Kobe Shoin Women’s University Repository

Title

The Phonology of A Two-Year-Old Japanese

Author(s)

Hattori Yukimasa

Citation

Shoin Literary Review，No.8：59-98

Issue Date

1974

Resource Type

Bulletin Paper / 紀要論文

Resource Version

URL

Right

Additional Information

The　 Phonology　 of　 A　 Two-Year-Old

Japanese

Yukimasa Hattori

1.INTRODUCTION

1.1.Thedevelopmentalcharacterofinfantphonologyinthefirst

threeyearsisoneofthemostinterestingtopicstothestudents

ofchildlanguage.Children'sspeechsoundsundergoaconstant

processofchangepriortothecompletionoftheirphonemic

inventorywhichisnearlyaccomplishedtowardstheendofthe

thirdyearoflife,andthereforetheirphonemicpatterningisina

stateofconstantfluxduringthesethreeyears.Itissafetosay

thatthemostcriticalperiodextendsfromthe24thtothe36th

monthintermsoftheprogressivedevelopmentofsounddiscrimi-

nationandarticulationability.

Inviewofthis,thepurposeofthepresentworkistodescribe

thenatureandextentof皿ispronunciationandmisarticulation,

focusingonatwoyearoldJapanese-speakingchildinJapan.

Ofcourse,thisisnottofindfaultwiththesubject'slinguistic

behavior,butitisprimarilyintendedasacluetounderstanding

thegrowthandchangeofchildlanguage.F'orthispurpose,the

studyisaimedatpresentinganactualstateofmispronunciation

andmisarticulationjustasitisbyprovidingdetailedinfor-

mationpertainingtothephonologicalaspectsofthelinguistic

behaviorofthesubject.Thedataandanalysesmightbeof

interesttosome,inparticularthosewhoareconcernedwiththe

studyoftheformationofthephonemicsysteminayoung

Japanese.

1,2.ThesourceofmaterialforthisstudyisY6jiki-noGθ πgo5θ 鋭 α4π.

-59一

noJittaiVol.II.{literallytranslatedasAnActualStateof

InfantLinguisticLife)::writtenbyDr.JunyaNoji,Professor

ofHiroshimaUniversity,Japan.Thepresentworkisbasedon

researchnnaterialpresentedinhisvoluminous1186-pagebook,

andthecorpusofthispaperisentirelybasedonarecordofhis

ownson'sspeechpatterns.AccordingtoProf.Noji,thediscourses

withhissonwerewrittendownonthespotduringcasualcon-

versationratherthanbeingrecordedontape.Hecouldnotusea

taperecorder,simplybecauseonehadnotyetbeenmarketedatthat

time.TheoriginaldataweretranscribedintheKatakanaor-

thography.Inageneralwayitseemsimpossibletodescribethe

soundofspeechaccuratelybywritingaboutit,since皿anyof

subtlefeaturesofpronunciationandarticulationmightbeLeft

out.Nevertheless,thepresentwriterbelievesthattheinquiry

intotheutterancesProf.NojiwrotedowninKatakanawzlllead

ustounderstandingcharacteristicsoftheyoungster'sarticulations

orphonemicpatterning.

Adetailedinformationofthesubject'sbackgroundispresented

inProf.Noji'sbookonpages1095to1110.

1.3.Innregardtothesubject'sspeechdevelopment,theperiodcon-

sideredhereextendsfromthefirstmonthtothesixthmonth

ofthethirdyear,namelythefirsthalfofthethirdyear.The

presentwriterisinterestedincomparingthefirsthalfofthe

thirdyearwiththesecondhalfintermsofthegrowthofchild

phonology.Therefore,anotherpaperdealingwiththelatterpart

ofthesubject'sspeechdevelopmentwillbepublishedinthenext

issueofthesamejournal.

Theapproachusedtoanalyzethedataforthisstudywas

firsttocollecteverymispronouncedandmisarticulatedwordfrom

thesubject's5535utterancesrecordedduringthatperiodoftime

andthentocategorizethemaccordingtocertaincommonchar-

acteristics.Brieflystated,theprincipaltasksinvolvedinthe

analysisofthedatawereasfollows:theidentificationand

-GO一

categorizationofthecorpus.

Thefollowingchartsrepresentthesymbolsneededtodepict

thesoundsunderstudy.Symbolsinthelefthalfoftheboxare

voiceless,thoseintheright,voiced.

__i...

　 　

1 ^品 圭 。 窟 ・葺

Place-・ 降1議1羅 鋸

1一 冒 一一一一 一「'一'一 一 一一'

IStopspbtdkg

I..'一..一 一 一_

Fricativesφlsz蓉 老hi

.,一 一一i--

GlldeSiW

,「1」-1-一 一...

・N。 、alsm。1勾1

;一 一1--1'!一 一 一'一 一 一1-'"1-

lAff・i・a…llc6)IlI

Thephonemictranscriptionsofthevowelsusedinthisstudy

areindicatedinthechartbelow:

FrontCentraljBack

l-一.一,

High鳳u

Midelo

-一 一_-L-iii,

1L°wa1

Sincetheabovesymbolsareused,itfollowsthatthedatafor

thisstudywillbedepictedinbroadphonemictranscription.

-61一

2.DISCUSSION

2.1.Thischapterisconcernedwithanumberofproblemsinvolved

intheconsonantsystem.Majorarticulatorymatterssuchas

soundsubstitution,omission,addition,assimilation,andtrans-

positionwillbestudied.

2.1.1.SoundSubstitution

2.1.1.1.Tobeginwiththesoundsubstitution,thecorpusiscategorized

accordingtothemodeofarticulation.Theproblemistoexamine

thedeviationofthepointofarticulationinthesoundswhichare

producedbythesamemodeofarticulation.

Asfarasthestopsareconcerned,thevoicelessbilabialstop

/p/anditsvoicedcounterpart/b/,andthevoicedlinguavelar

stoP/9/hadnoalternants・But,thevoicelesslingua・alveolarstoP

/t/hadtwoalternants:/P/and!k!,anditsvoicedcounterpart

/d/alternatedwith/k/.Thevoicelesslinguavelarstop/k/

alternatedwith/p/and/t/.

(HereinafterA/BindicatesthatAisreplacedbyB,andthat

AsignifiesadultlanguageandBchildlanguage.)

Examples

t/p:teppo/peppo

t!k:seotaku!ta】gkaku,ta:baη1kalba勾

d/k:dakkosuru/kakkosure

k1P:boku/bopu

k/t:kaic"axe/to;cad,mika勾1mita勾ijomika口/jolmitao,suke:to/

sute:to,te勾kaφu其}1te勾taku

Thevoicelessbilabialfricative/φ1,thevoicelesslinguapalatal

fricativeノ ヨ1anditsvoicedcounterpart/z/hadnoalternants,

butthevoicelesslingua-alveolarfricative/s/wasreplacedby

/s/.Thevoicedlingua-alveolarfricative/z/wasalsoreplacedby

/Zノ ・Besides・/s/wasusedasasubstituteforthevoicelessglottal

fricative/h/.

-fi2一

Examples

s/s:(Thecorpuswassubcategorizedaccordingtothevowelswith

whichthe/s/soundwascombined.Itshouldberememberedthat

thesyllable/si/istheso-calledholeinthepatterninthe7apa-

neselanguage.)

se/se:sei茗i6aη!首ei葦i6aη,misete!misete,semai/semai,sewanai!

Yseanal,ose]gbe!o§eobe

sa/sa:saita/saita,sainara/saina:,saireo!善aireη,sameta/"sameta,

seitosaO/seito誉a勾,sa壇i痔a口 老i,osato;/osato:,monosasi/monosasi,

kudasai/kudasai,sari/salt,sasu/"sasu,hasami/hasami,sagasite-

ageru/sagasitageru,saηpo!sa】Apo,sa:1ヨa:

so/VSO:use/uso,asobo/asobo,soto1§oto,so:zi/so:Z1,asoηdoru!

Vasor〕doru,asobenai/asobenai

su./su:surujo!surujo,sumumade/sumumade,sasu/sasu,suke;to/

suke:to,suita;suita,we;ha;su/we;ha;su,subetta/subetta,suzume/

suzume,simasu/cijasu

zJz:(Thiswasalsoclassifiedaccordingtothevowelswithwhich

/z/wascombined.Thesyllable/zi/isanemptyslotinthe

Japaneselanguagetoo.)

ze/zenaze/naze

zo!zO:na勾zo:/nar〕ZO:,zo:ri/zo:ri

zu/zu:mizu/mizu,mimizu/mimizu,siz叫da16セuηda,suzume!

cuzume,suzume/suz"ume,suzusi:/c"uzuci,gjo:zui/gjo:zui,mazu/

mazu,suzume/suzume

(Althougha!zノ ・PIus・/a/combinationisnotemptyintheJapa-

nesesyllablepattern,asubstitutionforitdidnotoccur.}

h/vS:hitotu/sitotu

Exceptforthevoicedbilabialglide/w/,theothertwoglides,

namelythevoicedlingua-alveolarglide/r/andthevoicedlingua-

palatalglide/j/,alternatedwitheachother.

Examples

r/j:hiraita/hijaita

j/r:dejo:Jdexo;,kojo;/kuro;,tabejo;/tabero;

-63一

Althoughthevoicedlinguavelarnasa11η1hadnoalternants,the

voicedbilabialnasal/m/andthevoicedlingua-alveolarnasalJn/

werereplacedby!nノ,1mノ,and加1respectively.

Examples

m/n:wakame/wakene

m1η:gjamupaη1gjaopaη

n/m:nita/mica

Thetransformationofthenegativesu伍x1¶ai!into1刃!was

almostregular.

Examples

,nai!一.1〕:asobanai/atoba13,to,renai/to:red,akanai!akaη,iranai!

iraO,oranai/oral,ikenai/ikeη,tabenai!tabe勾,mienai!mireη,

mienai/mereη,naitenai/naiteη,kamawanai/kamawaη,菖iranaiノ

乙iraO,orinai!orar〕,agenai!ageη

Inaddition,thetransformationoftheimperativesuffixノ ーnasai!into

!一η6ai!wasalsocommon.

Examples

-nasaiノ ーη6ai:110kinasai!noki乖ai,nominasai/nomi¢ai,orinasai/

or功6ai,ma6inasai!ma乙 均 さai,okaerinasai!okaeri勾 さai,hakinasai!

hakiη6ai,kinasai!kiη さai,okaerinasai!kaeri功 とai,taこinasai!taごiη 乙ai,

agarinasai/agario6ai,isoginasai!isogi夏}6ai,denasai!de】vkcal,

tabenasai/tabi¢ai,z-ninasai/miη6ai,aso勾denasai!asoηdeη6ai,

hairinasai/hairit〕vcai,norinasai!noriOだai,ikinasai!ikiη さai,hasiri

nasai!ha善iriO6ai

Therewerenumerousoccurrencesofa/n1-to・!η/substitution.

Theyareasfollows

Examples

surunojo1乙uηjo,hipPateruno!hipPate勾,torinasa13najo!toriτ 〕iaj〕najo,

kaimono!kaimoO,korobinasa加a!korobi勾 さaηna,kinasa加a!kiη ・

Vcar〕na,善inasaηna/6i1」6aηna,nanisuruno!nanisuruη,tukuruno1

こukuruη,irerumono/irerumo勾,ikuno!iku勾,sagasiterunojoノ

ー64一

sagattorugjo,do;sitano/do;sitar,suruno1ごuruη,ikinasaηna/

ikiη 乙aOna,okaimonq!okaimoη,tbrinasaηna!toli勾6aηna,ugoki-

nasar〕na!ugokiη6a1Jna,nakinasaηna/naki】 」己aηna,首ijoruno1乙ijoru勾,

Nooccurrencewasobservedofthesoundsubstitutionforthe

voicelesslinguapalatalaffricate/c/.

2.1ユ.2.Inthissectionanattemptismadetocategorizethesound

variationsaccordingtothepointofarticulation.Therefore,the

proble皿istoexaminethedeviationofthemodeofarticulation

inthesoundswhichareproducedatthesamepointofarticulation.

ThevoicedbilabialstoP!P/andthevoicelessbilabialfricative1φ1

hadnoalternants,butthevoicedbilabialstop/b/wasreplacedby

thevoicedbilabialnasal/m/.Thevoicedbilabialglide/wjalternated

with/p/,/b/,and,/m,/.The,gym,/soundwasxeplacedby/b/and/w/.

