Kiribati 2016 Urban Household Electrical Appliances, Lights

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Kiribati 2016 Urban Household Electrical Appliances, Lights, and End-use Survey

– Process and Findings

Final Version – 8 March 2017

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Prepared by Thomas Lynge Jensen, Energy Programme Specialist,

Bureau for Policy and Programme Support (BPPS), UNDP Pacific – Fiji Office1

1 The views expressed in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), its Executive Board or its member states.

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Table of Contents

List of Tables 5

Acronyms 10

Maps 11

Map 1: Kiribati 11

Map 2: South Tarawa 11

Map 3: Kiritimati Island 12

Acknowledgements 13

1. Survey Results 14

1.1 Selected Survey Results 14

1.1.1 South Tarawa 14

1.1.2 Kiritimati Island 18

1.2 A few Observations 21

2. Kiribati 2016 Urban Household Electrical Appliances, Lights and End-use Survey 24

2.1 Expected Outcomes 24

2.2 Survey Objective 24

2.3 Household Definition 24

2.4 Survey Preparation and Implementation 24

2.4.1 Project Development and Design 24

2.4.2 Stocktaking and Reviewing available Information and Data 25

2.4.3 Questionnaire Design 27

2.4.4 Survey Scope and Sample Size 28

2.4.5 Selection and Training of Surveyors and Supervisors 30

2.4.6 Households Actually Surveyed and Survey Supervision 30

2.5 Data Entry, Validation and Tabulation 32

2.5.1 Data Entry 32

2.5.2 Data Checking and Tabulation 32

2.6 Survey Deliverables, Costs and Funding 33

2.6.1 Survey Deliverables 33

2.6.2 Costs and Funding 34

2.7 Survey Quality 34

2.7.1 Questionnaire 34

2.7.2 Surveyors and Supervisors 34

2.7.3 Data Entry 35

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2.7.4 Overall Survey Quality 35

2.8 Recommendations for future Similar Household Electrical Appliances and Lights Surveys 35

Annex A: References 37

Annex B: Questionnaire used in Kiritimati Island 40

Annex C: Programme for the South Tarawa Survey Training Workshop, 19-20 July 2016 54

Annex D: Detailed Survey Results 56

Power Meter 56

Gender & Age of People Interviewed 56

General weather of the Day of the Visit 57

Number of Buildings in the Household that have Electricity 57

Main Building Construction 58

Main Building Colours 59

Type of Residence 60

Household Age Group Composition 61

Average Amount the Household estimates it pays per Month for Electricity 61

Method of Payment of Electricity Bill 62

Roof Insulation 62

Motor Vehicles 62

Sources of Household Income 64

Sanitation 65

Does the person being interviewed do the family washing with a washing Machine 66

Lighting 67

Refrigerators 70

Freezers 76

Air Conditioners 84

Small Electrical Appliances 85

Desktop and Laptop Computers 96

Microwave Ovens 102

Mobile Phones 104

Tablet Computers 105

Water Heaters 105

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Fans 106

Cooking 108

Television 111

Annex E: Comparison of Direct Survey Costs associated with selected Energy Household Surveys in Pacific Island

Countries 118

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List of Tables

Table 1: Key Differences in Household Ownership of Items and Amenities in Urban Areas of Kiribati . 21

Table 2: Key Differences in Household Usage in Urban Areas of Kiribati ................................................ 22

Table 3: Households Visited and Actually Surveyed ................................................................................. 31

Table 4: Time used on Interviewing........................................................................................................... 31

Table 5: If Households share the same Power Meter ............................................................................... 56

Table 6: Number of Households sharing the same Power Meter ............................................................ 56

Table 7: Gender of People Interviewed ..................................................................................................... 56

Table 8: Age of People Interviewed ........................................................................................................... 57

Table 9: General weather of the day of the visit....................................................................................... 57

Table 10: Number of Buildings in the Household that have Electricity .................................................... 57

Table 11: Construction Materials of Walls in Main Building in South Tarawa......................................... 58

Table 12: Construction Materials of Walls in Main Building in Kiritimati Island ..................................... 58

Table 13: Materials of Roofs in Main Building in South Tarawa .............................................................. 59

Table 14: Materials of Roofs in Main Building in Kiritimati Island ........................................................... 59

Table 15: Colour of the Walls in Main Building ......................................................................................... 59

Table 16: Colour of the Roof in Main Building .......................................................................................... 60

Table 17: Type of Residence ...................................................................................................................... 60

Table 18: If the residence is in an apartment building, is the residence on the top floor of the building?

