram sazRvargareT kulturuli riski ufro didia. um-jobesia, rom ucxouri (da Tavisive qveynis) kompaniebis Sesyidvis process win uswrebdes korporaciis da Sesasyidi kandidatis kulturis detaluri analizi. Tu saboloo gadawyvetileba mainc Sesyidvis ganxorcieleba aris, SeiZleba analizis kulturis marTvis gegmis safuZvlad gamoyeneba.

krosnacionaluri gaerTianebisas igive problemebi iCens Tavs, rac ucxouri kompaniis SemTxvevaSi. amas emateba isic, rom saWiro xdeba Zal-auflebis ganawileba. kulturuli problemebis mogvareba ukve SeuZlebe-lia calmxrivad miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze. amitom kompa-niaTa amgvari Serwyma Zalze sariskoa.22 ucxouri kompaniis SesyidvasTan SedarebiT, potenciuri partniorebis korporaciuli da erovnuli kul-turis analizi ufro metad unda gaxdes Serwymis Taobaze gadawyveti-lebis miRebis procesis nawili. Tu Serwyma dasrulebulia, es analizi kulturuli integraciis gegmis safuZvlad SeiZleba gamodges. am gegmas aqtiuri da mudmivi mxardaWera sWirdeba maxpromotoris (ix. Tavi 8) _ savaraudod mTavari aRmasrulebeli direqtoris mxridan.

sxvadasxva erovnebis kompaniaTa warmatebuli gaerTianebis ori kla-sikuri magaliTia Royal Dutch Shell (1907 wlidan) da Unilever (1930 wlidan), orive holandiuri da britanuli kompaniebis Serwymis Sedegia. maT aqvT ramdenime msgavsi maxasiaTebeli: patara qveyana aqciaTa umetes nawils flobs, ori saTavo ofisi daitoves, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT STabeW-dileba, TiTqos korporacia mxolod erTi qveynis mier imarTeboda. in-tegraciis fazis dros korporacias Zlieri da qarizmatuli mmarTvelebi hyavda, gare saSiSroebam partniorebi aiZula, rom erTad yofiliyvnen, raTa Tavi gadaerCinaT; qveynebis mTavrobebi biznesSi ar Careulan.

kargad gamokveTili saerTaSoriso proeqti, strategiuli aliansisa da erToblivi sawarmos kombinaciaa aerobusis (Airbus) konsorciumi tuluza-Si, safrangeTSi. es konsorciumi TviTmfrinavebis udidesi mwarmoebeli


gaxda msoflioSi. TviTmfrinavebis nawilebi britaneTSi, germaniasa da es-paneTSi, am erTobliv korporaciaSi CarTul kompaniebSi mzaddeba, Semdeg maT tuluzaSi agzavnian, sadac TviTmfrinavebs aSeneben.

saerTaSoriso marketingi, reklama da momxmareblis qceva

kultura vlindeba mravali produqtis dizainsa? da xarisxSi da mra-vali momsaxurebis miwodebis formaSi. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT samgzavro TviTmfrinavis kabinis dizainis gansxvaveba aerobussa (evro-puli, ZiriTadad franguli da germanuli) da boings (aSS) Soris. aero-busi isea dagegmili, rom TviTmfrinavi pilotis minimaluri ZalisxmeviT dafrinavs, boingis marTvas ki pilotis keTilgonieri da aqtiuri Careva sWirdeba.23aerobusi aris gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis dizaineruli kulturis nayofi, xolo boingi pativs scems pilotis savaraudo moTxov-nilebas, Tavi ufrosad igrZnos.

1983 wels harvardis universitetis profesorma Teodor levitma ga-moaqveyna statia `bazrebis globalizacia~, sadac iwinaswarmetyvela, rom Tanamedrove teqnologiebi msoflio masStabiT momxmarebelTa moTxovni-lebebisa da survilebis daaxloebas, konvergencias gamoiwvevda. amis Se-degad globalur kompaniebs universaluri marketinguli da sareklamo programebis saSualebiT standartuli brendebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba miecemodaT. 1990-ian wlebSi sul ufro meti adamiani gamoTqvamda eWvs konvergenciis Taobaze da myari kulturuli gansxvavebebis asaxsnelad Cvens kulturul ganzomilebebs mimarTavda.24 mesamedan meSvide Tavis CaTvliT moviyvaneT momxmareblis qcevis maCveneblebis 5 indeqsTan mniSv-nelovani korelaciis mravali mtkicebuleba, romlebic ZiriTadad pro-fesor marieke de muJis Catareul kvlevas eyrdnoba. momxmareblis qce-vis monacemebis perioduli analizis safuZvelze de mooijim aCvena, rom levitis winaswarmetyvelebis sawinaaRmdegod, 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi mdidar qveynebSi yidvisa da moxmarebis modelebi imdenadve daSordnen erTmaneTs, ramdenadac dauaxlovdnen. simdidre gulisxmobs produqtebi-dan da momsaxurebis saxeobebidan metis arCevis SesaZleblobas. momxmare-belTa arCevani fsiqologiur da socialur gavlenebs asaxavda. de mooiji werda:

moxmarebis Taobaze miRebuli gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos funqciuri da socialuri saWiroebiT. tansacmeli akmayofilebs funqciur saWiroebas, moda akmayofilebs socialur saWiroebas. zo-gierTi piradi higienis nivTi funqciuri saWiroebas emsaxureba, sxvebi —socialurs. saxli emsaxureba funqciur, xolo ojaxuri myudroeba — socialur saWiroebas. kultura gavlenas axdens imaze, rogori tipis saxlSi cxovrobs adamiani, rogor aris is dakavSirebuli mis ojaxur myudroebasTan da rogor miiswrafvis is ojaxuri myudroebisken. man-qanam SeiZleba daakmayofilos funqciuri saWiroeba, magram manqanis tipi adamianTa umravlesobisTvis socialur saWiroebas akmayofi-


lebs. socialuri saWiroeba mWidro kavSirSia kulturasTan. 25

de mooijis mier evropis 15 qveynis kerZo manqanebis bazris ganviTa-rebis Sesaxeb Catarebuli analizi gviCvenebs, rom aTas sul mosaxleze manqanaTa raodenoba sul ufro naklebad aris dakavSirebuli Semosaval-Tan: 1969 wels Zlier iyo damokidebuli erovnul simdidreze, magram 1994 wels es ase ukve aRar iyo, rac SeiZleba konvergenciis niSnad CavTvaloT. Tumca, is, rom orive dros upiratesobas aniWebdnen axal da ara meorad manqanebs, damokidebuli iyo ara simdidreze, aramed gaurkvevlobis Ta-vidan acilebis survilze: gaurkvevlobis mimarT tolerantul qveynebSi kvlav ufro met naxmar manqanas yidulobdnen. 1970 wels erT ojaxSi ori manqanis arseboba erovnul simdidres ukavSirdeboda, xolo 1997 wels mxolod maskulinobas asaxavda. maskulinur kulturebSi orive meuRles surda hyoloda sakuTari manqana; imave simdidris mqone feminur kultu-rebSi ufro xSiri iyo meuRleTa saziaro manqana. es faqti qveynebs Soris divergenciaze metyvelebs.

kulturuli indeqsebidan gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebisa da masku-linobis ganzomilebebi yvelaze metad uZlebs konvergencias: gaurkvev-lobis Tavidan acileba da maskulinoba umeteswilad saerTod damoukide-belia simdidrisgan da mis gavlenas ar ganicdis. gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba sisufTavisa da eqspertuli codnis saWiroebis gansxvavebebs gulisxmobs; maskulinoba-feminuroba `warmatebis, rogorc statusis kom-ponentis saWiroebis gansxvavebebs xsnis. aqedan gamomdinare, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi statusTan dakavSirebuli produqtebis mimarT gansxvavebuli damokidebulebaa. is agreTve xsnis mamakacisa da qalis rols yidvisa da ojaxuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros~.26 amgvari gansxvavebebi xSirad yuradRebis miRma rCebaT globalurad orientirebul bazris speciali-stebs, romelTac am ganzomilebebze damokidebuli kulturuli arCevani universalurad warmoudgeniaT.

1990-ian wlebSi reklamis Sesaxeb Seqmnili literatura sul ufro me-tad akeTebs aqcents kulturuli diferenciaciis saWiroebaze. TerTmeti qveynis 3400-ze met satelevizio reklamaze dayrdnobiT de mooijim daad-gina am qveynebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sareklamo stili, romelic kultu-rul Temebs ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, koleqtivistur kulturebSi iSvia-Tia erTi adamianis suraTebi (Tu aravis surs SeuerTdes am adamians, ese igi produqti cudia!). diskusiebi dedebsa da qaliSvilebs Soris Temad ga-moiyeneba rogorc didi, ise mcire Zalauflebrivi distanciis kulturis qveynebSi, magram iq, sadac indeqsi maRalia, dedebi urCeven qaliSvilebs, xolo sadac dabalia, piriqiT, qaliSvilebi urCeven dedebs.

erTi da igive globaluri brendi SeiZleba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxva-dasxva kulturul Temad iqnes gamoyenebuli. reklama, kerZod, satele-vizio reklama, mimarTulia momavali myidvelis Sinagan motivaciaze. sa-televizio reklama SeiZleba warmovidginoT wina Taobebis miTebisa da jadosnuri zRaprebis Tanamedrove ekvivalentad. maT bevrjer yvebodnen, vinaidan isini harmoniulad esadagebodnen adamianis gonebriv programebs


— da, miuxedavad profesori levitis winaswarmetyvelebisa, am gonebis globalizacia jerjerobiT ar momxdara da verc verasdros moxdeba.27

Semdgomi kulturuli diferenciacia, globalizebuli marketingis mqone firmebSic ki, adgilobrivi gayidvebis personalis mier Sualeduri rolis Sesrulebis meSveobiT xdeba. isini adgilobriv myidvels marketin-gul gzavnils uTargmnian (zogjer sityvasityviT).28 magaliTad, gamyid-velis mier gamoyenebuli gulwrfelobis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad aris da-mokidebuli kulturaze. gayidvebis sferoSi momuSave personalis marTva da maTi anazRaureba damokidebuli unda iyos kulturul Rirebulebebsa (sakuTarisa da myidvelTa) da warmoebis tipis Taviseburebebze. sxvadasxva kulturaSi gamyidvelis bizneseTikis koncefciebi sagrZnoblad gansxvave-bulia; isini kulturul indeqsSi Sesuli zogierTi Rirebulebis pirdapir operacionalizacias warmoadgenen.

momsaxurebis bazari produqtis bazarze naklebad uWers mxars glo-balizacias. momsaxureba, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, pirdapir myid-velzea morgebuli, anu personalizebuli. momsaxurebis sferoSi momuSave saerTaSoriso kompaniebi cdiloben mniSvnelovani marketinguli gadawyve-tilebebi adgilobriv menejments miandon.

nebismierma ucxo qveyanaSi mogzaurma icis, rogori daucvelobis Se-grZneba eufleba adamians, rodesac saqme unda iqonios piradi momsaxure-bis momwodebel personalTan: rodis unda mivce wvrilmani gasamrjelo, rogor da ramdeni. wvrilmani gasamrjelos micemis tradiciebi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvaa; isini asaxaven klientisa da momsaxure adamianis ro-lebs urTierTobis procesSi (gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba) da xazs usvamen maT Soris arsebul uTanasworobas (Zalauflebrivi distancia).

samrewvelo marketingisTvis globalizaciis Sansi SedarebiT maRalia. esaa — biznessa da bizness Soris arsebuli sivrce, sadac erTmaneTs xvde-bian saerTaSoriso myidveli da saerTaSoriso gamyidveli. aq gadamwyvetia teqnikuri standartebi. maT damkvidrebaSi monawileobis miReba mTavari samrewvelo marketinguli iaraRia umniSvnelovanesi molaparakebis pro-cesebSi, rogorc es wina nawilSi iyo aRwerili.

saerTaSoriso politika da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi

glen fiSerma, aSS-is sagareo saqmeTa saministros gadamdgarma ofi-cerma, dawera saintereso wigni, saxelwodebiT `mentaluri sistemebi~, romelic saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi kulturis rols exeba. im Tavis SesavalSi, romelsac `kulturuli linzebi~ hqvia, avtori wers:

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sferoSi muSaoba gansakuTrebuli saq-mianobaa, radgan aq sruliad axali mentalitetis sistemebTan gixdeba urTierToba. Tu SevZlebT maT identifikaciasa da ganWvretas konkre-tuli jgufisa an mTeli erisaTvis, SevamcirebT im idumalebas, rac Tan sdevs `sagareo~ saqmeTa mogvarebis process.29


unda vivaraudoT, rom azrovnebis gansxvavebuli tipebis arsebobam garkveuli roli Seasrula erebis istoriaSi. holandieli sociologi korneli lamersi mis demonstrirebas erTi istoriis magaliTze axerxebs, romelic meTvramete saukuneSi moxda holandiis espanur nawilSi (dRevan-deli belgiaSi). espaneli msxvili feodalebis wasvlis Semdeg, daaxloe-biT aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi (1706-1716), teritoria ganawilebuli iyo sa-frangeTis, britaneTisa da holandiis jarebs Soris. Canawerebis mixedviT, lamersma Seadara sami reJimis tipi, romelic daamyara samma sxvadasxva okupantma erma. frangebma moZvelebuli instituciebis reformireba da franguli stilis centralizebuli, racionalizebuli mmarTvelobis da-myareba scades. ingliselebma da holandielebma ucvlelad SeinarCunes Zveli wesrigi, amasTan holandielebi Seecadnen modernizaciis saWiroe-baSi daerwmunebinaT adgilobrivi xelisufleba, rac, maTi TqmiT, efe-qturobas gazrdida; ingliselebi adgilobrivebisgan sakmaod Sors idgnen da cdilobdnen, rac SeiZleba naklebad Careuliyvnen samoqalaqo sakiT-xebSi.30 frangebis damokidebulebaSi, ingliselebTan da holandielebTan SedarebiT, SeiZleba amovicnoT ufro Zlieri Zalauflebrivi distancia da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba, vidre ingliselebsa da holandieleb-Tan. es ukanasknelni feminurobas avlenen konsensusis saSualebiT marTvis mcdelobaSi.

meoredan meeqvses CaTvliT, yoveli Tavi kulturuli Rirebulebebis ganzomilebas erovnul politikur procesebsa da/an politikur sakiT-xebs ukavSirebs. pirvelia politikuri TamaSis gza, xolo meore — qveynis politikosebisTvis prioritetuli problemebia, romelTa dacvasac isini saerTaSoriso arenaze cdiloben. am TavebSi mocemuli masala gviCvenebs, rom Rirebulebebsa da politikas Soris kavSiri yovelTvis qveynis erov-nuli simdidris an siRaribis fonze unda ganvixiloT. Rirebulebebis mier gamowveuli Sedegebi gaSualebulia ekonomikuri ayvavebis doniT.

Zalauflebriv distanciasa da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebaSi arse-buli gansxvavebebi pirvel rigSi politikur procesebze axdens gavlenas. ufro didi Zalauflebrivi distancia niSnavs politikur centraliza-cias, moqalaqeebsa da Cinovnikebs Soris nakleb TanamSromlobas da met politikur Zaladobas, met wessa da kanons, xelisuflebis mxridan eko-nomikaSi met Carevas. iTvleba, rom moqalaqeebi CinovnikebTan SedarebiT naklebad kompetenturni arian. ufro didi Zalauflebrivi distancia da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis ufro Zlieri ganzomileba met koruf-cias niSnavs erovnuli siRaribis efeqtis gamoricxvis Semdeg.

individualizmi-koleqtivizmi da maskulinoba-feminuroba pirvel rigSi moqmedebs im sakiTxebze, romlebsac daicavs qveyana. individualiz-mi niSnavs adamianis uflebebze, politikur demokratiasa da sabazro kapi-talizmze zrunvas; koleqtivizmi xels uwyobs jgufis interesebis dacvas. maskulinoba gulisxmobs aqcents ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da konkuren-ciaze da emyareba teqnologiebs, feminuroba ki — garemos dacvas da ga-WirvebulTa daxmarebas da mxardaWeras qveynisa (socialuri daxmareba) da msoflios (ganviTarebis sferoSi kooperacia) masStabiT. maskulinoba-


feminuroba politikur procesebTan imdenadaa dakavSirebuli, ramdenad-ac maskulinur kulturebSi politikuri msjeloba ufro konkurentuli Sinaarsisaa, xolo feminur kulturebSi konsensuszea orientirebuli.

momavalze xangrZlivi Tu xanmokle orientaciis ganzomileba dakav-Sirebulia politikaSi arsebul pragmatizmTan an fundamentalizmTan: es ukanaskneli niSnavs aqcents Tundac araefeqtur principebze da uflebe-bis dakargvas.

Rirebulebebisa da ekonomikuri ayvavebis gavlena gulixmobs, rom mra-val dasavlur politikur aqsiomas aradasavluri qveynebis mimarT ver ga-moviyenebT da globalur normativebadac naklebad gamodgeba, radganac:

1. saWirboroto globaluri problemebis gadaWra ar gulisxmobs mTel msoflioSi demokratiis damyarebas. msoflios nawili ar cxovrobs dasavluri wesebiT. avtoritaruli xelisufleba isev ibatonebs msoflios umetes nawilSi. arCevnebi ar aris politi-kuri problemebis gadawyvetis universaluri gza. Rarib, koleq-tivistur, didi Zalauflebrivi distanciisa da gaurkvevlobis Zlieri acilebis qveynebSi arCevnebma SeiZleba ufro meti prob-lema warmoqmnas, vidre gadaWras. erTi magaliTia alJiri, sadac 1990 wels Catarebuli saerTo arCevnebi moiges fundamentali-stebma, romelTa mizani politikuri TavisuflebisTvis wertilis dasma iyo. amis Semdeg samxedroebma arCevnebis Sedegebi baTilad gamoacxades da daiwyo terorizmis talRa, romelic rva weli gagrZelda da aTi aTasobiT adamiani emsxverpla. meore magaliTia ruseTi, sadac 1991 wels komunizmis gauCinarebam da sabWoTa ka-vSiris dasasrulma Zalauflebis vakuumi warmoqmna. ar arsebobda is instituciebi, romelTac unda aResrulebinaT demokratiulad miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi da adgilobrivma mafiam kleptokratia (qurdebis xelisufleba) Camoayaliba.

2. Tavisufali sabazro kapitalizmi ver iqneba universaluri. is in-dividualistur mentalitets gulisxmobs, rac msoflios umetes nawilSi ar arsebobs. mesame TavSi naCvenebi iyo statistikuri ka-vSiri individualizmsa da erovnul simdidres Soris. amave dros mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris aRmniSvneli isari simdidridan indi-vidualizmisken gadaixara: qveynebi ufro individualisturebi gax-dnen mas Semdeg, rac gaizarda maTi simdidre, xolo ufro individ-ualisturad gaxdomam qveynis simdidre ar gazarda. Tavisufali sabazro kapitalizmi kargia ukve mdidari qveynebisTvis. naklebad savaraudoa, rom man Raribi qveynebi gaamdidros. aRmosavleT aziis `drakonebis~ ekonomikas, romelic 1960-iani wlebis Sua periodidan 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodamde swrafad gaizarda, axasiaTebda mravalferovani ekonomikuri sistemebi da xSirad mTavrobis aqti-uri Careva.

3. kidev erTi problema, romelsac ekonomistebi iSviaTad mimarTaven, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ekologiuri Sedegia. dasavluri de-mokratiuli standartebis qveynebSi cxovrebis standarti gulisx-mobs garemos dabinZurebis maRal xarisxs da resursebis Semcire-bas. cxovrebis es standarti Semdeg mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis


masStabiT vrceldeba. man, vinc orientirebulia yvela sazoga-doebis ganviTarebaze, Cveni ekosistemis movlis axali gza unda ipovos, raTa SenarCundes mdidari qveynebis cxovrebis xarisxi, magram, amave dros, sagrZnoblad Semcirdes ekologiuri zarali. ekonomikuri zrdis cneba am gagebiT SeiZleba ukve moZvelebulad CaiTvalos. unda moiZebnos ekonomikuri da ekologiuri sistemebis xarisxis SenarCunebis sxva gzebi.

4. adamianis uflebaTa cnebebi universaluri ver iqneba. 1948 wels miRebuli adamianis uflebaTa universaluri deklaracia dafuZneb-uli iyo individualistur dasavlur Rirebulebebze, romlebsac arasdros iziarebdnen msoflios mosaxleobis koleqtivisturi umravlesobis politikuri liderebi da mosaxleoba. arsebuli deklaracia SezRudulia, magram garkveuli saxiT mainc gvaZlevs im normebs, romelTa saSualebiT SeiZleba adamianis uflebebis uxeSi darRvevebis sayovelTaod gaprotesteba. imisTvis, rom arse-buli deklaraciis dadebiTi aspeqtebi ar daikargos, sayovelTaod unda gadaixedos es deklaracia da daematos, vTqvaT, jgufebisa da umciresobebis uflebebic. amgvarad, Secvlili deklaraciis sa-SualebiT davicavT politikuri da religiuri fundamentalizmis msxverplebs. es dacva ufro maRla unda idges, vidre erovnuli damoukidebloba.

sazogadoebrivi da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romlebic sxvadasx-va qveynebSi funqcionireben, mTlianad damokidebuli arian kulturaTSo-ris komunikaciasa da TanamSromlobaze. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis umravlesobas ar unda hqondes erovnuli kultura. aq mniSvnelovani ga-dawyvetilebis mimRebi adamianebi, Cveulebriv, sxvadasxva qveynis warmo-madgenlebi unda iyvnen. amis magaliTia gaerTianebuli erebis organiza-cia Tavisi filialebiT, rogoricaa iunesko (UNESCO) da unido (UNIDO), evrokavSiri, Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia an eklesiaTa msoflio sabWo. sxva organizaciebs sakuTar warsulTan dakavSirebuli implicitu-ri mSobliuri kultura aqvs. esenia religiuri organizaciebi, rogoricaa romis kaTolikuri eklesia (italiuri) da mormonTa eklesia (amerikuli), agreTve humanitaruli organizaciebi, rogoricaa wiTeli jvari (Sveica-riuli) da saerTaSoriso amnistia (britanuli).

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciisa da evrokavSiris msgavs konfe-deraciebs, maTi specifikidan gamomdinare, ar unda hqondes gamokveTili erovnuli kultura. es naklebadaa problema am organizaciis politiku-ri nawilisTvis, sadac adamianebi unda moqmedebdnen, rogorc TavianTi qveynebis warmomadgenlebi da molaparakebis gziT agvarebdnen arsebul gansxvavebebs. Tumca, es mniSvnelovani problemaa yoveldRiur saqmiano-baSi, sadac adamianebi unda warmoadgendnen ara TavianT qveyanas, aramed mTel organizacias. organizaciebis funqcionireba SesaZlebelia, Tu misi wevrebi garkveuli saxis saerTo kulturas iziareben anu erToblivad SeuZliaT sxvadasxva sakiTxis, rogorc mocemulobis, miReba. gaerosa da evrokavSiris yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi cota ram SeiZleba iqnes miRebuli mocemulobad. kadrebis SerCevis, daniSvnisa da dawinaurebis procedure-


bi, samuSaosadmi Sesabamisobis nacvlad, sxva argumentebs iTvaliswinebs. gadawyvetilebis mimRebi adamianebi SeiZleba sxva samuSaoze gadaiyvanon manam, sanam TavianT saqmes Seiswavlian; miznebi xSirad gaurkvevelia, xolo iq, sadac isini naTelia, saboloo urTierTobebia bundovani. amgvar orga-nizaciebs araefeqturobisa da danakargebisgan Tavis daRweva mxolod ga-ziarebuli praqtikis doneze arsebuli Zlieri organizaciuli kulturis ganviTarebiT SeuZliaT (ix. Tavi 8). gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs TanamS-romelTa saqmianobis Sefasebis karg sistemas. am organizaciaSi erovnuli gansxvavebebi isev da isev zemoqmedebs rogorc mimdinare procesze, ise samuSaos Sinaarsze: rogor muSaobs organizaciis biurokratiuli meqa-nizmi da romel proeqtebs hkidebs xels. rogorc erovnuli politikis SemTxvevaSi, procesi, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebulia Zalauflebriv distanciasa da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebasTan, Sinaarsi ki — indivi-dualizmsa da maskulinobasTan.

gamiznuli saerTaSoriso aqtivobebi, magaliTad, erToblivi samxedro Carevebi da samSvidobo misiebi, moicavs kulturuli konfliqtis poten-cials ara mxolod ucxoel samxedro personalsa da adgilobriv mosax-leobas Soris, aramed ucxour ZalebSi myof sxvadasxva erovnebis pirTa Sorisac. amgvari aqciebis warmateba kulturis marTvis saukeTeso unar-Cvevebs saWiroebs.31

ekonomikuri ganviTareba, arganviTareba da TanamSromloba ganviTa-rebis Taobaze

mecxramete saukune da meoce saukunis pirveli naxevari evropis epoqa iyo. evropelebi da maTi STamomavlebi ̀ kacobriobis mbrZanebelni~32 iyvnen sazRvargareTac. maT TiTqmis mTlianad moaxdines gare msoflios kolo-nizacia da simdidre garedan SigniT moedineboda. meore msoflio omi is kritikuli momenti gamodga, romelmac mTlianad Secvala damokidebuleba kontinentebs, mdidar da Rarib qveynebs Soris. omidan ocdaaTi wlis Sem-deg TiTqmis yvela yofili kolonia damoukidebeli gaxda. pirveladi moT-xovnilebebidan Tavisufleba iqna miCneuli adamianis erT-erT ZiriTad uflebad, xolo 1950 wlisTvis TandaTanobiT daiwyo ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro daxmarebis programebi. am programebs mdidari qveynebi afinansebd-nen, xolo daxmarebas Raribi qveynebi iRebdnen. 1950-2000 wlebSi mdidari qveynebis sazogadoebrivi fulis trilionze meti amerikuli dolari Ra-ribi qveynebis ganviTarebaze daixarja.

meoTxe TavSi aRiniSna, rom mTliani Sida produqtis wili, rac mdi-darma qveynebma Raribi qveynebis ganviTarebisTvis gamoyves, sakmaod gansx-vavdeba erTmaneTisgan (daniam 2000 wels daaxloebiT aTjer meti gamoyo, vidre aSS-m) da es wili maRal korelaciaSia mdidari qveynebis feminuro-bis qulebTan. dasaxmareblad finansebi ufro metad gamoiyofa donori qveynis (fsiqologiuri) saWiroebis mixedviT, vidre mimRebis materialuri moTxovnilebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

ganvlili naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi ganviTarebisaTvis gamoyofil


daxmarebas rom gadavxedoT, bevri damkvirveblis azriT, danaxarjis didma nawilma Sedegi ver gamoiRo. zogierTma qveyanam SeZlo zRvris gadalaxva da Raribidan mdidar qveyanaTa ricxvSi gadasvla, gansakuTrebiT es exe-ba aRmosavleT aziis saxelmwifoebs. magram es moxda aRniSnuli qveynebis mosaxleobis Rirebulebebisa da Zalisxmevis Sedegad da ara daxmarebis saxiT miRebuli fulis meSveobiT. miuxedavad dasaxmareblad gamoyofili fulis didi raodenobisa, Semosavlebis odenobis mixedviT mdidar da Ra-rib qveynebs Soris bzari ar Semcirdeboda. Raribi qveynebis ganviTareba mZime brZolaa, radgan mosaxleobis zrda xSirad STanTqavs resursebis nebismier zrdas. kulturuli da religiuri tradiciebi (Rarib da mdidar qveynebSi), romlebic mosaxleobis zrdis kontrols ewinaaRmdegeba, ganvi-Tarebis yvelaze Zlieri mtrebia.

veravin ganaviTarebs qveyanas sakuTari mosaxleobis garda. ganviTare-ba gonebidan modis da ara saqonlidan. ucxouri fuli da gamocdileba mxolod imdenadaa efeqturi, ramdenadacaa SesaZlebeli maTi adgilobriv codnaSi integrireba. ganviTarebis Sesaxeb arsebul literaturaSi Seta-nil warmatebul istoriebSi yovelTvis xazgasmulia adgilobrivebis gan-Tavisufleba ucxouri kompetenciisgan. 1992 wels msoflio bankma daiwyo kvleviTi programa afrikaSi `praqtikuli gamocdilebis~ Sesaxeb, romel-mac aCvena, rom Sedegis miReba swrafad SeiZleba, Tu daveyrdnobiT arse-bul instituciebs, romelTac xalxis erTguleba da ndoba daimsaxures an arsebiT modernizacias davnergavT, magaliTad, gavaZlierebT kanoniere-bas.33

ganviTarebis sferoSi TanamSromlobis wamyvani filosofia iSviaTad Tu aRiarebs adgilobrivi integraciis aucileblobas. politikas eko-nomikuri modelebi karnaxobda. qveynis ganviTareba aTwleulebis gan-mavlobaSi mxolod fulis gadaricxvasa da axali teqnologiis Setanas gulisxmobda. gadawyvetilebebs, ramdeni unda daxarjuliyo, iRebdnen politikosebi, romelTac rCevebs rogorc gamRebi, ise mimReb mxareTa teqnokratebi aZlevdnen. orive mxaris gonebrivi kulturuli programe-bis arseboba naklebad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli da ganviTarebis dagegmvaSi gamoyenebuli erTaderTi gonebrivi programa donorebs ekuTvnoda. maga-liTad, korufciis realuri faqti TiTqmis arasdros iyo gaSuqebuli li-teraturaSi.34 Zalian cota fuli daixarja kulturisa da teqnologiuri cvalebadobis urTierTdamokidebulebis Seswavlaze, Tumca anTropolo-gebma ukve aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi daadastures kulturis gadamwyveti gavlena warmatebuli Sedegebis miRebaze.

kulturaTSorisi TanamSromlobis ganviTarebas instituciuri da pi-rovnebaTSorisi mxareebi aqvs. instituciur doneze bevr mimReb da donor qveyanas ara aqvs organizaciuli struqtura, romelic warmatebuls gax-dida am TanamSromlobas. Cveulebriv, aseT SemTxvevaSi mimRebi qveynis pri-mitiul instituciur struqturebs adanaSauleben. Tumca, situacia arc donorebis mxaresaa yovelTvis ukeTesi. ganviTarebis mravali saagento dazvervis Camoyalibebulia da misi mTavari mizania, xeli Seuwyos donori qveynis interesebs sazRvargareT. diplomatebs unar-Cvevebi da organi-


zaciuli kultura akliaT, raTa ganviTarebis konsultantebad gamodg-nen. ganviTarebisTvis gamoyofil fuls xSirad politikuri Zafebi aqvs gamobmuli: is unda daixarjos ise, rom daakmayofilos donori qveynis moqalaqeebisa da politikosebis interesebi Tu ara, Rirebulebebi mainc, miuxedavad imisa, iziareben Tu ara am Rirebulebebs mimRebi qveynis moqa-laqeebi da politikosebi. proeqtebi, romlebsac afinansebs iseTi saerTa-Soriso saagentoebi, rogoricaa msoflio banki, Teoriulad Tavisufalia amgvari SezRudvebisgan, magram proeqtebi saagentos miznebs unda emTx-veodes, rac xSirad konfliqtSia mimRebi qveynebis interesebTan.35

instituciuri problema mimReb qveynebSi yvelaze seriozulia iq, sad-ac tradiciulma instituciurma struqturam ver gauZlo kolonizaciasa da dekolonizacias. am qveynebis umravlesoba afrikaSi mdebareobs (tro-pikuli afrika, saharis udabnos samxreTiT mdebare qveynebi). maSinac ki, rodesac lokaluri omebi ar angrevs mSvidobiani ganviTarebis Sedegebs, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli Zalebi maT miRwevas arTulebs. instituciuri tradiciebis gareSe piradi interesebi Tavisuflad dominirebs. politi-kosebi sakuTari Tavisa da ojaxis wevrTa gamdidrebas cdiloben ise, rom ar iTvaliswineben tradiciebTan dakavSirebul normebs. instituciebi nulidan ver Seiqmneba: isini arsebuli, cocxali struqturebia, Rirebu-lebebsa da istoriaSi aqvs gadgmuli fesvebi, romlebic unda gaizardos. aRmosavleT aziis zogierTi qveynis ekonomikuri warmateba SesaZlebe-li imitom gaxda, rom mraval saukunovani istoriis mqone instituciuri struqturebi ar dangreula da TanamedroveobasTan adaptirda.

ganviTarebis mizniT Camoyalibebuli TanamSromloba donori da maspin-Zeli qveynebis teqnikosebis gonebaSi arsebuli organizaciis funqcioni-rebis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli implicituri modelis gamo dazaralda (ix. Tavi 7).

ganvixiloT germanuli sainJinro firmis istoria, romelic erT-erT afrikul qveyanaSi irigaciul sistemas aSenebda. didi teqnikuri sirTu-leebis gadalaxvis Semdeg inJinrebma efeqturi da advilad samarTavi si-stema aages. maT donors miawodes inglisurad da suahilize Targmnili SekeTebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela saWiro dokumentacia da qveyana da-toves. oTxi Tvis Semdeg sistema dazianda da arasdros aRar SekeTebula. adgilobriv samTavrobo struqturas ar hqonda SesaZlebloba, es proeqti sakuTari ojaxis sakuTrebad mieRo, amitom, mas adgilobrivi `patroni~ ar hyavda.36

kanadis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentom daafinansaklasikuri gamokvleva, romelmac Seiswavla donori qveynis persona-

lis warmateba sazRvargareT. kvlevam moicva 250 kanadeli eqspatrianti 6 maspinZel qveyanaSi da maTi maspinZeli qveynis 90 kolega. gamoiyo sami komponenti:

1. adgilobriv kulturasa da xalxTan SeTvisebasTan da unar-Cvevebis gadatanasTan dakavSirebuli kulturaTSorisi urTierToba da treningi;


2. samsaxurSi yoveldRiuri davalebebisa da movaleobebis Sesrule-basTan dakavSirebuli profesiuli efeqturoba.