Examples

b/mabunai/amunai,umebosi/umemoci

w/pwad/park

w/b:deηwa/deoba,waita!baita

w/mward/mark

m/bmatte/batte,gozaimasu/gozaibacu,ittekimasu/itteba:cu,

bokumo/bokubo,omado/obado

m/w:himawari!hiwawari

Thevoicelesslingua-alveolarstop/t/andthevoicedcounterpart

/d/hadnoalternants.Thevoicelesslingua-alveolarfricativeJs/

alternatedwith/t,/and/d/,anditsvoicedcounterpart/z/with/dJ

aswell.Thevoicedlingua-alveolarglide/r/wasreplacedby/d/,

andthevoicedlingua-alveolarnasal/n/changedinto/t/and/r/.

Examples

s/t:asobol/atobo;,se1〕taku!te1〕taku,seOtaku/tar〕kaku,asobu!atobu,

osato:/otato,hanaselhanate,sato:/tato:,se勾kjo/teηko,suzusi;

/tu;ci;,osoro"si;Joturoci;

s!d:sumimaseηde誉ita1乙umimade勾 さita

z/d:gozaimasu/godaimasu

65

r/d:o;rai/o;dai

n/t:Hotta/totta,hanabi/hatabi

n/r:denai/derai

Thevoicelesslinguapalatalfricative/V,Zhadnoalternants,butits

voicelesscounterpart/s/wasreplacedby/c/.Thechangeof/"s/

into/c/inthesubject'spronunciationwasnearlyconstant.No

substitutionfortheotherlinguapalatalsoundssuchasthevoiced

linguapalatalglide/j/andthevoicelesslinguapalatala$ricate/c/

occurredinthiscategory.

Examples

"s/c:(Thecorpuswassubcategorizedaccordingtothevowelswith

which/s/wascombined.Suchcombinationsas/se/and/su/

arenotholesintheJapaneselanguagepattern,buttheiralter-

nants/ce/and/cu/neveroccurred.)

v・S1/ci:`sita!cita,oisikatta!oicikatta,善iηdoiノ 乙i幻doi,sikko/cikko,

site/cite,bol善i!bolとi,sir〕bu1〕1己iηbu】 」,sippo/cippo,ho"si:/hoci:,

mi§ 均/miこio,oisi;/oici:,josi/foci,1S1!1C1,ira"site%iracite,善a筥iη!

6a6iP,suko:忌ilsuko:6i,usi/uci,ko:site/ko:cite,bai蓉i互 彰i/bai乙i疋 膨i,

1311:C1,菖 功sa其jna16iη6aOna,善iraO16iraO,hadasi/hadaci,osusi/

ocuci,jakamasi:/jakamaci:,osiri/ociri,koiwasi ,/koiwaci,

sitekuru/citeku:,hasiru/haciru,v・oast/v・oaci,kagebo:siノ ー.・:v・C1,

v・simeru/v・cimeru,oka"si:/okaci:,sutteO誉itaノ だutteη δita,josijosi/

jocijoci,蓉iloi1さiroi,§ 均deru!6i刀do:,osimai/ocimai,de功deomu善i

/de勾d明mu乙i,siranai!ろira勾,jajakosi:/jakkoci,v・S1/v・CZ,ma"simasi/

V・mo"cimoci,v・smai!Vcinai,ヨizuηda海i恥Oda,hanasite/hanacite,mo-

v・nosasi/vmonoca"ci,罰nuOjo,'ζinu功o,kasi/ka:乙i,v・nagasi/nagaci,

kasite!ka`cite,ko:"sido/ko:cido,simasita/皿acita,umebosi1muci,

umebosi/v・uzneci,Vsimenai/v・cimenai,hibasi/hibaci,umebosi/ume.

v・moci,otonasi:/otonaci:,蓉itoruno16itorup,to:site/to:cite,sita/

cita,asita/acita,hak傭imalhakuさima,罰maseη1邑ma6e勾,

善ima§01!6imaζo:,kusi/kuci,"siroi/ciroi,okasiku/okaciku,

poOga善i/po勾gaだi,sijo:ka/cijo:ka,koganemusi/lcoganemuci,

v・simawana/v・cimawana,do:sitano/do乙itaO,善 功doiノ ζ功doi,o"sime!

・ ・

ocime,ahorasi/ahoraci,sijo:ノcijo:,hosi:/hoci:,sittoru/

cittoru,simasu/cijasu,kasiwa/kaciwa,ko:site/ko:cite,Vosorosi:1

0turoci:,sewasi:/cewaci:,kaerimasita/kaerimaさita,v・vsimaso:1

cimaco:,iwasi/iwaci,sippo/cippo,sasiteru/caciteru,haburasi/

haburaci,simatte/Cimatte,dasite/dacite,mosi/moci,hasitte/

hacitte,tukimasita/tukijacita,dasi/daci,ittesimo:ta/ite

乙irnO:ta,蓉inaSaOna/C1】36aplla,SO:site!cc"o;cite,Ynasi/naci,否inaSai!

さinaさai,ureaiso:/urec"ico;,deη §iη1de夏 〕cif,hasira/hacira,peni・

善iri域peniさiriη,sibutoi/cibutoi,do;sitemo/do.citemo,osi;ki/

oci:ki,菖ijoエunoノ 乙ijoru】9,saki/caki,葦i1〕 蓉ibari1さiη とibari,hosi:/

hoci:si/cu:sasimi/cacumi,umebosi,!umebocu,hikkurikaesita/

hikkuricuta,sijo:/"co::sijo:ja/co:ja,do:sijo:/do:co:

sa/ca:der〕sa/deb】vca,hassa/hacca,sasir〕 ノcacir〕,sar〕riη 蓉a/

sar〕ri勾 乙a,kisa!kica,"zido:vsa/zido:vca,善a:pu!ca:pu,kisapoppo/

capoppo,vvirassai!iraccai,vSawa:/cawa:,deη 百a/te勾 乙a,haisa!haica,

Ycu:salcu:vca,i§a!i6a,ヨaboOdama!6aboηdama,kika乖a!kikaη さa,

so/co,so:ju/co;ju,joiso/joico,dokkoiso!dokkoico,isso/icco,

ikimaso:/ikimaco,Vsimaso:ノcimaco;,haikju;"so/haikju:vSO,

deso:/deco;,asobimaso;%acobimaco;,so:gi%co:gi,sora/cora,

be菖 菖ori!beδ δori,arudeso/arudeco,bissori/biccori

Therewerenointerchangesamongthethreelinguavelarsounds

thevoicelesslinguavelarstoP!k1,itsvoicedcounterpart!9ノ,andthe

voicedlinguapalatalglide/j1・

2.1.1.3.Thissectionisconcernedwiththesoundvariationswhich

wereexcludedfromtheclassificationsdiscussedinthepreceding

sections2.1.1.1.and2.1.1.2.Someofthevariationsseemtooccur

accidentally,andthereforetheymightbecalledbizzaresubstitu-

tions.

Thevoicelessbilabialstop/p/,itsvoicedcounterpart/b!,thevoiced

lingua-alveolarstop/dl,thevoicedlingua-alveolarfricative/z/,the

voicedbilabialglide/w/,andthevoicelesslinguapalatalaffricate/c/

hadnoalternants.However,thevoicelesslingua-alveolarstop/t/

-67一

alternatedwith/z!and/c/,andthevoicelesslinguavelarstop/k/was

replacedby!m!and/c/.It'scounterpart!g/alternatedwith!z!and!jノ,

Thevoicelessbilabialfricative/φ/altematedwith!k1.Thevoiceless

lingua・alveolarfricative!s!alternatedwith/k/andvC!.Thevoiceless

linguapalatalfricative;s/wasreplacedby!t/,andthevoicelessglottal

fricative!h!hadfouralternants3!b/,ノ 削,ノwノ,and驚1.Thevoiced

lingua-alveloarglide/r!altematedwith!b/,ノ9!,and/n1,Thevoiced

linguapalatalglide/j/wasreplacedbythevowels!i!and!eノ.The

voicedbilabialnasalim!alternatedwithJj/,andthevoicedlingua-

alveolarnasal/n,!wasreplacedby/k/.

Examples

t/z:mittu/mizu

t/c:(Thecorpuswassubcategorizedaccordingtothevowelswith

whichthe/t/soundwascombined.Thesyllable/ti/isan

emptyslotintheJapaneselanguagepattern.Forsomereason,

thesoundchangeof/toJinto/co/didnotoccur.)

to/ce:tatete/tacete

ta/vca:kitanai/kicanai,kitanakunai!kiとanakunai

tu/Vcu:okutu/okucu,paζ 〕tu!pa】9乙u,φutatu/φutaだu,tunaide/

cunaide,eηpitu/e勾pi6u,tuita/cuita,tu乙i尾u6i,mittu/mi66u,

to:/cu:,tukutte/cukutte,kutu/kucu,tukuru!6uku:,ututte!

ucutte,itu/icu,OmUtU/omucu,tumel/vcome,eηtOtuleηtOごU,

tukete/cukete,turete伍urete,mo:hitotu/mo:vcu,tukejo:ノ 乙ukejol,

tumu/cumu,kuttuiteru/kuccuiteru,atui%acui,tubame/cubame,

tetudatte1乙udatte,otukai/oc"ukai,tutte/cutte,tuiteru'δuiteru,

babatuku/babacuku,atukatta/acukatta,tetudau/tecudau,oturi!

ocuri,katatumuri/katacumuri,netu/necu,jottuijoccu,tubomi/

cubomi,satu/sacu,tutuηde1さutu勾de,tumori/vcumori,kogetuku!

kogecuku,tukemono/さukemoη,tuketara,/cuketara,hitotu/

hitocu,tumetai/cumetai,tunagimaso:/cunagimaco:,onimotu/

onimoさu,tumu/6umu,tujoku1cujoku

tu/乙i:tuitenai!citenai,atui/v・aci,tukete/cik三te,er〕pitu/e功pi6i

k/m:kani/moni

k16:0;ki:lo.ci;,kuηdoru/乙u勾doru

-68一

9/z:kagebo:v・SL/kazebo:v・CZ

g/j:cigau/cijau

φノk:niφuda/nikuda

s/k:saire塀kaifeo,soroba瑠kombaη,maOsaku!maokaku

s〆 さ:(Thecorpuswassubcategorizedaccoエdingtothevowelswith

which/s/wascombined.Asmentionedpreviously,thesyllable

/si/isaholeinthepattern.)

se!Vce:de】]se】9/de136e勾,sekker〕 ノζekkeO,sei!vce:,se勾sei1ごe功6ei,

se功takuノ 乙eηtaku,to:rjaoselto【rja瑠 乙e,se勾bei!ζe功be:,ase/vace,

seitosa13/ce:tosar〕,φu:se】 」!φu:cep,hanase ./hanace,noseru/

noceru,seki.ノceki,dase'dace,se揃 ζ明/6ei茗i6aO,seOme瑠ki/

6e瑠meOki,kudasaimase/kudacaimace,imase功/ima6釦,irimase勾/

irima乙eO,蓉imaseη!5ima乙e勾,katorise勾ko!katori6e功ko,sllmi・

maser/だumimaピe勾,semi ,/cemi,ikemase勾1ikema5e勾,po勾poOse勾1

poηpo勾6eη,sewasi:/cewaci:,seime:se勾16eime:乙eO,皿osete/

nocete,kisete/kicete,

sa/vca:sad/caq,okajusaOlkai6明,oumas明 〆o勾maξaO,samui/cca・

mui,sasite1casite,saita1乙aita,saire期/6aireη,OSara/vocara,sainaエa/

vtcalna,go"ciso:sa13/CO:vcats,kusai!kucai,善iηsaエ}na/cir〕canna

,

sate/c"ate,usagis明/u乙agiさ 明,sa勾po'6明po,乙i:sai/ci:vcai,sameru

/cameru,osakana/ocakana,urusai/u;cai,osato:ノocato:,kasa/

kaca,kusa!kuca,saki)caki,samukunai/camu:nai,go乙isolsaO/

v・v

gOClCO:vcar〕,sakura'cakura,sasu/cacu,torinasar〕najo!tori功 だaOna・

jo,nominasai/nomi壌ai,orinasai/ori¢ai,kesa!keさa,kusattenai/

kucattenai,sa;!ca:,hasami1acami,ohosisama/ohosicama,sad・

ri功首a!sa勾ri¢a,v・macinasai!maさiη6ai,sasita,lcasita,sainara!

vcalnara,matt"inasai1macincai,sasimi/vv・cacimi,osarusa功10だaruζ 明,

asa/vaca,monosasi/monocaci,takus明/tak11こaO,saba/caba,korobi-

nasaona/korobi勾6aηna,sakki/cakki,minasai!miη だai,kudasai-

mase/kudacaimace,bo勾saη'bo功 乙a勾,keOsalke功6a,hakinasai!

haki勾 石ai,esa/veca,kinasai/ki]」 とai,tacinasai/tacir〕vcai,isoginasai!