.................................................................................................................................................................... 60

Table 19: Total Number of People Surveyed in Various Age Groups ....................................................... 61

Table 20: Amount the Household estimates it pays per Month for Electricity ....................................... 61

Table 21: Method of Payment of Electricity Bill ........................................................................................ 62

Table 22: Roof Insulation ........................................................................................................................... 62

Table 23: Any Residents of the Household own and have registered a Motor Vehicle? ........................ 62

Table 24: Automobiles ............................................................................................................................... 63

Table 25: Motorcycles ................................................................................................................................ 63

Table 26: Trucks .......................................................................................................................................... 63

Table 27: Vans ............................................................................................................................................ 63

Table 28: Buses ........................................................................................................................................... 63

Table 29: Bicycles ....................................................................................................................................... 64

Table 30: Other Vehicles ............................................................................................................................ 64

Table 31: Sources of Household Income in South Tarawa ........................................................................ 64

Table 32: Sources of Household Income in Kiritimati Island .................................................................... 65

Table 33: Sanitary Facilities........................................................................................................................ 65

Table 34: Does the person being interviewed do the family washing with a washing Machine ............ 66

Table 35: Estimated number of washing machine loads the person being interviewed does per week in

South Tarawa .............................................................................................................................................. 66

Table 36: Estimated number of washing machine loads the person being interviewed does per week in

Kiritimati Island .......................................................................................................................................... 66

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Table 37: Number of Light Bulbs/Tubes in Surveyed Households ........................................................... 67

Table 38: Number of Each Type of Light in all Surveyed Households ...................................................... 68

Table 39: Hours of use per Day .................................................................................................................. 68

Table 40: Location of Light Bulbs/Tubes ................................................................................................... 69

Table 41: Watts per Light Bulb/Tube ......................................................................................................... 69

Table 42: Daily Estimated Energy Use for Lighting in all Surveyed Households ...................................... 70

Table 43: Number of Refrigerators in Surveyed Households ................................................................... 70

Table 44: Location of Refrigerators ........................................................................................................... 71

Table 45: Approximate Year Refrigerator Obtained in South Tarawa ..................................................... 71

Table 46: Refrigerator obtained new or used ........................................................................................... 72

Table 47: Refrigerator obtained locally or overseas ................................................................................. 72

Table 48: Refrigerator Self-defrosting ....................................................................................................... 72

Table 49: Refrigerator Door Arrangement ................................................................................................ 72

Table 50: Indicative Refrigerator Capacity ................................................................................................ 73

Table 51: Quality of Refrigerator Door Seal .............................................................................................. 73

Table 52: If Refrigerator is powered on and operating all the time ......................................................... 74

Table 53: Average amount the household estimates it pays per month for electricity to run the

refrigerator(s) ............................................................................................................................................. 74

Table 54: Name of Refrigerator Manufacturer in South Tarawa .............................................................. 74

Table 55: Energy Label on Refrigerator ..................................................................................................... 75

Table 56: Number of Stars on Refrigerators with Australia/NZ Energy Label ......................................... 75

Table 57: Energy Label - Country of Origin ................................................................................................ 75

Table 58: Estimated kWh/year Energy Use Shown on Label .................................................................... 76

Table 59: Plans to Replace Refrigerator(s) ................................................................................................ 76

Table 60: Number of Freezers in Surveyed Households ........................................................................... 76

Table 61: Location of Freezers ................................................................................................................... 77

Table 62: Approximate Year Freezer Obtained in South Tarawa ............................................................. 77

Table 63: Approximate Year Freezer Obtained in Kiritimati Island .......................................................... 78

Table 64: Freezer obtained new or used ................................................................................................... 78

Table 65: Freezer obtained locally or overseas ......................................................................................... 78

Table 66: Freezer Self-defrosting ............................................................................................................... 78

Table 67: Freezer Door Arrangement ........................................................................................................ 79

Table 68: Indicative Freezer Volume ......................................................................................................... 79

Table 69: Quality of Freezer Door Seal ...................................................................................................... 80

Table 70: If Freezer is powered on and operating all the time ................................................................. 80

Table 71: Hours per day is it powered on and operating (24-hours period) ............................................ 80

Table 72: Average amount the household estimates it pays per month for electricity to run the

freezer(s) ..................................................................................................................................................... 81

Table 73: Name of Freezer Manufacturer in South Tarawa ..................................................................... 81

Table 74: Name of Freezer Manufacturer in Kiritimati Island .................................................................. 82

Table 75: Energy Label on Freezer ............................................................................................................. 82

Table 76: Number of Stars on Freezers with Australia/NZ Label ......................................................... 82

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Table 77: Energy Label - Country of Origin ................................................................................................ 83

Table 78: Estimated kWh/year Energy Use Shown on Label in South Tarawa ........................................ 83

Table 79: Estimated kWh/year Energy Use Shown on Label in Kiritimati Island ..................................... 83

Table 80: Plans to Replace Freezer(s) ........................................................................................................ 84

Table 81: If Yes Planning to Replace, the Estimated Number of Months from now ............................... 84

Table 82: Number of Air Conditioners in Surveyed Households in South Tarawa .................................. 85

Table 83: Total Number of Small Electrical Appliances in Surveyed Households .................................... 85

Table 84: Total Number of Each Type of Small Electrical Appliance in Surveyed Households ................ 87

Table 85: Hours of use per Week for all Small Electrical Appliances ....................................................... 88

Table 86: Hours of use per Week for Rice Cookers ................................................................................... 88

Table 87: Hours of use per Week for Electric Kettles ................................................................................ 89

Table 88: Hours of use per Week for Electric Irons ................................................................................... 89

Table 89: Hours of use per Week for Top Loading Single Top Washing Machines .................................. 90

Table 90: Hours of use per Week for Top Loading Dual Top Washing Machines in South Tarawa......... 90

Table 91: Hours of use per Week for Electric Hair Clippers in Kiritimati Island ....................................... 91