3. sazRvargareT cxovrebis periodSi individis da ojaxis sabaziso kmayofilebis miRebis unarTan dakavSirebuli piradi da ojaxuri adaptacia da kmayofileba.

am sami aspeqtidan eqspatriantebi kompetenturebi meore da mesame po-ziciaSi aRmoCndnen, xolo arakompetenturebi — pirvelze. adgilobrivi partniorebi xazs usvamen profesiuli unar-Cvevebis transfers kultu-raTSorisi urTierTobebis saSualebiT da eqspatriantis warmatebis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan ganzomilebad trenings asaxeleben.37

CrdiloeTi qveynebis (dania, fineTi, norvegia da SvedeTi) TanamSrom-lobis ganviTarebis saagentoebis mier Catarebuli kvleva ganixilavda Cr-diloeTi qveynebis mxridan aRmosavleT afrikisTvis gaweuli teqnikuri personalis daxmarebis efeqturobas. kvleva akritikebs donorebis mier gansazRvrul prioritetebs: 900 Crdiloeli eqspatriantidan orimesamedi implementatori iyo (TviTon asrulebda proeqts) da mxolod erTimexuT-edi aswavlida adgilobriv personals an asrulebda konsultantis rols adgilobrivi instituciebis CamoyalibebaSi. mkvlevarTa SexedulebiT, Se-fardeba am or kategorias Soris Sebrunebuli unda yofiliyo. es sagrZ-noblad Seamcirebda eqspatriantTa saWiro raodenobas da Secvlida im unar-Cvevebis profils, rac maTgan iyo saWiro.38

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rom sakmarisi instituciuri dax-marebis SemTxvevaSi ganviTarebis mizniT arsebuli kulturaTSorisi ur-TierTobebi Sedegiani iqneba, Tu moxdeba gamocdilebis ormxrivi gacvla: donori Tavis teqnikur codna-gamocdilebas gadascems mimRebs, xolo mimRebi, Tavis mxriv, donors gadascems kulturul codna-gamocdilebas im konteqstis Sesaxeb, sadac teqnikuri codna-gamocdileba unda dainer-gos. teqnikuri sferos eqsperti xvdeba kulturis sferos eqsperts da maTi saerTo gamocdileba erTmaneTis pativiscemis safuZveli xdeba.

kulturaTSorisi komunikaciis daswavla

kulturaTSorisi komunikaciis unaris aTviseba gaivlis sam fazas: gaTviTcnobierebas, codnasa da unar-Cvevebs. gaTviTcnobiereba is fazaa, rodesac yvelaferi iwyeba: aRiareba imisa, rom me garkveuli gonebrivi, mentaluri programa imitom maqvs, rom ase aRmzardes, sxvebi gansxvavebul garemoSi aRizardnen da, Sesabamisad, gansxvavebuli gonebrivi progra-mis matareblebi arian. maqs paJe frangi socialuri fsiqologi, romelic 1950-ian wlebSi jgufuri treningis Sesaswavlad aSS-Si Camovida, aRwers situacias, romelSic amgvari gaTviTcnobierebuloba ar aRiniSneboda:

[es] CemTvis Zalian aSkara gaxda, rom me — maqsi mimiRes da ara Cemi kul-tura. meqceodnen ise, rogorc erT-erT amerikels, romelsac aseTi eg-zotikuri Tavisebureba hqonda — iyo frangi, rac aRiqmeboda, rogorc raRac, vTqvaT, gansakuTrebuli tipis perangi. zogadad araviTari in-


teresi ar gamouCeniaT Cemi inteleqtualuri samyaros, Cemi wakiTxuli an dawerili wignebis, safrangeTsa an evropas da amerikas Soris arse-buli gansxvavebebis mimarT.39

Zlier kulturul gaTviTcnobierebulobas miaweren jeims mories. am Tavis dasawyisSi mocemuli citata mories gvixatavs ase:

... niWieri, pozitiuri iumoris grZnobiT iyo dajildoebuli, rac saSualebas aZlevda daefasebina misgan srulebiT gansxvavebuli adamianis mamoZravebeli motivebi.

codna gaTviTcnobierebulobas unda mosdevdes. Tu sxva kulturebTan unda vimuSaoT, aucilebelia am kulturebis Sesaxeb codna davagrovoT. unda viswavloT maTi simboloebi, vicodeT maTi gmirebisa da rituale-bis Sesaxeb; Tu verasdros gaviziarebT maT Rirebulebebs, is mainc unda SevZloT, rom gaviazroT, riT gansxvavdeba maTi Rirebulebebi Cvenisgan.

unar-Cvevebi viTardeba, Tu gaTviTcnobierebulobasa da codnas pra-qtikasac davumatebT. unda vaRiaroT da gamoviyenoT sxva kulturis sim-boloebi, vaRiaroT maTi gmirebi, CavataroT maTi ritualebi da kmayofi-lebis grZnoba ganvicadoT axal garemoSi yofnisgan, sxvebTan cxovrebis Tanamdevi jer martivi, xolo Semdeg zogierTi ufro rTuli problemis gadawyvetisgan.

kulturaTSorisi komunikaciis swavla SesaZlebelia. zogi studenti ufro niWieria am TvalsazrisiT. sakuTar Tavze Seufereblad didi, idea-lizebuli warmodgenis mqone adamianebi, visac gaurkvevlobis mimarT da-bali piradi tolerantoba axasiaTebs, emociurad arastabiluri warsuli aqvs, rasistuli an ukiduresi memarcxene an memarjvene frTis politikur simpaTiebs avlens, cudi masalaa am saxis treningisTvis, vinaidan is gu-lisxmobs, rom adamians unda SeeZlos Tavisi sayvareli, mSobliuri rwme-nisgan distancireba. CamoTvlili tipis adamianebi srulebiT ar gamod-gebian eqspatriantebis rolSi. Tu ojaxi xdeba eqspatrianti, sasurvelia meuRlesac da bavSvebsac hqondeT saWiro emociuri stabiluroba.

kulturaTSorisi komunikaciis treningis ori saxis kursi arsebobs. ufro tradiciuli tipis kursebi aqcents sxva kulturisTvis damaxa-siaTebel specifikur codnaze akeTebs; zogjer maT eqspatriantTa bri-fingebs uwodeben. kursebi momaval eqspatriants da mis meuRlesa da Svilebs awvdis saWiro informacias axali qveynis, misi geografiis, mniSv-nelovani istoriuli faqtebis, Cveulebebis, higienis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, risi gakeTeba SeiZleba da risi ar SeiZleba, ra unda waiRon Tan — mokled rom vTqvaT, rogor unda icxovron. aseTi treningebi ar iZleva sakmaris saSualebas imisaTvis, rom eqspatrianti sakuTar kulturas daakvirdes. es kursebi uaRresad sasargebloa, magram Zalian motivirebuli momava-li eqspatrianti am informaciis mopovebas wignebidan da videoCanawere-bidanac SeZlebs. faqtobrivad, amgvari kursebis momwodebel institutebs Cveulebriv kargi biblioTeka aqvs swrafi individualuri momzadebisTvis.


kidev ufro ukeTesi momzadeba, ra Tqma unda, adgilobrivi enis Ses-wavlaa. arsebobs enis Semswavleli bevri swrafi kursi, magram Tu enis Semswavleli adamiani ar aris gansakuTrebulad niWieri, axali enis Ses-wavlas biznesdoneze ramdenime Tve sruli datvirTviT muSaoba sWirdeba — odnav naklebi droa saWiro, Tu kursi sazRvargareT, enis mSobliur doneze mcodneTa garemoSi iswavleba. bevri damqiravebeli ar aZlevs Ta-vis eqspatriantebs amden dros enis Sesaswavlad. Tu eqspatriants mieca amis SesaZlebloba, saWiroa, man meuRlec CarTos am procesSi. saSualod, qalebi ufro swrafad swavloben enebs, vidre mamakacebi. isini ukeTesad iTviseben aseve araverbalur kulturul niuansebs.

kulturaTSorisi komunikaciis kursis meore tipi moicavs kulturul gansxvavebebaTa gaTviTcnobierebas da zogadi codnis miRebas. gacnobiTi treningi aqcents akeTebs adamianis sakuTar gonebriv programaze da ima-ze, riTi gansxvavdeba misi programa sxvebisgan. treningi ar aris orien-tirebuli eqspatriaciis romelime konkretul qveyanaze. am kursze miRe-buli codna da unar-Cvevebi gamosadegia nebismier kulturul garemoSi. isini aswavlian ara imdenad imas, rogor icxovro sxva kulturul garemo-Si, aramed ufro metad aqcenti keTdeba imaze, rogor unda imuSao da gaa-keTo davalebuli saqme. garda (momavali) eqspatriantisa, kursi SeiZleba gaiaros misma meuRlem, radgan gamgebi meuRle mTavari simdidrea kultu-ruli Sokis periodSi.40 es kursi aucileblad unda gaiaron eqspatriantis ufrosma centraluri ofisidan da im specialistebma, visac uxdeba ko-munikacia eqspatriantebTan. gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom eqspatriantebis mTavari problemaa gageba da mxardaWera igrZnon im adamianebisgan, vinc TviTon ar aris eqspatrianti, magram makavSirebeli rgolia mSobliuri qveynis organizaciasTan. qveynis Sida samoqalaqo Zala unda flobdes ima-ve kulturul sensitiurobas, rac eqspatriants moeTxoveba. amgvari kur-sis warmatebas ganapirobebs umaRlesi menejmentis erTguleba, treningis monawilis mxridan kursisTvis sakmarisi drois daTmoba da imave progra-maSi kompaniis mniSvnelovani personalis monawileoba.

saerTaSoriso kompetenciis asamaRlebeli kursebis dRis wesrigSi procesi iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc Sinaarsi. swavlis procesi Tavi-sTavad aris SezRuduli kulturuli TvalsazrisiT da Tu trenerebma es ar ician, sul sxva mimarTulebiT waiyvanen kurss. hong-kongSi miRebuli eqstensiuri gamocdilebis safuZvelze maikl bondi gvafrTxilebs, ar ga-moviyenoT dasavluri procedurebi azielTa auditoriis winaSe.41 kultu-raTSoris sferoSi trenerebisa da konsultantebis axlad warmoqmnili specialobis profesiuli kultura agebulia dasavlur, ZiriTadad aSS-is praqtikaze.

amerikeli eqspert-konsultantis — pol pedersenis ideebis gamoyene-biTa da girtis xuTganzomilebiani modelis mixedviT, gert ianma kul-turuli mravalferovnebis gamosakvlevad SeimuSava jgufuri treningis meTodi, romelic SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sxvadasxvagvari monawilisa da farTo speqtris praqtikuli miznebisTvis. monawileebs moeTxovebaT air-Cion 10-dan erTi sinTezuri kultura — xuTi ganzomilebis polusebi-


dan miRebuli `sufTa~ kulturuli tipebi. Semdeg monawileebi arCeul kulturas gaiTamaSeben modelirebul situaciaSi, romelSic saWiroa ga-dawyvetilebis miReba. isini gamocdilebiT swavloben da interkulturul unar-Cvevebs `usafrTxo~ garemoSi gamoimuSaveben.42

SesaZlebelia agreTve TviTinstruqtaJic. amisTvis klasikuri instru-mentia kulturis asimilatori. es programuli saswavlo saSualebaa, rome-lic araerTi mokle situaciis aRwerisgan Sedgeba. yoveli maTgani asaxavs kulturaTSoris urTierTobas, romlis drosac ucxo kulturis adamiani garkveuli stilis mixedviT iqceva. Cveulebriv, amgvari qcevis oTxi axsna aris mocemuli. erT-erTi TviTon im kulturis warmomadgenlis axsnaa, da-narCeni sami gareSe Tvalis gulubryvilo arCevania. studenti irCevs erT pasuxs da iRebs komentars, romelSic axsnilia, ratom aris pasuxi swori (kulturis warmomadgenlis TvalsazrisiT) an araswori (miamituri). adre kulturis asimilatorebi konkretuli kulturis mixedviT iyo Sedgenili rogorc mSobliuri, ise maspinZeli qveynis SemTxvevaSi. maTi damzadeba Zviri jdeboda da SedarebiT limitirebulad vrceldeboda. magram asi-milatorebis Sefaseba aCvenebs, rom sakmaod dadebiTi xangrZlivi efeqti hqondaT. mogvianebiT, zogadi kulturis asimilatori gamoqveynda, sadac wina programebis mTavari zogadi Temebi Sevida.43

kulturuli sensitiuroba veragia da marcxis Sansi maRalia. rodesac 1976 wels vietnameli devnilebis bavSvebi aSS-is Cveulebriv skolebSi wa-vidnen, amerikis ganaTlebis saministrom maswavleblebisTvis vietnamele-bis swavlebis sakiTxze instruqcia gamosca. am dokumentis erT nawilSi weria:

vietnamis skolebSi gakveTilis msvlelobaSi moswavleebis CarTvas fi-zikuri dasjis liberaluri dozis gamoyenebiT aRkveTdnen — studen-tebi unda mjdariyvnen uZravad da xma amoeRoT mxolod maSin, rodesac maT mimarTavdnen. es foni ... xels uSlis vietnamelebs klasSi Tavisuf-lad isaubron. amitom ar aurioT erTmaneTSi simorcxve da apaTia.44

dasavleTevropel da Crdiloamerikel mkiTxvelTa umravlesobisT-vis es instruqcia erTi SexedviT TiTqos misaRebia. Tumca, is proble-muri xdeba, rodesac citataSi mowodebul aSS-is kulturis niuansebs davakvirdebiT, rac mikerZoebulobis wyaroa. faqtobrivad, SeerTebuli Statebis ganaTlebis saministro vietnamelebs miawers axalgazrda ameri-kelebis yvela motivaciur faqtors, rogoric aris monawileobis miRebis savaraudo survili, da maT morCilebas xsnis fizikuri dasjis SiSiT da ara pativiscemiT. girtis sadoqtoro seminaris dros SvedeTSi erT-erTi monawile45 Tvals auxels danarCenebs Semdegi faqtis SebrunebiT — warmo-vidginoT, rom amerikeli moswavleebi swavloben vietnamis skolebSi:

maswavleblis mimarT moswavleTa pativiscema wesrigis naklebobiT iTrguneboda. moswavleebi uwesod unda moqceuliyvnen da gauTaveb-lad elaparakaT erTmaneTSi. amgvari foni amerikel moswavleTaTvis


klasSi swor da mowiwebiT moqcevas SeuZlebels xdis. amdenad, ar auri-oT erTmaneTSi uxeSoba da upativcemuloba.


Tavi 10

gadarCena multikulturul samyaroSi

. . . ingliselebs, samyaros sxva xalxebTan SedarebiT, yvelaze naklebad aqvT raime erovnuli maxasiaTebeli, Tu ar miviCnevT, rom aRniSnuli ga-monaklisi swored amgvar maxasiaTeblad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

_ devid hiumi `filosofiuri naSromebi~, XXI esse, 17421

germanelebi cxovroben germaniaSi, romaelebi _ romSi, Turqebi _ Tur-qeTSi, magram ingliselebi cxovroben saxlSi.

_ j.h. goringis sabavSvo leqsidan, 19092

am wignis gzavnili

zemoT moyvanil citatebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, am wignis gzavnili isaa, rom yvela hiumis da goringis mier daxasiaTebuli ingliselebis msgavsia. yvela adamiani samyaros Tavisi kulturuli saxlis fanjrebidan uyurebs da yvelas urCevnia ise iqceodes, TiTqos sxva qveynebSi gansakuTrebuli adamianebi (aqvT gamorCeuli erovnuli maxasiaTebeli, niSani) cxovroben, Tumca saxlSi yvelaferi bunebrivi da normaluria. samwuxarod, kultu-rul sakiTxebSi ar arsebobs normaluri pozicia. es sakmaod usiamovno informaciaa, iseTive, rogoric meCvidmete saukuneSi galileo galileis mtkiceba, rom dedamiwa samyaros centri ar aris.

pirvel TavSi kultura davaxasiaTeT metaforiT `gonebrivi programa~ _ aracnobieri mdgomareobiT, romelic individs azrovnebis, SegrZnebisa da moqmedebis sakmao Tavisuflebas utovebs, Tumca im farglebSi, romlebSic mas Tavisi socialuri garemo SesaZlo fiqrebis, grZnobebisa da qcevebis cnebebSi moaqcevs. aRniSnuli farglebi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi gvxvdeba da maT gasaazreblad adamianis cxovreba integrirebul mTelad unda gan-vixiloT.

kulturuli programis Camoyalibeba iwyeba garemoSi, romelSic bavS-vi izrdeba _ rogorc wesi, es aris raime tipis ojaxi. Semdeg is grZel-deba skolaSi. ra xdeba skolaSi, SeiZleba gavigoT mxolod im SemTxveva-Si, rodesac viciT, ra xdeboda skolamde da ra moxdeba skolis Semdeg. procesi grZeldeba samsaxurSi. TanamSromlis qcevebi skolasa da ojaxSi SeZenili qcevebis gagrZelebaa. menejeris qcevebi skolasa da ojaxSi misi miRebuli gamocdilebis gagrZelebaa, iseve, rogorc mis mier marTuli Ta-namSromlebis qcevebis sarkiseburi asaxva. politika da moqalaqeebsa da saxelisuflebo avtoritetebs Soris arsebuli urTierToba aris ojaxSi, skolaSi, samsaxurSi arsebuli urTierTobebis gagrZeleba da, Tavis mx-riv, is gavlenas axdens cxovrebis aRniSnul sferoebze. religiuri rwme-na, sekularuli ideologiebi da mecnieruli Teoriebi ki ojaxSi, skola-

335ga d a rCe n a m u l t ik u l tu r u l s a m y a r oSi

Si, samsaxurSi da saxelmwifo urTierTobebSi demonstrirebuli gonebrivi programis gagrZelebaa. isini amyareben azrovnebis, SegrZnebisa da qcevis paternebs sxva sferoebSi.

kulturuli programebi ise gansxvavdeba adamianTa sxvadasxva jgufisa Tu kategoriisTvis, rom xSirad saTanadod ver igeben da ver afaseben. am wignis udidesi nawili kulturis erovnul kategorias daeTmo. garkveuli yuradReba mieqca kulturaTSoris gansxvavebebs socialuri klasis, sqe-sis, Taobis, samuSao organizaciisa da saqmianobis gaTvaliswinebiT. yoveli erovneba garkveul moralur investicias debs sakuTar dominantur gone-briv programaSi, rac xsnis im faqts, ratom yoymanoben xolme kulturuli gansxvavebebis ganxilvis sagnad qcevisas. sxvadasxva ers, da zogjer sxva-dasxva eTnikur, religiur da lingvistur jgufs Soris arsebuli gansxva-vebebis safuZvlebi istoriaSia fesvgadgmuli. zogjer mizez-Sedegobrivi axsnebi dasaSvebi da misaRebia. bevr sxva SemTxvevaSi ki unda vivaraudoT, rom mravali saukunis win gaCnda mcire gansxvaveba, romelic droTa ganmav-lobaSi, raki erTi Taobidan meoreze gadadioda, dRes arsebul did gansx-vavebaSi gadaizarda.

erebs ZiriTadad Rirebulebebi ganasxvavebs. arsebobs sistemuri saxis ganxvavebebi iseT RirebulebebSi, romlebic ukavSirdeba Zalauflebasa da uTanasworobas, individisa da jgufis urTierTobas, mamakacebisa da qale-bis mosalodnel emociur da socialur rols, cxovrebaSi wamoWril ganu-sazRvrelobebTan gamklavebis gzebs, momavalTan, warsulTan da awmyosTan damokidebulebas (romlebic aRvwereT meore da meeqvse TavebSi).

meSvide da merve TavebSi daeTmo erovnul kulturebSi arsebuli gansx-vavebebis gavlenas organizaciaTa funqcionirebaze da organizaciuli kulturis savaraudo fenomens: sxvadasxva korporaciaSi momuSave adamian-ebis gonebriv programebs Soris gansxvavebebs. erovnuli kulturis gavlena organizaciebze sakmaod Zlieria da rogorc biznesze, ise xelisufleba-ze moqmedebs. organizaciuli kultura gacilebiT susti fenomenia, vidre fiqroben. terminis `kultura~ erovnebebisa da organizaciebis konteqst-Si gamoyeneba xSirad garkveulwilad dabneulobas iwvevs. organizaciuli kultura ZiriTadad gamoixateba ara organizaciis wevrebis Rirebulebe-biT, aramed ufro zedapiruli manifestaciebiT, rogoricaa gavrcelebuli simboloebi, gmirebi da ritualebi.

wignis sxvadasxva Tavi, sadac kulturuli gansxvavebebis sakiTxia aRwe-rili da gaanalizebuli, mkiTxvels saSualebas aZlevs gansazRvros Tavisi Rirebulebebis CarCo sxva qveynebisa da jgufebis xalxebTan mimarTebaSi. mecxre Tavi — `kulturaTSorisi urTierTobebi~ wignis gzavnilis kulmina-ciuri nawilia: Tu Cveni azrovneba, fiqri da moqmedeba ase gansxvavdeba, ro-gor SegviZlia erT samyaroSi erTad cxovreba? Cveni mentaluri gonebrivi programebis sxvaTa programebTan mimarTebaSi SezRudulobis gacnobiereba aucilebelia yvelas gadasarCenad. am wignis gzavnili isaa, rom amgvari cno-bierebis ganviTareba SesaZlebelia da marTalia, ar unda movelodeT, rom yvelani erTnairebi gavxdebiT, magram SegviZlia ufro metad kosmopolitu-rebi gavxdeT Cveni azrovnebis TvalsazrisiT.


moraluri sakiTxi

zogierTs uCndeba kiTxva — xom ar mivyavarT sakuTar RirebulebaTa si-stemis sazRvrebis gacnobierebas moralur sisustemde? pirvel TavSi sau-bari iyo kulturuli relativizmis saWiroebaze — imis aRiarebaze, rom, rogorc frangma anTropologma Tqva, `erT kulturas ar gaaCnia absolu-turi kriteriumi sxva kulturis aqtivobebis uaryofiTad an dadebiTad Sesafaseblad.~ Tumca es araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs imas, rom Cven mTlianad unda uarvyoT Cveni Rirebulebebi. piriqiT, wignSi naTladaa asaxuli, rom arc erT adamians ar SeuZlia arseboba Tavisi RirebulebiTi standartebis gamudmebiT gamoyenebis gareSe. warmatebuli kulturaTSo-risi urTierToba niSnavs, rom partniorebs swamT TavianTi Rirebulebe-bisa. identobis gancda iZleva daculobis SegrZnebas, ris safuZvelzec adamians SeuZlia gonebrivad gaecnos sxva kulturebs.

multikulturul samyaroSi gadarCenis principi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adamians ar sWirdeba sxvebiviT ifiqros, ganicados da moiqces, raTa praqtikul sakiTxebSi SeuTanxmdes maT da iTanamSromlos maTTan. swored amis ilustraciaa meore da mesame TavSi aRwerili IBM-is kvleva. rogorc kvlevam aCvena, am mravalkulturuli organizaciisTvis sxvadasxva qveyana-Si momuSave adamianTa Rirebulebebi mniSnvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmane-Tisgan. miuxedavad amisa, IBM-is TanamSromlebs erTmaneTTan harmoniuli urTierToba aqvT damyarebuli mTeli msoflios masStabiT praqtikuli mizan-amocanebis misaRwevad. am TvalsazrisiT IBM-is TanamSromlebi ar arian unikalurebi, sxva adamianebsac SeuZliaT da realurad TanamSrom-loben kidevac erTmaneTTan saxelmwifo sazRvrebis miRma.

sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic, rogorc am wignis sxvadasxva TavSi iyo aRwerili, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmane-Tisgan kulturuli ganzomilebebis mixedviT, magaliTad, Zalauflebri-vi distanciiT, individualizmiT, maskulinobiT, gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebiTa da momavalze orientaciiT sakmaod nayofierad SeuZliaT ur-TierTanamSromloba. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, garkveuli kulturis warmo-madgenlebs ufro uadvildebaT sxva erovnebis xalxTan TanamSromloba, vidre zogierTi sxva kulturis warmomadgenlebs. yvelaze problemuria erebi da erebs SigniT dajgufebebi, romlebic maRal Sefasebas iReben gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis ganzomilebaSi da, Sesabamisad, grZnoben da fiqroben, rom is, rac gansxvavebulia, saSiSia. aseve garkveulwilad rTulia urTierToba erebTan da erebs SigniT jgufebTan, romelTac ma-Rali maCvenebeli aqvT Zalauflebrivi distanciis ganzomilebaSi, vinai-dan aseTi TanamSromloba damokidebulia Zalauflebis mqone pirebis ka-prizebze. kulturaTSoris urTierTobebze dafuZnebul samuSaoSi aseTi kulturuli jgufebi, ra Tqma unda, ver iqnebian warmatebulni. SesaZle-belia maTi marto datoveba gaxdes saWiro drois garkveuli periodSi, sanam TviTon ar gaacnobiereben, rom ara aqvT sxva gamosavali da arCevani, garda imisa, rom SeuerTdnen jgufs.


kulturuli msgavseba da gansxvaveba

kulturuli Rirebulebebis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebulma kvleveb-ma araerTxel gamoavlina, rom sxvadasxva kulturebi iSviaTad emsgavse-bian erTmaneTs droTa ganmavlobaSi. gamonaklisad SeiZleba miviCnioT is faqti, rom gamdidrebul qveynebSi individualizmis maCvenebeli gaizarda. saukuneebis win, sxvadasxva eris Rirebulebebs Soris gamovlenili gansx-vavebebi dResac gvxvdeba, miuxedavad mudmivi axlo urTierTobebisa da TanamSromlobisa. momdevno, minimum asi wlis ganmavlobaSi qveynebi kul-turuli TvalsazrisiT kvlav erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulebi iqnebian.

kulturuli mravalferovneba ara mxolod narCundeba, aramed, ro-gorc Cans, gansxvaveba qveynebs Soris izrdeba kidec. eTnikuri dajgufe-bebi TavianTi identurobis gacnobierebis axal etapze gadadian da am fa-qtis politikur aRiarebas iTxoven. ra Tqma unda, eTnikuri gansxvavebebi yovelTvis arsebobda. Seicvala jgufebs Soris urTierTobis intensivoba, ramac jgufis wevrebs sakuTar identobaSi meti darwmunebuloba SesZina. garda amisa, informaciis gavrcelebam (saerTaSoriso mediasaSualebebiT) imis Taobaze, rogor cxovroben adamianebi sxvagan dedamiwaze, zegavlena iqonia umciresobebze, romlebic TavianT cxovrebas adareben sxvebis — kerZod, imaT cxovrebas, vinc miaCniaT rom maTze ukeTesad cxovrobs. msoflios axali ambebis mauwyeblebi aseve Zalze farTod avrceleben in-formacias tanjvasa da brZolebze. ajanyebebi da Zaladoba siaxle sulac ar aris, magram warsulSi amgvar movlenaSi uSualod monawile adamianebis garda, Zalze cotas Tu ecodineboda amis Sesaxeb. dRes maTi naxva televi-zoris ekranebze mTel msoflioSi SeiZleba. es faqti iwvevs SfoTvis gaZ-lierebas, gansakuTrebiT kulturebSi, romlebic gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebiT xasiaTdebian.