isogiη ζai,kudasai/kudacai,saku16aku,saita1乙aita,nao8ana/

nao乙ana,iki血asaηna/iki勾6aηna,asagao!acagao,sawattara/

乙awattara,oi蓉asaη/oi善aさaO,kamisaり1kamiごaη,otukis明/otukiδ 明,

.'

sa乖u:eO/ζa彰uleη,o:saka/o:caka,m明saku/ma刀 ζaku

so,/co:so:ne/co;ne,oso:mere/co;mere,soko!coko,so;zi!co;"zi,、

osoi/060i,asobu/acobu,v・gociso:sad/go蓬iζo:Vca】 」,so:bo:ノ 乙o:bo:,

・QyJOIsO/joico

,asoko/acoko,asoηdeiru/aとoηdeiru,uso/uco,nossori!

noccori,joso/joco,so:merJ/co:mere,kawaiso:Jkawaico:,osoraJ

vocora,sorekara160rekara,sorosoro/coroc"oro,oheso,!oheco,soro-

ba瑠/己oroba瑠,tunagimaso:/"cunagimaco;,so:site!co:cite,sorja!

corja,uresiso/v`vurecico:,sorete,/corete

so/cu:asobulac"ubu

su/vC:basu/bacu,dakkosuru!kakko6uru,surusuru/curucuru,

masu/macu,suru姥u:,su功da16u勾da,okusuri/okucuri,suruη1

6urun勾,masu/bacu,suko:siicuko:31,desu/decu,koOdemasu/

ko勾demaさu,suppai/cuppai,sui/cui,kimasu/kimacu,v・osusi!vv・ocuci,

dasu/dacu,ho:su,Iho:cu,sasu,/cacu,osumo:/ocumo:,suke:to/

cuke:tO,SUtteη 善ita/6UtteO6ita,suiteru/cuiteru,karasu/karacu,

sumi!Ycumi,wasureta/wacureta,ja]kedosuru!jakedo6uru,

ojasumi/oacumi,suterulcuteru,otosu!otocu,sugu!cugu,isu,/ic"u,

owasuremono/owacuremono,gozaimasu!godaimacu,asu/acu,

hosu(hocu,orosu/vorocu,nasu/nacu,suzume!cuzume,sukoppu/

cukoppu,sumihareノ"cumuhare,jasui/jaとui,isu/isu,hasu/hacu,

sumimase瑠 尾umima6e勾,suita/cttita,ikagadesuka〆ikagadecuka,

negaimasu,lnegaicu:,hacinosu/hacinocu,sumimasitaka/cumi-

masita,okusuri/okucuri,sukosi,/cukosi,sukunai/cukunai,suki!

cuki,suruno1さuruエ 〕,ikimasu/jikijacu,suika/cuika,ojasumi!

ojacumi,suwaro;,/cuwaro:,sutta/cutta,jasumu/jacumu

su/ci:sur〕da/δi瑠da

s,ltoisikattaloitakatta

h/b:gohag/gobag,goha13'koba巧

hlshitotu/sitotu

h/cko:hi!ko:ci

h/w:hak磁00/wa涜o瑠

r/b:kairaqbag1kaibagba!3,retteru/betteru

r/garigato:/agigato:

r!n:riogo!niηgo

70-一

j/i:okajusaζ 】/kaicar〕,hajo/hai,dejo:/deiro,ju:bid/i:bid,sajonara/

ソ ロ ヤcalna昌

m/j:ikimaso;ノikijaco:,ikimasu/ikijacu,simasu/cijasu,kaerimasita/

kaerijasita,arimasu/arijasu,tukimasita%tukijasita

n/kkaimono/kaimoko

2.1.1.4.Fromthevoicingordevoicingpointofview,tenpossibilities

willbejustifiedintheJapaneselanguage.Inthiscase,thisphe-

nomenonislimitedtotheonewhichoccursinthesamepointof

articulation.Theyarep/b,t!d,k/9,s/z,s/z,andviceversa.As

amatteroffact,however,weobservedonlythreeoccurrencesinthe

corpus.

Examples

t/d:mata/mada,muite,!muide

d!t:medaru!meta:ru,kaηda!kameta,todoku!tataku,de勾 菖a!teo首a,

daibu夏 」ノtaibUO

9/k:gohaη/koba】9,ju:gata/ju:kata,hikigaeru/hikikae:ru

2.1.2.Omission

Omissionisafamiliarfeatureofchildren'sspeech,inwhichsimple

consonants,syllables,andoccassionally,polysyllablesaredropped.

Theyarereferredtoasaphaeresis,syncope,andapocopedependingupon

theinitial,medialandfinalpositions.

2.1.2.1.Letusbeginwiththestopconsonants.Withregardto

/b/,thesyncopewasobservedinthewordssuchasumebo"si/

umeci,andumebosi/muci.Thesyllablebeginningwith/t/was

droPPedinitiallyasintetudatte,/cudatte,tatar〕de!ta】3de,torakku!

rakku,mediallyasinkatappo/kappo,andfinallyasinkawaita,l

kawai.ThedroPPingofsyllable/ta!in!tataηde!seemstobe

anLexampleofthehaplology.Theinitial!d/wasomittedinthe

worddakkolakko.Inthemedialposition,thesyllable/da/was

eliminatedasintadaima/to;imaanditadakimasu/itakimasu,

-71一

The/k!soundwasmissinginwordssuchasokane/oane,okami!

aami,akete/aite,andnuketa ,lnuita.Thesyllabicomissionof/k/

wasrelativelyfrequentatthisstage.

Examples

Aphaeresis:kimasu!ba:cu,kisapoppo/capoppo,kokoni/koni

Syncope:attakailattai,sakana/cana,terukica】/te:Yrucar〕,aka6aη1

al6朗,samukunai/samu;nai,hikigaeru,!hi:gaeru,

daidokoro!daidoro,hokakebune,Ihokebune,tukutteicutte,

atukunatta!atunatta,tumetakunai!tumeta:nai,haku葦00〆

ソソwaccOη

Apocope:jo:jakuljo:jo:,o:kiku/o:ki

The191soundwasdroPPedasintaguci/tauci,ageη1aeη,and

ageru/aeru,and/ga/wassyllabicallylostmediallyintheword

nagai,/na:i.

2.1、2.2,Asfarasthefricativesareconcerned,ノ φ!waslostasin

oφune/ouneandoφutoη/outoη,Itwassyllabicallyeliminatedin

thewordssuchasjo:φuku!jolku,oφutoη/o:tort,andoφune/o:ne.

The/s/soundwaslostasinSato;/ato:,osato:/oato;,kisete/

kiete,andsyllabicallymasakolma;ko.Inthecaseof/z/,drop-

pingonlyoccurredincombinationwiththehigh・backvowel/u!.

Exampleshazurete/harete,suzusi;/cu;ci;,suzusi;/su;si;,suzusi;

tu:ci:

Whenis/combinedwiththehigh-frontvowel%i1,thissyllable

wasoccassinallyomitted.

Examples

Aphaeresis:"shore/tore,simasita/macita

Syncope:nokosita/noko:ta,tort"sita/toηta,haka善italhakete,

v・uresiso:ノvureco:

Thesuffix/,sita/or/,site/wasoccassionallyassimilatedto

doubleconsonants/,tta/or1-・tte!.

-72一

Examples:bikkuxisita/bekkuritta,ku己aη 善ita/ku乙aOtta,pa乙iO蓉ita/

paこiηtta,asita/atta,oiamadesita!ozamatta,ko:site/

ko:tte,da蓉ite!datte,do:site,/do:tte,さiO乙 均 善ite!乙iη 乙i1]tte

The/vZ/soundwasdroPPedonlyinthewordo茗i6aη/oi6aO.The

/h/soundwasoccassionallylostintheinitialpasition.

Examples:hassa/assa,haηdoru/aηdoru,himo'imo,happa/appa,

hasami/asami,hako!ako,hi"s"si!icci

Thesyllabicomissionof/h/wasobservedinthewordssuchas

hajai/jai,hairu!i:ru:,ohajo:10jo:,ohone1o;nepo;.

2.1.2.3.Inregardtotheglides,/w/waslostinitiallyasinwagpaku/

明pakuandmediallyasintakuwaO/tako明,andsewanai1菖eanai.

Whencombinedwiththelow-centxalvowel!a/,thissyllablewas

omittedasinmawa;ru/malru,kamawanailkamaη,jawarakai!

jara;kai,mawatte/matte,andko功dowa/koOdo:.

Intermsoffrequency,r-droppingisworthyofattention,since

itsoccurrencewasconstantatthisstage.Thefollowinglistcontains

anumberofwordsinwhichthesimple/r/soundwasdropped.

Examples:deru/deu,irete,/iete,aru/au,bakkari/bakkai,bur明ko'

buaηko,jaburetaljabeta,v・ociru/v・octu,orujo'oujo,neru1neu,

torultou,kaminari/kaminai,hitori!hitoi,iretaO!ietaη,

arigato:!aigato:,uttateru!uttatteu,kirete/kiete,sibireta/

sibieta,abura!abua,koboreta,lkoboeta,hairenai/haienai,

茗ori老ori!彦oiをoi,kuro:ba!kuo:ba,taberu!tabeu,torakku!

toakku,te勾pura/teηpua,φutteru1φutteu,miru!miu,

irerulireu,nureterulnueteru,hitori'hitoi,jabureta〆

abieta,turete!tuete,umare/umae,kemuri ./kemui,

bikkurisita/bikkuisita,teruki6aη/teukicar〕,hazu'retoru!

hazuetoru,merikeηko!meikeηko,kamareta/kamaeta,

"cigireta/cigieta

-73一

Whentheidenticalvowelprecedesandfollows/r/inthesyllable

pattern/-vcv-1,r-droppingseemstotakeplaceregularly.Inthis

case,thevowels/a/,/o/,and/u/aremorefavoredby/r/.Although

onspeculativegrounds,itseemsthatafterr-droppingthevowel

lengtheningeffectoperatesonthefirstvowelandasaresultthe

secondvowelislesssharplydefinedjustliketheEnglishdiphthongs.

Atanyrate,r-droppingfrequentlyresultedintheelongationofan

adjacentvowel.

Examples:kurukuru/ku:ku:,garagara/ga:ga:,suru1さu:,morota/

mo:ta,sainara/saina:,korooda!ko:Ada,tabetara/tabeta:,

karappo/ka:PPo,sajonara1だaina:,kuru!ku:,guruguru!

gu:gu:,suηdara/さuηda:,tukuru/tuku:,tottara!totta;,

urusailu:乙ai,sitekuru!citeku:,okororija/oko:ija,

waratta/wa:tta,kuruma!ku:ma,daidokoro/daidoko:,

karataci/ka二taci,kaminariさao!kamina:cad,agarime!

agame,sibirenaiisibi;nai,koboreta/kobe:ta,okurete!

okutte,itterassai!itteicai,torera:bassiftore:bacu,hiro-

sima/hi;ma,kaero!kae:,okorareta!okoreta,taberu:/

tabu:hotaru!ho:ta:,surunojo1乙u切o,hippatteruno/

hipPatte工 】,話iηderu!6i功do:,kuηdoru/cux〕do:,te】ruktlte:ki

/j/waslostinitiallyandmedially.

Examples

Aphaeresis:juki/uki,jameta.!ameta,jaku/aku,jamejo; ,/amejo:,

jameroiamere,jabureta/abieta,jakama"si;/akamaci;,

jaburetoru/aburetoru,faro;/aro;

Syncope:VSO:ju/YCO:u,oso:ju1oso:u,ojasumi ./oacumi

Thesyllabicomissionsof/j/occurredasingojo:/go:,jawarakai/

wara:kai,andjajakosi'jakkosi;.Inaddition,thepalatalizationin

contractedsoundssuchas/一 一kj,/and/,gj,/waseliminatedasfol-

lows:niη9jo:1niogo:,seηkjo'seηko:,kju:rilku:ri,kju;kei/ku:kei,

2.1.2.4.Withregardtothenasals,/m/tivasomittedasinkimasu/

-74一

kia"cu,sumimaseη/6uima6eo,andsyllabicallynegaimasu/negaicu:.

/n/wasdroPPedintheinitialpositionasinni:6aOli:乙a瑠,niOgjo:1

11〕gjo:,ni茗iha1」!i茗ihao,natto:1atto:,andnapPa!apPa・Itssyllabic

omissionoccurredasinhanarete!harete,kaimono/kaimo:,

osakanalo砧ka,koηni乙iwa!koo6iwa,toriniiku/tori:ku,monosasi/

sasimo,andkoganemusi/kogamuci.Droppingthelastsyllable

/na/intheword/osakana/seemstobeatypicalexampleof

theapocope.加/waslostasinm加na〆mi:na,首ios明naja1

乙iさa羽naja,naηnohanalnanohana,andoma瑠 茗u:/omazu:.