Table 92: Hours of use per Week for Electric Sewing Machines in Kiritimati Island ............................... 91

Table 93: Hours of use per Week for Stereos ............................................................................................ 92

Table 94: Hours of use per Week for Water Pumps .................................................................................. 92

Table 95: Watts for all Small Electric Appliances ...................................................................................... 93

Table 96: Watts for Rice Cookers ............................................................................................................... 94

Table 97: Watts for Electric Kettles ........................................................................................................... 94

Table 98: Watts for Electric Irons ............................................................................................................... 94

Table 99: Watts for Top Loading Single Top Washing Machines .............................................................. 94

Table 100: Watts for Top Loading Dual Top Washing Machines in South Tarawa .................................. 95

Table 101: Watts for Electric Hair Clippers in Kiritimati Island ................................................................. 95

Table 102: Watts for Electric Sewing Machine in Kiritimati Island ........................................................... 95

Table 103: Watts for Stereos ..................................................................................................................... 95

Table 104: Total Number of Desktop and Laptop Computers in Surveyed Households ......................... 96

Table 105: Location of Desktop and Laptop Computers ........................................................................... 96

Table 106: Approximate Year Obtained .................................................................................................... 97

Table 107: Obtained new or used .............................................................................................................. 97

Table 108: Obtained Locally or Overseas .................................................................................................. 97

Table 109: Type of Monitor ....................................................................................................................... 97

Table 110: Screen Size ................................................................................................................................ 98

Table 111: Type of Computer ..................................................................................................................... 98

Table 112: Laser Printer in Household ....................................................................................................... 98

Table 113: Inkjet Printer in Household ...................................................................................................... 99

Table 114: Hours of use per day during the week on Schooldays ............................................................ 99

Table 115: Hours of use per day during the week on School Holidays .................................................... 99

Table 116: Hours of use on Saturdays ....................................................................................................... 99

Table 117: Hours of use on Sundays ........................................................................................................ 100

Table 118: Plans to Replace ..................................................................................................................... 100

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Table 119: If Yes Planning to Replace the Estimated Number of Months from Now ............................ 100

Table 120: Type of Work the Computer is mostly used for .................................................................... 101

Table 121: If the Equipment above is left Connected to the Power all the time ................................... 101

Table 122: If there Internet access at the home ..................................................................................... 101

Table 123: If there is Wi-Fi at Home ........................................................................................................ 101

Table 124: Microwave Oven in Household.............................................................................................. 102

Table 125: Mode for Setting Operating Time .......................................................................................... 102

Table 126: Average Use per Day in Minutes ........................................................................................... 102

Table 127: Watts for Microwave Oven .................................................................................................... 103

Table 128: If the Microwave Oven is plugged in and power on to the charger all the time ................. 103

Table 129: Number of Mobile Phones in use by Household Members .................................................. 104

Table 130: If chargers are left plugged in and powered all the time...................................................... 104

Table 131: Number of Tablet Computers in Households ........................................................................ 105

Table 132: If chargers are left plugged in and powered all the time...................................................... 105

Table 133: Number of Fans in Households .............................................................................................. 106

Table 134: Number of Different Types of Fans ....................................................................................... 106

Table 135: Hours of Use per Day ............................................................................................................. 107

Table 136: Watts ...................................................................................................................................... 107

Table 137: Location of Fans ...................................................................................................................... 108

Table 138: Electric Cooking Unit in Households ...................................................................................... 108

Table 139: Estimated usage of Electric Cooking Unit .............................................................................. 108

Table 140: Gas Cooking Unit in Households ............................................................................................ 109

Table 141: Estimated usage of Gas Cooking Unit .................................................................................... 109

Table 142: Kerosene Cooking Unit in Households .................................................................................. 109

Table 143: Estimated usage of Kerosene Cooking Unit .......................................................................... 109

Table 144: Cooking with Wood in Households ....................................................................................... 110

Table 145: Estimated usage of Wood ...................................................................................................... 110

Table 146: Cooking with Other Fuels in Households .............................................................................. 110

Table 147: Other Fuels in Households in South Tarawa ......................................................................... 110

Table 148: Other Fuels in Households in Kiritimati Island ...................................................................... 111

Table 149: Total Number of Cooking Fuels Used in Households ............................................................ 111

Table 150: Total Number of TVs in Households ...................................................................................... 111

Table 151: Location of TVs ....................................................................................................................... 112

Table 152: Approximate Year Obtained in South Tarawa ...................................................................... 112

Table 153: Obtained new or used ............................................................................................................ 113

Table 154: Obtained Locally or Overseas ................................................................................................ 113

Table 155: Type of Monitor ..................................................................................................................... 113

Table 156: Screen Size - Diagonal in mm ................................................................................................. 113

Table 157: If there is a Satellite or Cable Box .......................................................................................... 114

Table 158: TV Remote Control Unit ......................................................................................................... 114

Table 159: Watts ...................................................................................................................................... 114

Table 160: Hours of use per day during the week on Schooldays .......................................................... 115

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Table 161: Hours of use per day during the week on School Holidays .................................................. 115

Table 162: Hours of use on Saturdays ..................................................................................................... 115

Table 163: Hours of use on Sundays ........................................................................................................ 115