ganaTleba kulturaTSorisi gagebisTvis: rCevebi mSoblebs

am da momdevno sam nawilSi winamdebare wignSi gakeTebuli daskvnebis garkveuli nawili praqtikuli rCevebis formatSi iqneba gadatanili. amg-vari rCevebi, ra Tqma unda, subieqturia, amitom mkiTxvels tolerantobas vTxovT.

multikulturul samyaroSi gadarCenis mTavari gza, rogorc am wignSia gadmocemuli, pirvel rigSi, sakuTari kulturuli Rirebulebebis gaaz-reba (swored amitom sWirdeba adamians sakuTari kulturuli identoba), Semdeg ki im adamianebis kulturuli Rirebulebebis gaazrebaa, visTanac gvaqvs urTierToba. rogorc mSoblebs, Cven gacilebiT meti gavlena gvaqvs momavali msoflio moqalaqeebis multikulturuli cnobierebis Camoya-libebaze, vidre nebismieri sxva rolis Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi. adamiani Rirebulebebs ZiriTadad Tavisi cxovrebis pirveli aTi wlis ganmavloba-Si iZens. maTi aTviseba ufro metad dakvirvebebisa da mozrdilebisa da ufrosi bavSvebisTvis mibaZviT xdeba, vidre indoqtrinaciis gziT. mSob-lebis cxovrebis kultura qmnis bazas bavSvis kulturuli identurobi-saTvis. is, rogorc saubroben da iqcevian mSoblebi sxva kulturaTa war-


momadgenel adamianebTan da jgufebTan mimarTebaSi, gansazRvravs bavSvis gonebis Riaobas an, piriqiT, Caketilobas kulturaTSorisi gagebisaTvis.

bikulturul garemoSi gazrda (magaliTad, sxvadasxva erovnebis mSob-lebi, bavSvobis periodSi sazRvargareT cxovreba an ucxour skolaSi swavla) SeiZleba Zalze faseuli iyos bavSvisTvis. namdvilad iqneba Tu ara aseTi bikulturuli garemo Rirebuli, Tu, piriqiT, tvirTad daawveba bavSvs, damokidebulia bikulturul situaciaSi mSoblebis moqmedebis un-arze. ucxoeli megobrebis yola, ucxo enebis mosmena, mSoblebTan erTad mogzauroba, rac bavSvs interess uRvivebs ucxouri sagnebis, movlenebis mimarT, namdvilad faseuli da mniSvnelovania. minimum erTi ucxo enis swavla — ar aqvs mniSvneloba, romeli ena iqneba es — mravalkulturuli gagebisTvis ganaTlebis unikaluri Semadgeneli nawilia. ra Tqma unda, es im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ucxo enis swavleba efeqturia: ucxo enis gak-veTilebi bevr skolaSi ubralod drois fuWad xarjvaa. aqcenti unda keTdebodes enis siRrmiseul Seswavlaze, ris Sedegadac ucxo ena did mniSvnelobas iZens praqtikuli gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT. bi an multie-novan adamianad Camoyalibeba umciresobis an patara eris warmomadgeneli bavSvis prioritetia. gacilebiT ufro rTulia es maTTvis, vinc didi eris Svilia.

kulturuli gansxvavebebis marTva: rCevebi menejerebs

wina TavebSi imis mravali magaliTi moviyvaneT, rogor gavlenas ax-dens kulturuli Rirebulebebi organizaciaTa praqtikasa da Teorieb-ze. kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, menejeri Tavisi mimdevrebis mimdevaria: igi unda Seesabamebodes daqvemdebarebulebs maTi kulturuli safuZvlis mixedviT. menejeris qcevebSi garkveuli Tavisuflebaa, magram kulturu-li SezRudvebi gacilebiT ufro mkacria, vidre menejmentze arsebuli literaturis umetesoba aRiarebs.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samuSao garemo Zalze kargi laboratoriaa kul-turaTSorisi urTierTobebisTvis, vinaidan problemebi praqtikuli saxi-saa, xolo Sedegebi — yvelasTvis naTeli da SesamCnevi. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, menejerebi, TanamSromlebi da TanamSromelTa warmomadgenlebi, ro-gorc wesi, kulturaTSoris gagebas didad ar uwyoben xels. viwro eko-nomikuri Sexedulebebi da interesebi wamyvan adgils ikavebs yvela mimar-TulebiT. gamonaklisad SeiZleba miviCnioT eqspatrianti menejerebisTvis gankuTvnili treningebis mzardi raodenoba. rodesac menejerebs sazR-vargareT samuSaod agzavnian, maTi organizaciebi ufro da ufro metad sTavazoben interkulturul treningebsa da sesiebs. menejerebi, rogorc wesi, saTanadod ar afaseben kompaniaTa Serwymisa da gaerTianebis dros warmoSobil kulturul faqtorebs, razec mecxre TavSi visaubreT.

samuSao garemoSi kulturul gansxvavebebsa da mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebuli eqsperimentebi ufro martivi dasawyebia sajaro organiza-ciebSi, vidre kerZoSi, radgan sajaro seqtors Tavisi bunebidan gamomdi-nare, gacilebiT meti pasuxismgebloba akisria sazogadoebis winaSe. aseve,


procesi ufro martivia momsaxurebis sferoSi momuSave organizaciebSi, vidre warmoebiT dakavebul kompaniebSi, gansakuTrebiT im momsaxurebis momwodebel organizaciebSi, romlebsac kulturulad mravalferova-ni klientura hyavT. Cveni azriT, isaa kulturaTSorisi TvalsazrisiT idealuri organizacia, romelSic TanamSromlebs TavianTi unar-Cvevebis srulad gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba aqvT, maT Soris, konkretuli kultu-ruli identurobidan gamomdinare unarisa, iqneba es mxatvruli, socialu-ri, lingvisturi, temperamentTan dakavSirebuli Tu sxva tipis unar-Se-saZlebloba.

mravalkulturuli urTierTgagebis gavrceleba: rCevebi medias

mediis warmomadgenlebi — Jurnalistebi, korespondentebi, tele da radiogadacemaTa prodiuserebi — unikalur rols asruleben mravalkul-turuli urTierTgagebis an, piriqiT, gaugebrobis CamoyalibebaSi. multi-kulturul samyaroSi gadarCenisaTvis brZola didwilad mediaSi viTar-deba. mediaSi momuSave pirovnebebic adamianebi arian, romelTac TavianTi sakuTari kulturuli Rirebulebebi aqvT. maTi damokidebuleba sxva kul-turebTan mimarTebaSi bundovania. erTi mxriv, isini sazogadoebaze zru-naven da maTi warmateba damokidebulia imaze, ramdenad weren da lapara-koben im Temebsa da sakiTxebze, rac sazogadoebas unda, rom waikiTxos da gaigos. meore mxriv, TavianTi poziciidan adamianebis yuradRebis marTva, konkretuli mimarTulebiT wayvana SeuZliaT, raTa Seqmnan realobis xati, romelic bevrisTvis Tavad realoba xdeba. sazogadoebis warmomadgeneli sakmaod daxvewili unda iyos imisTvis, rom yuradRebiT gaaanalizos sxva kulturebis Sesaxeb satelevizio gadacemebSi, radioprogramebsa da saga-zeTo statiebSi gadmocemuli debulebebi.

mediaSi momuSave adamianebi SesaZloa ar aRiarebdnen imas, rom sazo-gadoebis garkveuli nawili an sxva sazogadoebebi azrovneben, ganicdian da iqcevian sxva, gansxvavebul, magram ara aucileblad uaryofiTi Ri-rebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. aRniSnuli faqti Sesabamisad aisaxeba maT namuSevarze. sazogadoebisTvis ubralod informaciis miwodebam SeiZleba Tavidan agvacilos didi da mniSvnelovani gaugebrobebi. ra Tqma unda, arseboben korespondentebi, romlebic mxolod martivi Sav-TeTri gzav-nilebiT kmayofildebian da zog SemTxvevaSi kanonieri interesic aqvT, rom aCvenon, vin aris `kargi~ da vin — `cudi~. maTTvis, visac meti pasu-xismgeblobis grZnoba aqvs, kidev arsebobs sakmaod didi, gamouyenebeli potenciali kulturul Rirebulebebsa da praqtikebSi arsebuli gansxva-vebebis Sesaxeb urTierTgagebis gavrcelebisTvis. magaliTad, televiziis gamoyeneba imisTvis, rom moxdes sxvadasxva qveyanaSi yoveldRiuri qce-vebis msgavsi aspeqtebis Sedareba, SeiZleba sakmaod Zlieri iyos, magram mainc iSviaTad mimarTavdnen mas.3

problema gansakuTrebiT patara qveynebisTvis, iseTebisTvis, rogori-caa Cveni qveyana, holandia, isaa, rom rogorc televizia, ise beWdviTi media, didi qveynebisgan masalas yidulobs im gansxvavebuli kulturuli


konteqstis xazgasmis gareSe, sadac aRniSnuli masala Seiqmna. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT sagazeTo statiebi sazogadoebaSi arsebuli tenden-ciebis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebze. gamoyenebuli masala, ro-gorc wesi, aSS-danaa da pasuxismgebeli redaqtori impliciturad uSvebs, rom daskvnebi holandiisTvis validuria. Tuki davukvirdebiT aRniSnul or sazogadoebas Soris maskulinoba—feminurobis ganzomilebis mixedviT arsebul did gansxvavebas, romelic gavlenas axdens bevr socialur feno-menze, holandiuri sazogadoeba sakmao sifrTxiliT unda moekidos aSS-is monacemebis interpretacias. sasaciloa is faqti, rom arc erT holandiel Jurnalists azrad ar mouva iaponuri an germanuli statistika gamoiyenos im daSvebiT, rom isini holandiur realobas Seesabameba.

gonebrivi programebis gaSifvra: rCevebi mkvlevrebs

rogor xdeba daswavla cxovelebSi, ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi mravali dakvirvebisa da eqsperimentis Seswavlis sagnad iqca. gamokvl-eul problemebTan da sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, garkveuli Sedegebi dagrovda, magram jer kidev mimdinareobs kamaTi zogad principebTan mimarTebaSi. zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dakvirvebisas yvela cxo-veli ise iqceoda, rom adasturebda damkvirveblis im filosofias, romlisac mas uSualo dakvirvebis dawyebamde swamda. metic, isini damkvirveblis erovnul Taviseburebebs avlendnen. amerikelebis mier Seswavlili cxovelebi swrafad darbian aqeT-iqiT, Zalze energiulebi arian da, sabolood, SemTxveviT aRweven sasurvel Sedegs. cxovelebi, romlebsac germanelebi akvirdebodnen, mSvidad arian da fiqroben, xolo sabolood gamosavals Sinagani cnobierebis saSualebiT poulo-ben. ubralo adamianisTvis, rogoric es avtoria, amgvari situacia ar aris imedis momcemi. Tumca, rogorc davakvirdi, adamianis mier cxo-velisTvis dasmuli problemis buneba ganpirobebulia Tavad adamianis filosofiiT da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored es aris SedegebSi arse-bul gansxvavebebaTa mizezi. cxoveli sxvadasxvanairad reagirebs sx-vadasxva tipis problemaze. aqedan gamomdinare, sxvadasxva mkvlevris mier miRebuli Sedegebi marTalia gansxvavebulia, magram ara Seusaba-mo. mainc aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom verc erTi mkvlevari ver mogv-cems mTeli sferos mimoxilvas.

— bertran raseli `filosofiis monaxazi~, 1927, Tavi 34

zemoT moyvanili citata, romelic sami Taobis win dawera didma brita-nelma filosofosma, gvafrTxilebs, rom mecnieruli kvlevebis Sedegebi damokidebulia mkvlevarze, xSirad misgan gaucnobierebladac ki. igive sakiTxi sxva kuTxiT aris ganxiluli amerikeli Tomas kunis naSromSi. man 1962 wels gamoaqveyna cnobili patara wigni saxelwodebiT `mecnieruli revoluciebis struqtura~,5 romelSic sxvadasxva mecnieris magaliTebze dayrdnobiT gviCvenebs, rogor iqmneba mecnieruli siaxleebi. drois moce-


mul periodSi mecnierebis sferoSi dominirebs garkveuli zogadi Sexedu-lebebi anu paradigmebi, romlebic zRudaven am dargSi moRvawe mecnierTa azrovnebas. kunma aRniSnuli paradigmebis farglebSi Catarebul samuSaos `Cveulebrivi~ mecniereba uwoda. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac Cveulebrivi mecniereba SezRudvebs awydeba: ar ZaluZs axsnas axali faqtebi an SeeWi-dos axal sirTuleebsa da gamowvevebs. am dros saWiro xdeba paradigmis Secvla, Tumca maT, vinc cvlilebebis gatarebas iwyebs, tradiciul/ga-batonebul mecnierebaTa warmomadgenlebi Tavdapirvelad akritikeben da dascinian. axali paradigma safrTxed aRiqmeba. Tumca, TandaTan ufro da ufro meti adamiani emxroba axal paradigmas, romelic SemdgomSi Cveu-lebrivi mecnierebis nawili xdeba.

sxvadasxva kulturaTa SedarebiTi kvlevebi xSirad swored amgvar axal Cveulebriv mecnierebas miekuTvneba. gavrcelebulia midgoma, rom magi-strantma an doqtorantma gamoiyenos kvlevis instrumenti (rogorc wesi, werilobiTi kiTxvari), romelic SemuSavda erT konkretul qveyanaSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi aSS-Si, amerikeli mkvlevris mier da gamoyenebul iqna ameri-kul populaciaze. studenti aRniSnul instruments, rogorc wesi, iyenebs respondentebis gamokiTxvisTvis erT an ramdenime qveyanaSi. samwuxarod, aseTi instrumentebi mxolod im sakiTxebs moicavs, romlebic mniSvnelov-nad iqna miCneuli sazogadoebaSi, sadac is Seiqmna; masSi ar aris Sesuli is aspeqtebi, romlebic yuradRebis miRma darCa instrumentis Semqmnels, vin-aidan isini ar gamovlinda mis sazogadoebaSi. kulturuli TvalsazrisiT swored aseTi kiTxvebia yvelaze saintereso. amgvar kvlevebSi arsebul farul eTnocentrizms banalur Sedegebamde mivyavarT.

kulturis momaval mkvlevrebs, romlebic STagonebulni arian am wigniT da surT misi garkveuli nawili TavianT sakuTar proeqtSi gamoi-yenon, vurCevT girtis mecnieruli naSromiT — ̀ kulturis Sedegebi~ —2001 wlis gamocemiT, gansakuTrebiT misi meaTe TaviT isargeblon. es daexma-reba maT, Tavi aaridon bevr Secdomas, romelsac rogorc axalbeda, ise gamocdili mkvlevrebi uSveben.

globaluri sirTuleebi saWiroebs kulturaTSoris TanamSromlobas

am Tavis saTaurSi sityva `gadarCenis~ gamoyeneba ar aris gadaWar-bebuli da gazviadebuli. dRes adamianTa modgmas isev adamianebis mier Seqmnili ramdenime ubedureba emuqreba: isini ufro metad kulturuli safrTxeebia, vidre bunebasTan dakavSirebuli, romlis winaSec xSirad dgebodnen Cveni winaprebi.

amgvari safrTxeebis mizezi ZiriTadad isaa, rom adamianebi Zalian Wk-vianebi gaxdnen da maTi raodenoba Zalian gaizarda dedamiwis SezRudu-li masStabebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tumca, maSin, roca adamianebi dRiTidRe ufro da ufro Wkvianebi xdebian teqnologiis TvalsazrisiT, mainc gu-lubryviloni rCebian sakuTar TavTan mimarTebaSi. Cveni gonebrivi pro-grama ar aris adaptirebuli im garemosTan, romelic gasuli ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi SevqmeniT. gadarCenis erTaderTi gza isaa, rom uke-


Tesad SevicnoT sakuTari Tavi, rogorc socialuri arseba, raTa SevZloT vakontroloT Cveni teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebi da ar gamoviyenoT isini destruqciuli mimarTulebiT. amisaTvis saWiroa iseTi amocanebis Sesruleba, romlebSic, samwuxarod, kulturuli Rirebulebebis sxvaobis gamo adamianebi ufro metad ewinaaRmdegebian, vidre eTanxmebian erTma-neTs. amgvar garemoebaSi kulturaTSorisi TanamSromloba gaxda kaco-briobis gadarCenis upirvelesi da aucilebeli winapiroba.

am wignSi ramdenime sakacobrio mniSvnelobis problema iyo ganxilu-li. arsebobs ekonomikuri problemebi: saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri Ta-namSromloba konkurenciis sapirispirod da simdidrisa da siRaribis ga-nawileba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da qveynebs Soris. arsebobs teqnologiis mier gamowveuli problemebic. warsulSi, axali teqnologiis gamogonebas yovelTvis mohyveboda misi praqtikaSi gamoyeneba. dRes ase aRar xdeba. saWiroa gadawyvetilebebis miReba imasTan dakavSirebiT, unda Seiqmnas Tu ara yvelaferi, risi Seqmnac adamians SeuZlia da Tu es asea, sifrTxilis ra zomebi unda davicvaT maTi warmoebisas. amgvari gadawyvetilebebi unda SeTanxmdes msoflio masStabiT da Tu garkveuli qveynebi, dajgufebebi an adamianebi pativs ar scemen miRebul gadawyvetilebebs an usafrTxoe-bis zomebs, isini unda vaiZuloT. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT atomu-ri energiis gamoyeneba rogorc mSvidobiani, ise agresiuli miznebisTvis, garkveuli qimiuri procesebi da produqtebi, informatikis gamoyenebis garkveuli mimarTulebebi da zogierTi saxis genetikuri manipulacia. am ukanasknelis magaliTia Canasaxis sqesis winaswar gansazRvra. zogierT kulturaSi Zalze didia vaJis an qaliSvilis yolis survili (ix. Tavi 4). ramdenad dasaSvebia am teqnologiis gavrcelebis nebadarTuloba rogorc eTikuri, ise demografiuli Sexedulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT? ra pirobe-bis gaTvaliswinebiT unda moxdes nebis darTva an, sapirispiro SemTxveva-Si, ramdenad SesaZlebelia misi SeCereba an akrZalva?

dedamiwis mosaxleobis zrda, ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri ganviTa-reba mTlianobaSi mxolod nawilobriv Seswavlili gzebiT axdens gavlenas dedamiwis ekosistemaze. tyis ukontrolo gakafva iwvevs tyeebis ganadgu-rebas msoflios bevr kuTxeSi; tyeebs ki mJavas Semcveli wvimebic emuqreba. farTod aris agreTve cnobili ozonis Sris sisqis Semcirebis problema, Tumca cotam Tu icis misi realuri, seriozuli safrTxis Sesaxeb. aSka-raa CO2-isa da sxva airgazebis gazrdili gamoyofis Sedegad warmoqmnili, globaluri daTbobiT ganpirobebuli xangrZlivi klimaturi cvlilebebi. gamoyofil airebs ramdenime Sre aqvs, amitom axlac rom SevamciroT maTi gamoyofa, globaluri daTbobis efeqtis zrda mainc sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi SenarCundeba. aRniSnul problemebTan gamklaveba msoflio masStabiT kvlevebsa da politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebas saWiroe-bs im sferoebSi, romlebSic erTmaneTTan konfliqtSi modis erovnuli interesebi da kulturuli Rirebulebebi. politikosebma unda miiRon gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic dakavSirebuli iqneba dRevandeli msxverp-lis xarjze momavali Taobis mier sargebelis miRebasTan. samwuxarod, am politikosebis mTavari safiqrali ZalauflebisTvis brZola da momaval


wels ganmeorebiT arCevnebSi gamarjveba aris. garda amisa, msxverplSe-wirva SeiZleba msoflios sxva nawilSi, sargeblis mTavari mimRebebisgan Zalian Sors iyos. globaluri daTbobis efeqti SeiZleba Semcirdes, Tu tropikuli qveynebi sakuTar tropikul tyeebs mouvlian. am qveynebSi Zi-riTadad siRaribea gabatonebuli, xolo xelisufleba xe-tyis gayidvis gziT Semosavlis miReba surs. SesaZlebelia maTTvis kompensaciis gacema, raTa xeluxleblad datovon TavianTi tropikuli tyeebis darCenili na-wili?

zemoT CamoTvlili problemebi safrTxes uqmnis kacobriobas mTlia-nobaSi da amitom, msoflios momavlis saerTo mteria. swored amgvari saerTo mtrebi yovelTvis kargi saSualeba iyo urTierTsawinaaRmdego interesebisa da Rirebulebebis mqone liderebisa da jgufebis urTierT-TanamSromlobis uzrunvelyofisTvis. iqneb es safrTxeebi imdenad gar-duvali gaxdes, rom gvaiZulos mivaRwioT jer ararsebul globalur ur-TierTTanamSromlobas.

bevri iqneba damokidebuli interkulturuli urTierTobis unaris, rogorc politikosebis gonebrivi programis nawilis, SeZenaze. yofili amerikeli diplomati glen fiSeri Tavis wignSi àzrovnebis tipi~ wers ekonomikas, kulturasa da politikas Soris kavSirze da urTierTmimar-Tebaze:

` saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri procesebisadmi interdisciplinuri midgoma TiTqmis ar arsebobs. rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, tra-diciuli ekonomikuri analizis rutinuli gamoyeneba ver egueba ìracionalur~ qcevebs. magram erovnebaTa da kulturaTSorisi TvalsazrisiT, realurad dgas sakiTxi, ra aris racionaluri da ra — iracionaluri. orive sakmaod pirobiTi cnebaa da mniSvnelovnad dakavSirebulia kulturasTan — erTi adamianisTvis iracionaluri, SesaZloa meorisTvis Cveulebrivi da prognozirebadi qceva iyos....... miuxedavad gavrcelebuli Sexedulebisa, rom sentimentaloba da eko-nomikuri interesebis ganxorcieleba erTmaneTTan araviTar kavSirSi ar aris, ekonomikuri sistemebi realurad eTikuri sistemebia. zo-gierTi ekonomikuri saqmianoba sanqcirebulia, zogi — ara, miuxeda-vad imisa, amas kanoni aregulirebs, Tu tradicia. xolo is, ra aris san-qcirebuli, sxvadasxva kulturis SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulia.~6

ra aris `racionaluri~ da èTikuri~, damokidebulia arsebul kultu-rul Rirebulebebze. politikaSi Rirebulebebi gadaxlarTulia aRqmul interesebTan. saerTaSoriso politikaSi SeimCneva Zlieri tendencia, rom eTikuri standartebi sxva qveynebTan, magram ara sakuTar qveyanasTan mi-marTebaSi gamoiyenon.

magaliTi, romelmac politikaSi eTikis zomierebas unda Seuwyos xeli, narkotikebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobas exeba. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi dasavleTis qveynebi CarTulni iyvnen virtualur omSi narkotikebis im-portis winaaRmdeg. arc ise didi xnis win, 1839 wlidan 1842 wlamde, da-


savluri qveyana (britaneTi) CarTuli iyo opiumis omSi CineTTan. CineTis imperators ekava is pozicia, romelic dasavleTis qveynebis xelisufle-bas uWiravs axla, cdilobda xeli SeeSala qveyanaSi narkotikebis Seta-nisTvis. Tumca britanelebs ekonomikuri interesi hqondaT, rom CineTis bazarze SeetanaT indoeTidan importirebuli opiumi. aqtiuri muSaobis Sedegad britanelebma mniSvnelovanwilad daipyres CineTis bazari. brita-neTma moigo omi da samSvidobo SeTanxmebis mixedviT maT ara marto miiRes ufleba gaegrZelebinaT opiumis Setana, aramed hong-kongis kunZuli mud-miv adgilsamyofeladac gaixades CineTis sanapiroze. 1997 wels hongkon-gis CineTisTvis dabruneba Cinelebis erTgvari gamarjveba iyo narkotike-bis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.7

Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT rTulia davicvaT mosazreba, rom iara-Ris gayidva ufro metad araeTikuria, vidre narkotikebis gayidva. erTi gansxvaveba isaa, rom narkotikebs, rogorc wesi, Raribi qveynebi yidian, xolo iaraRs — mdidari qveynebi. am ukanasknelT ufro meti fuli aqvs mi-Rebuli ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis iaraRis miyidviT, vidre am qveynebis ganviTarebazea daxarjuli. ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSi damnaSavea ro-gorc gamyidveli, ise myidveli, Tumca mdidar qveynebs ufro metad aqvT sxvadasxva tipis gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZlebloba.

iaraRis gayidvis Semcireba Seamcirebda samoqalaqo omebis, teroriz-misa da mkvlelobaTa raodenobas. aseve ukeTesobisken wavidoda msoflio-Si adamianis uflebebis pativiscema, radgan naxsenebi iaraRi xSirad gamoi-yeneba adamianis uflebebis darRvevisTvis. marTalia, ar unda velodoT, rom msoflios yvela qveyana dasavluri tipis demokratiuli saxelmwifo gaxdeba, magram adamianTa uflebebisTvis brZola ufro xelSesaxeb miznad iqceva diqtatorul qveynebSic ki.

rogorc mecxre TavSi aRvniSneT, 1948 wels SemuSavebuli adamianTa uflebebis universaluri deklaracia dafuZnebulia universalistur, individualistur dasavlur Rirebulebebze, rasac aSkarad ar iziareben msoflios sxva qveynebis politikuri liderebi da ubralo mosaxleoba. meore mxriv, deklaracia faqtia da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da cal-keuli individebi gaagrZeleben deklaraciis darRvevebze miTiTebas imis-gan damoukideblad, romel qveyanaSi moxdeba darRveva. arc erTi xeli-sufleba ar aris imdenad Zlieri, rom CaaCumos, magaliTad, saerTaSoriso amnistia. yvelaze ulmobeli, daundobeli saxelmwifoebi da xelisufle-bebic ki cdiloben saerTaSoriso masStabiT SeinarCunon pativcemuli qveynis imiji. msoflios erT scenad gadaqcevam ganapiroba, rom axla sa-zogadoebas gacilebiT meti informacia miewodeba dedamiwaze arsebuli tanjva-wamebis Sesaxeb, rac am tanjva-wamebasTan brZolis gacilebiT met SesaZleblobas iZleva.

globaluri TvalsazrisiT bevri Cvengani imave speqtakls xedavs msoflios axal ambebSi, sportis movlenebsa da marketingul gzavnilebSi. magram Cven erTad ar vikribebiT am speqtaklis gansaxilvelad. Tu Cven vcxovrobT globalur sofelSi,8 is mxolod Teatrsa da bazars moicavs. globalur sofelSi gvWirdeba saxlebi, salocavebi da sxva adgilebi,


raTa erTmaneTs SevxvdeT da vesaubroT.2003 wlis Semodgomaze londonSi gert iani ludis barSi ijda oTx

studentTan erTad, romlebic warmoSobiT oTxi sxvadasxva kontinentidan iyvnen. indoeli da ganeli studentebi kamaTobdnen, rogor SeeZloT dax-marebodnen TavianT qveynebs. indoeli aiZulebda meores eRiarebina, rom Tu igi dReSi erT girvanqas gaimetebda Tavis mSobliur qveyanaSi mcxovre-bi bavSvebis ganaTlebisTvis, es ukve mniSvnelovan Sedegs gamoiRebda. ma-gram ganeli studenti amtkicebda, rom fulis gacema mxolod uaresobis-ken waiyvanda saqmes da im momentisTvis sakuTar ganaTlebaze zrunva iyo erTaderTi, risi gakeTebac mas SeeZlo. kamaTi sakmaod did xans gagrZel-da. marTalia am or students gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi hqonda, magram isini erTmaneTs usmendnen da sabolood mainc megobrebad darCnen. glo-balur sofelSi Cven kidev bevri aseTi ludis bari gvWirdeba.

346 SeniSvnebi

SeniSvnebi

SeniSvnebi

Tavi 1

1. britaneli sociologi entoni gidensi (dabadebuli 1938 wels) so-ciologias ganmartavs, rogorc `adamianis cxovrebis, jgufebisa da sazogadoebebis Seswavlas~ (gidensi, 2001, gv. .2), romelic Sesa-Zloa moicavdes socialur anTropologiasac. am SemTxvevaSi soci-ologebi ikvleven sazogadoebaTa SigniT mimdinare socialur pro-cesebs, xolo anTropologebis yuradRebis centrSia sazogadoeba, rogorc erT mTeli.

2. jgufi aris erTmaneTTan kontaqtSi myofi ramdenime adamiani. kate-goria Sedgeba im adamianebisgan, visac, SesaZloa ara aqvs erTmaneT-Tan kontaqti, urTierToba, magram mainc aqvs saerTo (magaliTad, yvela qali menejeri, an yvela 1940 wlamde dabadebuli adamiani).

3. `gonebis koleqtiuri daprogramebis~ cneba hgavs frangi sociolo-gis pier burdios (1930 - 2002) mier SemoTavazebul habitusis cne-bas. burdios mixedviT: `arsebobis garkveuli formebi warmoqmnis habituss; es aris zne-Cveulebebi, romlebic mudmivia da SeiZleba memkvidreobiT iqnes gadacemuli. habitusi ... funqcionirebs, ro-gorc tradiciebisa da warmodgenebis safuZveli ... maTi erTianad marTva SeiZleba diriJoris gareSe~ (burdio, 1980, gv. 88-89, Targ-mani ekuTvnis girt hofstedes).

4. imave saxis pirovnuli testis saSualebiT (NEO-PI-R, romelic zomavs `didi xuTeulis~ pirovnul ganzomilebebs) sxvadasxva qvey-anaSi miRebuli Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom saSualo anu `normaluri~ pirovneba icvleba kulturasTan erTad (hofstede da makrai, 2004). es gansxvavebebi ganxiluli iqneba me-3, me-4 da me-5 TavebSi.

5. genetikuri arasrulfasovnebis Tezisis Sesaxeb kritikuli msj-elobisaTvis ix. guldi, 1996 weli.

6. girt hofstedes levi-strosisa da eriboniseuli Targmani, 1988, gv.

7. diskursi kvlevis is sferoa, romelic aerTianebs lingvistebs, fsiqologebsa da sxva socialur mecnierebs. vrceli informaci-isTvis ix. van diki, 1997a, 1997b.

