KONSEP KEBUTUHAN NUTRISI · Title: KONSEP KEBUTUHAN NUTRISI Author: Lab 001 Created Date: 3/1/2017...
Transcript of KONSEP KEBUTUHAN NUTRISI · Title: KONSEP KEBUTUHAN NUTRISI Author: Lab 001 Created Date: 3/1/2017...
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KONSEP KEBUTUHAN NUTRISI
Firdawsyi nuzula
AKES RUSTIDA 2017
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BAGIAN SISTEM PENCERNAAN
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CAVUM ORIS (RONGGA MULUT)
Ditutup oleh mucosa yg kesebelah ventral berakhir mjd labia.
Atapnya:
Palatum durum & palatum molle uvula
Dasarnya: lingua (lidah)
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Fungsi rongga mulut : 1. Analisa makanan sebelum
ditelan.
2. Tempat makanan di kunyah.
3. Lubrikasi.
4. Pencernaan terbatas.
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LIDAH Fungsi: 1. Menggerakkan makanan dlm rongga mulut 2. Menghasilkan cairan yg berisi enzym yg disebut lingual
lipase
Bagian-bagian lidah: 1. Corpus lingue 2. Radix lingue 3. Permukaan dorsal disebut dorsum lingue, kasar karena
adanya tonjolan yg disebut papillae 4. Frenulum lingua, Lipatan pd permukaan inferior lidah yg
membatasi gerak lidah
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Kelenjar Ludah
1. Kelenjar parotis
2. Kelenjar sublingual
3. Kelenjar submandibularis
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LIDAH = INDRA PENGECAP
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DENTIS ( GIGI ) Macam-macam gigi:
1. Incicivus (gigi seri)
2. Caninus (gigi taring)
3. Premolar (geraham depan)
4. Molar (geraham belakang)
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FASE MENELAN • FASE ORAL : makanan dikunyah smp mjd bolus,
didorong ke belakang o/ lidah (reflek menelan). • FASE FARINGEAL : palatum mole & uvula
menutup rongga mulut, laring terangkat & menutup glotis mencegah makanan masuk trakea. Bolus terdorong melewati epiglotis menuju esofagus.
• FASE ESOFAGEAL : gelombang peristaltik mendorong bolus ke distal/efogafus bawah.
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ESOFAGUS
Esofagus adl s/ saluran yg menghantarkan makanan menuju gaster.
Gerak peristaltik:
Kontraksi & relaksasi otot polos yg menyebabkan bolus terdorong ke depan.
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GASTER (LAMBUNG)
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FUNGSI GASTER : 1. Penyimpanan makanan sementara
2. Pencernaan mekanis/motorik makanan: menampung, mencampur, pengosongan lambung
3. Pencernaan makanan secara enzymatis & kimia(asam)
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PENGATURAN SEKRESI LAMBUNG • FASE SEFALIK : produksi sekresi lambung mulai
diproduksi saat melihat, mencium, memikirkan/mengecap makanan. Oleh saraf vagus sampai korteks serebri (pusat nafsu makan).
• FASE GASTRIK : dimulai saat makanan mencapai antrum pilorus.
• FASE INTESTINAL : gerakan kimus dari lambung ke duodenum.
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FUNGSI PENCERNAAN DAN SEKRESI LAMBUNG
• Pepsin & HCL : utk pencernaan protein.
• Gastrin : merangsang sekresi enzim dari lambung, pankreas, dll.
• Faktor Instrinsik : absorbsi vitamin B12
• Sekresi mukus : utk melindungi dinding lambung, sbg pelumas agar makanan mudah diangkut.
• Sekresi bikarbonat : sbg penetral utk melindungi lumen lambung dari erosi o/ asam & pepsin.
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INTESTINUM TENUE (USUS HALUS)
Fungsi :
• Pencernaan makanan.
• Absorbsi makanan.
Ukuran: Panjang +/- 6 meter, diameter +/- 4 cm.
Mucosa berlipat-lipat disebut plica circularis.
Dibagi menjadi 3 : Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
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Duodenum • Ukuran. Kl. 25 cm. = 12 jari
• Bentuk : seperti huruf C.
• Fungsi: meneruskan pencernaan makanan yg berasal dr gaster dg sekresi yg berasal dr pancreas & hepar.
• Ke duodenum bermuara ductus choledochus & ductus pancreaticus.
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VILLUS struktur usus halus yg berfungsi utk
memperluas permukaan usus dlm penyerapan sari makanan.