2.1.2.5.Inaddition,therewereseveraloccurrencesinwhichdouble

syllablesweredropped.Thismightbecalledpolysyllabicomission.

Examples

Aphaeresis:gociso:sa勾 応o:cad,gozaimasu/bacu

Syncope:hirosima/hi:ma,asokoni/ani,mo:hitotu!mo:tu,hik・

kurikaesita/hikkuricuta,皿urukunatta/nurutta,

o老amade尊itakalo茗amatta,teruki乙aη/te:vcad

Apocope:乙uliηgamu16u:iO,karataci!kara

2.1.2.6.Asapeculiarformofomission,doubleconsonantsinthe

standardadultlanguageweresimplifiedintosingleconsonants

inafewcases.

Examples:ittane'tane,ittemiru/itemiru,acci/aci,tokkuni!

tokuni,mittu/mizu,ittesimo;ta/itecimo;ta

2.1.3.Addition

Althoughoccurrenceswererelativelyrareatthisstage,addition

oftheextrasoundswasobservedinthedata.Thisisalso

dividedintothreephasesaccordingtotheinitial,medial,and

finalpositions:prothesis,epenthesis,andparagoge.

2.1.3.1.Inthefollowingexamples,simpleconsonantswereadded.

Examples.

Prothesisazi/taxi,ec"ci/kecci

-75一

Epenthesis:kazuo砿0!ka老ubo6aη,mienai/mireg,moeta勾1mo明taη

Paragoge:hissi/hi甜 功,kusatteiru!ku6attoruO

2.1.3.2.Thesyllableswereaddedasinorijo:10ririjol,e卯itu!eO乙ipi乙i,

nandesuka!na壌ude乙uka,kamijaco:ノkamijamaco:,otuki6aO/

otukimacark,andkagami/kagacimiinthemedialposition,and

ohone/o;nepo;,andtabete/tabeteteinthefinalposition.

2.1.4.Assimilation

Thisisanotherfamiliarfeatureinthepronunciationofthe

youngsters,andtheaimofthissectionistocategorizeassimilated

wordsintotwosequences二progressiveassimilationsandregres・

siveassimilations.Itissuggestedthatthechoiceofassimilated

wordswaslimitedtocompleteassimilationsandthatnoattempt

wasmadeheretodescribepartialassimilationssuchasvocali-

zation,devocalization,andthelike.

2.1.4.1.Thefollowinglistcontainsanumberofwordswhichhave

beenclassedasexamplesofprogressiveassimilation.

Examples:takuwaη ノtakuk明,go6iso】sa勾/v・v　 vgocico,cart,tabete/

tabetete,todoku'tataku,己i:sai/v・C1:vcai,te】gkaφu勾/

teOtak叫,umebo§ilumemo乙i,vcu:sa/cu:vca,hikigaeru/

hikikae:ruandhikikai;ru

Z'hefollowingaresupposedtobedistantlyassimilated.

bokumo/bokubo,tadaima,/tadamada,macinasai/

maξi¢ai,kaimonolkaimoko,hacinosu/hacinocu,

2.1.4.2.Thefollowinglistcontainsanumberofwordswhichhave

beentermedregressiveassimilation.

Examples:dakko/kakko,seOtaku/teOtaku,notta/totta,usagi6aη/

uごagi6aIJ,se」3taku/ta】Jkaku,eηpitu!e13乙ipi6i,naηdesuka/

na¢ude6uka,jajako"si;ノjakkosi:,monosa"si .!monosasi,

sato:1tato:,gjamup明/gjaりpaO,toro:kalkoro:ka,

-76一

himawari/hiwawari,teppo:1peppo:,`,kurete!okutte,

dokokara/dokkara,kju;kei/ku;kei,arigato;/agigato:,

maOsaku/ma勾kaku,kairaゆa勾 ノkaiba加a功,suke:tol!

sute:to,bikkuri"sita/bekkuritta,kuさa1」 菖ita!kuさa功tta,

pa葦iO善ita'pa乙i1Jtta,asita/atta,dasite/datte,乙iη6i勾 首ita1

さinさiηtta,oiamadesita/ozamatta,bo:itta!bo:tta,cu;itta!

cu:tta,pi:cikuitta/pi;cikutta,mo;itta/mo;tta,go;itta/

go:tta,ko:site/ko:tte,乙u】]itte!乙uηtte,josete!jotte,

do:菖ite!doltte,for〕itta!to13tta,goto勾itta/goto功tta,v・pace・

paciitta/pacipac"itta

2.1.5.Transposition

Althoughoccurrenceswereveryrare,afewcasesofthesound

transpositionwhichmightbereferredtoasthemetathesiswere_

observed.Theywereasfollows:jakamasi/jakacimi,monosasi/

ソ ソコ 　 ヘドコsasimonoorcacimono.

2.2.Thischapterwilldealwiththeproblemsinvolvedinthe

vowelsystem.Aswiththeconsonantsystem,theywillbestudied

intermsofsoundsubstitution,omission,addition,andassimilation.

Inaddition,thematterofdurationwillbediscussed.

2.2.1.SoundSubstitution

Thehigh-frontvowel/i/wasreplacedby/e/,/o/,and/u/.

However,thesoundchangeof/i/into/a/waszero.

Examples

i/e:bikkuri!bekkuri,e】JPitu!e13petu

i/o:cittomo!cottomo

i/u:umebosi/umebo"cu,sasimi!cacumi,sumihare!cumuhare

Themid-frontvowel/e/wasreplacedby/i/,/a/,/o/,and/u/,

Examples

77

e!i:kaetta!kaitta,erai!irai,kaeru/kairu,akete/aite,ike!iki,kokoe!

kokoi・hazureta!hazurita,nigetalnigita,tukete/cikite,kaete!kaite,

hae!hai・kaero:!kairo:,hikigaeru!hikigairu,tabenasai!tabir〕vcai,

nigenai/niginai

e!a:se文 】taku!taηtaku,geτ 〕ka巧sae/ge疋1kaηsaja,agete!agatta,tatte!

tatta,detekita/detakita,kitenai%kitanai

e/o:jaketaljakota,首iodeiru1己iηdo:,kusatteiru!kucattoru

e/u:taberu!taburu,tukeru/tukuru,umebosi!v・muci

Thelow-centralvowel/a/wasreplacedby/i//e/,/o/,and/u/.

Examples

a!i:tez〕pura!teηpuri,oi§asaη ノoi§i6aO

a/e:to:tta!to:tte,akaη1akeO,wakame .!wakeme,hakasite,/hakete,

hikigaeru/hikige:ru

a!o:06awaη10さow明,kaeranai!kaeronai,jatto!jotto,§iosa勾naja1

6iピaOnajo,kani!moni,kakko!kokko,o口Inas明!oOmosaη,

okaeri其 】さai!okaeriη ごoi,jar〕da!joOda,kagar〕da/kagor〕da

a/u:Boma/gomu,sa;pu/cu;pu

Z'hemid-backvowel/o/wasreplacedby/i/,/e/,/a/,and/u/ .

Examples

oli:konai/kinai

o/e:jamero/amere,deco ,,/dere,zu;tto/zu;tte

o!a:asobo!atoba,todoku/tataku,kor〕bine:菖oO!ko功bine:さaη,toro:ka!

kora:ka,ko勾do!koOda,koηdowa!koOdawa

o!u:tabejol!tabju:,asobu!acubu,takuwa勾1takoaη,kojo:ne!

kuro:ne,toηbo!to勾bu,osorosi:/oturoci:

Thehigh-backvowel/u/wasreplacedby/i/and/o/.

Examples

u!i:Sunda/Linda,茗upPuロ!茗ipPu勾,jabureta/abieta,kucibue/kucibie,

gu:!gi:,kuru/kiru,te夏 】pura!teηpari

ulo:muide!moide・muri/mori・ju:birdJjo;bird,kuOde/ko勾de,mugi/

mogi,umebosi/omesi

-78一

2.2.2.Omission

Theinitialvowel/o/,signifyingpoliteness,wasoccassionally

omittedeveninechoresponsestoadultlanguage.

Examples:okajusao/kaiだaη,oso;met/so:merJ,osato:1sato:,otukai!

tukai,oto:どa131to:car〕,oka:さa1」!ka:Vcats,oni;ca】 」!i:Ycark

Droppingacertainvowelinthewords,thechildtendedtolengthen

anadjacentvowel.

Examples:se勾bei/seηbe:,kieta/ki;ta,itai/ita;,joiso,!jo:CO,sei/ce:,

hikigaeru/hikiga:ru,naotta/no:tta,ratio,/ra:zi,taoreta/

to:reta,orisita/ri;sita,koboreta,/kobe:ta,taberu/tabu;,

sa首itearulsa§ita:ru

Inthesyllablepattern/-tutu-/,thefirst/c/combineddirectly

withthesecond/v/,andthecentral/vc/waseliminated.

Examples:koboreta/kobe:ta,adobaru瑠!adob叫,taberu!tabu;,agejo:1

agjo;,hikigaeru/hike:ru,ko勾dowa!koOda:

Incompoundwordssuchassimeteagejo:ノcc"imetagjo:,nomasite

ageru'nomattageru,sagasiteageruJsagasitageru,andsasitearu/

sasita:ru,thefinalvoweloftheimmediatelyprecedingwordwas

elidedintotheinitialvowelofthewordwhichfollows.Similarly,

doublevowelsinthesuffix/,deiru/or/一 一teiru/werefusedintothe

singlevowel/o/.

Examples:善 均deiru/cindo,kusatteiru/kucattoru,nureteiru/nuretoru

The/i/precedingthedoubleconsonant/一 一tt-/,particularlyinthe

caseof/‐itta/,wasregularlylost.

Examples:to:ittajo,1cc"utta,pi:cikuitta/pi;cikutta,mo:itta/mo:tta,

go:itta!go:tta,乙u1Jitta/6u工}tta,to疋Ditta!toηtta,gotoηitta!

goto功tta,pacipaciitta.!pacipacitta,bo:itta/bo:tta,vcu:itta/

cu;tta

Anothervowellosswasbroughtaboutbytheconsonantalassimilation.

-79一

Examples:agejo:ノagjo;,tabejo:1tabjo:,dokokara/dokkara,aso功de-

nasai!aso】Jde勾6ai

Otherexampleswereasfollows:hajo/hai,guaini/guani,tadaima/

tadamada,haikju:so/hakju;co

2.2.3.Addition

Bywayofcontrast,additionofvowelswasobservedinonlyafew

cases.Theywere:ju:/iju:,o:i/o:ui,faro:ka/jaeroka,jawarakai!

jawaraakai

2.2.4.Assimilation

Thisphenomenonv,Tasstudiedintermsofprogressiveandre-

gressiveassimilation.Incidentally,itisinterestingtonotethat

thelistbelowcontainsaconsiderablenumberofthewordswhich

werealreadydiscussedinthesectionSoundSubstitution .Insum,

thesoundchangeofthevowelsseemstobemostlybroughtabout

byassimilation.

2.2.4.1.ProgressiveAssimilations

Examples

kieta/ki:ta,oζawa勾 〆oろowa勾,ike/iki,umebosi/umebocu,

nigeta〆nigita,tukete/cikite,hiete!hi:ta,doro!dere,er〕pitu!

e】3pe6u,agetelagatte,itai!ita:,kiteru!kitiru,eηpitu!eηpiさi,

tatte/tatta,00masa域oηmos明,kucibue/kucibie,sumihare!

cumuhare,hikigaeru1hikiga:ru,hikigaeru/hikigi;ru,

nigenai!niginai,oisasar〕/oisica】 」,tukerultukuru,okaeri・

nasai/okaeriロ60i,asobolatoba,jamero!amere

2.2.4.2.RegressiveAssimilations

:1

Examples

naotta/no:tta,eraifirai,taberu/taburu,asobu!acubu,

wakame/wakeme,nureteoru/nuretoru,hakasite,lhakete,

kakko/kokko,konai/kinai,koodowa!ko勾dawa,taoreta!

to:reta,hikigaeru'hikige:ru,cittomo!cc"ottomo,vsa:pu!

vcu:pu,sasitearu!SASlta:ru,se勾taku/ta其 〕taku,agete!agatte,

detekita/detakita,kitenai/kitanai,tukeru!tukuru,jatto!

jotto

2.2.5.Duration

2.2.5.1.Inthefollowingcases,thevowellengtheningprocessseems

tooperate.