8. de tokvili, 1956 [1835], gv. 155.9. de uaali, 2001. aRmoCnda, rom maRali ganviTarebis sxva socialur

cxovelebsac, magaliTad, rogoricaa veSapi da delfini, gamokveTi-li jgufuri kultura aqvT.(rendeli da uaiThedi, 2001)

10. kavali-sforza, 2000.11. miTeni, 2003.12. muri da liuisi, 1999; ix. agreTve Tavi 9.13. magaliTad, samuel hantingtonis 1998 wlis amerikul bestselerSi

`civilizaciaTa konfliqti da msoflio wesrigis aRdgena~.14. zogierTi eri sxva erebze naklebadaa kulturulad integrirebu-

347Se n iSv n e b i

li. amis magaliTebia zogierTi yofili kolonia da mravalenovani, mravaleTnikuri qveynebi, rogoricaa belgia, malaizia an yofili iugoslavia. Tumca, am SemTxvevebSic ki, eTnikur da/an lingvistur jgufebs, romlebic Tavs erTmaneTisagan Zalze gansxvavebulad Tv-lian, SeiZleba hqondeT msgavsi Tvisebebi sxva qveynebis moqalaqee-bTan SedarebiT. es belgiisa da iugoslaviis magaliTze davadas-tureT. (`kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 501).

15. monteskie, 1989 [1742], gv. 310.16. harisi, 1981, gv. 8. 17. salaparako enaSi sityvebi norma da Rirebuleba xSirad erTma-

neTisgan gaumijnavad gamoiyeneba an gamoTqma `Rirebulebebi da normebi~ gamoiyeneba, rogorc ganuyofeli wyvili, magaliTad, lo-reli da hardi. gamoTqmaSi `Rirebulebebi da normebi~ am ori si-tyvidan erT-erTi zedmetia.

18. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 91.19. inkelesi da levinsoni, 1969 [1954], gv. 447ff20. es analizi dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili `kulturis SedegebSi~, 2001,

Tavi 2.21. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 64.22. IMEDE (axla IMD), lozani, ix. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 91 da

219.23. sondergaardi, 1994.24. `kulturis Sedegebi~ iyenebs orives, pirsonis namravlebis kore-

laciis koeficientebsa da spirmenis rangobrivi korelaciis koe-ficientebs; pirveli emyareba absolutur Sefasebas, meore ki _ maT SedarebiT rangebs.

25. imisTvis, rom martivad wasakiTxavi yofiliyo, am wignSi TiTqmis ar aris moyvanili korelaciis koeficientebi, garda SeniSvnebis nawilisa. teqstSi mxolod maTi saSualebiT miRebuli daskvnebia gamoyenebuli da naxsenebi. mkiTxvels, romelic dainteresdeba statistikuri dasabuTebiT, SeuZlia gamoiyenos `kulturis Sede-gebi~, 2001.

26. Ng et al, 198227. hofstede da bondi, 1984.28. garda amisa, maT Rirebulebebisadmi rangebis miniWeba Secvales

TiToeuli RirebulebisaTvis cal-calke qulis miniWebiT.29. gamoqveynda statiaSi, romelic ekuTvnis CineTis kulturul kav-

Sirs, 1987. saxelwodeba Tavisi 24-kaciani mkvlevarTa jgufisTvis SearCia maikl bondma. ix. Tavebi 2, 3, da 6 da hofstede da bondi, 1988.

30. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 503-20.31. paradigmebis roli mecnierebaSi pirvelad aRwera amerikelma fi-

losofosma Tomas s. kunma (1922-96) Tavis cnobil mcire moculo-bis wignSi `mecnieruli revoluciebis struqtura~ (1970).

32. qveyanaTa ricxvi jer kidev izrdeba. studentebis 54 da maswavle-blebis 56 jgufi naxsenebia SvarcTan da bardisTan (2001). radgan zogi qveyana warmodgenilia mxolod studentebiT, xolo sxvebi mx-olod maswavleblebiT, saerTo raodenoba aris kidev ufro didi _ 63.

348 SeniSvnebi

33. maswavleblebis mier mowodebuli informaciis mixedviT 23 qveya-naSi individualizmi mniSvnelovan korelaciaSia ierarqiasa da egalitarul SexedulebebTan. maskulinoba mniSvnelovan kore-laciaSia ZalauflebasTan. gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba mniS-vnelovan korelaciaSia harmoniasTan. inteleqtualuri avtonomia, afeqturi avtonomia da konservatiuloba (uaryofiTi) korelacia-Sia ufro simdidresTan (1990 mTliani erovnuli produqti erT sul mosaxleze), vidre IBM-is nebismier indeqsTan. ix. Svarci, 1994; sagivi da Svarci, 2000; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 265. smiTma, pitersonma da Svarcma (2002), aCvenes Cveni indeqsebis sam jamur ganzomilebasTan korelacia, romelic Svarcis monacemebidanaa ga-moTvlili; samive maTgani yvelaze maRal korelaciaSia individu-lalizmTan da koleqtivizmTan.

34. trompenaarsi, 1993.35. pirveli xuTi aRebulia parsonisa da Silsisgan, 1951, bolo ori -

klukhohnisa da Strobekisgan, 1961.36. smiTi, trompenaarsi da dugani, 1995; smiTi, dugani da trompe-

naarsi, 1996; smiTi, pitersoni da Svarci, 2002. CvenTvis cnobili informaciia mixedviT, trompenaarsis monacemTa bazis Sesaxeb mx-olod es akademiuri gamocemebi arsebobs. respondentTa ricxvi da kategoriebi gansxvavdeba imisgan, rac trompenaarsma Tavis wignSi warmogvidgina. ix. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 274, SeniSvnebi 26 da 27.

37. javidani da hausi, 2001, 2002; hausi, javidani, henjisi da dorfmani, 2002.

38. smiTma 2004 wels GLOBE-is monacemebi pasuxis paternebis Sedar-ebaze 6 mniSvnelovan erovnebaTSoris gamokvlevaSi CarTo. misi daskvnebi aRwerilia me-3 da me-5 TavebSi.

39. WVS monacemebis Sejameba gamoqveynda inglhartTan, basaniezTan da morenosTan, 1998.

40. inglharti, 1997, gv. 81-98.41. halmani, 2001. van haafma, vonkma da van de viverma gaaanalizes (2002)

WVS kiTxvaris erTi nawili, socialuri normebis skala: SeiZleba Tu ara gavamarTloT 24-dan yoveli darRveva (rogorc, magaliTad, `sazogadoebriv transportSi mgzavrobis safasuris gadaxdisTvis Tavis arideba~). isini eyrdnobodnen skalis statistikur SesaZle-blobebs da aRmoaCines, rom misi mniSvneloba evrokavSirisa da laTinuri qveynebis respondentebis mier sxvadasxvanairad aRiqme-boda. am ukansaknelTaTvis mikerZoebuli pasuxebi korelaciaSi iyo gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis ganzomilebasTan.

Tavi 2

1. malderi, 1976, 1977.2. matrica, romelzec faqtoruli analizi Catarda, Sedgeboda 32

SekiTxvisgan (cvladebi) da 40 qveynisgan (SemTxvevebi). faqtoruli analizis Sesaxeb arsebuli saxelmZRvaneloebi gvirCeven, rom es teqnika ar gamoviyenoT mcire raodenobis SemTxvevebis Semcveli matricebisTvis, radgan faqtorebi aseT pirobebSi arastabiluri xdeba: isini SeiZleba Zlieri gavlenis qveS moeqcnen deviaciis

349Se n iSv n e b i

erTi SemTxvevis gamo. Tumca, es SezRudva ar exeba ekologiur faqtorul analizs, rodesac yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis gamoyvanili qula mravali damoukidebeli dakvirvebis saSualo maCvenebelia. am situaciaSi faqtoris struqturis stabiluroba ganisazRvreba im individTa ricxviT, visi pasuxic Sevida saSualo qulis gaangariSe-baSi. amdenad, ekologiuri faqtoruli analizi maSinac gvaZlevs stabilur Sedegs, rodesac cvladebze ufro mcire raodenobis SemTxvevebi gvaqvs.

3. statistikuri terminebiT: faqtorze didi gavlenis mqone er-Teulebi.

4. detalebisaTvis ix. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 501-2 da kol-mani, norderheveni, hofstede, da dienesi, 2003.

5. pier burdio (ix. Tavi 1, SeniSvna 3) amas ganixilavs, rogorc habi-tusis erT-erT mTavar maxasiaTebels. is aRniSnavs aucileblobas, romelic Rirsebad iqca (nécessité faite vertue). ix. burdio, 1980, gv.90.

6. sedleri da hofstede, 1976.7. 7. 1.1 cxrilSi CamoTvlili mosaxleobebisTvis gazomili Zalau-

flebrivi distanciis korelaciis koeficientebi iyo 0,67 eli-tisaTvis (0,80 ufro axali VSM formulebiT), 0,59 - eqvsi sxva organizaciis TanamSromlebisTvis, 0,76 - mfrinavebisTvis, 0,71 - municipaluri organizaciebis xelmZRvanelebisTvis da 0,59 - bankis TanamSromlebisTvis. yvela mocemuli maCvenebeli mniSvnelovania 0,01 doneze an masze ukeTesia.

8. sxva dublirebul variantebTan korelacia ufro susti iyo, vidre TiToeuli maTganis korelacia IBM-is Tavdapirvel sistemasTan (magaliTad, van nimuegenis naSromSi, 2002, gv. 153).

9. de moiji, 2004.10. CineTis kulturuli kavSiri, 1987. oc qveyanaSi Catarebul orive

kvlevaSi moraluri disciplina korelaciaSi iyo Zalauflebriv distanciasTan (0,55) da individualizmTan (-0,54). orive maCvene-beli mniSvnelovania 0,01 doneze.

11. termini muSaTa klasi, ra Tqma unda, rogori ucnauric ar unda iyos, arqaulia. bevr qveyanaSi is ufro metad gulisxmobs im adami-anebs, visac ara aqvs samuSao, vidre saSualo fenas.

12. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 89.13. IBM-is TanamSromelTa sakvlevi jgufebi, romelzec erovnebaT-

Sorisi Sedareba iyo damyarebuli, moicavda 2.1 cxrilis yvela kat-egorias, garda arakvalificiuri muSebisa. saSualod erovnebaT-Sorisi sakvlevi jgufebis ricxvi didi britaneTis, safrangeTisa da germaniisTvis 46 iyo.

14. koni, 1969.15. `oTxi ojaxi~, 1959 wels anTropolog margaret midis profesiuli

rCevis mixedviT, `kanadis filmis~ erovnuli sabWos mier gadaRe-buli klasikuri mxatvruli kinofilmi, romelic gviCvenebs mSo-blebisa da patara bavSvebis urTierTobas sinamdvilesTan SeZlebis-dagvarad mimsgavsebul situaciebSi fermerebis ojaxebSi indoeTSi, safrangeTSi, iaponiasa da kanadaSi. visac es filmi vaCveneT manam, sanam Zalauflebrivi distanciis ganzomilebis qulebs gavacnob-diT, SeZlo sworad daelagebina oTxi qveyana Zalauflebrivi dis-

350 SeniSvnebi

tanciis ganzomilebis mixedviT mxolod filmSi naCvenebi mSoblisa da bavSvis urTierTobis gaTvaliswinebiT.

16. transkulturuli fsiqiatria iqca specialur qvedisciplinad im fsiqiatrebisaTvis, visac imigrantebTan aqvT saqme.

17. diribarni, 1989, gv. 77. girt hofstedes Targmani.18. miznebis mixedviT marTva aris ufrosebsa da daqvemdebarebulebs

Soris perioduli Sexvedrebis sistema. Sexvedris dros daqvem-debarebulebi iZlevian dapirebas garkveul miznebis miRwevasTan dakavSirebiT. Semdegi Sexvedrisas xdeba aRniSnuli miRwevebis Se-faseba da isaxeba samomavlo axali miznebi.

19. smiTi, pitersoni da Svarci, 2002. ormoci qveynis mixedviT verti-kalurobis indeqsis korelacia Zalauflebrivi distanciis ganzo-milebasTan iyo 0,60, mniSvnelovani 0,001-doneze. es RonisZiebaTa marTvis kvlevis proeqtSi yvelaze Zlieri korelacia iyo gare mo-nacemebTan.

20. baskeTis garda, sadac ganrisxebulma umciresobam gaagrZela da-moukideblobisaTvis brZola.

21. Zalauflebrivi distanciis ganzomilebis korelacia ufro sustia eqsportiorebisaTvis, vidre maTi myidvelebisaTvis. dabali Zalau-flebrivi distanciis mqone zogierTi eqsportis mimRebi qveyana ufro sufTa qulebs aCvenebs qveynis SigniT, vidre maSin, rodesac eqsportioris rols asrulebdnen. yvelaze kargi magaliTi iyo aSS, romelmac TavisTavad 10-dan 7,7 qula miiRo, magram 10-dan 5,3, ro-gorc eqsportiorma. aSS-s Tavisi saxelisuflebo garigebebisTvis mkacri wesebi aqvs, magram am wesebs naklebad axveven Tavs sakuTar kerZo kompaniebs.

22. konfucianizmis Sesaxeb meti informacia mocemulia meeqvse TavSi.23. `nu daagroveb Sens ganZs miwaSi, sadac Wia da Jangi daazianebs mas,

saidanac qurdebi moiparaven; daagrove Seni ganZi zecaSi, sadac verc Wia da verc Jangi daazianebs, saidanac mas qurdebi ver moipa-raven. vinaidan iq, sadac Seni ganZi iqneba, iqneba Seni gulic~ (maTe 6:19-21, mofatis Targmani).

24. makiaveli, 1955 [1517], gv. 91.25. triandisi, 1973, gv. 55-68.26. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 115-117.27. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 136.28. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 118.29. monacemebi aRebulia hardingisa da filipsisgan, 1986; inglhartis,

basaniezisa da morenosgan, 1998; halmanisgan, 2001. qveynebi iyo: belgia, dania, safrangeTi, germania, didi britaneTi, irlandia, italia, holandia, CrdiloeTi irlandia da espaneTi.

30. girt hofstedes Targmani holandiuri gazeTidan NRC/Handelsblad, 23 dekemberi, 1988 weli.

Tavi 3

1. ix. 1982 da 1994 wlebis RirebulebaTa gamokvlevis modulebisTvis qulebis miniWebis/gamoTvlis cnobarebi, gamocemuli interkul-turuli kooperaciis kvlevis institutis mier (IRIC).

2. 1.1 cxrilSi miTiTebuli mosaxleobisTvis korelaciis koefici-

351Se n iSv n e b i

entebi individualizmis ganzomilebaSi elitisaTvis iyo 0,69, 0,63 eqvsi sxva organizaciis TanamSromlisaTvis, 0,60 momxmareblebi-saTvis, 0,70 mfrinavebisaTvis da 0,61 bankis TanamSromlebisaTvis. yvela aRniSnuli maCvenebeli mniSvnelovania 0,01-donis miRma.

3. CineTis kulturuli kavSiri, 1987. oc qveyanaSi Segrovil masalaze Catarebul orive kvlevaSi integracia korelaciaSia individual-izmTan (0,65), mniSvnelovania 0,001-doneze da Zalauflebriv dis-tanciasTan (_0,58), mniSvnelovania 0,01-doneze.

4. qveynis maswavlebelTa Sesaxeb monacemebze dayrdnobiT: Svarci, 1994, gv. 112-15, `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 220-21 da 265. Svarciseuli kategoriebidan sami: konservacia, emociuri avtono-mia da inteleqtualuri avtonomia korelaciaSia individualizm-Tan, ufro Zlier korelaciaSia saerTo erovnul produqtTan erT sul mosaxleze. darCenili ori iyo ierarqia, romelic uaryofiT korelaciaSia individualizmTan da egalitarul suliskveTeba, romelic dadebiT korelaciaSia individualizmTan. rodesac Svar-cis Svidi kategoria sam jgufze daiyvanes, ori maTgani gamoirCe-oda individualizmTan maRali korelaciiT (smiTi, pitersoni da Svarci, 2002).

5. smiTi, pitersoni da Svarci, 2002. maT erT ganzomilebas uwodes egalitaruli suliskveTeba Tu konservatizmi. misi korelacia individualizmTan iyo 0,61, mniSvnelovani 0,001-doneze. meore ganzomilebas daerqva loialuri CarTuloba Tu utilitaruli CarTuloba. misi korelacia Zalauflebriv distanciasTan iyo 0,74, mniSvnelovani 0,001-doneze da individualizmTan _0,59, mniS-vnelovani 0,01-doneze.

6. orive faqtori agreTve Zlier korelaciaSi iyo mTlian erovnul produqtTan erT sul mosaxleze. materialuri keTildReoba ga-darCenisTvis brZolis winaaRmdeg 0,74-iT korelaciaSia rogorc mTlian erovnul produqtTan erT sul mosaxleze, ise individu-alizmTan (mniSvnelovani 0,001-doneze). IBM-is oTxi ganzomilebis regresiul analizSi materialuri keTildReoba Tu gadarCena daukavSirda (1) individualizms, (2) maskulinobas (uaryofiTad, ix. Tavi 4) da (3) Zalauflebriv distancias (aseve uaryofiTad). ix. Tavi 4; inglharti, 1997, gv. 93; da `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 222-23 da 266.

7. smiTi, 2004. Tanxmoba im kiTxvebze, romlebic exeba ara Rireb-ulebebs, aramed realuri situaciis aRweras, korelaciaSi iyo gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebasTan; ix. Tavi 5.

8. individis doneze individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis sazomTa sistemis vrceli mimoxilva gamoqveynebuli iyo oisermanis, qunis da qemelmeieris mier, 2002.

9. 2.1 da 3.1 cxrilebSi CamoTvlili 74 qveynis an regionis mixedviT Zalauflebriv distanciasa da individualizms Soris korelacia iyo _0,55; IBM-is monacemTa bazidan 53 kulturis mixedviT ki _0,68.

10. krozieri, 1964, gv. 222.11. diribarni, 1989, gv. 77. girt hofstedes Tarmani.12. harisoni, 1985, gv. 55-5613. erovnuli simdidris (mTliani erovnuli produqti erT sul mo-

352 SeniSvnebi

saxleze) stabilurobis pirobebSi Zalauflebriv distanciasa da individualizms Soris korelacia 2.1 da 3.1 cxrilSi Sesul 93 qveynaSi iyo _0,36; IBM-is monacemTa bazidan 50 qveyanaSi ki _0,32.

14. triandisma (1995, gv. 44-52) Semoitana gansxvaveba horizontalur da vertikalur individualizmsa da koleqtivizms Soris. igi am gansxvavebas ZiriTadad individis doneze iyenebs. sazogadoebis doneze gansxvaveba horizontalursa da vertikalurs Soris igivea, rac sxvaoba Zalauflebriv mcire da did distancias Soris.

15. samuSaoebs Soris gasxvaveba, sadac zogierTi iTxovs ufro met in-dividualur iniciativas, sxvebi ki jgufur erTgulebas, SesaZle-belia, magram IBM-is monacemTa bazaSi amis gasazomad Sesaferisi SekiTxvebi ar iyo dasmuli.

16. hercbergi, mosneri da snaidermani, 1959.17. maTe 21:28-31, mofatis Targmani.18. r. m. hajiuibvos moxsenebidan semaforis umaRlesi menejmentis

kolejis winaSe, holandia, seqtemberi, 1983 weli. holandiuridan Targmani ekuTvnis girt hofstedes, komentarebi _ avtors.

19. holi, 1976.20. ho, 1976, gv. 867.21. triandisi, 1972, gv. 38.22. basi, 1989; basi da sxvebi, 1990; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 230-

31.23. ielsma da aTafili, 1988; dioni da dioni, 1993; `kulturis Sede-

gebi~, 2001, gv. 230.24. levini, sato, haSimoto da verma, 1995; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001,

gv. 230.25. korelaciebi iyo _0,75 samoc qveyanaSi da _0,64 ocdaaT enaSi, orive

mniSvnelovani iyo 0,001-donis miRma. kaSima da kaSima, 1998; `kul-turis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 233. Semdgom kvlevaSi (2003) kaSimam da kaSimam aCvenes, rom qveynebisTvis, sadac nacvalsaxelebs ar xma-roben, simdidresTan individualizmis kavSiri susti iyo, samagi-erod, misi kavSiri geografiul ganedTan Zlieri aRmoCnda.

26. habibi, 1995, gv. 102.27. hsu, 1971, gv. 23-44. misi statiis saTaurSi am cnebas ewoda jen, rac

imave Cinuri bgeris ufro Zveli transkrifciaa.28. markusi da kitaiama, 1991.29. r. bondi da smiTi, 1996; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 232. r.

bondma da smiTma grZedis mixedviTac gaaanalizes aSS-is monace-mebi, ramac aCvena, rom 1950-iani wlebidan msgavseba Semcirda.

30. korelacia iyo 0,64 (mniSvnelovnebis 0,001 done). kavSiri pirovnul qulebsa da kulturul ganzomilebebs Soris ganxilulia hofst-edesa da makraisTan (2004).

31. macumoto, 1989; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 232.32. levini da norenzaiani, 1999; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 233.33. de moiji, 2004; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 241-242.34. humana, 1992; OECD, 1995; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 242-243.35. uestbruki da lege, 1993; vestbruki, lege da penei, 1993.36. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 240.37. erli, 1989, gv. 565-81.

353Se n iSv n e b i

38. ix. Tavi 2, SeniSvna 18.39. alfred kremeris statiidan ̀ kulturTSorisi treningis kulturu-

li aspeqtebi~, romelic warmodgenili iyo gamoyenebiTi fsiqolo-giis saerTaSoriso kongresze, miunheni, agvisto, 1978 weli.

40. es empiriulad iyo naCvenebi pedersenis da tomsenis mier, 1997.41. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 247.42. humana, 1992; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 247-48.43. hardingisa da filipsis teqstis inglisuri versia, 1986, gv. 86.44. Stoseli, 1983, gv. 78; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 275, SeniS-

vna 31. rangobrivi korelacia Tavisufleba/Tanasworobis koefi-cientsa da individualizms Soris iyo 0,84 (0,01-done); xolo Tavi-sufleba/Tanasworobis koeficientsa da Zalauflebriv distancias Soris - daaxloebiT 0.

45. maslou, 1970.46. TeTrkaniani avstralielebis IBM-is SedegebTan aborigenebis Ses-

abamisi qulebi iyo: Zalauflebrivi distancia - 80, individualizmi - 89, maskulinoba - 22, gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba - 128 da xangrZlivi orientacia - 10. ix. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 501. grZelvadiani orientaciis ganzomilebis mqone aborigenTa qulis Sesaxeb ix. Tavi 6.

47. IBM-is nimuSSi Sesuli qveynebisTvis erT sul mosaxleze individu-alizmis korelacia mTlian erovnul produqtTan 1970 wels iyo 0,85, 1980 wels _ 0,79, 1990 wels _ 0,74 da 2000 wels _ 0,72 (0,001 zRvarze bevrad meti). 3.1 cxrilSi Setanili yvela qveynisaTvis 2000 wels es maCvenebeli Seadgenda 0,64-s.

Tavi 4

1. magaliTad, midi, 1962 [1950].2. kostam, teraCianom, makraim (2001) Seadares 26 kulturaSi qalebisa

da mamakacebis mier dagrovili saSualo qulebi, romlebic miRebu-li iyo NEO-PI-R `didi xuTeulis~ pirovnebis sakvlevi testis meS-vebiT. maT miakvlies sxvadasxva kulturaSi arsebul mniSvnelovan genderul gansxvavebebs. N-is (neirotizmi) da A-s (SeTanxmebulo-ba) yvela aspeqtSi qalebma ufro maRali qulebi daagroves, xolo pirovnulobis sxva ganzomilebebidan qalebs ufro maRali qulebi hqondaT iseT zogierT aspeqtSi, rogoricaa: siTbo, komunikabelu-roba, dadebiTi emociebi da Riaoba esTetizmis mimarT. mamakacebma ufro maRali qulebi miiRes Semdeg aspeqtebSi: sakuTar TavSi dar-wmunebulobaSi, aRgznebadobasa da RiaobaSi ideebis mimarT.

3. ̀ kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 280, brovermanis, fogelis, brover-manis, klarksonis da rozenkrancis (1972) mixedviT.

4. am mtkicebebidan zogierTi Tavmoyril iqna calke tomSi: hofstede Semdeg mkvlevrebTan erTad: arindeli, besti, de moiji, hope, van de vlierti, van rossumi, vervei, vunderinki da uiliamsi, 1998.

5. niSniani rangebis kriteriumis mixedviT, es mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels ganzomilebas 0,05-doneze (calmxrivi kriteriumi).

6. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 265. korelacia 23 qveynis mixedviT iyo 0,53 (0,01 doneze).

7. 23 qveynis mixedviT bondis mier Rirebulebebis Cinuri gamokiTxvis

354 SeniSvnebi

Catarebam Semoitana gulisxmierebis ganzomileba, romelic kore-laciaSi iyo maskulinobasTan. studentebma maRali maskulinobis qulebis mqone qveynebidan didi mniSvneloba mianiWes Semdegs: moT-minebas, Tavazianobasa da sikeTes; maT, vinc feminuri qveynebidan iyo, xazi gausvevs patriotizms da samarTlianobas. es kavSirebi ucnauria _ ufro mosalodneli iyo polusebis piriqiT ganlageba. girts yovelTvis rCeboda eWvi, rom monacemTa damuSavebis dros niSani minusi daikarga. Tu analizi marTali iyo, es Sedegi unda ganvmartoT, rogorc gansxvaveba sasurvelsa da sanatrels Soris, rogorc es aRwerilia pirvel TavSi.

8. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 266. IDV-sa da MAS-sTan mra-valjeradi korelacia iyo 0,86 (0,001-done).

9. bemi, 1975, 636.10. qalTa procentuli maCvenebeli IBM-is kvlevaSi varirebda 4,0-dan

(pakistanSi) 16,2-mde (fineTSi). gamocemaSi `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 286, maskulinobis qulebi xelaxla iqna daTvlili, raTa SeenarCunebinaT qalTa mudmivi procentuli maCvenebeli yvela qveyanaSi. amas qulebze minimaluri gavlena hqonda, radgan qalTa procentuli maCvenebeli TavisTavad korelaciaSi iyo feminuro-basTan.

11. grei, 1993. am dakvirvebisTvis madloba unda gadavuxadoT marieke de muJis.

12. lini, 1991; van de vlierti, 1998, cxrili 7.2; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 308.

13. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 289-291, mixedviT.14. stivensi, 1973; gonsalesi, 1982; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 309,15. van rossumi, 1998; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 300.16. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 302.17. hofstede, 1996b; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 302.18. midi, 1962 [1950], gv. 271 ff.19. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 309.20. aRebulia KLM-is transatlantikuri reisis Jurnalis Canaweridan.

es filmi aCvenes KLM-is transatlantikuri reisis dros.21. es nawili ZiriTadad eyrdnoba hofstedesa da sxvebs, 1998, Tavi 10

(`seqsualuri qcevis SedarebiTi gamokvleva~).22. hofstede, neieni, ohaivi da sandersi, 1990. ix. agreTve Tavi 8. 23. praiori, desuza, fitnesi, hutci, kamfi, laberti, pesoneni da er-

beri, 1997, gv. 526.24. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 325; rosi, 1989.25. doqtori ian a. q. de kok van liuveni, piradi saubari.26. rogorc erT amerikul bestselerSi `saukeTesos ZiebaSi~, pitersi

da votermani, 1982.27. ori saxis eToss Soris gansxvaveba axali movlena ar aris. lordma

robert baden-pauelma (1857-1941), boiskautTa saerTaSoriso or-ganizaciis damaarsebelma, rover skautebisTvis (16 welze ufrosi biWebisTvis) dawera wigni, romelsac `mogzauroba warmatebisken~ uwoda. es wigni holandiur enaze iTargmna 1920-ian wlebSi saTau-riT Zwervend op de weg naar levensgeluk (Roving on the road to Happiness - xetiali bednierebis misaRwevad). holandieli mTargmnelebisTvis

355Se n iSv n e b i

success (warmateba) ar iyo is mizani, romelic axalgazrda mamakacebs miizidavda. am sityvis Targmans holandiur enaze zedapirulobis elferi hqonda. arc erTi axalgazrda lideri cxovrebis miznad ar gaixdida mis dacvas.

28. sandemosi, 1938. girt hofstedes Targmani. madloba deniz deval oheivis.

29. koueni, 1973.30. laSi, 1980, gv. 117. daukavSira es gamonaTqvami jorj alens. sxvebi

amtkiceben, rom misi avtori vins lombardia.31. hastingsi da hastingsi, 1980; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 303.

SerCevebi sakmaod didi iyo _ daaxloebiT 1.500 TiTo qveyanaze. hastingsma da hastingsma ar mogvces informacia respondentTa gen-derul dajgufebaze, magram Cven vuSvebT 50/50-ze xuTive qveynisT-vis. mebrZolTa suraTze msaxiobebi aSkarad biWebi iyvnen.

32. korelacia iyo 0,97 (0,01 done).33. raibeki, sandersi, lorenci da kostenblati, 1980; `kulturis

Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 301.34. kuperi da kuperi, 1982, gv. 80.35. verhalsti, ahenbaxi, ferdinandi da kasiusi, 1993; `kulturis Sede-

gebi~, 2001, gv. 303-304.36. amerikelma avtorma kristofer laSma amas `narcisizmis kultura~

uwoda (laSi, 1980).37. OECD, 1995; hofstedi da sxvebi, 1998, cxrili 5.2; ̀ kulturis Sede-

gebi~, 2001, gv. 304. Svidi qveynisa da enobrivi jgufis SeswavliT imaTi procentuli maCvenebeli, vinc Tavs `saukeTesod~ miiCnevda, rangobriv korelaciaSi iyo maskulinobasTan 0,71. (0,05-done).

38. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 304.39. uitkini, 1977, gv. 85; uitkini da gudinafi, 1977, gv. 682.40. bolo droindeli kvleva, romlis ganmavlobaSic Sedarebulia ori

maskulinuri da ori naklebad maskulinuri qveyana, aris kuhnenis, hanoveris, rederis, Sahis, Subertis, apmaierisa da zaqarias Catare-buli, 2001. avtorebma aRmoCenili gansxvavebebi SecdomiT miakuT-vnes individualizmsa da koleqtivizms.

41. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 310-311; de moiji da hofstedi, 2002; de moiji, 2004.

42. taneni, 1992.43. fleiSmani, harisi, da barti, 1955; bleiqi da moutoni, 1964.44. filip diribarni Seswavlili holandiuri samrewvelo sawarmos

mTavar damaxasiaTebel Tvisebad konsensusis miRwevis saWiroebas Tvlis. ix. diribarni, 1989, gv. 234ff.

45. profkavSirebsa da sawarmoebs Soris urTierToba, gansakuTrebiT aSS-Si imarTeba vrceli da amomwuravi kontraqtebiT, romlebic mx-areTa Soris samSvidobo paqtis rols asruleben. filip diribarni am kontraqtebs axasiaTebs, rogorc aSS-is samrewvelo urTierTo-bebis damaxasiaTebel unikalur Tvisebas (diribarni, 1989, gv. 144).