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APPENDIX VERMIFORMIS
Adl suat massa jaringan lymphid yg melekat pd caecum. Bila organ ini meradang akan tjd appendisitis.
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INTESTINUM CRASSUM (COLON/USUS BESAR)
Fungsi.- Reabsobsi cairan & elektrolit
- Pembentukan feces.
Ukuran +/- 1,5 meter
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STRUKTUR DINDING COLON - Haustra : dari luar dinding colon terlihat tdk
rata tapi mrpk deretan kantong yg disebut haustra.
- Taenia colli : adl kumpulan stratum longitudinalis otot colon.
- Appendices epiploica : adl kumpulan lemak yg terdapat pada serosa colon.
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REFLEK DEFEKASI
DIPENGARUHI OLEH :
• Gerakan peristaltik usus setelah makan pertama kali (gastrokolik)
• Peristaltik massa menggerakkan feses ke depan
• Distensi dinding rektum
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HEPAR • Hepar = hati / lever
• Merupakan organ visceral/kelenjar yg terbesar.
• Dibagi menjadi 2 lobus utama : lobus kanan & lobus kiri.
• Mengandung Sel Kupffer yg berfungsi melawan/memakan bakteri/benda asing yg terbawa dlm darah.
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FUNGSI HEPAR • Pembentukan & ekskresi empedu, utk pencernaan &
absorbsi lemak. • Metabolisme karbohidrat • Metabolisme protein • Melatolisme lemak • Penimbunan vitamin & mineral : vitamin larut lemak
(A,D,E,K), Vit B12, tembaga dan besi. • Metabolisme steroid • Detoksifikasi, y/ menetralkan racun/obat lalu dikeluarkan
lewat urin • Gudang darah & penyaringan (filtrasi) darah dari bakteri
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METABOLISME KARBOHIDRAT • GLIKOGENESIS : mengubah monosakarida (glukosa)
menjadi glikogen & disimpan dlm hati.
• GLIKOGENOLISIS : memecah glikogen menjadi glukosa.
• GLUKONEOGENESIS : mengubah protein & lemak menjadi glukosa.
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KELENJAR EMPEDU (GALLBLADER)
• Berfungsi menyimpan & memekatkan empedu
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KELENJAR PANKREAS
• Dibagi dalam 3 segmen : kaput, korpus, kauda.
• Sel endokrin (Pulau Langerhans) menghasilkan insulin dan glukagon yang penting untuk metabolisme karbohidrat.
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Faktor yang mempengaruhi nutrisi tubuh manusia
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Faktor yg mempengaruhi Pola Diet : Status Kesehatan : fungsi sistem pencernaan, proses penyakit, dll
Kultur dan Agama
Usia
Jenis kelamin
Pekerjaan
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Status Sosioekonomi
Pilihan Pribadi
Faktor Psikologis
Alkohol dan Obat
Kesalahan Informasi & Keyakinan thd makanan
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KEBUTUHAN NUTRISI
Kebutuhan Kalori
Kebutuhan Protein
Kebutuhan Lemak
Kebutuhan Vitamin & mineral
Kebutuhan Cairan
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Komposisi Diet :
KH : 45-50%
Lemak : 35-40%
Protein : 10-15%
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MENGHITUNG KEBUTUHAN NUTRISI
1. Kebutuhan Kalori Org Dewasa (kkal/kgBB/hari) BEE/BMR = BB x 1 x 24 jam (L) BB x 0,9 x 24 jam (P) REE= BB x 27 x AF (L) BB x 25 x AF (P) 1 gr KH = 4 kkal 1 gr Protein = 4 kkal 1 gr Lemak = 9 kkal
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AF (Activity Factor) 1. Sangat Ringan : banyak duduk,bedrest L : 1,3 P : 1,3 2. Ringan : pekerja kantoran, IRT L : 1,6 P : 1,5 3. Sedang : petani, mahasiswa aktif L : 1,7 P : 1,6 4. Berat : atlet di TC, tentara yg berlatih L : 2,1 P : 1,9 5. Sangat Berat : pandai besi, pekerja konstruksi
wanita L : 2,4 P : 2,3
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Kebutuhan Kalori pada Anak Holliday Sugar
10 kg : 100 kkal/kgBB/hari 11-20 kg : + 50 kkal/kgBB/hari > 20 kg : + 20kkal/kgBB/hari Neonatus BBLR : 150 kkal/kgBB/hari BBLN : 100 – 120 kkal/kgBB/hari
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Kebutuhan Protein
Dewasa : 1 gr/kgBB/hari Neonatus prematur : 3 gr/kgBB/hari 0-1 tahun : 2,5 gr/kgBB/hari 2-13 tahun : 1,5-2 gr/kgBB/hari Remaja : 1-1,5 gr/kgBB/hari