(1)Whenthevowelsoundwasomitted,

Examples

se】Jbei/se1〕be:,naotta!no:tta,kieta!ki:ta,ratiobra:V・Z1,

orisita!ri:sita,kirei!kirel,ijomika勾1jo:mita期,atui/aci;,

joiso!jo:ζo,hieta!hi:ta,seitosao16e;tosa工 〕,itai!ital,sei!

vce:,hikigaeru/hikiga:ru,taoreta/to:reta,sasitearu/

sasita:ru

(2)Whenthesyllablecombinedwiththeconsonantwasomitted,

Examples

hairu/iru;,oφutoη ノo;tort,ko勾dowa!koηdaI,totteiruno/

to;to:o,mina/mi:na,nokosita/noko;to,hotaru/ho;ta;,

terukiζ 明1telruどa勾,ittekimasu!ittema:cu,oφume!o:ne,

tumetakunai!tumeta:nai,asokoni/a:ni,kataturnuri/

kata:muri,teruki/te:ki,negaimasuinegaicu;,hikigaeru/

hike:ru

(3)Whenthefirstvowelwasidenticaltothesecondvowelinthe

syllablepattern/-vcv-/and/c/wasomitted,

Examples

aka6aO!a:Cad,nagai/nazi,asobanai!aSOba:勾,kaimono!

kaimo:,mawaru/ma:ru,tadaima/ta:ima,samukunai/

samu:nai,ohone/olne,kokolli!ko:ni,suzusi:!su:"si;,

-81一

hikigaeru/hi:gaeru,masako/ma:ko(Withregardtor-

dropping,pleaserefertothesectionOmission.)

(4}Inothercases,

Examples

medaru/meta;ru,isi/i:ci,saiiJsa:21,buraηko/bu:ra勾ko,

aceini/a:乙6ini,akaさaη1aka:Yca】7,kasi/kaki,se13kjo!teηko:

2.2.5.2.Thefollowingareexamplesofthewordswhichweresubject

tothevowelshorteningprocess.

Examples

tu:ittajo/tuttajo,beηkjo:1beηko,bo:to!boto,mo:i:!moi,

mo:i罷jo!mo【ijo,o:tobai/otobai,kawail!kawai,kuro:ba!

kuroba,hajo;/hajo,jaro:ka/jaeroka,ko:hi:/koi,gju;nju;/

gju:nju,do:sitano/do6itag,olki:!oki:

3.CONCLUSION

AsdescribedintheINTRODUCTIONthepurposeofthisstudy

wastoidentifyandcategorizethesubject'sspeechsoundswhichwere

moreorlessdeviationsfromenvironmentaladultlanguage.Inview

ofthepurpose,therefore,thepresentworkwasdescriptive.More

elaborateanalysesneedtobemadeforappraisalofthesubject's

phonemicinventoryandtheactualstateofitsacquisitionatthis

stage.Inparticular,attentionshouldbepaidtohiscorrectlypro-

nouncedwordsaswellastothosemispronounced.Inaddition,the

contextualenvironment,wheremispronunciationoccurred,mustbe

takenintoaccount.However,thisstudydidnotdealwiththese

aspectsexceptwhennecessary.Thus,onlythefollowingseemtohe

worthmentioningasgeneralconclusionsdrawnfromtheforegoing

discussion.

Beforesummingupthesoundchanges,itshouldbenotedthatthey

arenotnecessarilycausedbytheinabilityofthechildtoproduce

certainsounds.Thereissomeevidencewhichseemstosupportthis

fact.Thatistosay,itwasfrequentlyobservedthatthesubject

withinthesameconversationsusedthesamesoundsincertainwords

-82一

andavoidedtheminothers.Thischaracteristicisquitedifferent

fromthatevidentintheprocessofacquiringaforeignlanguage .

Whenloanwordscomeintoalanguage,nativespeakersremodel

foreignsoundstoapproximatethefamiliarsoundsoftheirown

language.Forexample,whentheEnglishphoneme/v/isintroduced

intotheJapaneselanguage,itisalwaysremodeledto/b/duetoan

absenceofthisphonemeinJapanese.Itneverhappensthat/v/is

incorporatedasanewphonemeintotheJapaneseself-contained

phonemicsystem.Thisisfarfrombeingthecaseinchildlanguage.

Althoughthechildalsoreplacesthenewphonemesbytheones

previouslyacquired,hismainobjectiveistocompletethetotalinven-

toryo£phonemeso£hislanguagebyaddingnewones,onebyone.

Theprevailingopinionisthatthechildgoesthroughanunconcious

trial-and-errorprocessintheapproachtoadultlanguage.Thesound

changesinchildlanguage,therefore,canberegardedasmanifes-

tationsofatrial-and-errorprocessthechildundergoesinforming

thephonemicstructureofalanguage.

Tosumupthesoundchanges

(1)/p/replaced/k/and/w/,butwasreplacedbynoothersounds.

(2)/b/replaced/h/,/w/,/r/,/m/,butwasreplacedby/m/.

(3)/t/replaced/k/,/s/,/s/,/n/,bvtwasreplacedby/p/,/b/,

/k/,/Z/,/vC/.

(4)/k/replaced/t/,/s/,/z/,/r/,butwasreplacedby/t/,/k/.

(5)/d/replaced/t/,/d/,/g/,/φ/,/s/,/n/,butwasreplacedby

/P/,/t/,/YC/,/m/.

(6)/g/replaced/r/,butwasreplacedby/k/,/z/,/j/.

(7}/¢/replacednoothersounds,butwasreplacedby/k/.

(8}/s/replacednoothersounds,butwasreplacedby/t/,/d/,

/k/,/s/,/c/.

(9)/z/replaced/g/,butwasreplacedby/d/,/z/.

(10)/s/replaced/s/,/h/,butwasreplacedby/t/,/c/.

(11)/z/replaced/t/,/z/,butwasreplacedbynoothersounds.

(Y2)/h/replacednoothersounds,butwasreplacedby/b/,/s/,/c/.

-83一

(13)/w/replaced/m/,butwasreplacedby/p/,/b/,/m/.

(14)/r/replaced/j/,butwasreplacedby/b/,/d/,/g/,/j/,/n/.

(15)/j/replaced/g/,/r/,/m/,butwasreplacedby/i/,/e/,/r/.

(16)/m/replaced/b/,/k/,/w/,/n/,butwasreplacedby/n/,/η/.

(17)/n/replaced/m/,/r/,butwasreplacedby/m/,/功/.

(18)/功/replaced/m/,butwasreplacedbynoothersounds.

(19}/c/replaced/k/,/t/,/s/,/s/,/h/,butwasreplacedbyno

othersounds.

Accordingtotheaboveobservations,thedegreeofacquisition,

namelythatsomephonemesweremorefirmlyestablishedthanothers

maybeappraiseddependinguponwhethereachsoundplayedarole

asasubstitutingsoundorasubstitutedone.

1£tustakeeightsoundsforinstance:/P/,/φ/,/s/,/z/,/Z/,/h/,

/功/,and/C/.Thefoursounds/p/,/Z/,/0/,and/c/werenot

replacedbyothersounds,thoughtheythemselvesreplacedanumber

ofothersounds.Thismeansthatthesubjectcouldalreadydefine

thesesoundsandaccordinglydidnotneedtouseanyothersound

asasubstituteforthem.Ontheotherhand,theotherfour/φ/,

/s,//z/,and/h/werereplacedbyavarietyofsounds,butreplaced

noothersounds.(Although/g/wasusedinplaceof/z/onlyonce

inthecaseofkagebo:si/kazebo:ci,thissoundchangeisdifficultto

explain.Itmightbeconsideredasaccidentalwhenexaminedin

comparisonwithitsvoicelesscounterpart/s/.}Therefore,itseems

clearthatthearticulationswhichservetoformthesephonemeshave

notyetfixedinpositions.

Thesoundchangespresentedalsorevealthattheprocessofgrowth

andchangeinpronunciationtendedstronglytoproceedfromthestops

tothecontinuants.Thechangeofstopsintofricativeswasnot

observed,exceptthat/j/whichisacousticallyfricativereplaced/m/.

However,thistendencyshouldnotsurpriseus,becauseasamatter

ofcommonsenseitmightbeeasiertoproducethestopconsonants

byimpoundingthebreathstreamthroughliportonguecontacts

thantomakethefineadjustmentforthefricativeconsonantsby

directingthebreathstreannagainstthelips,alveolarridge,palate,or

-84一

glottis.

Anotherfamiliarfeatureofthesoundchangeswastheso-called 舶assibilation.Thechangesofhissingsoundsintohushingsounds

werealmostregularoccurrences.Consideringtheinterrelationships

between/s/,/s/,and/c/,

(1)/s/wasreplacedby/s/,butthereverseneveroccurred.

(2)/s/wasreplacedby/c/,butthereverseneveroccurred.

(3)/s/wasreplacedby/c/,butthereverseneveroccurred.

Ofthesethreephonemes,therefore,/c/seemstobethemostfirmly

established,followedby/"s/.Thephonemicinstabilityof/s/was

greatest,andsoitsassibilationwasmostconstantatthisstage.In

ageneralway,/c/seemstobethemosteasilydiscernableand

pronounceablephonemicunitintheJapanesesoundsystem,whereas

/s/seemstobethemostunpronounceable.

Thesoundomissionoccurredin/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/,/φ/,/s/,

/z/,/YS/,/茗/,/h/,/w/,/r/,/j/,/m/,/n/,and/η/,thoughnot

observedin/p/and/"c/.Itisinterestingtolearnthat/c/was

neveromittedinspiteofitsfrequencyinthecorpus.Thisevidence

seemstosupportthesuppositionthat/c/wasalreadyapartofthe

child'sphonemicstructureatthisstage.Sincer-droppingwasso

marked,itseemsnecessarytoexplainthisstrongtendencyinchild

language.Inparticular,whenthe/r/soundwasplacedbetweenthe

identicalvowels,itwasalmostalwaysdropped.

Theadditionofsoundswasveryrareatthisstage.The/b/,/t/,

/k/,/r/,/n/,/η/,and/YC/wereinsertedasextrasounds,and/po/,

/te/,/ri/,/ma/,/ci/,and/cu/asextrasyllables.

Asregardsthesoundchangesofthevowels,thefollowingshould

bementioned

(1)i/e,i/o,i!u

(2)a/i,a/a,a/o,eau

{3)a/i,a,/e,ado,a,/u

(4)01i,o/e,o/a,o/u

(5)u!i,u/a,u/o

Onlytwovariationsi/aandu/eweremissing.Thisindicatesa

-85一

characteristicwhichmightbecalledmultilateralsoundsubstitution.

Morespecifically,althoughsoundchangesintheconsonantshadsome

explicittendency,forexample,thesubstitutionof/s/or/c/fox/s/,

therewasnosuchrigidregularityinvowelvariation.Thiswide

variationmayaccountforthefactthatthesubjectwasstillata

prematurestageofvowelsystemdevelopmentandhadnotyetcom-

pletedtheformationofanyoneofthevowels.

Suchbeingthecase,anassimilatingeffectonthevowelswasgreat.

Itappearsthatasfarasthesoundsareinstable,theytendtobe

adaptedtoknownsimilarsoundsandaccordinglytheassimilations

takeplacereadily.Therefore,mostofthesoundchangesofthe

vowelsseemedtobebroughtaboutbyassimilation;soundomission

suchasblendingtwovowelsintoone,fusingthevowelintothedouble

consonant,etc,wasalsocausedbyassimilation.

Thesephenomenamightaccountforthefactthatarticulatory

movementsofthevowelswerestillprematureandthereforethe

vowelphonemesweremorevariablethantheconsonantphonemes.

Insummary,themoresignificantgeneralizationsrelatingtothe

developmentofthetwo-year-oldchildphonologycouldbedrawnfrom

thelistdescribedbelow.Generally,childrentrytoadapttheirspeech

toadultstandardbyrepeatingthesoundswhicharecloseapprox-

imationstoadultsounds.Thisrepetitionpersistsuntiladultapproval

hasbeenachieved.Thedevelopmentofchildlanguagefrominitial

trialtoachievementofadultapprovalmanifeststhestateoffluxin

phonemicpatterningwhichissocharacteristicofchildlanguage.