46. safrangeTSi moderaciis am garemos Sesaxeb ix. diribarni, 1989, gv. 31 da 60-61.

47. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 290 da 317.48. citirebulia uiliam f. uaitis mier veberis leqsikonSi, 1969, gv.

356 SeniSvnebi

31.49. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 317.50. stathami, 1987.51. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 307-308.52. hercbergi, 1966.53. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 315-16.54. angariSi adamianis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb 2002, cxrili 4.55. korelaciebi iyo funqciuri 0,93 (0,001 done) wera-kiTxvis ucodin-

arTaTvis, 0,72 (0,001 done) RaribTaTvis da 0,64 (0,001-done) saSua-loze naklebi Semosavlis mqone adamianebisTvis.

56. didero, 1982 [1780], gv. 124-125. girt hofstedes Targmani.57. evrobarometri, 1990; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 318-319. kore-

lacia maskulinobasTan 11 qveynis magaliTze (garda luqsemburgi-sa) iyo _0,63 (0,05 done).

58. evropuli Rirebulebebis Seswavla: Stoseli, 1983, gv. 37. rango-brivi korelaciis koeficienti mimReblobis indeqssa da maskulin-obas Soris iyo _0,83 (0,001 done).

59. evrobarometri, 1997. maskulinobasTan korelacia iyo _0,72 (0,001 done).

60. adamianis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb angariSi, 2002, cxrili 15.61. oci donori qveynis mixedviT, 2000 wels korelacia maskulinobasa

da sxva qveynebis finansur daxmarebas Soris mTliani erovnuli produqtis procentuli maCveneblis mixedviT _0,75 (0,001 done) iyo.

62. ocdaerTi donori qveynis mixedviT korelacia maskulinobasa da CDI-s Soris iyo _0,46 (0,05 done). monacemebi aRebulia gamocemidan `sagareo politika~, 2003.

63. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 271. 64. zrdis SezRudvis azris dasacavad mWermetyveluri gamosvla ekuT-

vnis Sumaxers, 1973. 65. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 321. 26 qveynis mixedviT rangobrivi

korelaciebi maskulinobis ganzomilebaSi iyo `centrTan~ 0,59 (0,01 done), da `marcxniv~ _0,36 (0,05 done).

66. lamersi, 1989, gv. 43.67. adamianis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb angariSi 2002, cxrilebi 23 da 27.68. kaTolikobis/protestantobis koeficientis pirveli korelacia

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebasTan aRiniSneba; ix. Tavi 5 da `kul-turis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 200.

69. kuperi da kuperi, 1982, gv. 97.70. vervei, 1998; vervei, esteri da nauta, 1997; `kulturis Sedegebi~,

2001, gv. 327.71. maTe 22:37-40, mofatis Targmani.72. Stoseli, 1983, gv. 98-101.73. halmani da pitersoni, 1996.74. gancxadeba amis Taobaze ganTavsebuli iyo Jurnal `ekonomistSi~,

22 ivnisi, 1996. korelacia maskulinobasTan _0,60 (0,01 done) iyo. maskulinobis dabali maCvenebeli xsnis variaciis 36%-s; maskulin-obisa da Zalauflebrivi distanciis dabali maCveneblebi erTad 57%-s xsnis.

357Se n iSv n e b i

75. levini, norenzaiani da filbriki, 2001; hofstedi, 2001b. rango-brivi korelacia maskulinobasTan _ 0,36 (0,05 done) iyo.

76. volteri, 1990, gv. 87.77. Stoseli, 1983, gv. 92.78. citatebi aRebulia britanuli da ucxouri bibliuri sazogadoe-

bis avtorizebuli versiidan (1954).79. h. samsonoviCi, „Die Bedeutung des Grosshandels für die Entwicklung der pol-

nischen Kutur bis zum Beginn des 16. Jahrhunderts“ gamocemaSi `Studia Histo-riae Economica“, 5, 1970, gv. 92ff., citirebulia SildauerTan, 1985, gv. 107.

80. erazmusi, 2001 [1524], gv. 174-181.81. heili, 1988, gv. 39 da 110-11.82. Sama, 1987, gv. 404, 541 da 240.83. koleqtiuri identobis Sesaxeb miSodis mier redaqtirebuli fran-

guli qrestomaTia (1978, gv. 75) moixsenebda `safrangeTis feminur imijs~.

84. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 331.85. levinsoni, 1977, gv. 763.86. adebaio, 1988; UNICEF, 1995, gv. 29.87. monacemebi aRebulia hardingisa da filipsisgan, 1986; inglhar-

tis, basaniezisa da morenosgan, 1998; halmanisgan, 2001. qveynebi iyo belgia, dania, safrangeTi, germania, didi britaneTi, irlandia, italia, holandia, CrdiloeTi irlandia da espaneTi.

88. 2000-dan 2015 wlamde maRali anazRaurebis qveynebSi mosaxleobis raodenoba savaraudod yovelwliurad saSualod 0,4 procentiT gaizrdeba, xolo dabali anazRaurebis qveynebSi — 1,7 procentiT (adamianuri ganviTarebis angariSi, 2002, cxrili 5)

Tavi 5

1. piradi saubari.2. lourensi, 1980, gv. 133.3. termini pirvelad gamoCnda saiertisa da marCis naSromSi, 1963, gv.

118ff.4. amerikuli enis vebsteris leqsikoni, kolejis gamoSveba, 1964.5. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 155-56 da 188.6. kosta da makrais NEO-PI-R-i. korelaciis koeficientebi iyo

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba `nevroticizmTan~ - 0,58, mniS-vnelovani 0,01 doneze; gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebisa damate-buli maskulinoba 0,74 (0,001 done); gaurkvevlobis Tavidan ac-ilebisa `keTiganwyobilobasTan~ _0,55 (0,01 done). wyaro: hofstede da makrai, 2004.

7. Catarda Semowmeba, romlis drosac TiToeuli qveynis UAI qulebi gamoTvales asakis gakontrolebis pirobebSi. aRmoCnda, rom ucv-leli saSualo asakis daSvebis SemTxvevaSi qveynebi gansxvavdebod-nen erTmaneTisgan ise, rogorc es naCvenebia 5.1 cxrilSi. ix. `kul-turis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 184-185.

8. piradi saubari.9. duglasi, 1966.10. kaSima da kaSima, 1998. korelacia 52 qveynis mixedviT gaurkvev-

358 SeniSvnebi

lobis Tavidan acilebis ganzomilebasa da enaSi erTze meti meore piris nacvalsaxelis arsebobas Soris iyo 0,43 (0,01-done).

11. kulturis Sedegebi, 2001, gv. 157 da 191. rangobrivi korelacia 19 ufro mdidari qveynis mixedviT iyo _0,71 (0,001 done).

12. evrokavSiris wevri TxuTmeti qveynisTvis da, garda amisa, avs-traliis, kanadis, axali zelandiis, norvegiis, Sveicariisa da aSS-isTvis monacemebi aRebulia adamianis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb anga-riSidan 2002, cxrili 5. 1970-75 wlebSi am qveynebSi nayofierebis maCvenebeli 1,6-sa da 3,8-s Soris meryeobda da es maCveneblebi mx-olod rangobriv korelaciaSi _0,56-iT (0,01-done) iyo 1970 wlis saerTo erovnul produqtTan erT sul mosaxleze. arc erT sxva kulturul maxasiaTebelTan kavSiri ar gamovlinda. 1995-2000 wlebSi imave qveynebis nayofierebis maCvenebeli 1,2-sa da 2,0-s So-ris iyo da is ukve aRar ukavSirdeba erovnul Semosavals: rango-brivi korelacia 2000 wlis erT sul mosaxleze saerTo erovnul produqtTan aris _0,25 (umniSvnelo). ZiriTadi rangobrivi kore-lacia iyo gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis ganzomilebasTan: _0,59 (0,01 done).

13. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 157. rangobrivi korelaciis koefi-cienti 26 qveynis mixedviT iyo _0,55 (0,01 done).

14. eyrdnoba viinhovens, 1993. ix. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 158. korelacia 21 qveynis mixedviT iyo _0,64 (0,01 done).

15. gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis korelacia bednierebis gaqrobas-Tan 26 qveynis mixedviT iyo 0,50 (0,01 done). `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 158-ze SecdomiT miuTiTebs uaryofiT korelaciaze, Tum-ca sworad xsnis mas.

16. smiTi, 2004. monacemebi aRebulia GLOBE kvlevis erTi nawilidan, romelsac ewodeba `rogoric aris~: korelacia erTiani qulebis donesa da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebas Soris iyo _0,68 (0,01 done).

17. hastingsi da hastingsi, 1981; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 158 da 189-190.

18. rangobrivi korelacia 26 qveynis mixedviT iyo _0,75 (0,001 done).19. peieri, 1989.20. adamianis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb angariSi, cxrili 9. eqimebTan Se-

darebiT, eqTnebis rangobrivi korelacia gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebasTan iyo _0,54 (0,001 done).

21. Stroebe, 1976, gv. 509-11.22. magaliTad, wina TavebSi citirebuli pier burdios Sromebi. 23. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 163. kvleva Caatares Cendlerma, Sa-

mam, vulfma da planCardma (1981) da ianma da geierma (1994). maT gamoiyenes amerikuli skala, mravalganzomilebiani da mravalmxrivi mizez-Sedegobriobis skala (Multidimensional-Multiattributional Casuality Scale - MMCS). SeiZleba davakavSiroT niWierebasTan da Zalisxmevas-Tan (kontrolis Sida lokusTan), konteqstsTan (an davalebasTan) da iRbalTan (kontrolis gare lokusTan). miuxedavad qveynebis mcire raodenobisa, miRwevis unarTan dakavSirebis SedarebiTi tendencia mniSvnelovan uaryofiT korelaciaSi iyo gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebasTan (CendlerTan da sxvebTan monacemi aris _0,87,

359Se n iSv n e b i

ianis da geieris mixedviT _0,91 ; orive mniSvnelovania 0,05 doneze). 24. de moiji, 1988a, 2004; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 170; de moiji

da hofstedi, 2002.25. de moiji, 2004, gv. 154.26. diribarni, 1989, gv. 26 da 76.27. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 190 da 192.28. horovici, 198029. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 167; Seini, 1993.30. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 166; Seini, venkataramani da makmi-

lani, 1995.31. diribarni, 1989.32. uaildmeni, hofstede, norderheveni, Turiki, verhoveni, da uenek-

ersi, 1999; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 165. erTi qveynis didi britaneTis, longitudinurma kvlevam daadastura, rom Tavisi Tvi-Ton saqme wamoiwyo, marTlac ufro kmayofilia cxovrebiT, vidre is, vinc sxvis mier aris daqiravebuli. am adamianebisTvis daukmayo-fileblobidan Tavis daRweva da TviTdaqiravebul mdgomareobaSi gadasvla brZolad namdvilad Rirda (blanSflaueri da osvaldi, 1998).

33. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 163-165 da 192. rangobrivi ko-relaciis koeficienti gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebasa da mak-lelandis `miRwevis moTxovnilebis~ qulebs Soris 1925 wlisTvis iyo _0,64, mniSvnelovani 0,001 doneze; `miRwevis moTxovnilebis~ mravaljeradi korelaciis koeficienti gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebasTan da maskulinobasTan iyo 0,73. qveyanaTa 1950 wlis ran-Jireba ar gviCvenebs korelacias IBM-is arc erT indeqsTan, arc imave qveynebis 1925 wlis ranJirebasTan. amas damajereblad xsnis is garemoeba, rom mxolod 1925 wlis istoriebi hgavda anTrop-ologTa jadosnur zRaprebs, rasTan Tanxvedris miRwevasac cdi-lobda maklelandi. 1950 wels (meore msoflio omis Semdeg) saer-TaSoriso komunikacia ukve warmoudgenlad iyo ganviTarebuli da am periodis sabavSvo wignebSi ufro metad asaxuli iyo ganaTlebis inovaciuri Teoretikosebis ideebi da naklebad _ Zveli tradicie-bi.

34. maklelandis `afilaciis moTxovnilebis~ qulebi 1925 wlisTvis dadebiT rangobriv korelaciaSi iyo individualizmTan (0,48, mniS-vnelovani 0,01 doneze). es adasturebda, rom afiliacia ufro mniS-vnelovania, Tu urTierTobebi ar aris winaswar gansazRvruli so-cialuri struqturiT. `Zalauflebis moTxovnilebis~ 1925 wlisa da 1959 wlis qulebi samidan arc-erTi moTxovnilebisTvis ar iyo araviTar mniSvnelovan korelaciaSi arc IBM-is indeqsebTan da arc erT sul mosaxleze mTliani erovnuli produqtis maCvenebelTan. ix. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 192.

35. monacemebi aRebulia Semdegi avtoprebis: jankovis, la portas, lopes di silanesisa da Sleiferis (2003) Sromidan da miRebul iqna amsterdamis Tavisufali universitetis profesoris, erhard blan-kenburgis daxmarebiT. Cven mivakvlieT 67 qveynis masalaze spir-menis rangobriv korelacias (0,42) Cekebis inkasaciis periodisTvis, 0,40 — arendatoris gamosaxlebisTvis, da 0,47 - orive proceduris

360

saSualo xangrZlivobisTvis (yvela 0,001 doneze qveviT).36. olmondi da verba, 1963.37. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 172.38. aberbaxi da patnemi, 1977; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 173.39. monacemebi aRebulia 1990-93 wlebis Rirebulebebis msoflio mi-

moxilvidan da evrobarometridan; ix. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 171 da 174.

40. piradi saubari.41. levini, norenzaiani da filbriki, 2001; hofstede, 2001b. rango-

brivi korelacia gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebasTan iyo 0,59 (0,01 done).

42. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 172 ; NRC Handelsblad, 28 seqtemberi, 2001. `kulturis SedegebSi~ mocemuli informaciisgan gansxvave-biT, avstriaSi ar aris savaldebulo piradobis mowmoba. es amci-rebs rangobriv korelacias 0,81-mde da mainc mniSvnelovania 0,001 doneze. aSS-Si 2001 wlis seqtembris gaxmaurebuli teroristuli aqtebis Semdeg holandiaSi parlaments warudgines winadadeba pi-radobis mowmobebis aRdgenis Sesaxeb. Tu am winadadebas miiReben, korelacia daiwevs 0,75-mde (0,01 done).

43. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 129.44. piradi saubari `anekesTan~ da mis mSoblebTan.45. erT-erTi gamonaklisi iyo bruno kreiski (1911-90), socialisturi

umravlesobis partiis lideri, romelic mravali wlis ganmavloba-Si kancleri (premier-ministri) iyo. ucnauria, magram kreiski uaR-resad popularuli iyo avstrieli mosaxleobis farTo wreebSi.

46. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 175 da 196.47. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 200.48. pol Snabeli NRC Handelsblad-Si, 23 dekemberi, 1989.49. avtoris _ jozef kempbelis mixedviT, romelic miTologiis sfero-

Si moRvaweobda, religia mecnierebazea dafuZnebuli. Tanamedrove msoflio religiebi asaxavs mecnierebis mdgomareobas aTasobiT wlis win _ maTi Seqmnis momentSi. kempbeli, 1988 [1972], gv. 90.

50. deduqcia: cnobili principidan logikur Sedegis gamoyvana. induq-cia: zogadi daskvnis gakeTeba konkretul faqtebze dayrdnobiT.

51. marieke de muJis dakvirvebebi konferenciis gamouqveynebeli mox-senebidan. erovnuli kulturis Rirebulebebis asaxva literatu-raSi, seqtemberi, 2000.

52. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 201.53. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 182.

Tavi 6

1. cao (Cao), 1980 [1760], tomi 3, gv. 69.2. CVS kiTxva daemata ` ... da am Tanmimdevrobaze dakvirveba~.3. ix. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, damateba 5.4. 1988 wels kerZo danazogi, rogorc mTliani erovnuli produqtis

nawili, Seadgenda 12%-s iaponiisaTvis, 8%-s _ germaniisaTvis, 4%-s _ didi britaneTisas da 3%-s _ aSS-isTvis.

5. ben knapeni NRC Handelsblad-Si, 9 Tebervali, 1989. holandiuridan isev inglisurad Targmna girt hofstedem.

361Se n iSv n e b i

6. zurxeri, 1993.7. eliasi, 1969, gv. 336-341.8. Snaiderma da laizgaardma (1953) amerikuli saSualo skolebis mo-

swavleTa kvlevis Sedegad daadgines, rom mSobelTa socialuri klasis (samuSaos mixedviT) mixedviT izrdeba dajildoebis ga-dadebis xangrZlivoba.

9. levini, sato, haSimoto da verma, 1995; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 360.

10. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 360-361.11. besti da uiliamsi, 1996; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 361.12. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 359; hili da romi, 1996. maTi kvl-

eva moicavda agreTve ebrael dedebs, romelTa pasuxi ori avstra-liuri jgufis pasuxebs Soris moeqca.

13. argaili, hendersoni, bondi, iizuka da kontarelo, 1986; `kultu-ris Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 359-60.

14. bondi da uongi, 1983, gv. 60.15. redingi, 1990, gv. 187. 16. alitodan, 1986, gv. 131. 17. iani da geieri, 1994; stivensoni da lii, 1996, gv. 136; `kulturis

Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 365.18. ganaTlebis erovnuli centris statistika, 1999.19. korelacia maTematikis qulebsa da xangrZliv orientacias Soris

iyo 0,58 (0,05 done) meoTxe klasisTvis da 0,72 (0,01 done) _ merve klasisTvis. bunebismetyvelebisa da maTematikis qulebi korelaci-aSi iyo ori asakobrivi jgufisTvis _ Sesabamisad, 0,81 da 0,87 (orive 0,001 done). bunebismetyvelebis qulebis korelacia xangrZliv orientaciasTan umniSvnelo iyo: 0,06 _ meoTxe klasisTvis, 0,18 _ merve klasisTvis. maTematikis da bunebismetyvelebis qulebis ko-relacia simdidresTan (mTliani erovnuli produqti erT sul mo-saxleze, merve klasi) iyo orivesTvis 0,38, mniSvnelovani mxolod 0,05 doneze. ix. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 365.

20. hofstede, 1986; bigsi, 1996.21. gert ian hofstede, 1995. 22. redingi, 1980, gv. 196-197.23. vu, 1980.24. Ciu-limi, 1997, gv. 98.25. li Ci, konfucis mowafeTa nawerebis krebuli, Cawerili daaxloebiT

Zv. w. aR-iT 100 wels; uotsi, 1979, gv. 83.26. Wirthlin Worldwide, 1996.27. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 356. 11 qveynis mixedviT korela-

cia iyo _0,51 (0,05 done). Tavisufali dro, `Zalian mniSvnelovani~ nigeriaSi gansazRvra respondentTa 68%-ma, xolo CineTSi 14%-ma.

28. petersonma, dibrelma da petma erTmaneTs Seadares qimiur da sa-transporto warmoebaSi momuSave evropuli, iaponuri da ameriku-li firmebi 1986-95 wlebSi. maT momavalze xanmokle orientaciis sazomebad aiRes mogeba investiciaze da mogeba aqtivebze, xolo xangrZlivi orientaciis TvalsazrisiT _ bazris wili da kvlevi-sa da ganviTarebis xarjebi gayidvebis procentuli maCveneblebis mixedviT. arc erTi aRniSnuli sazomi ar emTxveva grZelvadiani

362 SeniSvnebi

oreintaciis ganzomilebis savaraudo Tanmimdevrobas: iaponia, ev-ropa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. avtorebi varaudoben, rom maT mier miRebuli Sedegebi SeiZleba zedmetad iyo damokidebuli konkretul periodsa da mrewvelobis konkretul tipebze, amdenad maTi gamoyeneba rogorc sarwmuno maCveneblebisa, rTulia.

29. mamani da safu, 1998.30. hofstede, van deuseni, mueleri, Carlzi da ̀ biznesmiznebis qseli~,

2002, gv. 800. mravaljeradi korelacia 12 urTierTgadamfaravi qveynis mixedviT iyo 0,62 (0,05 done).

31. redingi, 1980, gv. 209.32. hastingsi da hastingsi, 1981. korelacia 11 qveynis mixedviT iyo

0,69 (0,01 done).33. ieungi da tuni, 1996.34. 19 qveynis mixedviT, romelTa SemTxvevaSic xelmisawvdomi iyo 2002

wlis monacemebi, CIEC da xangrZlivi orientaciis ganzomileba ko-relaciaSi iyo _0,67 (0,01 done; maRali xangrZlivi orientaciis mqone qveynebi xSirad ixdian qrTams).

35. Ceneri da strauti, 1966.36. kolumbiaSi 1970 wels erT sul mosaxleze mTliani erovnuli

produqti iyo $340 da $2,080 - 2000 wels. samxreT koreaSi es ci-frebi iyo $250 1970 wels da $8,910 — 2000 wels (msoflio banki, 1972; msoflios ganviTarebis angariSi, 2002).

37. kani, 1979.38. CVS-Si 23 qveynis mixedviT, korelacia xangrZlivi orientaciis gan-

zomilebasa da erT sul mosaxleze mTliani erovnuli produqtis 30-wlian koeficients Soris aris 0,57 (0,01 done), 0,76 (0,001 done), Tu gamovricxavT CineTis materiks da 0,45-s (0,01 done) 6.1 cxrilSi mocemuli 38 qveynisaTvis.

39. ridi, 1993. 23 CVS qveyanaSi grZelvadian orientaciasa da MPS-s Soris korelacia iyo 0,58 (0,01 done).

40. de moiji, 2004. rangobrivi korelacia 15 qveynis mixedviT iyo 0,43 uZravi qonebisTvis (TiTqmis mniSvnelovani, 0,054 done) da _0,66 erToblivi fondebisaTvis (0,01 done).

41. adamianis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb angariSi, 2002, cxrili 5.42. Stiglici, 2002.43. monacemebi aRebulia rob Sufis statiidan, romelic gamoqveynda

NRC Handelsblad-Si, 2003 wlis 18 ianvari. is eyrdnoba cixis Sem-swavleli saerTaSoriso centris (King’s College, londoni) kvlevebis Sedegebs.

44. es 24 qveyana iyo: avstralia, avstria, belgia, kanada, CexeTi, dania, fineTi, safrangeTi, didi britaneTi, ungreTi, irlandia, italia, iaponia, holandia, norvegia, poloneTi, portugalia, slovakeTi, espaneTi, SvedeTi, Sveicaria da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. imi-tom, rom aSS-Si dapatimrebis maCvenebeli Zalze maRali anu uki-duresia, rangobrivi korelacia gamoviyeneT. dapatimrebis don-esTan nulovan rangobriv korelaciaSi iyo 2000 wels mTliani erovnuli produqti erT sul mosaxleze _0,67 (0,001 done); xan-grZlivi orientaciis ganzomileba _0,61 (0,01 done). Multiple rank correlation orivesTan mravaljeradi rangobrivi korelacia iyo 0,79.

363Se n iSv n e b i

individualizmis ganzomilebis damatebam es maCvenebeli 0,84 gaxa-da, Tumca individualizmis nulovani rigis rangobrivi korelacia dapatimrebasTan mniSvnelovani iyo (0,12).

45. herman viueise, ~Twee koffie, twee koekjes” gamoqveynebuli NRC Handels-blad-Si, 16 aprili, 1988. citatebi Tarmnilia girt hofstedes mier.

46. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 363. kempbeli, 1988 [1972], gv. 71-75.47. hastingsi da hastingsi, 1981; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 361.48. uormi, 1997, gv. 52, citirebulia 1936 wels gamocemuli wignidan

`Cemi qveyana da Cemi xalxi~, romelic ekuTvnis Cinel avtors lin iutangs.

49. kaari, munro da biSopi, 1996.50. gao, ting-tumei da gadikansti, 1996, gv. 293.51. kimi, 1995, gv. 663.52. doqtori iukava hideki, murTan, 1967, gv. 290.53. raseli, 1976 [1952], gv. 101.54. luisi, 1982, gv. 168, 224, 229, 297, da 302.55. burundi, eTiopia, siera leone, malavi, nigeria, eriTrea, Cadi,

burkina faso, mali, mozambiki da ruanda _ am TanmimdevrobiT yvelaze Raribidan naklebad Raribisken. araafrikuli saxelmwi-foebidan tajikeTi moxvda mexuTe adgilze.

56. van der veni, 2002, gv. 171-75.57. interkulturuli kooperaciis kvlevis instituti (IRIC), Camoyal-

ibda Tavdapirvelad arnemSi, Semdeg maastrixtSi da bolos _ til-burgSi. IRIC daixura 2004 wels.

58. norderheveni da tijani, 2001.59. norderhevenisa da tijanis statia exeba rva faqtors, magram isini

pirvel da yvelaze Zlier faqtors kidev yofen sam qvefaqtorad. 3 - 6 faqtorebis Cveneburi interpretacia odnav gansxvavdeba imis-gan, rasac es avtorebi amboben, magram eyrdnoba imave monacemebs.

60. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 369-70. korelacia 10 qveynisaTvis, sadac xangrZlivi orientaciis ganzomilebis qulebi xelmisawvdomi iyo, aRmoCnda _0,95 (0,001 done).

61. Stiglici, 2002.62. rei simonsenis kvleva. ix. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 501.63. keleni, 1983 [1071], gv. 44.64. helgeseni da kimi, 2002, gv. 28-29.65. helgeseni da kimi, 2002, gv. 8-9.

Tavi 7

1. piu da hiksoni, 1976.2. negandi da prasadi, 1971, gv. 128.3. van oudenhoveni, 2001. es qveynebi iyo belgia, kanada, dania, saf-

rangeTi, germania, saberZneTi, holandia, espaneTi, gaerTianebuli samefo da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi.

4. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 378. korelacia iyo: biurokratia Zalauflebrivi distanciis indeqsTan - 0,66 da gaurkvevlobis Ta-vidan acilebis indeqsTan 0,63, orive 0,05 done; individualuri sa-muSao IDV individualizmTan - 0,47; mtruli samuSao garemo masku-linobasTan - 0,49, orive 0,10 done.

364 SeniSvnebi

5. moriceni da svara, 2002, gv. 55-56 da 75.6. faioli, 1970 [1916], gv. 21 girt hofstedes Targmani.7. veberi, 1976 [1930], gv. 224.8. veberi, 1970 [1948], gv. 196. iTargmna Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft-idan,

1921, nawili III, Tavi 6, gv. 650.9. faioli, 1970 [1916], gv. 85.10. loreni, 1981, gv. 101-114.11. 1925 wels metkalf da urvikSi (Metcalf & Urwick) wardgenili stati-

idan, 1940, gv. 58-59.12. konfucis Rirebulebebi agreTve aSkarad Canda Zalauflebis dayo-

fis (trias politica) sun iat-senis mier ganvrcobil variantSi: Semmow-mebeli da makontrolebeli funqciebi unda yofiliyo samoqalaqo moxeleebis zneobriobis garantia.

13. uiliamsoni, 1975.14. ouCi, 1980, gv. 129-141.15. kaizeri da kubiCeki, 1983.16. krozieri da fridbergi, 1977; paJe, boneti, de goleJaki da desen-

dre, 1979.17. mincbergi, 1983. mogvianebiT (mincbergi, 1989) avtorma `normebis

standartizacias~ daamata `misioneruli konfiguracia~. CvenTvis es ufro tipis aspeqtia da ara tipi TavisTavad. is organizaciuli kulturis siZlieres exeba, rac merve TavSi iqneba ganxiluli.

18. mincbergi, 1983, gv. 34-35.19. rogorc frangul klasikaSia aRwerili: organizaciis sociologi

maikl krozieri, `biurokratiuli fenomeni~ (krozieri, 1964).20. mincbergi, 1993.21. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 382.22. harzingi da sorJi, 2003, monacemebi eyrdnoba 9 qveyanaSi mrewvelo-

bis 8 sferoSi arsebuli 100-ze meti transnacionaluri kompaniis 22 qveyanaSi Seqmnili daaxloebiT 300 ucxouri filialis saqmi-anobas. maTi statia ar aRwers imas, rogor moqmedebs mSobliuri kultura kontrolis procesze, magram aSkara hipoTeza aris is, rom mSobliur qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaurkvevlobis Tavi-dan acileba moqmedebs sistemebis mier miukerZoebel kontrolze, xolo mSobliuri qveynisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Zalauflebrivi dis-tancia moqmedebs eqspatriantTa mier pirad kontrolze.

23. hipoTeza am sakiTxze kvlevis Catarebis Sesaxeb Camoayaliba greim, 1988, gv. 1-15.

24. gemblingi, 1977, gv. 141-151.25. qleverli, 1971.26. hofstedi, 1967.27. morakuli da vu, 2001.28. beikeri, 1976, gv. 886-893.29. hofstede, 1978.30. pederseni da tomseni, 1997. es qveynebi iyo avstria, belgia, dania,

fineTi, safrangeTi, germania, italia, holandia, norvegia, espaneTi da didi britaneTis gaerTianebuli samefo.

31. pirsonis namravlebis korelacia iyo 0,65 (0,05 done).32. korelacia iyo 0,52 (0,05 done). ix. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv.

365Se n iSv n e b i

384.33. avstriis qulebis miuxedavad, korelacia iyo _0,77 (0,01 done).34. semenovi, 2000. es iyo igive qveynebi, rac pedersenisa da tomsenis

kvlevis dros da agreTve avstralia, kanada, irlandia, axali ze-landia da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi.

35. vaimari, 1995, gv. 336. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 385.36. hofstede, van deuseni, mueleri, Carlzi da ̀ biznesmiznebis qseli~,

2002.37. gamonakliss warmoadgens Cveni Tanamemamule manfred kets de vri,

romelmac menejerTa saqcieli froidiseuli terminebis gamoy-enebiT gaanaliza. (magaliTad, kets de vri, 2001).

38. hercbergi, mosneri da snaidermani, 1959.39. makgregori, 1960. wignis Semdegi nawili eyrdnoba gamocemas _ hof-

stede, 1988 da `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 387.40. Suleri da rogovski, 1998; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 387-88.41. `mmarTveli~, makiaveli, 1955 [1517].42. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 388.43. Sram-nilseni, 2001, gv. 410-412.44. jakovski da slokumi, 1988; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 388.45. tolgerdt-andersoni, 1996. es qveynebi iyo dania, safrangeTi,

germania, italia, norvegia, espaneTi, SvedeTi da didi britaneTis gaerTianebuli samefo. procentuli maCveneblebi korelaciaSi iyo gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis indeqsTan: _0,86 (0,01 done); da gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis indeqss damatebuli maskulinoba: _0,95 (0,001 done).

46. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 388-389.47. triandisi, 1973, gv. 165.48. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 389.49. klaidasi, 2001.50. makgregori, 1960; bleiqi da moutoni, 1964; likerti, 1967.51. jenkinsi, 1973, gv. 258; leqtori iyo frederik hercbergi.52. triandisi, 1973, gv. 55-68.53. hope da bhagati, ibeWdeba.54. laaksoneni, 1977.55. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 391.56. drukeri, 1955, Tavi 11.57. Führung durch Zielvereinbarung, fergiusoni, 1973, gv. 15.58. frenki, 1973. girt hofstedes Targmani.59. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 390.60. STagonebuli magalhaes mier da ana-maria buvisa da jorjo incere-

lisTan diskusiebis Sedegad.61. hofstede, 1980b; gudStainis SeniSvnebi, 1981 da hantis da hofst-

edes pasuxi, 1981. saintereso detali aris is, rom statiis bolo versiaSi redaqtoris TxovniT Setanil iqna zogi cvlileba, magram administraciuli Secdomis gamo ucvlelad gamoica Tavdapirveli varianti.

62. paskali, Pensées, 60, 294: ~Vérité en-deça des Pyrenées, erreur au-delà~. mon-teni, Essais II, XII, 34: (`ra simarTlea is, rac mTebis erT mxares aris mxolod marTali da mcdaria mTis meore mxares mcxovrebi xalx-

366 SeniSvnebi

isTvis.~ girt hofstedes Targmani).63. `araferia ufro praqtikuli, vidre kargi Teoria~ _ gamonaTqvams

miaweren kurt levins.64. peterseni da hanti, 1997, gv. 214.65. stiuarti, 1985, gv. 209.66. loki, 1996.67. evropaSi zogadad aseTi STabeWdileba aqvT, magram baruxma (2001)

kvleviT daadastura, man gaanaliza menejerebis 7 yvelaze maRali reitingis JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli aTasze meti statiis TiTqmis 2000 avtoris vinaoba.

68. piu da hiksoni, 1993, hiksoni da pafi, 2001, gv. 8.69. porteri, 1990. porteris eTnocentrizmis kritikis Sesaxeb ix. van

den boSi da van proJeni, 1992, romelsac mohyveba porteris pasuxi, 1992. devisi da elisi, 2000; barni, 2002, gv. 54.

70. socialur mecnierebaTa citirebis indeqsSi yvelaze xSirad citirebuli fsiqologebi yvela amerikelia; sociologi ki _ TiTq-mis yvela evropelia miuxedavad im garemoebisa, rom es monacemTa baza ZiriTadad amerikul samecniero Jurnalebs eyrdnoba. bur-dio da uakanti, 1992, gv. 45 da 115.

71. hofstede, 1996a; `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 381.1. Tavi 8 istoria aRebulia hofstedes, neienis, ohaivis da sandersis-

gan, 1990. es naSromi winamdebare Tavis danarCen nawilSic xSirad aris gamoyenebuli.

2. dili da kenedi, 1982; pitersi da votermani, 1982.3. pitersi da votermani, 1982, gv. 75-76.4. magaliTad, ix. kritika, romelic ekuTvnis uilkinssa da ouCis,

1983, gv. 477; Saini, 1985, gv. 315; ueiki, 1985, gv. 385; sefoldi, 1988.5. paJe, boneti, de goleJaki da desendre, 1979.6. es aseve SeimCneva frangul organizaciul sociologiaSi, magali-

Tad, Semdeg naSromebSi: krozieri, 1964, da krozieri da fridber-gi, 1977.

7. soetersi, 1986; lamersi, 1988.8. magaliTad, vesterlundi da siostrandi, 1975; marCi da olseni,

1976; bromsi da gambergi, 1983; bransoni, 1985. 9. alvesoni, 2002, gv. 38-39.10. smirkiCi, 1983.11. rasac Cven vuwodebT Cvevebs, SeiZleba aseve daerqvas Cveulebebi,

wes-Cveulebebi, zne-Cveulebani, tradiciebi, wesebi. rogorc kul-turis nawili, isini gamoyo britanelma anTropologma eduard teilorma (1924 [1871]): `kultura es is kompleqsuri mTelia, ro-melic moicavs codnas, rwmenas, xelovnebas, morals, samarTals, Cveulebebsa da nebismier sxva unarisa da Cvevebs, rac adamianma, rogorc sazogadoebis wevrma, aiTvisa Tavisi arsebobis ganmav-lobaSi~.

12. magaliTad, inglharti, basaniezi da moreno, 1998; halmani, 2001.13. harzingi da sorJi, 2003.14. soetersi da Srederi, 1986.15. karlconi, 1987.16. hotornis efeqti niSnavs imas, rom eqsperimentisTvis SerCeuli

367Se n iSv n e b i

TanamSromlebis maRali motivacia mxolod imis gamo, rom arCeul iqnen eqsperimentisTvis, TavisTavad aris eqsperimentis warmatebis garantia. saxeli ewoda amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi arsebuli dasavleTis eleqtronuli korporaciis hotornis qarxnis mixed-viT. am qarxanaSi profesorma elton maiom 1920-ian da 1930-ian wlebSi Caatara klasikuri eqsperimentebis seria Sromis orga-nizaciaSi.

17. mxolod 6 x 3 = 18 -is faqtoruli analizis dros 20 erTeulisT-vis mxolod kiTxvaze pasuxiT, erTeulebs Soris saSualo qulebis variacia 86% Seadgines.

18. kulturis siZliere statistikurad gulisxmobs erTeulis farg-lebSi calkeul pirebs Soris saSualo standarul gadaxras Ziri-Tad CvevebTan dakavSirebul 18 kiTxvaze pasuxebis Sedegad miRe-buli qulebis mixedviT (sami _ TiTo ganzomilebisTvis): dabali standartuli gadaxra niSnavda Zlier kulturas. realuri saSua-lo gadaxra varirebda 0,87-dan 1,08-mde da spirmenis ranguli ko-relacia am saSualo standartul gadaxrebsa da Sedegebze orien-taciaze 20 erTeulis qulebs Soris iyo _0,71 (0,001 done).

19. bleiqi da moutoni, 1964.20. mertoni, 1968 [1949].21. 40 damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebis 6 ganzomilebiT Seswavlisas SeiZleba

velodoT or an sam SemTxveviT korelacias, mniSvnelovans 0,01 doneze da Tormets _ 0,05 doneze. faqtobrivad aRiniSneboda 15 korelacia 0,01 doneze da zeviT, da ocdarvas _ 0,05 doneze. Sem-TxveviToba SeiZleba vivaraudoT urTierTobebis mxolod mcire nawilSi.

22. piu da hiksoni, 1976.23. 0,78 korelaciis koeficienti mniSvnelovani 0,001 doneze.24. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 405-408.25. hofstede, bondi da luki, 1993 da `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv.

411-413.26. makrai da joni, 1992.27. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 413-414; hofstede, 1995, gv. 216.28. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 414-415.29. soetersma (2000, gv. 465-66) erTgvarovan profesiebSi aRmoaCina

saerTo profesiuli kultura: policia, samxedro Zalebi da saxan-Zro razmi erTnairad izolirebulni arian sazogadoebisgan.

30. sandersma da van der venim (1998) ganacxades, rom maT xelaxla gamoiyenes IRIC kiTxvari 12 qveynis saavadmyofoebis intensiuri Terapiis ganyofilebebSi. ganyofilebaTa kulturebi erTmaneTis-gan gansxvavdeboda 4 ganzomilebis mixedviT: IRIC gamokiTxvidan 1, 2, da 4 nomrebi da, garda amisa, maRali Tu dabali usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebis ganzomileba. ganyofilebis SigniT Catarebul in-terviuebze dayrdnobiT specialurad Seqmnili kiTxvari ueWvelad warmoqmnida damatebiT, SesaZloa axal ganzomilebebs.

31. Sveicariel konsultants menejmentis sakiTxebSi kuno pumpins aRwerili aqvs Svidganzomilebiani modeli, saidanac 5 hgavs IRIC proeqtis Sedegad aRmoCenil ganzomilebebs (Sedegze orientacia, TanamSromlebze orientacia, kompaniaze orientacia, xarjebze

368 SeniSvnebi

orientacia da myidvelze orientacia); misi publikaciebi ar xsnis, Tu rogor iqna aRmoCenili es ganzomilebebi (pumpini, 1984; pumpini, kobi da vutrixti, 1985). indoeTSi profesorma pradip xandual-am (1985) Caatara kvleva 75 organizaciis menejerebze 5-punqtiani kiTxvaris gamoyenebiT, romlis kiTxvebi hgavs Cvensas (`sadac me vmuSaob...~ tipis kiTxvebs). mkvlevama aRmoaCina pirveli faqtori, romelic Zalian hgavs Cvens ganzomilebas _ procesze orientacia Tu Sedegze orientacia.

32. hofstedes, neienis, ohaivisa da sandersis (1990) statiaSi CamoTv-lilia im kiTxvebis Sinaarsi, romlebic gamoyenebuli iyo IRIC kv-levis dros indeqsebis gamosaTvlelad.

33. es ufro martivia, vidre makkinzis sakonsultacio kompaniis `7-S~-is sistema: struqtura (Structure), strategia (Strategy), sistemebi (Systems), gaziarebuli Rirebulebebi (Shared values), unari (Skills), stili (Style) da TanamSromelTa Stati (Staff) (pitersi da uotermani, 1982, gv. 10).

34. vite, 1973. mokle versia inglisur enaze gamoqveynda Witte-Si, 1977.

Tavi 9

1. morie 1923 [1824]. teqstSi moyvanili citata aris gv. 434-435; re-daqtoris citata aris VI gverdze.

2. es abzaci STagonebulia kempbelis mier, 1988 [1972], gv. 174-206.3. van der veni, 2002.4. kulturul SokTan dakavSirebuli Sromebis mimoxilvisTvis ix.

uordi, boxneri da farnhami, 2001.5. harzingi, 1995, 2001; tuni, 1982, gv. 57-71.6. amerikelma profesorma hovard v. perlmuterma SeimuSava transna-

cionaluri bizneskorporaciis ganviTarebis Semdegi sami faza: eTnocentruli, policentruli, geocentruli. naklebad savarau-doa, rom maspinZeli mosaxleoba odesme geocentruli gaxdeba anu gaauqmebs Tavisi erovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebel yvela standarts.

7. hofstede, 1994, Tavi 15.8. pitersoni da paiki, 2002.9. kulturul anTropologiaSi is fenomeni, rom Cveni azrovneba gan-

icdis Cveni enis gavlenas, cnobilia, rogorc sapir-vorfis Teo-rema. Teoremas saxeli daerqva Semqmnelebis _ eduard sapirisa da benjamen li vorfis pativsacemad.

10. miaweren henri luis menkens (1880-1956), amerikel kritikossa da satirikoss.

11. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 63-65.12. r. m. hajiuibovos gamosvlidan 1983 wlis seqtembers. holandiuri-

dan Targmna girt hofstedem avtoris SeniSvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT.13. am nawilSi gamoyenebulia nawyvetebi hofstedes 1986 wlis wignidan.14. bel gazi, 1982, gv. 82. holandiuridan Targmani girt hofstedem.15. Sesabamisi kvlevis mimoxilvisTvis ix. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001,

gv. 430-431 da SeniSvnebi.16. bevri musulmanuri kultura endogamiuria (nebadarTulia dei-

daSvilebsa da biZaSvilebs Soris qorwineba) da gogonebi martivad qorwindebian uaxloes naTesavebze.

369Se n iSv n e b i

17. magaliTebisaTvis ix. sebeniusi, 2002.18. muri da luisi, 1999, gv. 278.19. saneri da iu, 2000.20. amas mivyavarT sxvadasxva kriteriumTan, romlebic eqspatriantTa

SerCevis dros gamoiyeneba. ix. kaligiuri, 2000 da franki da nikol-soni, 2002.

21. msoflio sainvesticio angariSi, 2000.22. Senki, 2001; apfeltaleri, muleri da rehderi, 2002.23. Sermani, helmraixi da meriti, 1997.24. magaliTad, lordi da ranfti, 2000; linCi da beki, 2001. mimoxil-

visTvis ix. `kulturis Sedegebi~, 2001, gv. 448 da SeniSvnebi.25. de moiji, 1998b, gv. 58-59.26. de moiji, 1998b, gv. 57.27. kulturuli gansxvavebebis kidev erTi gavrcelebuli da zogierT

SemTxvevaSi zrdadi sferoa SefuTvis dizaini. imisTvis rom gaiy-idos sxvadasxva kulturaSi, erTi da igive produqti sxvadasxva tipis SefuTvas saWiroebs (van den berg-vaiceli da van de laari, 2000).

28. am nawilis danarCeni aris mokle Sinaarsi kvlevisa, romelic aR-werilia `kulturis SedegebSi~, 2001, gv. 450-451 da SeniSvnebi.

29. fiSeri, 1988, gv. 41. ise, rom ar icnobda girtis naSromebs, fiSerma kulturisadmi Zalian msgavsi midgoma gamoiyena. magaliTad, man adamianis gonebis aRwerisas aseve mimarTa kompiuteris analogias.

30. lamersi, 2003.31. groterati, 2000; soetersi da rexti, 2001.32. aRebulia kernanis wignis (1969) saTauridan. wigni exeba britaneTis

imperiul epoqas.33. dia, 1996.34. magaliTad, profesor miakl porteris 1990 wels gamoqveynebul

wignSi `erebis konkurentuli upiratesoba~ korufcia ar aris nax-senebi.

35. bevri adamianis mier msoflio banki aRiqmeba aSS-is interesebis Sem-srulebel organizaciad (Stiglici, 2002).

36. afrikis ganviTarebis sakiTxze gulmodgined momuSave avtor-Ta gundi gansakuTrebul aqcents akeTebs socialuri miRwe-vis moTxovnilebaze da ara individualurze (afrocentraluri aliansi, 2001). ix. aseve d’iribarni, 2002.

37. hovsi da kili, 1979.38. forsi, karlseni, froilandi, sitari da vilba, 1988. es kvleva

interkulturuli kooperaciis kvleviTi institutis (IRIC) mier holandiaSi Catarebuli sacdeli kvlevis gagrZeleba iyo. insti-tutis gegmis mixedviT, ganviTarebis saagentoebi da transnacio-naluri kompaniebi unda yofiliyo gaerTianebuli erT kvlevaSi, romelic exeboda eqspatriantebis efeqturi funqcionirebis ga-momwvevi faqtorebis Seswavlas. ix. andersoni da hofstede, 1984. mas Semdeg, rac sajaro da kerZo seqtoris urTierTTanamSromlo-bis ideam marcxi ganicada, skandinaviurma ganviTarebis saagentoe-bma damoukideblad ganagrZes saqmianoba.

39. paJe, 1971, gv. 281.

370 SeniSvnebi

40. kanadelma profesorma nensi adlerma yuradReba gaamaxvila aRmas-rulebeli direqtorebis meuRleTa rolze da videofirze gadai-Ro maTTan interviuebi, 1991.

41. bondi, 1992.42. hofstede, pederseni da hofstede, 2002.43. kuSneri da brislini, 1996. igi ZiriTadad moicavs gansxvavebebs

aSS-sa da mesame msoflios qveynebis kulturebs Soris: umeteso-ba ukavSirdeba individualizms, koleqtivizmsa da Zalauflebriv distancias.

44. aRebulia alfred j. kremeris gamouqveynebeli naSromidan, miunx-eni, 1978.

45. ake filipsi.

Tavi 10

1. hiumi, 1882 [1742], gv. 252.2. `balada lalus tbaze da sxva leqsebi~, citirebulia renieris

mier, 1931.3. klasikuri magaliTi iyo margaret midis filmi `oTxi ojaxi~,

romelSic naCvenebi iyo urTierToba mSoblebsa da patara bavSvebs Soris indoeTSi, safrangeTSi, iaponiasa da kanadaSi. filmi ga-mouSva kanadis filmebis erovnulma sabWom 1959 wels. ufro Tanam-derove magaliTs iZleva wignis Tanmxlebi video, romelic Seqmnes tobinma, vum da danielsonma (1989). video asaxavs oTxi wlis skol-amdeli asakis bavSvebis qcevebs saklaso oTaxSi iaponiaSi, CineTsa da havaize.

4. raseli, 1979 [1927], gv. 23-245. kuni, 1970.6. fiSeri, 1988, gv. 144 da 153.7. 1839-1842 wlebis omi mxolod opiumis pirveli omi iyo. opiumis

meore omis Semdeg, romelic 1860 wels dasrulda, britaneleb-ma aseve miiRes kouluni, Cinuri kunZuli hong-kongis kunZulis pirdapir da 1898 wels arendiT aiRes koulunis mimdebare axali teritoriebi. arenda 99 wliani iyo. is 1997 wels dasrulda, ris Semdegac mTeli kolonia CineTs daubrunda.

8. termini `globaluri sofeli~ SemoiRo kanadelma media _ filoso-fosma marSal makluhanma. ix. de muJi, 2004, gv. 1.

371

ganmartebebi

ganmartebebi

terminebisa da cnebebisaTvis, romlebic ar aris mocemuli ganmarte-bebSi, ixileT sagnobrivi indeqsi.

anTropologia _ mecniereba adamianis, mis fizikuri, socialuri da kulturuli gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb. am wignSi anTropologia aseve aRniS-navs socialur an kulturul anTropologias, rac adamianTa sazogadoe-bebis, gansakuTrebiT (Tumca ara mxolod) tradiciuli da wera-kiTxvis ucodinari sazogadoebebis integrirebul Seswavlas moicavs.

SfoTva _ adamianis gafantuli (araorganizebuli) mdgomareoba imis Taobaze, Tu ra moxdeba.

birTvuli ojaxi _ ojaxi, romelic mxolod uaxloesi naTesavebisgan (mSoblebi da Svilebi) Sedgeba.

biurokratia _ organizaciis forma, romelic damyarebulia TiTeuli samuSao adgilisaTvis SemuSavebul savaldebulo mkacr wesebsa da unar-Cvevebze.

ganzomileba _ movlenis, fenomenis erT-erTi aspeqti, romlis gazomvac SesaZlebelia (gamoixateba cifrebSi).

ganzomilebiTi modeli _ ganzomilebaTa nakrebi, romlebic erTob-livad gamoiyeneba raime movlenis aRsawerad.

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba _ is, rac arkvevs ramdenad aSinebs gark-veuli kulturis warmomadgenlebs gaurkveveli, maTTvis ucxo da ucnobi situaciebi. nacionaluri kulturis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli (Zlieridan sustisken).

gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis indeqsi (uncertainty avoidance index - UAI) _ gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis xarisxis sazomi erTi qveynis kultu-raSi; miRebulia IBM-is kvleviTi proeqtis Sedegad.

didi ojaxi _ ojaxi, romelic meore da mesame (da ufro meti) xarisxis naTesavebs moicavs, rogoric arian bebiebi da babuebi, biZebi, deidebi da biZaSvilebi.

geStalti _ integrirebuli mTeli, romelic rogorc arsebobs, ise unda iqnes Seswavlili da kargavs mniSvnelobas, rodesac iyofa nawilebad; momdinareobs germanuli sityvidan, rac formas niSnavs.

gmirebi _ cocxali an gardacvlili, realuri an warmosaxviTi adamiane-bi. iTvleba, rom am adamianebs aqvT kulturis mier mniSvnelovnad miCneu-li Tvisebebi da amdenad gamoiyenebian, rogorc qceviTi modelebi.

xangrZlivi orientacia _ xanmokle orientaciis sapirispiro; orive erTad aris nacionaluri kulturis ganzomileba, romelsac Tavdapirve-lad uwodebdnen konfucis Sromis dinamizms. xangrZlivi orientacia gu-lisxmobs dadebiTi Tvisebebis, kerZod, simtkicisa da yairaTianobis sti-mulirebas momavali jildos miRebis mizniT.

xangrZlivi orientaciis indeqsi (long-term orientation index - LTO) _ qveynis kulturaSi xangrZlivi orientaciis xarisxis sazomi, romelic dafuZne-

372 ganmartebebi

bulia studentebis jgufebis mixedviT Cinuri Rirebulebebis mimoxilvis kvlevaze.

agenti _ saSualeba romliTac xelmZRvaneloben konkretuli organiza-ciis saxeliT moqmedi adamianebi davalebis Sesasruleblad.

eTnocentrizmi — sakuTari sazogadoebis standartebis gamoyeneba sa-zogadoebis gareT myofi adamianebis mimarT.

individualizmi _ koleqtivizmis sapirispiro. orive erTad aris na-cionaluri kulturis erT-erTi ganzomileba. individualizmi axasiaTebs iseT sazogadoebas, sadac individebs Soris kavSirebi sustia: yvelam unda mouaros Tavis sakuTar Tavsa da ojaxs.

individualizmis indeqsi (individualism index - IDV) _ qveynis kulturaSi individualizmis xarisxis sazomi, romelic miRebulia IBM-is kvleviTi proeqtis Sedegad.

koleqtivizmi _ individualizmis sapirispiro; orive aris nacionalu-ri kulturis erT-erTi ganzomileba. koleqtivizmi niSnavs sazogadoe-bas, sadac adamianebi dabadebidan gaerTianebulni arian Zlier, Sekrul jgufebSi, romlebic mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi icavs maT upirobo erTgulebis sanacvlod.

konfucis dinamizmi (Tavdapirvelad _ konfucis Sromis dinamizmi) _ studentTa jgufebs Soris RirebulebaTa Cinuri kiTxvaris gamoyenebiT Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli erovnul kulturaTa ganzomileba. am wignSi xelaxla `monaTluli~ iqna rogorc xangrZlivi orientacia an xanmokle orientacia (eZebeT am sityvebiT).

korelacia _ maTematikur statistikaSi gamoyenebuli termini, rome-lic gamoxatavs cifrTa ori jgufis saerTo variaciis xarisxs. korela-ciis koeficienti SeiZleba varirebdes maqsimaluri 1,00-dan (idealuri SeTanxmeba) 0-is (araviTari urTierToba) gavliT minimalur _1,00-mde (ide-aluri SeuTanxmebloba).

kultura _ (1) gonebis wvrTna an daxvewa; civilizacia; (2) gonebis ko-leqtiuri daprogrameba, rac adamianTa erT jgufs an kategorias ganasx-vavebs meorisgan _ es ganmarteba Seesabameba terminis mniSvnelobas anTro-pologiaSi da am mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba winamdebare wignSic.

kulturuli asimilatori _ daprogramebuli saswavlo saSualeba kul-turaTSorisi sakomunikacio unaris ganviTarebisTvis.

kulturuli Soki _ sulieri tanjvis, ubedurebis gancdis mdgomareoba, romelsac iwvevs adamianis gadayvana ucnob kulturul garemoSi. SeiZleba Tan sdevdes fizikuri avadmyofobis simptomebi.

validizacia _ erTi kvlevis daskvnebis gadamowmeba sxva damoukidebe-li wyaroebidan miRebuli monacemebiT.

maskulinoba _ feminurobis sapirispiro; orive erTad aris nacionalu-ri kulturis erT-erT ganzomileba. maskulinoba axasiaTebs iseT sazo-gadoebas, sadac gamokveTilia emociuri genderuli rolebi: mamakacebi unda iyvnen Tavdajerebuli, mtkice da materialur warmatebaze orien-tirebuli, qalebi ki _ mokrZalebulebi, nazebi da cxovrebis xarisxze orientirebulni.

373ga n m a rte b e b i

maskulinobis indeqsi (masculinity index - MAS) _ qveynis kulturaSi mas-kulinobis xarisxis sazomi, romelic miRebulia IBM-is kvleviTi proeqtis Sedegad.

matriculi organizacia _ organizaciis struqtura, sadac erTi adami-ani Tavisi samuSaos sxvadasxva aspeqtis TvalsazrisiT eqvemdebareba or an sam ufross magaliTad, erTs konkretuli davalebisTvis da meores profesiuli aspeqtebisTvis an erTs biznesisaTvis da meores qveynisaTvis.

xanmokle orientacia _ xangrZlivi orientaciis sapirispiro; orive erTad qmnis nacionaluri kulturis ganzomilebas. xanmokle orientacia gulisxmobs warsulTan da awmyosTan dakavSirebuli dadebiTi Tvisebebis stimulirebas - kerZod, tradiciebis pativiscemas, reputaciis SenarCune-basa da socialuri valdebulebebis Sesruleba.

mniSvnelovani _ ixileT `statistikurad mniSvnelovani~. motivacia _ warmosaxviTi Zala, romelic adamianSi warmoqmnis sur-

vils, airCios erTi saxis moqmedeba da ara sxva.nacionaluri xasiaTi _ termini, romelic warsulSi gamoiyeneboda imis

aRsawerad, rasac am wignSi nacionalur kulturas uwodeben. cneba `xasia-Tis~ nakli is aris, rom xazs usvams individualur aspeqtebs socialuri sistemis xarjze.

organizaciuli kultura _ gonebis koleqtiuri daprogrameba, rome-lic erTi organizaciis wevrebs meorisgan ganasxvavebs.

paradigma _ wanamZRvarTa nakrebi, romelic dominirebs mecnierebis sf-eroSi da garkveul mimarTulebas aZlevs am sferoSi momuSave mecnierTa azrovnebas.

partikularizmi _ koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi azrovnebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma, rodesac adamianisadmi mopyrobis standartebi da-mokidebulia im jgufze, romelsac es adamiani ganekuTvneba.

reputacia (face) _ koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi im adamianisTvis mi-niWebuli Tviseba, romelic akmayofilebs Tavis socialur poziciasTan dakavSirebul arsebiT moTxovnebs.

relativizmi _ survili, ganixilo sxva adamianis an adamianTa jgufebis Teoriebi da Rirebulebebi iseve racionalurad da misaRebad, rogorc sakuTari.

riski _ SesaZlebloba imisa, rom garkveul moqmedebas eqneba arasasur-veli, Tumca mosalodneli Sedegi.

ritualebi _ koleqtiuri moqmedebebi, sasurveli Sedegis miRwevisTvis teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT usargeblo, Tumca kulturis farglebSi moaz-rebuli, rogorc socialurad mniSvnelovani; amdenad, isini sruldeba mxolod Tavisi TavisTvis.

mTliani erovnuli produqti _ wlis ganmavlobaSi qveynis ekonomikis mier Seqmnili produqtebisa da momsaxurebis erTiani brunvis sazomi. mas-Si Sedis ucxouri investiciebidan adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier miRebu-li Semosavali, magram ar Sedis ucxoeli moqalaqeebis mier adgilobrivi investiciebidan miRebuli Semosavali.

simboloebi _ garkveuli mniSvnelobis mqone sityvebi, suraTebi, Jeste-

374 ganmartebebi

bi an sagnebi, romlebic aseTad aRiqmeba mxolod maT mier, vinc iziarebs erT kulturas.

socializacia _ garkveuli kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Rirebule-bebisa da qcevebis aTviseba am kulturaSi CarTulobis gziT.

statistikurad mniSvnelovani _ cneba, romelic aRniSnavs, rom or sa-zoms Soris damokidebuleba sakmarisad Zlieria, raTa gamoiricxos ubra-lo SemTxveviTobis SesaZlebloba. mniSvnelovani done, Cveulebriv 0,05, 0,01 an 0,001, aris darCenili riski imisa, rom urTierToba mainc SeiZleba SemTxveviTi iyos.

tipologia _ idealur tipTa nakrebi, romelic gamoiyeneba movlenis aRwerisaTvis.

universalizmi _ azrovnebis forma, romelic dominirebs individuali-stur sazogadoebebSi, sadac adamianis mimarT damokidebulebis standar-tebi yvelasaTvis erTia.

uflebamosilebis gazrda _ samsaxurebriv situaciaze TanamSromelTa mier gavlenis moxdenis zrdis procesi.

Rirebulebebi _ garkveuli situaciebisTvis upiratesobis miniWebis farTo tendenciebi.

aqtoruli analizi _ maTematikuri statistikidan aRebuli xerxi (wesi), romelic Seqmnilia mkvlevaris dasaxmareblad, axsnas dasakvirvebeli mov-lenebis nakrebSi arsebuli mravalferovneba minimaluri raodenobis sa-fuZvliani zogadi faqtorebis saSualebiT.

feminuroba _ maskulinobis sapirispiro. isini erTad warmoadgenen na-cionaluri kulturis erT-erT ganzomilebas. feminuroba axasiaTebs iseT sazogadoebas, sadac emociuri genderuli rolebi gadafaravs erTmaneTs; mamakacebica da qalebic unda iyvnen mokrZalebulebi, yuradRebianebi da dainteresebulni cxovrebis xarisxiT.

fundamentalizmi _ rwmena imisa, rom arsebobs mxolod erTi simarTle da mxolod Senma jgufma icis es simarTle, romelic, Cveulebriv, Zalian detalurad aris gansazRvruli.

qsenofilia _ imis SegrZneba, rom ucxoeli adamianebi da ucxouri niv-Tebi ukeTesi unda iyos.

qsenofobia _ imis SegrZneba, rom ucxoeli adamianebi da ucxouri niv-Tebi saSiSia.

Zalauflebrivi distancia _ is, ramdenad egueba qveynis masStabiT in-stituciis an organizaciis naklebad Zlieri wevri im azrs, rom Zalauf-leba araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli. nacionaluri kulturis erT-erTi ganzomileba (mciredan didisken).

Zalauflebrivi distanciis indeqsi (power distance index - PDI) _ qveynis kulturaSi Zalauflebis xarisxis sazomi, romelic miRebulia IBM-is kv-leviTi proeqtis Sedegad.

SeWiduli jgufi _ Sekruli jgufi, romelic Tavis wevrebs erTgulebis sanacvlod dacvas sTavazobs da uqmnis maT identobis gancdas.

homeostazi _ organizmis an socialuri sistemis unari, SeinarCunos Sinagani stabiluroba, rac kompensirdeba gare cvlilebebiT.