Table 164: Satisfied with Unit .................................................................................................................. 116

Table 165: Plans to Replace ..................................................................................................................... 116

Table 166: DVD Player .............................................................................................................................. 116

Table 167: Number of DVDs played each Week...................................................................................... 116

Table 168: Game Console in Household .................................................................................................. 116

Table 169: Hours a Week Game Console is used .................................................................................... 117

Table 170: If the Equipment above is Left Connected to the Power all the time .................................. 117

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Acronyms AC Air conditioning ADB Asian Development Bank AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AUD Australian dollars BMZ Federal Ministry for Economic Corporation and Development (Germany) BTU British thermal unit CFL Compact fluorescent lamp CRT Cathode ray tube CSPro Census and Survey Processing System DHS Demographic and Health Survey DSM Demand-side management DVD Digital video disc/Digital versatile disc EPU Energy Planning Unit ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program GEF Global Environment Facility HIES Household Income and Expenditure Survey HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) kWh kilowatt-hour L Litre LCD Liquid-crystal display LCI Low Carbon Islands LED Light-emitting diode LPG Liquefied petroleum gas Min Minimum Max Maximum MEPS Minimum energy performance and standards MLPID Ministry of Finance and Economic Development and the Ministry of Line and Phoenix Islands

Development MPWU Ministry of Public Works & Utilities NSO National Statistics Office NZ New Zealand PALS Pacific Appliance Labelling and Standards PEEP-2 Promoting Energy Efficiency in the Pacific - Phase 2 PICs Pacific Island Countries REEEP Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership RMI Republic of the Marshall Islands S&L Standards and labelling SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community TV Television UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNDP United Nations Development Programme USD United States dollars V Voltage W Watts WB World Bank Wh Watt-hour

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Maps

Map 1: Kiribati

Map 2: South Tarawa

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Map 3: Kiritimati Island

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Acknowledgements The author would like to thank the Government of Kiribati Energy Planning Unit (EPU), Ministry of Public Works & Utilities (MPWU), the National Statistics Office (NSO), Ministry of Finance and Economic Development and the Ministry of Line and Phoenix Islands Development (MLPID) for the input provided during survey preparation, implementation, and data entry. In particular the excellent in-country coordination by Ms. K.Betero, Assistant Energy Economist, EPU is greatly appreciated. Furthermore, the support provided by Mrs. Aritita Tekaieti, Senior Statistician and Census Commissioner, NSO is very much appreciated including her participation in the surveyor training workshop for the South Tarawa survey component. In addition, the financial support from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Government of Australia - via the United Nations development Programme (UNDP) Achieving the Simultaneous Eradication of Poverty and a Significant Reduction of Inequalities and Exclusion in the Pacific project - enabling the survey is acknowledged. The energy survey in Kiribati has benefitted significantly from previous Asian Development Bank (ADB) and UNDP supported household energy surveys in Nauru, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Tonga, Fiji, Samoa, the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) and the Cook Islands. In particular, the survey benefitted from the ADB and Global Environment Facility (GEF) funded Promoting Energy Efficiency in the Pacific Phase 2 (PEEP-2) project including survey questionnaire, data entry template, and Survey Questionnaire Manual developed as part of surveys undertaken in Tonga and Vanuatu in 2013. The survey also benefitted from surveyor training materials prepared by the author for the Vanuatu PEEP-2 survey component, which was refined and used for a similar survey in Funafuti, Tuvalu in 2014 and Nauru in 2015. The draft version of this document was sent to the EPU, NSO as well as Dr. Herbert A. Wade for comments. Dr. Wade provided comments, which is very much appreciated. Most of the comments have been incorporated; however the views expressed in this final version are those of the author. Last but not least, the continuous support from Dr. Wade is acknowledged. The pro bono expert advice provided not just for this survey in Kiribati, but for numerous other Pacific Island energy projects over the last many years has been invaluable and greatly appreciated.

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1. Survey Results A household electrical appliances, lights, and end-use survey was undertaken in South Tarawa in July 2016 and in Kiritimati Island in September 2016. Together, South Tarawa and Kiritimati Island constitute the urban areas of Kiribati.2 In South Tarawa a total of 819 households were surveyed, which is 10.4% of all households in South Tarawa. In Kiritimati Island a total of 164 households were surveyed, which is 16.1% of all households in Kiritimati Island. Please refer to Annex D for the detailed survey results. Mentioned below are some of the findings as well as a few observations.

1.1 Selected Survey Results

1.1.1 South Tarawa Residence

In 71% of surveyed households there is one (1) building that has electricity.

16% of surveyed households report that two or more households share the same power meter (in three cases, five households share the same meter).

The median value households estimate they pay per month for electricity is 40 Australian dollars (AUD).

99.6% of surveyed households pay their electricity bill via a cash payment.

17% of the walls in the main building are steel.

3% of outside walls in the main buildings of the surveyed homes in South Tarawa are painted medium or dark colours.

77% of roofs in the main building are galvanised steel.

84% of roofs on main buildings are unpainted and 1.3% are painted medium or dark colours.

81.8% of main buildings have no radiant barrier (insulation) right under the roofing materials. Lighting

A total of 2237 light bulbs and tubes were located in the surveyed households in South Tarawa.