Thefollowingexamplesofthefreevariationsnotedinthesubject's

utterancescertainlyrevealthegreatvariabilityofspeechpatterns

usedbyyoungsterspassingthroughatria1-and-errorprocess・

sE

AdultlanguageChildlanguage

dakkokakko,akko

sekke功eo6eη,とekkeo

ko;hi;ko;ci;,koi

kokoniko:ni,koni

コソロ コソ　 ロサ　コ

1SIIC1,1」C1

0φUneO:ne,Oune

sorobaηcoroba】3,korobaO

ソコ もノ　a"sitaatta,acita

sakanacans,cakana

ソコ ヘノロ ワ　コratioraze,ra.zz

dejo;deiro,de;ro

る セ ロ す コsaitacalta,saita

Oφuto1」0:for〕,outoη

　 　　ド ソ サ ソ ロ

$O;JtlCO;u,CO,Ju

jawarakaiwaraakai,jaraakai

samukunaicamu;nai,ca:mu;nai

ittekimasuittemacu,ittebacu

コ 　 ロmlenalmlreη,mereo

haku葦oηwa乙60η,a溌o勾

コ01monomo,0ηmo

ロ セ

goo;go,goi

ロ 　JamerOJamere,amere

wakamewakeme,wakane

kagebo:sikazebo;ci,kagebo;ci

sasitacasita,cacita

コ コ　 ロ の　 コ 　　

]01soJolco,コ06co

ソリ 　 ワ すロ ロ ソ 　 コsasimicacimi,cacumi

コ ソ コ ソ ソ コ ソSUmlmaSeηCUmlmaCeO,CUlmaCeO

hanasehanace,hanate

oisikattaoicikatta,oitakatta

maηsakuma瑠kaku,m明caku

hitotusitotu,hitocu

hassaas"sa,hacca

-87一

arigato:aigato:,agigato:

tukuttecukutte,cutte

hissihissir〕,iさ6i

ka"siwakatagi,kaciwa

otukis明oごukima蒼aη,ocukic明

do:sitedotte,do:cite

ヘゾロ ロ ソコソuresisoureco,,urecico

り 　sa1Jposagpo,cagpo

beηkjo:be勾ko:,be1コ とo:

samukunaisamu:nai,ca:mu.'nai

bikkurisitabekkuritta,bikkuisitta

karappotappo,ka:ppo

kaminarikamii;,kaminai

ヤク ロ ソ ロ 　 ロsa直puca昌pu,cu5pu

kagebo:sikazebo:ci,ka.gebo:ci

turetecurete,tuete

ロ ロte勾purater〕purl,teηpar1

ロ ソ 　 ヴロロatuiacui,aci.

simaso;"'`,saco:simaco.

kasiwakatagi,kaciwa

do:sitedone,do;cite

haikju;sohaikju;co,hakju:co

ロ ザ ロ ワ ザ ロ リ コ ロsamaracama.,camara,sama,

sairer〕kaire口,6airep,百aire瑠

Waotulw町6ul,pao乙u:,m明 こu瑠

sukosisukoci,cukosi,cukoci

hasamiacami,hacami,hasami

koboretakoe;ta,kobe:ta,koboeta

terukiteuki,to:ki,to:ru

suke:tosuke:to,cuke:to,sute:to

julbiOeubi夏 〕,i:bi】9,jo:big

ソ 　 　 ヘノ 　suzumesuzume,cuzume,suzume

goha疋1goad,gobar〕,kobaη

tabejo:tabjo:,tabju:,tabero:

..

jaburetajabeta,abieta,abureta

tuketecikite,cikitte,cukete

gozaimasubacu,debacu,godaimacu

su1Jdaとiηda,vcu]Jda,さu】3:da

tetudattetettette,cudatte,tecudatte

mo:hitotumo:tu,mo:vcu,motu

　 　 ソ ソ 　suzumesuzume,cuzume,suzume

umebosiumemoci,muci,umeci,umeboci

osato:oatol,otato:,osato:,ocato:

jakamasi:akamaci:,amaci:,jakamaci:,

jakacimi

SeηtakUtelJtakU,Vcer〕takU,talgtakU,Se工 〕tai

asobuacubu,atobu,acobu,asobu

taberutaburu,tabu;,tabju;,tabeu

surusuru,cu.,curu,turu,cu

SUZU首i:vcu:6i:,tU:C1,SU:菖i,cuzusi,vv・Cuzucl:

サ ロソコ ソ ヘノロ ロレロeηPltue口Plc1,e】JPecu,eηPetu,eηclplc1,

ロソ

eηPlcu

tadaimatadamada,ta:ima,taimawa

リロ リ ヘゾ　 ソ ソコ ソ ソ　monosasisasimono,cacimono,sasimo,

　ロ リ ソ　 ソ レロmonosaci,monosast,monocaci,

リ サロcacimo

hikigaeruhi:gaeru,hike:ru,hikigi:ru

hikiga:ru,higiga:ru,hikikai:ru,

hikigairu,hikikae:ru,hikige:ru

4.APPENDIX

Thisembodiesasimplelistofallmispronouncedwords,elimi-

natingduplicationsinsofarastheyoccurredwithinthesame

month.(Notes:(1)Thesewordsoccurredinthesubject's

utterancesinthisorder.(2}Theitalicizedsyllablesarethose

whichtheoriginalauthorindicatedasfaintlyarticulatedor

underarticulated,andsometimesasinaudible.(3)A/Bsignifies

adultlanguage/childlanguage.)

し一89一

Age:Co叩usinPhonemieTranscription:

(Yearsand

months)、

2;1suru/cure,akaこan/a:6a可,kaetta/kaitta,bikkurisita/bekkuritta,

sad/cad,okajusaη1kai6au,bakkari/bakka%°i,maηneohitu!mapneo-

hztu,basu!bacu,sita/cita,der】se】 コ!det〕cep ,hajai!jai,oi§ikatta/

oicikatta,matte!batte,seobei!seo1〕el,dakkosuru/kakkocuru,

ni:can/i:乙aη,hiraita!hijaita,nagai!na:i,菖iηdoi!6iodoi,surusurul

curucuru,dakko/akko,okami!oami,gobo:1go:bo,boku!bopu,

oimo/orb【no,しu:itta/tutta,suoda16ioda,attakailattai,naotta!

noこtta,okutu/okucu,oni:cad!i:catJ,sikko!cikko,pa可tu!pau6u,

kieta、!ki:ta,toηitta!to夏 〕tta,juk三!uki,goto瑠itta!gotontta,utaul

utau,ku6a兀 挿ita1々z6乙a勾tta,sekkeu16ekkq〕,ka:car〕 ノta:cats,tabeterul

tabeteru,φutatu!φuta6u,masu/macu,asobo!atobo,site/CltE,

asobo!atoba,ittaneftane,jabureta/jabeta,ju;Jiju,ageru/ageru,

ratio/ra;zi,pacipaciitta/pacipacitta,so;ne/co;ne,nori/nori,

gacigsita!pa6i顛tta,oumasaη10nIna6aη,abunai!amunai,sekkeη1

er〕cer〕,sato:!ato:,takai!tai,ko:hi!ko:ci,hajo!hai,bo;itta/bo;tta,

cuittaJcutta,pi;cikuitta/pi;cikutta,bo;ru/bo:ru,bo:si/bo:ci,

kurukuru!ku:ku:,erailirai,06awao!oさowaη,kaeru/kairu,o:rai/

oldai,jametalameta,apgasuru!a抑gjasuru,kaeranailkaeronai,

waηtu:1wao6u:,waηtu:!pao6u:,dejo:1deiro,mo:itta!mo:tta,

garagara!ga:ga:,suru/cu;,onsitarri:sita,ratioJrani,saireη1

kaire疋 〕,蓉iηbuエ〕16iobuu,Lo;renal/to:rer】,karapPo!tapPo,so:ju/co:ロ,

beηkjQ:!beロko、jatto!jotto,dejo:1delro,sippo!cippo,mizu!mizu,

suoda1δuζ 〕da,tu亘aide!cunaide,ju:bit〕1i:bit},okaneloane,

hanareteJharete,okusuri/okucuri,surer〕!curuY】,saita!saita,

naozo:1皿SIJzO:,deowa!deoba,ho:S1:/hoci:,mi菖io!mi6iη,oisi:!

oici:,epPitu!eopiδu,niogjo:1iogjo:,morotalmo:ta,josi/joci,

akete/aite,niiiha可!iziha鄭1SS/1C1,0so:meth/co;mere,Kassa/assa,

taberu!tabu:,kitanai/kicanai,老upPuo1茗ipPuo,samui!こamui,

sasite/casite,sainara!saina:,deruldeu,muide!moide,mikao!

mitaO,degsa/degca,oko"sita!okkosiia,waita!baita,hairu!iru:,

hirosima/hi:ma,saita/caita,go;itta/gotta,to:tta/to:tte,ike/iki,

soko!coko,torakkuJrakku,駈 加u:guη ノ断0こu:guy,cu:iηgamul

cu;its,irete/iete,o:ki;/o:ci:,medaru/meta:ru,iras"ite/iracite,

aru!au,sairet〕!忌aireζ1,buraoko!buaτ1ko,saire可15aire夏 〕,koroηda!

ko:可da、jubiq/eubioha"ssa/hacca,tuita/cuita,for〕neru/tor〕neru,

taberu/taburu,

2;2razioJra;zi,kurukuruJkurukurzr,tabejo;/tabju;,waitaJbaita,

do:sijo:ノdo:CO;,zuboη ノ£祝bo1],ociru/ociu,sita/sita,asobo:1atobo:,

asaraJocara,masu/bacu,irete/irete,mimizu!mimizu,asobu/

acubu,tabotara/tabeta;,irete/iete,orujo;oujo,basu/bacu,

karappolka;ppo,sajonara/caina:,okane/oane,takenoko/talre-

nokn,sux〕da!cunda,so:Z1!CO:Z],kuru!ku:,0305!OCOI,uso!uss"o,

neru!neu,kisete!kiete,asobu/acobu,ijomikaη!jo:mitaOkai一

ロー90一

mono!kaimo:,oisi:/oici:,tuci/cuci,忌a首io!δa6iη,suru!cu,sametal

sameta,toru/tou,aketelaite,suko;"si/suko:ci,kaminari/kaminai,

gorogoro/gorogoro,jametaJameta,kaminariJkamii;,seiJce;,

guruguru!gu:gu:,kokoe!kokoi,hitori!hitoi,iretaη ノietaζ〕,suko:91!

cuko;si,oisikatta/oitakatta,oisikatta!oicikatta,sentaku/sentai,

se【ptaku!teηtaku,sa夏 】riη善a!saηri【〕ca,Qrijo:!oririjo:,notta!totta,

hass"s"a/hacca,ko;site/koate,desu/deco,se;/ce;,usi/uci,set]sei/

己eη6ei,osato:ノato:,taberu〆tabju:,osato;/oato:,gocisosar〕160:cad,

mamagoto/mamago.o,hosi;/hoci;,kusai!kucai,aru/au,kainiJ

kaini,mittu!miccu,ko:site!ko:cite,suruη16uruη,bai営iη 茗i!

bai6iη 乱gozaimasu!bacu,gozaimasu/debacu,akanai!akaO,

sentaku〆centaku,samui!camui,181/LC1,jaku/aku,arigato:1

aigat・:,kusatteru!k・catteru,ageta/ageta,as・b・/ac・b・,皿 ・ratta!

moratty,jo:φuku!jo:ku,sijo;/co:,13!1:Cl,話iηsaηna1益io6a甲 α・

sundaraノ 己iηdara,nuruifnurui,nakajo;!nakajo;,jamejo:〆amejo:・

utatteru!utatteu,to:rjaηse!torjaロceptakuwaoltakoaη,sateJcate,

usagisaη!u乙agi6a勾,to:s"ite/to:cite、siran!cirai],kisa!kica,iranaV

iraη,os"oju:/osou:,arigato:/arゴgatol,oφutoη101to口,"site!cite,

sukosi/cnkoci,oranai/oraq,katappo/kappo,jaketa/jakota

径uOittaノ こuηtta,tu:!cu:,hadasi!haclaci,sundara/6u夏1dara,take-

nokoμakeηoko,jolφuku〃o:φrイku,saりpo1乙aζ1po,hanao!hanaひ ・

kireta!kiela,daidokoro!daidoro,kawaita!kawai,koηdemasu!

koηdema己u,snppai/cuppaiteopura!teりpuro,"sikko;cikko,

nmebos"i/umebocu,sui16ui,haUdoru!a口doru,hazureta/hazurita,

seizican!§eizi6aO,§i巾u功!6iηbuη,taberu!tabu:,kinlasu!kimacu,

nigeta!nigita,sekke切 ノ6ekke耶seitosaη 〆seitosar】,koro】]da!ko:ηd縞

sibireta/sibieta,sibirenai/sibi:nai,C1:sai1さi:cai,tuitenai/citenai,

tekkjo:!tehlzタo:,kirei!kire:,sainara〆sainara,osusi!ocuci、gohaη1

goa勾,al)ura!abua,jakamasi:ノjakamaci:,ko:site!ko:cite,misete!

misate,koboreta!koboeta,muri!mori,tukuしto/cukutte,tukutte!

cutte,mawaru!1na:ru,ikenai!ikeη,osiri!ociri,kutu/kucu,zori-

zori!ZOlZO1,0茗i6aη 〆oiこaO,koiwa営i!koiwa己i,kitanai!kicanai,

sameru/cameru,atui!aci:,takuwaη!takukuO,beηkjo:!be匂kQ,

seηbei1こeηbe:,nuketa!nuiヒa,osakana〆ocakana,sijo:ja/co;ja

quaini!guani,kita/hita,saη 茗i!sar〕Z1,hairenai!haienai,arigato!