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Kebutuhan Lemak
Rata- rata 35% dari total kalori Utk yg obesitas : 10% dr total kalori (pelarut vitamin)
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Kebutuhan Vitamin
RDA lihat referensi
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Kebutuhan Cairan
Dewasa : 35 ml/kgBB/hari Mineral2 penting : Makro : Ca, P, Mg, S, Na, K, Cl Mikro : Cr, Co, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Zn, F, Se, Mo
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Gangguan kebutuhan nutrisi pada manusia
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Gangguan PEMENUHAN NUTRISI Ggn. Ingesti
Ggn. Sekresi
Ggn. Absorbsi
Ggn. Transportasi/distribusi
Ggn. Metabolisme
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Dampak :
<< dr kebutuhan : KEP (marasmus, kwasiorkor), Anemia
>> dr kebutuhan : Obesitas (>20% BB ideal), Overweight (>10% BB ideal)
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1. PENGUKURAN ANTROPOMETRI 1.BMI (Body Mass Index) BMI = BB (TB)² < 20 : underweight 20-25 : normal 25-30 : overweight > 30 : obese
2. BB Relatif
(TB (cm) – 100) – 10%
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Normal
•L >= 12,5 mm •P >= 16,5
mm
Obese :
•L > 18, 6 mm
•P > 25,1 mm
Sangat Kurang :
•L <= 2,5 mm •P <= 3,0
mm
TSF (Triceps Skin fold) : tonjolan kulit di
suprailiaNormal : ca,biceps, triceps&subscapicula
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AMC (Arm Muscle Circumference) untuk memperkirakan cadang protein tubuh Formula : MUAC (mm) – (3,14 X TSF) MUAC = Mid Upper Arm Circumference
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Lingkar Lengan Atas (LLA)
LLA < 12 cm : Gizi Buruk LLA 12 – 13,5 cm : Gizi Kurang LLA > 13,5 cm : Normal
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DATA BIOKIMIA
Hemoglogin & hematokrit (dipengaruhi oleh Fe, B12 & protein)
Albumin merupakan indikator protein dalam jangka waktu yang lama
Transferin Protein plasma yang berperan dalam pembentukan iron binding (Fe) & Lebih sensitif daripada albumin dalam indikator malnutrisi protein
Jumlah limfosit, akan menurun bila intake protein kurang
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Nitrogen Balances
Penyimpanan protein dlm tubuh Test yg dilakukan : a. BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) , bila keadaan maka intake protein ,dehidrasi berat, malnutrisi, penurunan eksresi ureum di ginjal &terjadi starvasion/ kelaparan b. UUN (Urea Urine Nitrogen) Dipengaruhi oleh intake protein
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Ekskresi kreatinin
Merefleksikan massa otot
Produk akhir kreatinin adalah kreatin
Dikeluarkan pada waktu metab otot rangka
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RIWAYAT DIET
Pola kebiasaan makan (waktu, jenis dan jumlah)
Makanan yg disukai, tdk disukai, menimbulkan alergi, membahayakan serta yg menguntungkan
Pembatasan makanan (diet khusus, budaya, keyakinan)
Intake cairan
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Penggunaan vitamin & mineral (jenis & frekuensi)
Problem diet (nafsu makan, makanan yg menimbulkan diare serta kembung)
Kesulitan mengunyah & menelan
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RIWAYAT KESEHATAN 1. Diabetes Melitus
2. Heart Problem
3. Tumor
4. Batu ginjal/ empedu
5. Ulcus
6. Gangguan pada intestine
7. Hiper/ hipotiroid
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MASALAH KEPERAWATAN Domain 2 (NUTRISI) hal; 171-194) 1. Ketidakseimbangan nutrisi kurang
dari kebutuhan tubuh (177) 2. Obesitas (179) 3. Berat badan berlebih (181) 4. Resiko berat badan berlebih (183) 5. Gangguan menelan (185) 6. Ikterik neonatus (189) 7. Resiko ketidakseimbangan elektrolit
(191)
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8. Kesiapan meningkatkan
keseimbangan elektrolit (192) 9. Kekurangan volume cairan (193) 10. Resiko kekurangan volume cairan
(194) 11. Kelebihan volume cairan (195) 12. Resiko ketidakseimbangan volume
cairan
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See you next time