On average, in each household there are three (3) light bulbs and tubes, use is 6.1 hours per day per light bulb/tube, and watt rating is 30 watts (W) per light bulb/tube.

27.5% of all recorded bulbs/tubes are located in the sleeping room, 33.8% in the main living room, and 9.3% in the eating room.

71.9% of all bulbs/tubes are of the fluorescent tube type, with 50.6% being standard old style T12/T8 fluorescent tubes with iron ballast, 14.1% being T8 standard fluorescent tubes with electronic ballast and 7.2% being T5 small fluorescent tubes with electronic ballast.

23.5% of all bulbs/tubes are compact fluorescent lights (CFLs), with 18.3% being CFLs with integrated electronic ballasts and 5.2% CFLs with separate electronic ballasts.

There is a relatively small number of incandescent light bulbs and light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs (2.8% and 1.3% of all light bulbs/tubes respectively).

The total energy use for lighting in the surveyed households is estimated to be 401 kilowatt hours (kWh) per day – an average of 0.5 kWh per house per day.

o 64.2% of the estimated energy use for lighting in the surveyed households is from the T12/T8 standard old style fluorescent tubes with iron ballasts.

2 P. 4, Kiribati - Demographic and Health Survey 2009, 2011.

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Refrigeration

8% of surveyed households in South Tarawa have a refrigerator.

There are a total of 70 refrigerators in the surveyed households.

46% of refrigerators are located in the main living room.

47% of the refrigerators are five (5) years old or older, 14% were in used condition when they were obtained, and 89% were sourced locally.

49% of refrigerators are of the type including a freezer compartment above and refrigerator below, and 43% have a single door.

43% of refrigerators are self-defrosting.

The estimated average refrigerator volume is 474 litres.

The door seal is considered to be bad in 20% of the refrigerators.

11% of households do not turn on and operate the refrigerator(s) all the time.

A total of 10 refrigerator manufacturers were identified. o 27.3% of surveyed refrigerators are made by Simmons.

26% of surveyed refrigerators have an energy label. o Of these, 88% of the labels are Australian/New Zealand (NZ) and 12% Chinese. o 38% have an estimated energy use between 401-500 kWh/year. o Of the refrigerators with an Australia/NZ label, 65% are rated 2.5 stars or lower

10% of households plan to replace their refrigerators. Freezers

43% of surveyed households in South Tarawa have a dedicated freezer.

There are a total of 354 freezers in the surveyed households.

51.9% of freezers are located in the main living room and 20.5% in the main eating room.

47% of the freezers are five (5) years old or older, 15% were in used condition when they were obtained, and 95% were sourced locally.

94.8% are chest freezers (single top opening door).

55% of freezers are self-defrosting.

The estimated average freezer volume is 445 litres.

The door seal is considered to be bad in 27% of the surveyed freezers.

8% of households do not turn on and operate the freezer(s) all the time.

A total of 13 freezer manufacturers were identified. o 41.5% of the surveyed freezers are made by Simmons.

20% of surveyed freezers have an energy label. o Of these, 6% of the labels are Chinese and 94% are Australian/NZ. o 80% have an estimated energy use between 301-400 kWh/year. o Of the freezers with an Australia/NZ label, 55% are rated 2.5 stars or lower

12% of households plan to replace their freezer(s). Air conditioners

There were a total of eight (8) air conditioners in three surveyed households in South Tarawa (due to this low number the data was not tabulated any further).

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Small electrical appliances

There are a total of 740 small electrical appliances in the surveyed households.3 o The most numerous appliances are radios (149 units), electric irons (138 units), electric

kettles (98 units), and stereos (97 units).

On average, there are 0.9 small electrical appliances per household and, on average these are used 12.6 hours per week.

46.2% of small electrical appliances are in the 501-2000W range (nameplate). Desktop and laptop computers including printers

41.4% of surveyed households in South Tarawa have a desktop or laptop computer.

There are a total of 433 laptop and desktop computers in the surveyed households.

5.1% of the computers are seven (7) years old or older, 7% were in used condition when they were obtained, and 27% of the computers were sourced locally.

99% of the computers have a flat screen.

The average diagonal screen size is 385 mm.

97.9% of the computers are laptops.

0.7% of surveyed households have a laser printer and 3% have an ink-jet printer.

5% of surveyed households plan to replace their computers.

55% of surveyed households report that computers and associated printers are plugged in and power is on all the time.

4% of surveyed households have internet.

4% of surveyed households have Wi-Fi.

Microwave Ovens

0.7% of surveyed households in South Tarawa have a microwave oven.

83% have a knob to set the operating time.

On average, the microwave ovens are used 14 minutes a day.

For 50% of microwave ovens, wattage is in the range 2001-2500W (nameplate).

23% of the microwave ovens are plugged in and powered on all the time. Mobile phones

83.3% of surveyed households have at least one mobile phone.

62% of households report that mobile phone chargers are plugged in and power is on all the time. Tablet Computers

25.3% of surveyed households in South Tarawa have a tablet computer.

There are a total of 248 tablet computers in the surveyed households.

51% of households report that chargers for the tablet computer are plugged in and power is on all the time.