aiqato,sainara/caina:,kuro:ba!kuo:ba,kuro:ba!ko:ba,φutatu1

φuta6u,zido:sa!zido:ca,su口dara1己u竃1dal,taguci/tauci,tukuru〆

cuku:,abunai/amunai,tabenai!tabeη,kowasita〆kowasita,

surujo;Jsurujo;,tottara/totta;,dasu/dacu,joiso/joico,kireiJ

kire:,asita!atta,30:jul!601ju:,koηdowalkoηda:,kacro!kae:,

urusai!u:cai,itteras"sai!itteicai,mi菖iη!mi6iη,osato:!06ato:,

bo:to!boto,sukoきi!sukoci,usagi6aη ノuこagi由 η,samctaicameta,

kazuo己aη1kazuboδaη,akanai!akeo,gohaη1gobaη,himo/imo,

tukete/cikite,tukete/cikitte,matte/batte,"sitekuru/citeku:,

kara/kara,hasiru/haciru,mo;i;/moi,ittekimasujitte

ba;cu,satu/catu,akaη!akeη,joiso!jo:CO,tuita!cuita,ohajo:〆

-91一

ojo:,jamero!jamere,jamero!amere,taberu/tabeu,mata!mada,

kasa/kaca,kusa/kuca.napPa/apPa,totteiruno!to:te:L〕,okororija!

oko;oija,oasiJoaci,osakana/ocaka,osakana/ocakana,hieta/

hi;ta,ase!ace,o;ki/oki;,bokumo/bokubo,torakku/toakku,

mi口na!mi:na、tadaima!tadamada,tadaima/ta:ima,dero!dere,

saki/saki,sitem/siteq,abura/abua,wakame/wakeme,tempura/

teopua・ni隻 】gjo:1ni13qo:,φutteru!φutteu,cigau/cjau ,kageUo;si/

kagebo;ci,miru!miu,ireru!ireu,das"ite!dasrte,eOpitu!eOpe6u,

urusai!u:cai,to:riaηse!to:rjaη 乙e,gojo:!go:,gojo:!goi,nureter巳!

nueteru,kagasi/hagasi,tunaide/cunaide,mite/mite,ututte/

ucutte,bo:善i!bo:C1,wakame/wakane,nokosita!noko:ta,sajonara!

cajonara,nigakkattaノ πfg2々 α々"α,hitori!hitoi,denai!derai,

iko;/ilzo:,善iosaηnaja1恐io恐aonajo,samukunai/camu;nai,sentaku/

taηkaku,nannohana/nanohana,saireη1己aireη,das"ite/datte,ロ ロ コ コ コ

mienai/mirEg,mlenallmereO,goma!gomu,sazi!sa:Z1,geホaηsae!

qeηkaOsaja・gociso:saOlgo6i60:益 明,mo:i:jo:1mo:ijo,koc三ra!

koccira,samukunai/ca:mu:nai,seitosaη1さ し:tosa口,sakura/cakura ,

happa/apps,asobu/atobu,osato;/otato;,osato;/os"ato;,dekita/

dekita,ho:su!ho:6u,sasu/cacu,kaoda!kameta,osumo:!ocumo; ,

agarime!agame,naitenai/naiteη,sa:pu/ca;pu,ss"imeru/cimeru,

waratta/wa;tta,hotaru/ho;ta:,tatete/tacete,supppaiJcuppai,

ju:1〕its/jo;1〕iη.

2;3asobo/atobo,suru/curu,itu/icu,basu/bacu,hassa/hacca,

gociso:saη1goこi60:こa工 】lasobo/acobo,agete!agatte,josi/joci,

kagebo:si!kagebo:C1,samui/camui,atukunatta/atunatta ,simeruf

cimeru,話iηsaona16i06aηna,蓉ijo驚o:,φuseη ノφu:cep,agejo:!agjo:,

sakana!cakana,kuode!koode,tadaima!taimawa,beokjo:ノbegko,

surunojo16uηjo,buraηkolbulrar】ko,okasi二/okaci;,sukosi/

sukoci,asita!atta,onaka!onaka,kuruma!ku:ma,hippateruno/

hipPatel】,ss"iteJcite,osusi/ocuci,hazurete!harete,torinasaηnajo!

tori口 δannajo・osato;/otato;,oisi;/oici:,ohone!o:nepo:,kairaηbaη!

kaibaobaη,desu/decu,sikko!cikko,paηtu!paη6u,kanl!moni,

terukiごaO!te:ru6an,nominasai/nomincai,kisapoppo!capoppo,

jabureta/abieta,turete!tuete,abunai/amunai,suke:to驚ukelto,

sassato/caccato,irete!iete,suru!cu:,orinasai!oriη6ai,suttqo蓉ita!

cutter〕cita・tukeru!tukuru,gohao!goa鄭sui/cui,suppai/cuppai,

omutu/omucu,kaete/kaite,kesa/keca,tureteJcurete,sumo;/

C--1270,善iObuη1己iηbuo、ittekimasu!ittema:cu:,asokonj!ani,ikenai!

ikeq,hanaseJhanace,mimizu/mimizu,mizu!mi加,josijosi/

]OCI]OCI,6i口6iu善ite/CIX〕6iηtte,asobo/asobo,suoda16u口da,

tadaima/caimama,ututte/ucutte,accini/a;ccini ,jo;jaku/jo;jo;,

jakamasi!akamaci,umare/umae,oφune!o:ne,oφ 町le!oune,

ci,gau/cijau,ss"itara/sitars,usagisaη1uδagi6aη,toreralbasu!

t・re:b・C・ ・S・:b・.c・:b・1,k・:k・k・!k・lk・ku,k・k・ni/k・:nilsa可P・1

canpo,o:tobai!otobai,koboreta!kobe:ta,gohag/gobat〕,ss"iroi/

ciroi・waopaku/aηpaku,mo:i:1mo:i,jaburetoru!aburetoru,

irassai/iracCai,kusattenai/kucattenai,sa;Jca;,suiteru/cuiteru,

一一一92一

tadaima!taimaja,seoseiノ δe勾惹ei,ring・ ノniogqkamawanailkama"

jawarakai/wara;kai,jawarakai/jara:kai,isi/ici,noseru/noceru,

akanai!akatJ,tumetakunai!tumeta:nai,omado!obado,tume1

6umらtabenai!tabe耶saireo!6aireη,itallital,hanase/hanate,

asokoni!a:ni,kawai:!kawai,joiso/joico,sitore!tore,nureteoru!

nuretolu,haka"site/hakete,忌ioderu!6i功do:,osimai!ocimai,semai!

ss"emai,hasami/acami,hasami/haca皿i,dokkoiso/dokkoico,i甜01

icco,ohosisama/ohosicama,asi/aci,kakko/kokko:karasu/

karacu,nazelna茗 鳥mono:kilmono:ki,φuta:tu1φuta:6u,kage-

bo:siJkazebo:C1,deηdeηmu善i/deod釦mu6i,kasa/kaca,mi§iη!

mi6i恥arigato:1aigato:,sakana/Cana,s"iranai!こira"saori埆a/

saqriη6乱i溌01i6己o,er〕totule口to6u,kieta/ki:ta、eopitu!a〕cipici,

n明desukalnaη6udeこuka.macinasai/macigcai,sari/calf,jaka・

mas"i;/jakacimi,seki/ceki,sumi/cumi,tuitaJcuita,jajakosi;J

jakkoci:,wasureta/wacureta,jakedosuru/jakedocuru,bo:営il

bo:C1,aged/aeg,ojasumi!oacumi,aka6aO!aka:cats,kiterulkitiru,

sas"ita/Casita,oimo!oηmo,ira"ssai/jaccai,kooni面walkoo6iwa、

sainara!cainara,kemuri/kemui,tukete/cakete,kokoni!koni,

teopura!teOpuri,te功pura!teopari,oimo/Homo,atui!aδil,BL'Cl,

bai"sir〕茗i!baiδ 均 活i,er〕pitule1]pici、seizi!§eizi,Slt)dokatta16indokatta,

suteru/cuteru,monosasi!皿onosasi,otosu/otocu,ikenailikeη,

tunaide/cunaide,sajonara/sajonara,simeta/cimeta,sekiJceki,

善iηda1δiOda,turete/curete,mosimosi/mocimoci,SOLO!SOtO,a"sita/

atta,suguJcugu,ma6inasailma6iη6ai,sinai/cinai、kuηdoru1

6u勾do:,sasimi!cacimi,SO:ju!CO:}u,mo:hitotu!mo:tu,mo:hits)tu/

mo:cu,isu/icu,osoi/ocoi,tukejo:/cukejo:、dasuJdacu.osarusaη1

06aruδa鄭bikkurisita/bikkuisitakemuri!kemui,SlZ叫da1

6i加Oda,owasuremono/owacuremono,negaimasu!negaimacu,

gozaimasu/godaimacu、kudasai/kudasaimuite!muide,urusai!

urucai,mawatte/matte,oheja/ojoma,orinai/orate,kappa/appa,

asu/aCU,asa/aka,musi./muci,katatumuri/kata;muri,lase/dace,

50:21'SO:Z1,sumumade/sumumade.hosuJhocu,kol〕oreta/kol)oeta

suke:to/sute:to,otukai/tukai,jokogawa/gokoga:,halosi/hadaei,

jakamasikatta/jakaciminatta,tumu/cumu,otosu/otocu,orosu/

orocu,sewanaiJs"eanai,jaro:!arol,kokoilkokoe、teruki6aη ノ●teukica】 」,hazuretoru/hazuetoru,hanas"ita/hanacita,kuttuiteru!

kuccuiteru,sa【1老i!営aη 茗i,営a菖i131己aこ均,zu:tto/zu:tte,gohaO!koba1」,

kojo:ne!kuro:ne,tabeteltal〕etete,okorareta!okoreta,sekker〕1

こekkeη,sawa:/cawa:,karasu/karacu,monosa"si/cacimo,mono-

sasi!monocaci,todokultatak叫kitanai!kicanai,獣nuolo/6inuηjo,

takusaη1taku6a"cisai/cicai,osakana/ocakana,ittemiru!itemiru,

satc):!tato:,tadaima/ta:i皿a,ikimas"o:/ikimaco;,korooda!kolηd馬

φUminaSai1φuri6ai,atUi!acui,aSe!a6e,wasureta/wacureta,jOSetel

jotte,saoriη 善a!6aoriη 営a,kasa/kaca,tubame!cubame,acciJaei,

attakai/attai,sar}/sar〕,saba/caba,tukutte/cukutte,asoko/acoko,

hae/hai,onegai/onegai,tetudatte/tettette,tetudatte/cudatte,

-93一

tatte/tatta,mo;hitotu/motu,tabelo:/tabero:,{leis"a/teo6a,otukai/

ocukai,korobinasaηna!korob功 こaona,koodowa/kooda,kasi/

ka:Cl,agenai/ageo,ter〕kaφuζ 〕1te其〕taku,sa§imi/cacumi,hakusor〕1

wa溌o瑠,hak聴00/a配00,nagasi!nagaci,gjamupaη ノgjagpag,nasu!

nacu,toP§italtoota,sasi/saci,kuruma!ku:ma,kasite/kacite,

o:i/o:ui,oomasaη!oηmosau,osa旗):/ocato:,hasami/hacami,siiibutt/

6iηbuo,seokjo!tenko,1580'1CCO,suzume/cuzume,wai/wai,

mugi!mogi.kuro;ba!kuroba,hokakel川ne1110kebune,ko:s"ido/

ko:cido,"simasita/macita,toriniiku/toriku,umebosi/muci,

tuketeagejo/tuketagjo,kutu/kucu,seizicag/ceiz"icag,kaetta/

kaitta,osara/ocara,kucibue/kucibie,kasiteageru/kasitaeru,

orosu/orocu,noire/nokete,to勾bo/toobu,umebo蓉ilume6i,

seηmeoki16eomeηki,karaJkara,baiterJwaiter,sameo16a皿eη,

s"imenai/cimenai,aso勾doru!a蓉oodoru,hibasi/hibaci,dase/dace,

kaimonolkaimoO,sasu/sasu,seObei〆 蓉eゆe:,karasu/karacu,

sakki/cakki,konai/kinai,umeUos"iJumemoci,mazu/mazu,

kju:ri/ku:ri,tutee/cutte.