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391

saxelobiTi indeqsi

saxelobiTi indeqsi

aberbaxi, j. d. 360 Sen. 38adebaio, a. 357 Sen. 86adleri, n. j. 370 Sen. 40adorno, T. 184aTafili, k. 352 Sen. 23ainStaini, a. 184alito, G. s. 361 Sen. 16aleni, j. 355 Sen. 30alvesoni, m. 255, 366 Sen. 9andersoni, l. 369 Sen. 38apfeltaleri, j. 369 Sen. 22apmaieri, a. 355 Sen. 40argaili, m. 361 Sen. 13arindeli, v. a. 353 Sen. 4aqtoni, lord, 63aSi, s. e. 90ahenbaxi, T. m. 355 Sen. 35

baden-paueli, r. 354 Sen. 27bare, s. 213barni, j. b. 366 Sen. 69barti, h. e. 355 Sen. 43baruxi, j. 366 Sen. 67basaniezi, m. 348 Sen. 39, 350 Sen. 29, 357 Sen. 87, 366 Sen. 12basi, d. 88, 123, 352 Sen. 22beikeri, k. r. 364 Sen. 28beki, j.k. 369 Sen. 24bel gazi, h. 306, 368 Sen. 14bemi d. j. 354 Sen. 9benediqti, r. 28bernadoti, j.b. 41, 46, 47, 72, 313besti, d. l. 353 Sen. 4 , 361 Sen. 11bigsi j. b. 361 Sen. 20biSopi, g. d. 363 Sen. 50bleiqi, r. r. 243, 266, 355 Sen. 43, 365 Sen. 50, 367 Sen. 19 blanSflaueri, d. g. 359 Sen. 32blankenburgi, e. 359 Sen. 35boxneri, s. 368 Sen. 4bori, n. 184bomeli, o.b. 16bondi, m. h. 35, 48, 79, 213, 277, 331, 347 Sen. 27, 347 Sen. 29, 353 Sen. 7,

392 saxelobiTi indeqsi

361 Sen.13, 361 Sen.14, 367 Sen. 25, 370 Sen. 4bondi, r. 352 Sen. 29boneti, m. 364 Sen. 16, 366 Sen. 5brislini r. u. 370 Sen. 43bromsi, h. 366 Sen. 8brovermani, d. m. 353 Sen. 3brovermani, i.k. 353 Sen. 3bransoni, n. 366 Sen. 8buvi, a.m. 365 Sen. 60burdio, p. 249, 346 Sen. 3, 349 Sen.5, 366 Sen. 71, 358 Sen. 22buSi, j. u. 141buSi, j 213bhagati, r. s. 365 Sen. 53

gadikansti, u. b. 357 Sen. 51gambergi, h. 366 Sen. 8gao, g. 363 Sen. 51galilei, g. 334geblingi, t. 364geieri, e. l. 359 Sen. 23, 361 Sen. 17gidensi, a. 346 Sen. 1goeTe, j. v. von 185goring, j. h. 334, 348gonsalesi, a. 354 Sen. 14goleJaki, v. 366 S 8, 364 Sen. 16grei, s. j. 354 Sen. 11groterati, a. 369 Sen. 31gudinafi, d. r. 355 Sen. 39gudStaini, l. d. 365 Sen. 61guldi, j. 346 Sen. 5gustav IV mefe, 41, 72

danielsoni, d. h. 370 Sen. 3darvini, C. 184devisi, h. 366 Sen. 69de kok van liuveni, j. a. k. 354 Sen. 25de muJi, m. 92, 131, 165, 185, 202, 320, 354 Sen. 11, 360 Sen. 51, 370 Sen. 8de tokvili, a. 20, 25, 346 Sen. 7de uaali, 346 Sen. 9dili, t. e. 253, 366 Sen. 2dekarti, r. 184desuza, e. r. 354 Sen. 23dia, m. 369 Sen. 33dibreli, C. k. 361 Sen. 28didero, d. 356 Sen. 56

393s a x e l o b iTi i n d e q s i

dienesi, e. 349 Sen. 4dioni, k. k. 352 Sen. 23dioni, k. l. 352 Sen. 23diribarni 56, 168, 170, 241, 350 Sen. 17, 351 Sen. 11, 355 Sen. 44, 355 Sen. 45, 355 Sen. 46, 359 Sen. 31, 359 Sen. 26dorfmani, p 348 Sen. 37drukeri, p. 365 Sen. 56duglasi, m 357 Sen. 9dugani, 348 Sen. 36durkemi, 156

eliasi, n. 147, 361 Sen. 7elisi, p. 366 S 69erazmusi, 148, 357 Sen. 80erber, m. u. 354 Sen. 23 eriboni, d. 346 Sen. 6erli, p. s. 96

vaimari, j. 365 Sen. 35van deuseni, k. a. 362 Sen. 30, 365 Sen. 36van diki, t. 346 Sen. 7van nimuegeni, 32, 349 Sen. 8van proJeni, a. a. 366 Sen. 69van rossumi, J. 123, 353 Sen. 4, 354 Sen.15van haafi, j. 348 Sen. 41, van de laari, g. 369 Sen. 27van de viveri, f, J. r. 348 Sen. 41van de vlierti, e. 119, 353 Sen. 4, 354 Sen. 11van den berg-vaiceli, l. 369 Sen. 27van den boSi, f. a. i. 366 Sen. 69van der veni, J. 367 Sen. 30van der veni, r. 363 Sen. 57, 368 Sen. 3veberi, r. a. 364 Sen. 48venkataramani, 32, 359 Sen. 30verba, s. 176, 360 Sen. 36verma, j. 361 Sen. 9, 346 Sen. 24vervei, i. 142, 353 Sen. 4, 356 Sen. 70vesterlundi, g. 366 Sen. 8verhoveni, r. 359 Sen. 32verhalsti, f. k. 355 Sen. 35, vulfi, f. m. 358 Sen. 23viueise, h. 363 Sen. 45vilba, k 369 Sen. 38vite, e. 284, 368 Sen. 34vonk, k. k. 348 Sen. 41volteri, t. 357 Sen. 76


vorfi, b. l. 368 Sen. 9vu, t. i. 361 Sen. 23, 364 Sen. 27, 370 Sen. 3vunderinki, m. 353 Sen. 4vutrixti, h. a. 368 Sen. 31

zaqaria, s. 355 Sen. 40zurxeri, e. 361 Sen. 6

Turiki, a. r. 359 Sen. 32

iani, u. f. 359 Sen. 23, 361 Sen. 17ielsma, p. 352 Sen. 23ieungi, i. i. m. 362 Sen. 33iizuka, i. 361 Sen. 13ii, l. f. 198inglharti, r. 38, 60, 61, 80, 118, 348 Sen. 39, 348 Sen. 40, 350 Sen. 29, 351 Sen. 6, 357 Sen. 87, 366 Sen. 12inkelesi, a. 28, 29, 357 Sen. 19, incereli, g. 365 Sen. 60iu, l. 369 Sen. 19iungi, g. k. 184

kaari, s. k. 363 Sen. 50kavali-sforza, l. l. 346 Sen. 10kaizeri, a. 364 Sen. 15 kaligiuri, p. m. 369 Sen. 20kalvini, j. 183kamfi, m. 354 Sen. 23,kanti, i. 184 karlseni, j. 369 Sen. 38karlconi, i. 261, 367 Sen. 15kasiusi, m. k. 355 Sen. 35kafka, f. 185kaSima, i. 90, 161, 357 Sen. 10, 352 Sen. 25keleni, b. 363 Sen. 64kempbeli, j. 208, 292, 360 Sen. 49, 363 Sen. 47, 368 Sen. 2kenedi, a. a. 253, 366 Sen. 2keroli, l. 185kernani, v. g. 369 Sen. 32kets de vri, m. 365 Sen. 37keteringi, k. f. 134 kili, d. j. 369 Sen. 37kim, u. 209, 363 Sen. 52, 363 Sen. 65, 363 Sen. 66kitaiama, s. 90, 352 Sen. 28klaidasi, a. k. S 365 Sen. 49


klarksoni, f. e. 353 Sen. 3klukhohni, f. r. 348 Sen. 35knapeni, b. 360 Sen. 5kobi, j. m. 368 Sen. 31kolmani, l. 349 Sen. 4koni, m. l. 349 Sen. 14konfuci, 64, 108, 189, 190, 200, 202, 207, 215kontarelo, a. 361 Sen. 13korotiCi, v. 99 kosta j, t. 353 Sen. 2, 357 Sen. 6kosta p. t. 91kostenblati, m. 355 Sen. 33koueni, p. 355 Sen. 29krozieri, m. 82, 364 Sen. 16, 364 Sen. 19, 351 Sen. 10, 366 Sen. 6kuSneri, k. 370 Sen. 43kremeri, a. 98, 370 Sen. 44kreiski, b. 354 S 44, 354 Sen. 45kubiCeki, h. 364 Sen. 15, kuzneci, s. 187 kuni, t. s. 341, 370 Sen. 5, 347 Sen. 31kuni, d. m. 370 Sen. 5kuperi, n. 355 Sen. 34, 356 Sen. 69kuhneni, u. 355 Sen. 40

laaksoneni , o. j. 365 Sen. 54lazega, e. 249laizgaardi, s. 361 Sen. 8lamersi k. j. 255, 323, 356 Sen. 66, 366 Sen. 7, 369 Sen.30 la porta, r. 359 Sen. 35laSi, k. 355 S 30, 355 Sen. 36, lege, v. 352 Sen 35levini, r. 143 177, 352 Sen. 24, 352 Sen. 32, 357 Sen. 75, 351 Sen. 85, 360 Sen. 41, 361 Sen. 9, 366 Sen. 63 levinsoni, d. j. 28, 29, 347 Sen. 19, 357 Sen. 85levi strosi, k. 15, 346 Sen. 6leviti, t. 320, 322levini, k. 184, 352 Sen. 24liang, S. m. 195lii, s. i. 361 Sen. 17likerti, r. 365 Sen. 50lini, i. t. 363 Sen. 49lini, r. 119, 157, 187, 354 Sen.12linei, k. 184linCi, p. d. 369 Sen. 24loki, r. 248, 366 Sen. 66


lombardi, v. 355 Sen. 30lope-de-silanesi, f. 359 Sen. 35lordi, m. d. 369 Sen. 24loreni, a. 165, 219, 364 Sen. 10lorenci, k. 355 Sen. 33lourensi, p. 151, 357 Sen. 2luisi, b. 212, d. 363 Sen. 55luisi, d. 311, 369 Sen. 18, luk, C. l. 277, 367 Sen. 25

magalhaesi, r. 365 Sen. 60maio, e. 367 Sen. 16makiaveli, n. 65, 241, 250, 344 Sen. 24, 365 Sen. 41maklenandi, d. k. 171, 172, 237, 359 Sen. 33,359 Sen. 34makrai, r. r. 91, 346 Sen. 4, 352 Sen. 30, 353 Sen. 2, 357 S 6, 367 Sen. 26makgregori, d. k. 233, 234, 338, 359 Sen. 39, 359 Sen. 50makluhani, m 370 Sen. 8makmilani, i.k. 359 Sen. 30malderi, m. 42, 348 Sen. 1mamani, a. 362 Sen. 29mao Zeduni, 64, 102, 225markuze, h. 185markusi, h. r. 90, 352 Sen. 28marqsi, k. 42, 65, 184marCi, j. g. 152, 357 Sen. 3, 366 Sen. 8maslou, a. h. 103, 172, 173, 174, 236, 353 Sen. 45macumoto, d. 91, 352 Sen. 31mbeki, T. 214menkeni, h. l. 368 Sen. 10meriti, a. k. 32, 369 Sen. 23mertoni, r. k. 267, 278, 367 Sen. 20metkalf, h. k. 364 Sen. 11midi, m. 28, 124, 147, 349 Sen. 15, 353 Sen. 1, 349 Sen. 15, 370 Sen. 3mincbergi, h. 227, 229, 364 Sen. 17, 364 Sen. 18, 364 Sen. 20miTeni, s. 346 S 11monteni, m. 247, 365 Sen. 62monteskie, k. l. 26, 347 Sen. 15morakuli, 402 Sen. 27moreno, a. 366 S 12, 348 Sen. 39, 350 Sen. 29, 357 Sen. 87morie, j. j. 291, 293, 310, 330, 368 Sen. 1moriceni, p. i. 364 S 5mosneri, b. 352 Sen. 16, 365 Sen. 38mouton, j. s. 355 Sen. 43, 365 Sen. 50, 367 Sen.19, 243, 266mueleri, k. b. 362 Sen. 30, 365 Sen. 36muleri, h. j. 369 Sen. 22


munro, d. 363 Sen. 50muri, k. a. 363 Sen. 53muri, k. 311, 346 Sen. 12, 369 Sen. 18

nauta, r. 356 Sen. 70negandi, a. r. 221, 363 Sen. 2neieni, b. 360 S 1, 362 Sen. 32, 348 Sen. 22Ng.S. H. 341 Sen. 26nikolson, n. 369 Sen. 20norderheveni, g. 213, 349 Sen. 4, 359 Sen. 32, 363 Sen. 59, 363 Sen. 60norenzaiani, a. 352 Sen. 32, 357 Sen. 75, 360 Sen. 41niutoni, i. 184nicSe, 184

oisermani, d. 351 Sen. 8olseni, j. p. 366 Sen. 8olmondi j. e. 176, 360 Sen. 36orueli, j. 64osvaldi, e. j. 359 Sen. 32ouCi, u. 226, 364 Sen. 14, 366 Sen. 4ohaivi, d. d. 354 Sen. 22, 366 Sen. 1, 368 Sen. 32

paik, k. l. 368 Sen. 8,paiperi, j. 255paJe, m. 254, 329, 364 Sen. 16, 366 Sen. 5, 370 Sen. 39parsoni, t. 348 Sen. 35paskali, b. 224, 247, 365 Sen. 62 patnemi, r. d. 360 Sen. 38pederseni, p. 331, 353 Sen. 40, 364 Sen. 30, 370 Sen. 42penei, m. 352 Sen. 35perlmuteri, h. v. 368 Sen. 6pesoneni, 354 S 23, peti, 361 Sen. 28petersoni, tpirsoni, k. 347 Sen. 24pitersi, t. j. 254-255, 258, 265-66, 280, 272, 354 Sen. 26, 366 Sen. 2, 366 Sen. 3, 368 Sen. 33pitersoni, m. f. 248, 348 Sen. 33, 348 Sen. 36, 350 Sen. 19, 351 Sen. 4, 351 Sen. 5, 356 Sen. 73, 368 Sen. 8pitersoni, r. m. 357 Sen. 28piu, d. s. 220, 363 Sen. 1, 366 Sen. 68, 367 Sen. 22planCardi, s. k. 358 Sen. 23platoni, 64, 145poperi, k. 184porter, m. 248, 366 Sen. 69, 369 Sen. 34


pradhani, r. 207, 208praiori, j. b. 354 Sen. 23prasadi, s. b. 221, 363 Sen. 2pumpini, k. 367 Sen. 31

ranfti, a. l. 369 Sen. 24raseli, b. 211, 340, 370 Sen. 4, 363 Sen. 54raibeki, d. 355 Sen. 33rexti, r. 369 Sen. 31redingi, g. 196, 361 Sen. 15, 361 Sen. 22, 362 Sen. 31rehderi, r. r. 369 Sen. 22rendeli, l. 346 Sen. 9renieri, g. j. 370 Sen. 2rederi, u. 355 Sen. 40ridi, r. 202, 362 Sen. 39rogovski, n. 365 Sen. 40rokiCi, m. 35, 188romi, k. t. 355 Sen. 12rosi, r. i. 11rozenkranci, 353 Sen. 3roulingi, j. k. 183, 181rufusi, k. m. 146ruSdi, s. 182

saierti, r. m. 357 Sen. 3sagivi, 348 Sen. 33samsonoviC, h. 357sandemosi, a. 355 Sen. 28sandersi, g. 354 Sen. 22, 355 Sen. 33, 366 Sen. 1, 368 Sen. 32saneri, r. 368 Sen. 19sapir, e. 362 Sen. 9sartri, J. 184sato, s. 357 Sen. 24safu, k. 362 sebeniusi, 369 Sen. 17sedleri, p. j. 349 Sen. 6servetusi, 183sefoldi, g. s. 366 Sen. 4

teilori, e. b. 366 Sen.11teraCiano, a. 353 Sen. 2ting-tumei, s. 363 Sen. 51tijani, b. 213, 363 Sen. 59, 363 Sen. 60tobini, j. j. 370 Sen. 3tolkieni, j. r. r. 185


tomseni, s. 353 Sen. 40, 364 Sen. 30tolgerdt-andersoni, i. 242, 365 Sen. 45triandisi, h. 350 Sen. 25, 87, 350 Sen. 21, 365 Sen. 47, 365 Sen. 52trompenaarsi, f. 37, 79, 80, 348 Sen. 34, 348 Sen. 36tuni, r. l. 362 Sen. 33, 368 Sen. 5

uaiThedi, h. 346 Sen. 9uaiti. u. f. 349 Sen. 48uaildmeni, r. i. 359 Sen. 32uakanti, 366 Sen. 71uenekersi, a. r. m. 359 Sen. 32uestbruki, m. T. 352 Sen. 35uilkinsi, a. l. 366 Sen. 4uiliamsi, j. e. 353 Sen. 4, 361 Sen. 11uiliamsoni, o. 226, 249, 364 Sen. 13 ueiki, 366 Sen. 4uodenhoveni, J. p. 221, 363 Sen. 3uolsinghemi, ser f. 148uongi, s. h. 361 Sen. 14uordi, k. 368 Sen. 4uotermani, r. h. 368 Sen. 33, 253, 254, 255, 258, 265, 266, 272, 280, 368 Sen. 33uotsi, a. 361 Sen. 25urviki, l. 358 Sen. 11

favero, o. 249faioli, 223, 224, 225, 364 Sen. 6, 364 Sen. 9farnhami, a. 368 Sen. 4ferdinandi, r. f. 355 Sen. 35fergiusoni, 365 Sen. 57 fitnesi, j. 354 Sen. 23filbriki, k. 357 Sen. 75, 360 Sen. 41filipsi, a. 370 Sen. 45filipsi, 350 Sen. 29, 353 Sen. 43, 357 Sen. 87fiSeri, g. 322, 343, 369 Sen. 29, 370 Sen. 6fleiSmani, e. a. 355 Sen. 43foleti, m. p. 225, 237fonda, h. 11forsi, 369 Sen. 38 franki, 369 Sen. 20frenki, 365 Sen. 58fridbergi, e 364 Sen. 16, 366 Sen. 6froidi, z. 145, 160, 180, 184, 237froilandi, e. 369 Sen. 38

svara, j. h. 32, 222, 364 Sen. 5,


simonseni, r. 363 Sen. 63sitari, t. 369 Sen. 38siostrandi, s. e. 366 Sen. 8slokumi, j. 365 Sen. 44smirkiCi, l. 366 Sen. 10smiTi, a. 103, 233smiTi, p. b. 163, 348 Sen. 36, 350 Sen. 19, 351 Sen. 4, 351 Sen. 5, 351 Sen. 7, 352 Sen. 29, 358 Sen. 16snaidermani, b. b. 352 Sen. 16, 365 Sen. 38sokrate, j 189, 190soetersi, j. 255, 366 Sen. 7, 367 Sen.14, 369 Sen. 31, 367 Sen. 29sondergaardi, m. 31, 31, 116, 347 Sen. 27sorJi, a. 151, 152, 230, 364 S 22, 366 S 13spirmeni, k. 347 Sen. 24, 359 Sen. 35stathami, a. 356 Sen. 50staini, h. 188

stivensi, o. j. 220, 354 Sen. 14stivensoni, h. v. 361 Sen. 17stiuarti, e. k. 248, 366 Sen. 65 stuarti, l. 248strauti, a. m. 362 S 35sun, i. s. 225, 364 S 12

taneni, d. 355 Sen. 42, teilori, h. u. 224, 225

uitkini, h. a. 355 Sen. 39uormi, v. 209, 363 Sen. 49

fogeli, s. r. 353 Sen. 3

qemelmeieri, m. 351 Sen. 8qleverli, g. 231 364 Sen. 25

Sama, d. d. 358 Sen. 23Sah, a. a. 355 Sen. 40Senki, e. e. j. 369 Sen. 22Seini, e. h. 369 Sen. 29Seini, s. 116, 170, 359 Sen. 29, 358 Sen. 30Svarci, s. h. 37, 79, 80, 116, 348 Sen. 33, 348 Sen. 36, 350 Sen. 19, 351 Sen. 4, 351 Sen. 5Sildaueri, J 357 Sen. 79Silsi, e. a. 348 Sen. 35,Sleiferi, a. 359 Sen. 35,Snabeli, p. 359 Sen. 48


Snaideri, l. 361 Sen. 8Sram-nilseni, j. 241, 365 Sen. 43Srederi, h. 258, 367 Sen. 14Stiglici, j. 214, 215, 362 Sen. 42, 363 Sen. 62, 369 Sen. 35Strobeki, f.l. 348 S 35, Stroebe, v. 358 S 21, Stoseli, J. 97, 347 Sen. 44, 350 Sen. 72, 351 Sen. 77Suberti, b. 355 Sen. 40Suleri, r.s. 365 Sen. 40,Sumaxeri, e. f. 356 Sen. 64Sumpeter, j. 170 Sufi, r. 362 Sen. 43,

Caildi, j. 215Carlzi, t. a. 362 Sen.30, 365 Sen. 36Cendleri, t.a. 358 Sen. 23Ceneri, h. b. 362 Sen. 35Cingi, duki, 220 Ciu-lim f. i. 361 Sen. 24Ci-Cengi, i. 195,

cao, x. 189, 360 Sen. 1

xanduala, p. n. 368

javidani, m. 348 Sen. 37jakovski, e. 242, 365 Sen. 44jankovi, 359 Sen. 35 jenkinsi, d. 365 Sen. 51joni, o. p. 367 Sen. 26

habibi, s 352 Sen. 26halmani, l. 366 Sen. 12, 356 Sen. 73, 357 Sen. 87, 348 Sen. 41, 350 Sen. 29hanoveri, 355 Sen. 40hanti, 365 Sen. 61, 361 Sen. 64hantingtoni, s. 346 Sen. 13hardingi, s. 350 Sen. 29, 353 Sen. 43, 357 Sen. 87hardi, o. 347 Sen. 17harisi, m. 27, 347 Sen. 16, 355 Sen. 43harisoni, l. 83, 351 Sen. 12,harzingi, a. v. 230, 290, 364 Sen. 22, 366 Sen. 13, 368 Sen. 5hastingsi, h. e. 355 Sen. 31, 358 Sen. 17, 362 Sen. 32, 363 Sen. 48hastingsi , p. k. 355 Sen. 31, 358 Sen. 17, 362 Sen. 32, 363 Sen. 48hausi, r. j. 37, 348haSimoto, t. 352 Sen. 24, 361 Sen. 9hajiuibvo, r. m. 352 Sen. 18, 368 Sen. 12


hegeli, f. 184heili, k. h. d. 357 Sen. 81helgeseni, r. l. 363 Sen. 65, 363 Sen. 66, helmraixi r. l. 369 Sen. 23hendersoni, m. 361 Sen. 13henjisi, p. 348 Sen. 37hercbergi, f. 84, 136, 237, 238, 352 Sen. 16, 356 Sen. 32, 365 Sen. 38, 365 Sen. 51hesiode, 39hiksoni, d. j. 363 Sen. 1, 366 Sen. 68, 367 Sen. 22hideki, i. 363 Sen. 53hili, k. 361 Sen. 11 hiumi, d. 337, 370 Sen. 1 ho, d. i. fhovsi, f. 369 Sen. 37holi, i. t. 86, 232, 352 Sen. 19homeini, a.r. 182hope, m. h. 32, 63, 353 Sen. 4, 365 Sen. 53horovici, j. h. 169. 229, 359 Sen. 28hsu, f. l. k. 90, 352 Sen. 27humana, 101, 352 Sen. 34, 353 Sen. 42hutci, k. 354 Sen. 23

403s a gn o br i v i i n d e q s i

sagnobrivi indeqsi

sagnobrivi indeqsi

(muqi SriftiT aRniSnulia gverdebi, sadac ganmartebulia)absentizmi, 272, 274agenti, 237, 372agresia, 29, 130, 157, 314adamianuri buneba, 13, 14adamianuri resursebi, 132, 252, 258, 259, 286, 288, 279adamianTa uflebebi, 101, 344adgilobrivi da kosmopolituri, 267, 278, avtoriteti, 52, 56, 123, 220, 223, 224, 225, 226, 249, 278, 307, avtokratia,43, 46, 47, 56, 198, 226, 242, avstralia, 33, 45, 46, 77, 82, 92,107, 108, 114, 115, 117, 122, 127, 137, 141, 155, 173, 175, 191, 192, 203, 222, 236, 305, 309 avstria, 11, 33, 45, 46, 78, 82, 83, 107, 114, 115, 118, 122, 145, 221, 237, 360, 156, 157, 173, 175, 179, 180, 184, 187, 192, 203avRaneTi,azrovnebis tipi, 207, 211, 343akulturacia, 294-97alkoholis moxmareba, 157, 158alJiri, 324aliansebi, 311-313ambicia, 128, 135, ix miRweva sagnobrivi indeqsiamerikis SeerTebuli Statebi

magaliTebi, 85, 103, 124, 129, 141kultura, 82, 107, 115, 122, 142ekonomikuri situacia, 65kvleva, 89, 96, 98, 123, 137, 139, 141

amnistia, saerTaSoriso, 311, 325, 344analizis done, 80, 118 anTropologia, 13, 28, 74, 278, 254, 327, 372arabulenovani qveynebi, 33, 78, 87, 142aratolerantoba, ix tolerantobaargentina, 33, 44, 78, 82, 107, 115, 117, 122, 140, 155, 173, 175, 221arCevnebi, 63, 62, 141, 324asakobrivi sxvaobebi, 118-120, 159, 194asertiuloba,38, 91, 112, 191asimilacia da integracia, 306, 309, 38, 139, 146asteriqsi, 16,astonis kvleva, 220, 272afiliaciis motivi, 171afrika,10, 21-23, 156, 181, 213-215, 295, 298, 303, 304

dasavleTi, 44, 78, 115, 155, 173, 175, 203

404 sagnobrivi indeqsi

aRmosavleTi,45, 77, 82, 107, 114, 115, 122, 155, 173, axali gvinea, 23axali zelandia,10, 33, 45, 46, 77, 82, 106, 107, 114-17, 122, 155, 173, 175, 191, 192, 203, 221, 236

bazrebi,rogorc organizaciuli modeli, 223, 225, 226, 249produqtebisa da momsaxurebisaTvis, 201, 261, 269, 283,

bangladeSi, 33, 44, 77, 82, 107, 115, 117, 122, 155, 173, 175, 192, 203, 212, 221, bankebi, 234, 286baskeTi, 350 Sen. 20 bedniereba, 38, 91, 162, 163, 194belgia, 33, 44, 45, 77, 81, 82, 84, 107, 111, 114, 115, 117, 122, 141, 155, 173, 175, 177, 192, 203, 222, 300, bi an multikulturaluri/mravalkulturuli, 291, 297, 313, 336, 338, 339, biznesmiznebi, 233, 362biurokratia, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 229, 326, biujetebi, 438, 231, 271-74, 286brazilia, 33, 45, 77, 82, 107, 116, 122, 127, 156, britaneTi, ix didi britaneTibudizmi, 24, 142, 182, 183, 208, bulgareTi, 33, 45, 77, 82, 107bundovaneba, ix gaurkvevloba bunebrivi kataklizmebi, 24, ix. katastrofa, 213, buRalteria, 231-33,

gadasaxadi, 61, 67, 137, 138, 183, 201gadawyvetilebebi, 53, 83, 100, 174, 177, 199, 231, 248, 162, 166, 311, 317, 319, 321-24, 342gaerTianebuli arabeTis emiratebi, 33, 317gaerTianebuli samefo, ix did britaneTi,gaero, 101, 102, 140-141, 164, 188, 201, 213, 325gazeTebi, 60, 61, 101, 112, 129, 141, 166, 167, 339, 340gaiana, 214gamokiTxvebi, 32, 134, 135, 139, 234, 263, 284, 341gana, 33, 214ganaTleba, ix. skolaganaTlebis done, 49, 53, 267, 273ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro daxmareba, 36, 139, 326, ganzomilebiTi modeli, 371 garemo,150, 168, 174, 179, 180, 193, 198, 208, 209, 215, 238, 245, 252, 262, 265garegani da Sinagani, 84, 202, 237


gaucxoeba, 277, 278gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba, 159-68, 171-86, 215, 220, 221, 228, 229, 243-44, 263, 284, 310, 313, 316, 321-26, 371gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba da individualizmi, 175, 116genderi/sqesi, 38, 111, 118, 119, 120, 121, 125, 128, 159

bavSvTa arCeva sqesis mixedviT, 150genocidi, 292geografiuli ganedi, 68, 69, 105, 108germania,

magaliTebi, 46, 51, 65, 77, 114,119, 138, 141, 143, 151, 152, ,177, 156, 163, 245kultura, 109, 129, 141, 180, 233, 235, 284, 305, 334

geStalti, 260, 280, 282, 371gvatemala, 33, 44, 78, 82, 107, 115, 117, 122, 155, 173, 175, 221gmirebi, 230, 232, 257, 258, 269, 293, 294, 312, 335, 371globaluri sofeli, 20 370 Sen. 8 gonebrivi daprogrameba, 12, 53, 55, 101, 113guanxi, 200, 201, 204gul-sisxlZarRvTa davadebebi, 157 guru, 35, 54, 58, 164, 245,

dabinZureba, ix garemodagegmva, 439, 169, 229, 230, 261, 327dagrovili fuli, 204, 192daTanxmebuloba, 80, 163dainteresebuli (organizaciebi), 266, 314danaSauli, 12, 27, 87, 89, 206, danaSulis (kultura), 87dania,

kultura, 46, 114, 126, 147, 222, 270, 273, 275, 326kvlevebi, 40, 118, 139, 141, 143, 156, 184, 215, 257, 329

dakavSireba/ damokidebuleba, 165, 238dakmayofileba, 194, 218, 268damoukidebloba, ix. daqvemdebarebadasaqmebulobis stabiluroba,135, 168, 171dasveneba,27, 38, 169, 238, 240daJineba, 190daqvemdebareba, 46, 47, 55-57, 59, 60, 63, 97, 100, 131, 134, 230dawinaureba, ix ambicia,daxmarebis qceva, 177deduqcia da induqcia, 184demokratia,57, 59, 83, 141, 228, 243, 323decentralizacia, 35dnm, 22 didi britaneTi,


magaliTebi, 130, 141, 163, 168kultura, 24, 33, 45, 46, 51, 77, 84, 103, 107, 115, 117, 122, 129, 134, 137, 305kvlevebi,169, 177, 214, 229, 103, 130, 141

diplomatebi, 327, 293. 310, 311, 312diqtatorebi, 344

egvipte, 23, 33, 39, 78ego, 118, 119, 209, 238, 310 evrokavSiri, 26, 138, 139, 179, 188, 205, 325eTika, 207, 208eTiopia, 23, 33, eTnikuroba, 14, 19, 26, 38, 39, 94, eTnocentrizmi, 297, 298, 304, 309, 341, 372ekologia, ix garemoekonomikuri winsvla, 191ekonomikuri zrda, 137, 140, 201-204ekonomika, 103, 107, 108, 180, 187, 204, 206, 214, 323, 324, 343ekvatori, 33, 44, 68, 78, 114, 115, 148, 155, el salvadori, 133,m 451, 78, 114, 115, 155elita,31, 55, 63, 64, 129, 145, 147, 305emociebi,91, 157, 162, 255, 295, 353ena, 299, 300, 303, 305, 307, 313, 338erayi, 33 erovnuli maxasiaTeblebi, 334espaneTi,33, 44, 66, 78, 82, 107, 114, 115, 117, 122, 147, 155, 173, 175, 192, 203, 205, 247estoneTi, 33, 44, 77, 82, 107, 114, 115, 117, 155, 175efeqtianoba, (cxrili 2.4) 58, 60efeqturoba, (teilori), 224, 249, 266, 316, 323, 329eqspatriantebi, 86, 295, 296, 297, 298, 303, 304, 306, 313, 318, 328, 329, 330, 331, 338eqspertebi, 145, 165, 166, 167, eqspresiuloba, 157eqstremizmi, 179, 181eWvi, 160, 229, 307, 73

validacia, 36, 37valonia, ix. belgiavaWroba, 100, 139, 140, 147, 148, 234, 343venesuela, 33, 44, 78, 82, 107, 114, 115, 117, 148, 156, 173, 175, 221vietnami, 33, 45, 77, 82, 107, 115, 117, 122, 156, 173, 175, 192, 203, 221vikingebi, 147

zambia, 33


zimbabve, 72, 191, 192, 206, 214

Tanasworoba, ix uTanasworobaTanasworobis principi, 134Tavisufleba, 199, 204, 205, 221, 255, 269, 311Taoba, 11, 38, 39, 40TamaSebi,123, 124, 231Tanadaqvemdebareba, ix daqvemdebarebaTeoriebi, 63-66, 102-104, 184, 223, 225, 226, 232, 243, 244, 247, 309