3 It should be noted that though a washing machine is not usually considered a small appliance, it is listed here since its estimated use did not justify a separate sheet in the questionnaire (however, there are several types of washing machines so each type had a separate code). Also, a dishwasher is not usually considered a small appliance but as they appeared to be very rare in Kiribati households before the survey, a separate sheet was not justified either.

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Water heaters

There were zero (0) water heaters - solar water heater, tank type water heater or ‘instant on’ water heater - in the surveyed households in South Tarawa.

Fans

70.8% of surveyed households have fans.

There are a total of 921 fans in the surveyed households. o 55.3% are table fans, 17.6% are ceiling fans, and 14.1% homemade fans.

48.4% of fans are located in the sleeping room and 46.8% in the main living room.

Average values are 1.1 fan per household, 12 hours of use per day, and 59W each (nameplate). Cooking

20% of surveyed households have a gas cooking unit. o For 41% of these households, gas is the main fuel for cooking.

73% of surveyed households cook with wood. o For 34% of these households, wood is the main fuel for cooking.

3% of surveyed households have an electric cooking unit. o For 29% of these households, electricity is the main fuel for cooking.

93% of surveyed households have a kerosene cooking unit. o For 82% of these households, kerosene is the main fuel for cooking.

14% of surveyed households report they are cooking with other fuels (waste from drying coconut meat, coconut husk, empty bag of rice).

58.6% of surveyed households cook with two (2) fuels, 18.8% with three (3) fuels, 2.1% with four (4) fuels, and 0.1% with five (5) fuels.

Television

28.6% of surveyed households South Tarawa have a television (TV).

There are a total of 244 TVs in the surveyed households.

70.8% of TVs are located in the main living room, 14.4% in a sleeping room, and 14.4% in a business area.

15% of the TVs are six (6) years old or older, 11% were in used condition when they were obtained, and 73% of the TVs were sourced locally.

66% of the TVs are in the 51-100W range and the average is 78W.

48% of the TVs have a cathode ray tube (CRT) display.


7% of surveyed households have a satellite box.

For 65% of the TVs there is a remote control unit.

93% of surveyed households report 1-6 hours of TV use per day on school days, and 82% report 1-6 hours of TV use per day on Sundays.

12% of surveyed households are not satisfied with their TV unit and 3% plan to replace the unit.

81% of surveyed households have a DVD player. o 74% of these households play 1-10 DVDs a week and the remainder 11-40 DVDs a week.

7% of surveyed households have a game console. o 88% of these households use the console 1-10 hours a week and the remainder 11-35

hours a week.

61% of the surveyed households report that TVs, DVDs, and game consoles are plugged in and

power is on all the time.

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1.1.2 Kiritimati Island In Kiritimati Island a total of 164 households were surveyed, which is 16.1% of all households in Kiritimati Island. Residence

In 85% of surveyed households there is one (1) building that has electricity.

3% of surveyed households report that two or more households share the same power meter (in one cases, 8 households share the same meter).

The median value households estimate they pay per month for electricity is 30 Australian dollars (AUD).

99% of surveyed households pay their electricity bill via a cash payment.

20% of the walls in the main building are steel.

4% of outside walls in the main buildings of the surveyed homes in Kiritimati Island are painted medium or dark colours.

97% of roofs in the main building are galvanised steel.

93% of roofs on main buildings are unpainted and 1% are painted medium or dark colours.

76.1% of main buildings have no radiant barrier (insulation) right under the roofing materials. Lighting

A total of 628 light bulbs and tubes were located in the surveyed households in Kiritimati Island.

On average, in each household there are four (4) light bulbs and tubes, use is 5.5 hours per day per light bulb/tube, and watt rating is 35W per light bulb/tube.

29.4% of all recorded bulbs/tubes are located in the sleeping room, 22.8% in the main living room, and 13.6% outside.

77% of all bulbs/tubes are of the fluorescent tube type, with 73.5% being standard old style T12/T8 fluorescent tubes with iron ballast, 0.6% being T8 standard fluorescent tubes with electronic ballast and 2.9% being T5 small fluorescent tubes with electronic ballast.

9.9% of all bulbs/tubes are CFLs, with 3.5% being CFLs with integrated electronic ballasts and 6.4% CFLs with separate electronic ballasts.

11.7% of all bulbs/tubes are incandescent light bulbs, with 5.3% having screw base and 6.4% of the pin type (bayonet).

There is a relatively small number of LED bulbs (1.4% of all light bulbs/tubes respectively) and no halogen bulbs.

The total energy use for lighting in the surveyed households is estimated to be 112 kWh per day – an average of 0.7 kWh per house per day.

o 82.6% of the estimated energy use for lighting in the surveyed households is from the T12/T8 standard old style fluorescent tubes with iron ballasts.

Refrigeration

5% of surveyed households in Kiritimati Island have a refrigerator.

There are a total of 9 refrigerators in the surveyed households (due to this low number the data was not tabulated any further)

Freezers

60% of surveyed households in Kiritimati Island have a dedicated freezer.

There are a total of 104 freezers in the surveyed households.

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32.7% of freezers are located in the cooking area, 30.7% in the main living room, and 27.7% in the eating room.

43.5% of the freezers are five (5) years old or older, 9% were in used condition when they were obtained, and 84% were sourced locally.