2;4basu/bacu,asoζ 】deiruno!acor〕doh,otona§i:ノotonaci:,jaburetoru!

jabuetoru,tuiteru/cuiteru,saOpo16aη ρo,ikima§o/ikimaco,bata-

tuku!babacuku,i蓉 忌01」660,suru/curu,sar〕rio営a1δa口riζ 〕ca,tukete/

cukete,mis"irkJmiciq,so:zi/so:Z1,s"inai/cinai,tukete/cikite,asobo

/as'obo,sukoppu/cukoppu,detekitaldetakita,sei16e:,simete/

cimete,oi6aリ ノo茗16aη・itadakimasu/itakimacu,kamijaco;/kamija-

maco:,masu/macu,皿onosasi/sasimo,monosasi/sasimono,kita・

nakunai/kicanakunai,sei老i6aη1蓉ei茗i6a1}takusar〕1taku乙ao,asogda

la60"da蓉ikko価kko・oi§i:foici:,umebos"iJumeci,hajo:1hajo,

0kaerinasai/okaerit〕CO1・alai!acui,sa』Jr均 蓉a1蓉aoriη6a,tuitat】1

加itao,su口da16uoda・kaimono!kaimoo,keInuri/kemui,eototul

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deru1己i瑠deru・tukeru/cukeru,okasi:ノokaci:,oφutoη10uto1螂sasul

cacu,kazuocar〕1kazubo6aukinasar〕na/ki勾6aζ 】na,kusai/kucai,

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merikenko/meikeOko,kuttuku/kuccuku,蓉inasaOna16iη 甑 ηna,

okorareru/okoeru,oturi/ocuri,sekke◎16ekkeη,kas"i/kaci,sa/ca,

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ko勾dowalkooda:,karasu/karacu,Coro:kalkora:ka,a"sits/acita,

kasa/kaca,kaimoko!kaimono,seOsei16eO6ei,ci:sai!ci;cai,mus"i/

muci,katatumuri!katacumuri,dase/dace,kis"a/kica,asoko/acoko ,

nanisurunolnanisuru抑,SO;Z1!CO:Z1,0kororijaloko:rija,atukatta!

acukatta,saki/caki,boηsao/1〕o瑠 乙a1〕,paptulpaη6u,sumuJcumu,

agejo:1agjo:・osato;jocato:・netu/necu,osu蓉ilo6u6i,se其 】taku16eo-

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hasami/hasami,kusatteiru/kucattorun,tukurund苑ukuruO,sumi-

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!jacui,mo:hitotu/motu,keosa!k釦6a,osasimi/ocacimi,nasu!

nacu,kju:ri!ku:ri,kamaretalkamaeta,tutte/cutte,imaseo/ima-

cep,φutatu1φuta6u,koηdo!koηda,otuki6aO/otukima6aOjosi/joci,

de情a/deO己a,cigireta!cigieta,jokogawa/jokogaxe,a,ki皿asu!

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otume/ocume,saba!caba,irimaseη1irima6eo善imaseη!6ima6eη,

teppo;/peppo;,jaro:ka/jaeroka,ko:hi:/koi,ju:gata/ju;kata,

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saりna/korobiη6a勾n亀e知pitu!e功petu,irassai/iraccai,negaimasu!

negaicu:,tataode!taode,hikigaerulhikigairu,sei茗iku瑠1菖ei茗iku工L

masako/ma:ko,pantulpao6皿,haklnasai!hakiη6ai,de蝉aldeo己a・

asooderu!a600deru,asobo:Jacobo:,ha6inosu!haこino乙u,watasi!

watasi,kuttukanai/kuccukanai,poma蓉iteageru1且omattageru・

osusi/ocuci,gu;/gi;,simawana(cimawana,nossoriJnoccori,

obe瑠kjo:!obeη 乙o,sumimasita!cumimasita,kudasaijkudacai,

ko勾dowalkoηdaw仙kirakira!kirakira,tutugcie/cutunde,

we:ha:sulwe:ha;ss"u,suzusi:/cuzusi:,isso/icco,"simeru/cimeru,

irrassaimase/iraccaimace,obo:siJobo;ci,isaJica,daidokoroJ

daidoko,sake/caku,tumori/cumori,hikigaeru/hikikae:ru,

-95-一

・lki:n・1・lk・in・,nig・ ・a・en・1!nig・t・ ηこ・i,rett・ ・u!b。tteru,h,k。!

ako,hikigaeru/hike;ru,nurukunatta/nurutta,oisa/oica,sagasite

.runojo1忌agattoruηjo,Sinai/cinai,oseOtaku!o邑eηtaku,蓉imawa功to!、

己imawaUto譜iturei1こiture:,subetta!subetta,hikiqaeru!hikigi;ru,

oseηbe!o蓉eobe,okusuri!okucuri,wasureta/wacureta,osato:!

ocato:,suko善i!suko己i,kesa?keca,daibuη ノtaibuゆsuzusi:!tu:ci:,

semi/cami,agejo:〆agjo:,§aboηdamaノ δaboηdama,sugu/cuqu,

sita!cita,omutu!omucu,do;sitano/do6itaり,we:ha:su/wea:cu,

haikju:so/haikju:CO,きiOdoi16iudoi,taoretalto:reta,mi営iη1

miδi口,saita!caita,mo:hitotu!mo:tu,denasai!dco己ai,sukosi/

cukoci,sameta/cameta,arigato;/agigato;,suzume/s"uzume,

ikemase期 ノikema己e口,kasite!ka己ite,ss"itoru!citoru,okurete

Jokutte,hikigaeru/hikige;zu,kuru/ku;,naosana/naocana,hiss"i/

hi§ §io,hi§ 首i驚6i,kawaiso:/kawaico:,monosas"i/cacimono,mono-

sasiJmonosaci,sukunai/cukunai,jos"i/joci,o蓉ime!oci皿e,ahora・

si;/ahoraci;,kagami/kagacimi,teruki/te;ki,kogetuku/kogecuku,

karasu/karacu,hanabi/hatabi,nita/mita,suzume/suzume,abu-

nai!amunai,sumiJcu皿i,sumimaseηde営ita16umima6e口detta,tuke-

mono1己ukemoU、suki/cuki,do:site/do;tte,o茗amade甑a!ozamatta

2;6suruno16ur明,tuketara1さuketara,basu!bacu,kaminari6au!

kamina6ao,dokokara!dokkara,osora!o己ora,asoko!acoko,

moeta塀moeηtaη 、kisa!kica,ikimasuJikijacu,saopo1甑opo,

ikinasaηna!ikiη6aηnalsaita/caita,asagao!acagao,surusuru!

curucuru,deco;/deco:,daso:/daco:,semi!己emi,51]O;ノcijo:,hosi:ノ

hoci:,suki/cuki,tabenasai!tabi燐ai,so:met/co:meth,suru1己uru,

§imaso:ノ 蓉ima60:,gohag/goag,si皿ado;/saco:,asobanai/a己obaり,

musi!muci・sumimaseη1乙ui皿aced,ha"ssa!ha龍a,naraoda1φutaηda

φutatu1φuta6u,"sittoru!cittoru,hitotu/hitocu,kusaiJkucai,

iras"sai!iraccai,seki/ceki,§imasu/cijasu,deo菖aldeo6a,kaeri-

ma善ita!kaerija善ita,poロpoηse功1poopoo己eo,sor∈kara/corekara,

asobima"so/acobimaco,sawattara/cawattara,suika/cuika,nomi/

nomizo;ri/zo;ri,suzusi;fcu;ci,nigenaiJniginai,matujama/

matuba,oi善asao!oi蓉i己au,deoseη!deo6eロ,SOiJ1/CO:ji,minasai!

m均 さai,dasu!dace,sawaru!cawaru,1S§o!1CCO,kimasufkimacu,

ka"siwa/katagi・kasiwa/kaciwa,deode口mu§i!deηdeomuδi,ko;site!

ko:cite,oi善i:10i己i:,suppai/cuppai,teruki乙ao!tel6au,sikko/cikko,

kusa/kuca,do;site/do;cite,kasa/kaca,osorosi;Joturoci;,

sewa善i:!6ewa己iLkinas明 且a!k畔aηna,s・:ra/C・lralkaeri皿ass"ita/

kaerima6ita,kju:kei!kulkei,asobima§o/ac,obimaco,s"imaso:/

cimaco:・sakana〆 己akana,iwasi/iwaci,kitanailki己anai,善ipPo/

cippo,seime:sett/cei皿e:6eu,kudasai/kudacai,hacinosu/hacinocu,

sasiteru〆caciteru,sorosoro/corocoro,31】Jdoru!6i功doru,oheso/

checo,karasu/karacu,sijo;ja/co;ja,ase(ace,haburasi/haburaci,

sora/cora,arimasu/arijasu,jasui/jacui,kusaru/kucaru,simatte/

cimatte・okaimono!okaimoη,ojasumi!ojacumi,nagarekawa!

nagarehawa,tabejo;/tabjo;,tumetai/cumetai,su;gu/cu;gu,

-96一

kamisan/kamiこaO,sakuicaku,sumo/cumo,唱kagaOda/kagoηda,

sinai/cinai.sorobaO/korobaη,sobrbaO!cc)robaO,usi/uci,doko・

karaldokkara,otukisan/oさukima6aO,do:site!dotte,otukisa可 ノ ー・

o乙uki6aO,sumima善itaka/cumimacitaka,kurulkiru,da首itel

dacite,suwaro:/cuwaro:,mosi/moci,hajo:ノhajo,i蓉ilid,suruno/

6uruO,e可totu!eηto6u,tunagimaso;ノcunagimaco:.蓉izuOda〆6izuOda,

da:site(clo:cite,onikai'oniwa,hasitte/hacitte,sabaicaba,

sao彰u:eo!6a可 老u:eo,matujama/macama,sajonara!cajonara,

sugu!cugu,tukimasita/tukijacita,kagebo:si/kagebo;ci,bes""sori,

arigat・:lagigat・;,torinasat)na/torigcat)na,nasi!naci,SUtta/cutta,

sumimase唱!6umima6e可,φutaride1φutaηde,das"i/daci,osolIneUl

OCO:mere,macinasai/ma6io6ai,suko;si/cnko胤jasumu/jacumu,

seηtakumono!こeOtakumQno,hasaxni/hacami,oso:zi/oco;zi,

sakki/cakki,aso勾deinasailasoηdeτ 】cai,suzusi;/cuzuci:!beccori,

arudes"o:/arudeco,cu;sa/cu;ca,ittesima;ta/itecimo:ta,tukete/

cukete,onirrxotu!onimocu,ci:sai/ci;cai,t皿iteta/cuiteta,tulnu!

cumu,営inaSa可na価 η6明na,Sd善ite16・:cite,・is"asap/・iこaこaO,

haikju:SO!hakju:CO,haikju:SO/haikju:co,niφudalnikuda,nasi/

naci,u皿ehosi/umeboci,sakura1こakura,uresiso:1ure己o:,"sinasai/

cinacai,sorja/corja,ugokinasagna/ugokigcapna,ores"iso:/

urecico:,deり 蓉i13/de可6iO.ha§ira!hacira,peni蓉iriO!peniごiriO,

saηpo!§aOpo,da§ita!4α 忌ita,sioutoi!cibutoi,hairinasai1hairi兀 〕cai,

nakinasaonalnakio己aina,cittomo/cottomo,sumimaseode忌ita1

6umimade口6ita,cu:safcu:ca,jakamasi:ノjakamaci:,osuwaril

ocuwari,suwattemo(cuwattemo,azi(taz"i,biss"ori/biccori,

ikimasulikijaこu,tuitara/cuitara,norinasai!norio6ai,omutukagol

omucukago,darega/darja,kika壌a/kikaO6a,nosete!nocete,

dosss"itemo(do:Clt21110,§a;pu/cu:pu,sorete/coretesa:!sa:,OSI:ki,

0ci:ki,忌ijoruno16ijoruo,断o蓉ibari!6i:1るibari,saki/caki,kisetel

kicete,tunaideノ こunaide,ikinasailikiO6ai,o:saka!o:cakaosato:1

0cato:,sameta!5ameta,ojasumi!ojacumi,gjO:zui/gjo:zuuimimizu/

mimizu,nasu(nacu,tujoku〆cujoku,usagiluこagi,e羽pitu/e勾pi6u,

sasitearu/sa"sita:ru,turete/curete,ha§irinasai!ha獣riOδai,peni一

蓉iri噂1peni6iriη,Sinai/cinai,hosi;/hoci:,㎜osaku!maxJkaku,

ma瑠sak皿!maり6aku.

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Ishibashi,Kotaro(ed.)Seibida'sDictionaryofEnglishLinguistics.Tokyo

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Jakobson,Roman,"TheSoundLawsofChildLanguageandTheirPlace

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Oguri,Keizo.EnglishPhonetics.Tokyo:ShinozakiShorin,1967.

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Wijk,Axel.RulesofPronunciationfortheEnglishLanguage.London

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