TviTmyofadobis koncefcia, 29

iamaika, 33, 44, 78, 82, 107, 114, 115, 117, 122, 156, 173, 175, 221, 236iaponia,

magaliTebi, 109, 157, 171, 176, 181, 187, 206, 212, 232, 243, 246, kultura, 33, 44, , 62, 64, 78, 82,111, 114, 115, 117, 118, 122, 124, 129, 191, 192, 197, 200, 208, 221, 246, 249

IBM-is kvlevis replikaciebi, 31, 34, 257IBM, 28-31, 336IMF (saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi) 201, 205, 206, 214ICT (informaciuli da komunikaciuri teqnologiebi), 18, 19, 301, 302. 341IRIC(kulturaTSorisi TanamSromlobisa kvlevis instituti), 256-259, 262-78, 280-84ideebi, 63, 102, 104 ix. Teoriebi,identoba, 18, 40, 74, 262, 267, 293, 294, 298, 305

korporaciuli identoba, 287ideologia, 28, 61, 104, 126, 184, 243, 305ierarqia, 18, 37, 52, 59, 172, 198, 219, 226, 227, 229, 255imigrantebi. ix. migrantebi,indoeTi, 33, 44, 78, 82, 97, 106, 107, 115, 117, 122, 150, 156, 173, 175, 192, 201, 203, 205, 221, 236, 344individualizmi, 75, 95, 99, 101, 102, 106, 107, 108, 112, 113, 117, 161, 175, 176, 180, 181, 182,202, 206, 207, 222, 263, 270, 303, 316, 323, 336, indonezia, 33, 44, 54, 78, 82, 107, 115, 117, 122, 127, 150, 155, 173, 175, 181, 221, 239, 301inglisi, ix didi britaneTiinduizmi, 144, 182, 208indmewarmeebi, 171, 189, 195, 198, 199, 205,investorebi, 100, 104, 234, 302 intraprenerebi, 170, ix indmewarmeebiinstitutebi, 26, 47, 49, 62, 80, 81, 153, 214inovacia, 170, 171, 198, 212irani, 44, 78, 82, 107, 115, 117, 122, 142, 155, 173, 175, 221irlandia, 33, 45, 46, 77, 82, 107, 114, 115, 117, 122, 127, 134

408

CrdiloeTi, 293islami, 182, 183, 208, 211, 212, 213israeli, 33, 45, 46, 68, 78, 84, 107, 115, 117, 122, 156, 173, 175, 221, 243, 292italia, 33, 44, 51, 65, 77, 82, 92, 107, 114, 115, 117, 122, 139, 141, 156, 173, 175, 180, 192, 233, 241, 242iugoslavia, 45, 292, 293

iudaizmi, 182, 208, 211, 292

iumori, 166, 299, 300, 330, 291

kameruni, 214kavSirebi/gaerTianebebi, 61kanada, 33, 44, 45, 46, 77, 82, 107, 115, 116, 117, 122, 155, 173, 175, 192, 203, kapitalizmi, 233, 312, 324,kariera, ix ambiciakatolicizmi, ixileT romauli katolicizmi (140,)kenia, 33kerZo, ix, sajaro da kerZokvebeki, ix kanada,klanebi, 226klasi, ix. socialuri klasiklimati, 69, 147, 342, organizaciuli, 218, 253, 267, 268, kofeinis moxmareba, 86, 132, 147, 158, kognituri unarebi (procesebi), 196, 211, koleqtivizmi, 372 ix. individualizmi komunikacia, 54, 58, 86, 87, 89, 176, 233, 259, 299, 301, 311, 312, 331, komunizmi, 205, 324kompensacia, 62, 133, 189, 201, 240, 343, konfliqti, 10, 19, 22, 29, 37, 64, 73, 85, 94, 96, 97, 134, 138, 140, 146, 169, 180, 181, 183, 186, 188, 218, 221, 255, 276, 292-94, 310, 311, 319, 326, 328konfucis dinamizmi, 191, 372, konfucianizmi, 64, 190, 191, 193, 204, 208, 209, kongo, 304konsesusi,60, konservatizmi, 37, 178, 179, kontroli, 308-14, 318, 327, 358, kooperacia ix. TanamSromlobakooperaciuli mflobelobis kompaniebi, 234 korporaciuli kultura, ix organizaciuli kultura korporaciuli mmarTveloba, 233, 235, korelacia, 34-37, 372korufcia, 62, 63, 67, 323, 327,


korea, samxreTi, 64, 156, 191, 201kosta-rika, 33, 45, 78, 82, 83, 107,114, 116, 117, 122, 155, 175, 181, kultura,12, 13, 372

cxovelebis, 21asimilatori, 332, 372biznesis, 356, 316-317cvlilebis, 19-21, 40, 70 konvergencia, 187, 320, da kooperacia, 25korporaciuli, ix. organizaciuli kulturaerovnuli kulturebis ganzomilebebi,28, 39, 41, organizaciuli kulturebis ganzomilebebi, 251-258, 273, mravalferovneba, 23, 337, marTvis, 27erovnuli,28, 230, 256, 257, 269, 312, 325, 372profesiuli, 19, 136, 273, 279, 331, organizaciuli,21, 40, 251- 254, 267, 270, 271, 281, 282, 311, 318, 335, 373preistoria, 21, 23, ix warmoSobakvleva, kulturis, 340, 341Soki, kulturuli, 10, 41, 46, 294-97, 372stabiluroba, 21, 190Zlieri, 180, 254, 265, 266

kuveiti, 33kulturaTSorisi urTierTobebi, 302, 303, 304, 311, 329, 335, 338, 291, 293, 300, ix. kulturaTSorisi treningi

laTinuri amerika, 45, 82, 117, 122, 175, 221libani, 33libia, 33ltolvilebi. ix migrantebi,luqsemburgi, 23, 33, 44, 77, 84, 107, 117, 122, 139, 156, 173, 175, 221

manqanis modeli, 220malaizia, 23, 33, 44, 45, 77, 82, 107, 116, 117, 122, 156, 173, 175, 181, 214, 221, 247malta, 33, 44, 78, 82, 107, 115, 117, 122, 155, 173, 175, 221maTematikuri unarebi, ix maTematikamaTematika, 196maCizmo,277, 27, 299manqanebi, 57, 133, 136, 165, 170, 218, 233, marketingi, 92, 131, 165, 320, 322maroko, 33, 45, 78, 82, 107, 116, 117, 122, 155, 173, 175, 221, 302, 306maskulinoba, 112, 116, 117, 118, 121, 122, 124, 127, 131, 132, 137, 142, 171, 173, 279, 310, 316, 321, 323, 340maskulinoba da individualizmi, 117


maskulinoba da garkvevlobis Tavidan acileba, 105, 173 masteri, 221matriculi organizaciebi, 224maswavleblebi, 18, 37, 53, 54, 63, 93, 116, 127, 128, 130, 131, 133, 165, 187, 303, 304, 307, 308, 332, mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi, 11, 126media, 15, 92, 112, 253, 301, 337, 339, mediatorebi, 310menejerebi da menejmenti,

rogorc daqiravebuli, 27Sexedulebebi menejmentTan dakavSirebiT, 56, 113miznebi (MBO), 57, 97, 245monawileobiTi, 66, 243, 244, 313prerogativebi, 66, 244roli da amocana,55, 57, 59, 60, 96, 97, 98, 100, 136, 156, 169, 201, 224Teoriebi, 59, 243, 244, 247treningi, 246, 260, 262, 266, 328, 329,

meqsika, 33, 44, 45, 77, 82, 107, 114, 115, 117, 118, 122, 148, 156, 173, 175, 221mecniereba, 30, 36, 101, 125, 184, 186, 196, 210, 341migrantebi, 293, 295, 297, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309miTebi, 125, 208, 321miRweva, 121, 195, 199, 272, 277, 278, 309, 310, 328, 359 Sen. 33mniSvnelovani, ix. statistikurad mniSvnelovanimovaleoba (cxrili5.4), 164, 189, 213, 224, 239, 329 molaparakebebi, 293, 309, 310, 311momavali,70-72, 108, 149, 187, 215momWirneoba, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195, 197, 198, 202momxmareblebi, 27, 32, 48, 351, 254, 268, 301monadire-Semgrovebeli, 22, 69, 105moklevadiani orientacia, 36, 191, 192, 196, 316mokrZalebuloba, 439moraluroba (moraluri), 15, 17, 48, 94, 96, 143, 197, 223, 233, 230, morCileba, 47, 51, 58, 64, 69, 194, 195, 197, 332mosaxleoba,

zrda, 213, 149, , 327, 342raodenoba, 68, 69, 71, 186

motivacia, 103, 150, 171, 172, 174, 184, 237, 147, 321, 373 moqalaqeebi, 175-179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 206, 215, 254, 255, 300, 314, 323, 328 mravalerovnuli, 23, 29, 56, 230, 245, 311, 312, 313, 314, 316, 317, 318mravalkulturuli, 291, 336, 338, 318mSoblebi da maswavleblebi, 130, 165, muSaobis xarisxis Sefaseba, 245multinacionaluri, 312, 316, ix mravalerovnuli


mTavroba, 100, 101, 141, 176, 177, 180, 210, 222, 302, 305muSaTa gaerTienebebi, ix gaerTianebamunicipalitetebi, 222

narkotikebi, 139, 343, 344nacionalizmi, 179, 180, 186ndoba, 57, 60, 61, 98, 158, 174, 229, 310, 327niderlandebi,

magaliTi, 16, 111, 134, 147, 148, 179, 222, 235kultura, 45, 77, 82, 107, 116, 117, 122, 155, 175, 192, 203, 221kvleva, 56, 141, 235, 242, 249

nigeria, 33, 191, 192, 206, 208neirotizmi, 91, 157, 158, 162nikaragua, 83normebi, 15, 28, 53, 88, 111, 126, 127, 158, 160, 161, 195, 229, 236, 167, 347norvegia, 33, 45, 46, 77, 82, 107, 114-18, 122, 137, 141, 143, 147, 155, 173, 175, 187, 192, 203, 221, 134, 255, 329nebarTvis indeqsi, 139

omi,14organizaciacvlilebebi organizaciaSi, 253, 254, 255, 266, 284, 286, 287, 288kultura, organizaciuli, ix, organizaciuli kulturaganviTareba, 246modelebi, organizaciuli, 219, 220, 226, 228, 313, 328saqmianoba, 19, 157, 316, 317, 325, sidide, 136, 170-171, 272struqtura, 227, 254, 327, 169subkulturebi, 105, 275, 282, 284, 288, Teoriebi, 223, 225, 247, 249, 338ojaxi

rogorc instituti, 26, 47, 52, 125, 126, 153, 154rogorc organizaciuli modeli, 190, 198, 220, 226, 228didi,ojaxi, 84, 108, 123, 149, 371burTvuli ojaxi, 74, 84, 105, 371 urTierToba col-qmars Soris, 87, 88, 89urTierToba mSoblebsa da bavSvebs Soris75, 79, 81, 85, 92, 93, 96, 107, 112

pakistani, 33, 44, 78, 82, 106, 107, 116, 117, 122, 156, 173, 175, 191, 192, 203, 221 palestina, 292panama, 33, 44, 45, 78, 82, 107, 115, 117, 122, 155, 173, 175, 221paradigma, 37, 38, 249, 341, 373partikularizmi, 37, 100, 373

412

partia, ix politika,pasuxismgebloba, 124, 128, 170, 177, 178, 179, 199, 204, 215, 216, 222, 250, 233, 235, 236, 238, 242, 266, 272, 275, 280, 316, 318, 338, 340pativiscema, , 35, 41, 52, 54, 58, 79, 100, 101, 174, 183, 186, 190-99, 200, 236, 307, 308, 332, 344patimrebi, 157, 206, 211profesia, 19, 39, 49, 84, 95pirovneba, 14, 28, 46, 73-75, 90-95, 154, 170, 190, 223, 225, 252, 278, 286, 327peru, 33, 45, 78, 82, 84, 114, 115, 117, 122, 148, 155, 173, 175, 182, 221, 242pilotebi, 32piradobis mowmobis tarebis valdebuleba, 178piramidis modeli, 219, 220politika, 58, 60, 61, 67, 87, 139, 237, 238, 280, 288, 306, 309, 312-13, 322-24, 327, 237, 238, 286, 288policia, 55, 101, 130, 259poloneTi, 33, 45, 78, 82, 107, 114, 115, 117, 122, 155, 173, 175, 182, 192, 203, 205, 206, 221portugalia, 44, 66, 77, 82, 107, 114-17, 122, 141, 147, 155, 173, 175, 181, 192, 203, 205, 221praqtikebi, 247, 256, 257, 258, 261, 263, 264, 271, 277, 280, 281, 293, 312, 318, 339presis Tavisufleba, 101privatizeba, 99privilegiebi, 56, 57, 59, 60, 67, 151, 304produqtis dizaini, 218, 320proeqti “Globe“, 37, 79, 244, protestantizmi, 24, 65, 142, 144, 179, 181, 182, 183, 207, 223, 293protesti, 177, 178

rasa, rasizmi, 160, 180, 200, 292, racionaluroba, 209, 211, 242regioni, 30, 32, 35, 38, 42, 44, 50, 77, 114, 115, 154-56, 191, 192, 201, 252, 300revolucia, 23, 41, 65, 67, 169, 205reklamireba, 320, 321, relativizmi, 15, 186, 336, 373religia, 142-44, 146, 152, 181-83, 186, 190, 199, 207, 211, 212riski, 34, 140, 152, 158, 159, 167, , 186, 198, 262, 308, 309, 317, 318ritualebi, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 39, 144, 181, 229, 230, 232, 251, 254, 257, 258, 260, 287, 293, 311, 312, 330, 335, 373romauli kaTolicizmi, 144rumineTi, 33, 44, 77, 82, 107, 114, 115, 117, 122, 155, 173, 175ruseTi, 33. 44. 45. 72. 77. 82. 99. 107. 114. 115. 117. 122. 140. 155. 173. 175. 221. 324

413

saberZneTiZveli, 23, 64, 145, 189Tanamedrove, 33, 44, 64, 77, 82, 87, 115,117, 141, 155, 243sabWoTa kavSiri, 26, 324sazogadoeba, 25, 40-41, 153sazogadoebis keTildReoba, 137 samSvidobo misiebi, 326, 344samxreTi afrika, 82, 114, 115, 155, 196, samxedro, 24, 41, 140, 280, 324, 326samuSao miznebi, 75, 76, 112samuSao adgili, 49, 52, 75, 96, 98, 100, 138, 159, 168, 174, 246, 251, 289, 371, sasurveli da Cafiqrebuli, 27, saudis arabeTi, 33, 78, 182saukeTesos ZiebaSi, 253, 265, 280 safrangeTi,magaliTebi, 33, 41, 45, 46, 51, 56, 77, 82, 114, 130, 134, 303, 305, 323 kultura, 41, 42, 45, 49, 81, 82safrTxe, 160, 162saSualo klasi, 49, 51, 55, 61, 67, 97, 194saxe, 87, 97, 174, 190, 236, 256, saxelmwifo. ix mTavrobasajaro moxeleebi, 32, 168, 222, sajaro da kerZo, 369 Sen 38sekularizacia, 142, 143, 146senegali, 214, serbeTi, 33, 44, 45, 77, 82, 107, 114, 115, 117, 122, 155, 173, 175, 181, 221seqsualuroba, 126, 128, 144simboloebi, 15, 16, 25, 39, 57, 59, 61, 230, 257, 280, 287, 293, 294, 311, 335, 373sibinZure,160, simdidre, erovnuli,106, 202, 206, 323, 69simdidre, piradi, 235, 236sisufTave, 165, 167, 233sircxvili, 13, 66, 87, 190, 192, 194, 198, 244siCqaris zRvari, 159, 152SAS (skandinaviis aviaxazebis sistema), 261skola, 27, 47, 53-58, 93, 98, 100, 109, 112, 127, 129, 133, 137, 164, 279, 294, 300, 304, 307, 308, 334, 338siera leone, 33singapuri, 77, 82, 102, 105, 106, 107, 115, 117, 122, 156, 173, 175, 182, 185, 191, 192, 197 slovakeTi, 33, 44, 45, 77, 78, 82, 107, 114, 115, 117, 122, 155, 192, 203, 205, 221slovenia, 33, 82, 107, 114, 116, 117, 122, 155, 173, 175


solidaroba sustebTan, 137, 139somali, 213soflis meurneoba, 25, 29, 69, 105, 137socialuri klasi, 13, 19, 39, 49, 53, 194, 256, 335 saSualo, 49, 51, 61, 67, 70, 97socialuri mobiloba, 70socializacia, 112, 121, 143, 246, 258, 374sociologia,9, 98, 151, 248, 249, 278specializacia, 23, 272, 273strategiuli aliansebi, ix. aliansebistresi, 153, 154, 157, 159, 162, 187, 188, 309, struqtura, 214, 220-28, 245, 248, 254, 271-73, 281, 283, 309, 310, 314, 316, 317, 327, 328, 340studentebi, 31, 35, 39, 48, 84, 865, 99, 127, 129, 133, 164, 165, 167, 194, 220, 222, 234, 238, 245, 303-304, 308, 332, 345suicidi, TviTmkvleloba, 129, 139, 156, 157, 296, superego, 160, 162, 238surinami, 33, 44, 78, 82, 107, 114, 115, 117, 122, 155, 173, 175, 221

ukmayofilebis arxebi, 243umciresobebi,25, 38, 97, 178, 180, 181, 305, 308, 325, 337ungreTi, 33, 44, 77, 82, 107, 114, 115, 117, 117, 122, 155, 173, 175, 203, 205, 236undobloba, ix ndobauniversalizmi, 37, 100, 181, 98, 374uflebamosilebis gazrda, 374urTierToba, 201, 225, 251, 252, 254, 262, 275, 276, 280, 286, 294, 297, 298, 303, 307, 308, 310, 322, 328, 332, 334, 335, 336, 337 urTierTdamokidebuleba, 58, ix damokidebuleba, uTanasworoba, 29, 41, 49, 50, 56, 57, 58, 61, 71, 121, 143, 322, 335urbanuli ganviTareba, 69, 70, 105urugvai, 33, 44, 77, 82, 107, 114, 115, 122, 155, 173, 175, 221usafrTxoeba, 103, 173

tabu, 18, 126, 128, 160, 162, 164, 190, 300taivani, 33, 44, 64, 78, 82, 102, 105, 107, 115, 117, 122, 155, 173, 185, 191, 192, 197, 201, 203, 221, 225tailandi, 33, 45, 77, 82, 107, 115, 122, 130, 142, 150, 155, 156, 173, 185, 192, 199, 203, 205, 221tanzania, 33televizia, 301, 339terorizmi, 12, 324, 344teqnologia, 18, 20, 70, 149, 152, 210, 261tipologia, 30, 371tolerantoba, 79, 171, 174, 179, 181, 184, 185, 186, 187,


188, 195, 197, 330, 337tradicia, 24, 67, 147, 169, 197, 200, 238, 239, 240, 343transaqciuli xarjebi, 226, 249treningi, kulturaTSorisi, 10, 296, 299trinidadi, 33, 44, 78, 82, 107, 114, 115, 117, 122, 155, 173, 175, 221turizmi, 302

faqtoruli analizi, 42, 76, 114, 206, 264, faSizmi, 180feminuroba, 270 ix maskulinobafilipinebi, 155, 173, 181, 185, 191, 192, 203, 205, 221filosofia, 65, 144, 186, 190, 229, 266, 269, 306, 327, 340fineTi, 33, 45, 46, 77, 82, 107, 114, 115, 117, 122, 127, 137, 140, 147, 155, 156, 173, 175, 192, 203, 215, 255, 329, 362fizikuri dasja, 55, 182, 206, flandria, ix. belgiaformalizacia, 227, 228, 272, 274fsiqikuri janmrTeloba, 112fsiqiatria, 53, 156, 309fsiqologia, 47, 103, 209, 248, 278, 438 fundamentalizmi, 325, 374, 186, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 309

qaosi, 133, 169, 213, 174, qalebimenejmentSi, 135, 274, 346, 111politikaSi,religiaSi,qarizma, 60, 67, 238, 284, 319qristianoba, 24, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 182, 208, 211, 212,qsenofilia, 297, 298, 374qsenofobia, 179, 180, 186, 374qorwineba, 88, 89, 139, 144, 194, 197, 307, 308

Rirebulebebi, 15-19, 21, 27-29, 35, 36, 38, 39, 118-21, 137, 141-43, 149-52, 215, 223, 227, 232-33, 241, 243, 245, 270, 277, 279, 293-95, 301, 303, 305-12, 317, 322-25, 327-28, 330, 335-39, 342-44, 374Rirebulebis msoflio kiTxvari (WVS), 38, 118, 348, 195Rirebulebis kiTxvaris moduli (VSM), 31, 32, 105, 349Rirseba, 52, 103, 190, 236, 349

SeerTeba, 282, 283SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone, 55, 92, 93, SeiaraReba, 137, 140Semosavali, 112, 121, 124, 137Semosavlis ganawileba, 71


SemTxvevebi, 157 Sexvedrebi, 16, 73, 109, 134, 260, 263, 298, 300, 310, 350, Sejibri, xalxTa Soris, 112, 119, 123, 133, 135, 246, bazarze, 136, 248, SvedeTi,magaliTebi, , 41, 42, 46, 66, 78, 109, 114, 118, 127, 134, 136, 137, 110, 140, 141, 184, 205, 208, 314, 332ultura, 33, 45, 77, 82, 107, 116, 117, 122, 156, 173, 192, 203, 221Sveicaria, 33, 45, 77, 82, 107, 115, 117, 122, 155, 175, 192, 300, 304-304Sidsi, 12, 126, 213, 214Sinagani ix. gareganiSrilanka, 201Sotlandia, ix didi britaneTiSfoTva,156, 157, 158, 168, 254, 327, 372

CexeTis respublika, 44, 78, 82, 115, 156, 192, 203, 205Cile, 33, 45, 77, 107, 114, 115, 117, 122, 148, 173, 175, CineTi, istoria da filosofia, 10, 23, 62, 64, 103, 185, 189, 204, 205, 215, 225, 226, 229, 344, xalxTa respublika, 33, 44, 64, 77, 82, 107, 101,115, 117,122, 156, 173, 175, 192, 203, 221, 225, 349 Cinuri Rirebulebebis kiTxvari (CVS), 36, 79, 189, 190, 191, 193, 198, 199, 202, 214

centralizacia, 81, 272, 314, 323, cxovelebTan dakavSirebuli metafora,281cxovrebis ritmi, 91, 168cxovrebis xarisxi, 114, 123, 124, 173, 325

WeSmariteba, 37, 54, 58, 85, 160, 182, 183, 186, 207, 208, 209, 210

Zaladoba, 55, 60, 61, 67, 292, 323, 337Zalauflebrivi distancia da maskulinoba, 122, 279 Zalauflebrivi distancia da garkvevlobis Tavidan acileba, 141, 219, 229, 323Zalaufleba, rogorc motivi, 168, 220, 249, 336, Zalauflebrivi distancia, 30, 42-48, 53, 55, 60, 62, 63, 81, 122, 168, 186, 219, 223, 228, 284, 308, 310, 316, 323, indeqsi, 374

warmatebuloba, 127, 129, 137, ix saukeTesos ZiebaSi,wesebi, 152-162, 168, 170, 174, 176, 185, 209, 212, 223-26, 238, 253, 294, 307, 314


wvrilmani gasamrjelo, 322wigniereba,130winsvla. ix. ambicia

xangrZlivi orientacia, 191, 193, 200, 203, 204, 211, 310, 371xorvatia, 33, 44, 77, 82, 107, 114, 115, 117, 122, 156, 173, xelmZRvaneloba, 205, 253, 261xelfasi, 56, 57, 59, 63, 71, 96, 237, 240

jante, 129 jgufTaSorisi, 181, 186jgufisgare ix jgufTaSorisiGNP (mTliani erovnuli produqti), 37, 79, 80, 244, GNP erT sul mosaxleze (ix. erovnuli simdidre), 36, 373GNP erT sul mosaxleze 2000 wels da individualizmi,

hanzas liga, 147„hermesi“, 9homeostazi, 18, 374hong-kongi, 35, 45, 64, 77, 82, 105, 107, 115, 117, 122, 156, 185, 191, 192, 195, 195, 201, 203, 221, 236, 27, 344humanizacia, samuSaos, 138


avtorebis Sesaxeb

girt hofstedem (daibada 1928 wels) daamTavra delftis teqnikuri uni-versiteti inJiner-meqanikosis kvalifikaciiT. 10 weli muSaobda holan-diis samrewvelo sawarmoebSi teqnikur da xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze. amasTanave, dauswreblad swavlobda groningenis universitetSi, sadac daamTavra doqtorantura socialur fsiqologiis ganxriT. mas ekuTvnis sadoqtoro naSromi `biujetis kontrolis TamaSi~. mogvianebiT muSao-ba daiwyo IBM-is evropis filialSi, sadac daaarsa da xelmZRvanelobda personalis kvlevis ganyofilebas. misi akademiuri kariera daiwyo IMD-Si (lozana) da gagrZelda INSEAD-Si (fontenblo), menejmentis evropis samagistro institutSi (briuseli), gamoyenebiTi sistemebis analizis saerTaSoriso institutSi (luqsenburgis sasaxle, avstria), maastrixtis universitetSi, sadac aswavlida organizaciul anTropologiasa da saer-TaSoriso menejments 1993 wels pensiaSi gasvlamde. 1980-dan 1983 wlamde is leidenSi mokle xniT ubrundeba mrewvelobas, rogorc adamianuri re-sursebis ganyofilebis direqtori fasonis evropis filialSi. igi gaxl-daT interkulturuli kooperaciis kvleviTi institutis TanadamfuZne-beli da pirveli direqtori, romelic masTan erTad gadavida maastrixtis universitetSi, xolo misi pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg _ tilburgis universi-tetSi, romelic 2004 wels daixura. girti aris tilburgis universitetis ekonomikuri kvlevis centris profesori. 1993 wlidan 2000 wlamde iyo hong-kongis universitetis sapatio profesori.

girtis wignebi gamoqveynebulia 18 enaze, xolo misi statiebi ibeWdeba mTels msoflioSi socialuri mecnierebebisa da menejmentis JurnalebSi. wlebis ganmavlobaSi igi aris 100 yvelaze metad citirebul avtorTa Soris socialur mecnierebaTa citirebis indeqsis mixedviT. maT Soris ramdenime araamerikuli gamocemaa. igi aris amerikis SeerTebuli State-bis menejmentis akademiis wevri da oTxi evropuli universitetis sapa-tio doqtori. kiTxulobs leqciebs holandiur, inglisur, frangul da germanul enebze universitetebSi, trening-institutebSi da kompaniebis programebis farglebSi, msoflio masStabiT. namuSevari aqvs, rogorc konsultants da mowveul leqtors erovnul da saerTaSoriso biznes da samTavrobo organizaciebSi, romelTa Soris aris msoflio banki, ekonomi-kuri TanamSromlobis da ganviTarebis organizacia, aziis produqtiulo-bis organizacia da evrokavSiris komisia.

gert ian hofstede (daibada 1956 wels) girtis ufrosi Svilia. skola-Si swavla holandiasa da SveicariaSi daiwyo. iswavla franguli, rogorc meore ena. aris xarisxis mflobeli mosaxleobis biologiaSi, vageningenis universitetSi, holandiaSi. 1984 wels gaxda kompiuteruli programisti. 1986 wels muSaoba daiwyo vageningenis universitetSi asistent-profeso-rad. 1992 wels imave universitetSi daasrula sadoqtoro programa pro-duqciis warmoebis dagegmvaSi. misi sadisertacio naSromia „Modesty in Model-ling~. amJamad aris asocirebuli profesori informaciuli teqnologiebis


ganxriT, vageningenis universitetis socialur mecnierebaTa jgufSi.1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi gert iani ZiriTadad aswavlida, werda da

konsultaciebs atarebda monacemTa modelirebis sferoSi. rodesac in-ternetma sazogadoeba kompiuteris momxmareblebTan daaaxlova, mis pro-fesiaSi virtualuri `momavlis saerTaSoriso ofisis~ ideebi SemoiWra. daiwyo girtis naSromebis gamoyeneba kulturaTSorisi komunikaciis Sesa-xeb simulaciuri TamaSebis Sesaqmnelad. Sedegad, misi wigni daiwera.

amJamad gert iani aqveynebs statiebs saerTaSoriso momaragebis jaWvis gamWvirvaleobisa da organizaciuli qselebis Sesaxeb. igi agreTve mona-wileobs multinacionalur garemoSi liderobis sakiTxebis kvlevaSi da interorganizaciuli qselebSi komunikaciis SeswavlisTvis simulaciuri TamaSebis gamoyenebaze.

gert iani kiTxulobs leqciebs da atarebs simulaciur TamaSebs sx-vadasxva dawesebulebasa da garemoSi. maT Soris `Afternoon Tea Game~ londonis ekonomikis skolaSi. monawileobas iRebs konferenciebSi da mu-Saobs, rogorc mowveuli leqtori universitetebsa da mravalerovnul kompaniebSi.

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