97.1% are chest freezers (single top opening door).

44% of freezers are self-defrosting.

The estimated average freezer volume is 531 litres.

The door seal is considered to be bad in 18% of the surveyed freezers.

5% of households do not turn on and operate the freezer(s) all the time.

A total of eight freezer manufacturers were identified. o 62.5% of the surveyed freezers are made by Modyl.

16% of surveyed freezers have an energy label. o Of these, all the labels are Australian/NZ. o 53% have an estimated energy use between 201-300 kWh/year. o 63% are rated 2.5 stars or lower.

6% of households plan to replace their freezer(s). Air conditioners

There were zero (0) air conditioners in the surveyed households in Kiritimati Island. Small electrical appliances

There are a total of 214 small electrical appliances in the surveyed households. o The most numerous appliances are radios (40 units), electric kettles (39 units), rice cooker

(30 units), and electric irons (22 units).

On average, there are 1.3 small electrical appliances per household and, on average these are used 6.6 hours per week.

37.8% of small electrical appliances are in the 501-2000W range (nameplate). Desktop and laptop computers including printers

53.7% of surveyed households in Kiritimati Island have a desktop or laptop computer.

There are a total of 108 laptop and desktop computers in the surveyed households.

2.6% of the computers are seven (7) years old or older, 7% were in used condition when they were obtained, and 65% of the computers were sourced locally.

98% of the computers have a flat screen.


92% of the computers are laptops.

2% of surveyed households have a laser printer and 6% have an ink-jet printer.

3% of surveyed households plan to replace their computers.

49% of surveyed households report that computers and associated printers are plugged in and power is on all the time.

15% of surveyed households have internet.

3% of surveyed households have Wi-Fi.

Microwave Ovens

Only one (1) of the surveyed households in Kiritimati Island have a microwave oven (due to this low number the data was not tabulated any further).

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Mobile phones

64% of surveyed households have at least one mobile phone.

27% of households report that mobile phone chargers are plugged in and power is on all the time. Tablet Computers

8% of surveyed households in Kiritimati Island have at least one tablet computer.

There are a total of 16 tablet computers in the surveyed households.

15% of households report that chargers for the tablet computers are plugged in and power is on all the time.

Water heaters

There were zero (0) water heaters - solar water heater, tank type water heater or ‘instant on’ water heater - in the surveyed households in Kiritimati Island.

Fans

45.4% of surveyed households have fans.

There are a total of 102 fans in the surveyed households. o 49% are table fans, 31.4% are standing fans, and 11.8% are ceiling fans.

66% of fans are located in the sleeping room and 31% in the main living room.

Average values are 0.6 fan per household, 8 hours of use per day, and 55W each (nameplate). Cooking

3% of surveyed households have a gas cooking unit. o For 40% of these households, gas is the main fuel for cooking.

98% of surveyed households cook with wood. o For 80% of these households, wood is the main fuel for cooking.

16% of surveyed households have an electric cooking unit. o For 19% of these households, electricity is the main fuel for cooking.

80% of surveyed households have a kerosene cooking unit. o For 28% of these households, kerosene is the main fuel for cooking.

16% of surveyed households report they are cooking with other fuels (waste from drying coconut meat).

54.9% of surveyed households cook with two (2) fuels, 23.8% with three (3), and 3% with four (4) fuels.

Television

1.2% of surveyed households Kiritimati Island have a TV.

There are a total of two (2) TVs in the surveyed households (due to this low number the data was not tabulated any further).

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1.2 A few Observations Although a detailed analysis of survey results is not included in this document, below are a few initial observations. There are similarities and differences between the two urban areas in Kiribati with regard to amenities and ownership and usage of electrical appliances, lights and other items. Some apparent substantial differences in ownership are include in Table 1 below. Table 1: Key Differences in Household Ownership of Items and Amenities in Urban Areas of Kiribati

Household Item Ownership and Amenities South Tarawa

Kiritimati Island

Motor vehicle 46% 72%

Bicycle 19.4% 75%

Flush toilet 26.3% 84.8%

No sanitary facilities 23% 9%

Roof in main building made of galvanized steel 77% 97%

Households visited that are un-electrified 8% 2%

Only one building in the household has electricity 71% 85%

Average number of light bulbs/tubes 3 4

Standard old style fluorescent tube with iron ballast (T8/T12) 50.6% 73.5%

Freezer 43% 60%

Freezer located in main living room 51.9% 30.7%

Average volume of freezers 445 litres 531 litres

Average number of small electrical appliances 0.9 1.3

Average number of lap and desktop computers 0.5 0.7

Internet access 4% 15%

Mobile phone 83.3% 64%

Tablet computer 25.3% 8%

Fan 70.8% 45.4%

Average number of fans 1.1 0.6

Homemade fan 14.1% 1%

Electric cooking unit 3% 16%

Gas cooking unit 20% 3%

TV 28.6% 1.2%

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Some apparent key differences in usage are include in the Table 2 below. Table 2: Key Differences in Household Usage in Urban Areas of Kiribati

Household Usage South Tarawa

Kiritimati Island

Two or more households share the same power meter 16% 3%

Estimated average daily energy used for lighting 0.5 kWh 0.7 kWh

Average hours of user per week for all small electrical appliances 12.6 6.6

Computer (lap/desk top) mostly used for school work 35.1% 7%

Computer (lap/desk top) mostly used for watching movies 29% 60%

Charger for mobile phone left plugged in and powered all the time 62% 27%

Average hours of use per day for fans 12 8

Kerosene the main cooking fuel 82% 28%

Wood the main cooking fuel 34% 80%

People do not want energy itself, but ‘energy services’ such as cooking, illumination, heating, pumped water, transportation, etc.4 Energy sources (such as biomass) and carriers (such as electricity) ‘…are all useless until they are converted into the energy services needed, by machines or other kinds of end-use equipment, such as stoves, turbines, or motors’.5 Thus without end-use equipment - including electrical appliances and light bulbs/tubes - there can be no energy services. On the other hand, there are costs associated with buying, repairing, and replacing electrical appliances and lights in addition paying for the electricity they use. Human comfort is affected by air temperature, humidity, air movement, solar and heat radiation, and temperature differences both within a space and within building materials.6 With regard to the nearly all surveyed homes in the urban areas in Kiribati that are not air conditioned, the 54.6% of surveyed household that have no fans in Kiritimati Island, and the 81.8% of the main buildings in South Tarawa that have no roof insulation, there are several opportunities to improve indoor thermal comfort. Options for existing buildings include shading (e.g. trees and other structures), applying light colours to surfaces, and installing insulation, radiant barriers, and roof/attic vents.7 For instance, a light coloured roof can reflect 25-30% of the sun’s radiant heat and can be as much as 6.7˚ Celsius cooler than a dark coloured roof. 8 While a metal sheet has a reflectance value of 70%, white coloured metal sheets have a reflectance value of 70-80%.9 While insulation slows the rate of heat transfer, radiant barriers reflect the sun’s radiant heat away from the home. Properly installed radiant barriers can reflect up to 95% of the sun’s radiant heat and reduce indoor air temperature by 2.2˚ Celsius, which can make occupants feel 5˚ Celsius cooler.10 Options to improve indoor thermal comfort for new homes include orientation of the building, landscape

4 Department for International Development (DFID), Government of the United Kingdom, Energy for the Poor – Underpinning the

Millennium Development Goals, p. 5, August 2002. 5 World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future, 1987. 6 State of Hawaii, Field Guide for Energy Performance, Comfort, and Value in Hawaii Homes, Edition 1.0, July 2001, p. 11. 7 Ibid., pp. 31-40 8 Ibid., p. 31 9 Ibid., p. 32 10 Ibid., p. 34

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elements (such as planting and other ground cover, porous paving materials), natural ventilation (air flow around and in buildings) and shading (exterior and interior).11 There is significant potential to reduce energy use for lightning in urban households in Kiribati. The many inefficient T12/T8 standard old style fluorescent tube luminaires with iron ballasts (50.6% and 73.5% of all light bulbs and tubes in South Tarawa and Kiritimati Island respectively) in particular are suitable for cost-effective replacement with more efficient florescent tubes (such as the small tube fluorescent T5 with electronic ballasts) or with other more efficient lightning types (such as LEDs). Door seals are leaking or poorly fitted in 27% of the surveyed freezers in South Tarawa and 18% of the freezers in Kiritimati Island. Replacing these could result in considerably less electricity use. The results from this survey also indicate there are many inefficient freezers in urban homes in Kiribati: of the freezers with an Australia/NZ energy label in South Tarawa, 55% are rated 2.5 stars or lower, and of the freezers with an Australia/NZ energy label in Kiritimati Island, 63% are rated 2.5 stars or lower. Over time these could be replaced with more efficient models. 48% of the TVs in South Tarawa have a CRT display. CRTs have much higher power usage, than e.g. a liquid-crystal display (LCD) of equivalent size. 61% of the households in South Tarawa report that TVs, DVDs, and game consoles are plugged in and power is on all the time, and 55% of the households in South Tarawa report that the same is the case with laptop and desktop computers as well as printers. Having these electrical appliances always plugged in can waste electricity (even with the appliances turned off) unless the outlets are switched off as well. A World Bank (WB) study from 2003 stated that evidence ‘…from a growing number of countries is showing multiple fuel [for cooking] to be fairly common…Thus a large number of households simultaneously use a variety of cooking fuels… Fuel use better resembles a menu choice in which households choose both high-cost and low-cost items depending on their budget, preferences, and needs’.12 The household decision-making process related to energy consumption and fuel type is complex, with economic and technical aspects interlinked with social and cultural issues.13 The findings from the Kiribati energy survey also show multiple fuels used or fuel stacking for cooking – 79.6% of surveyed households in South Tarawa use two or more cooking fuels and 81.7% of surveyed households use two or more cooking fuels in Kiritimati Island. Results from other UNDP-supported energy household surveys in Nauru, urban areas in Tuvalu, rural areas of Vanuatu, un-electrified areas in Samoa, urban areas in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) and two outer islands in the Cook Islands also show multiple fuels used for cooking.14 15

11 Ibid. 12 WB, 2003, p. 11 13 BMZ, 2014, p. 2 14 52% of households in Majuro used three types of cooking fuels (2008); 26% of households in un-electrified areas in Samoa used three types of cooking fuels (2007/2008); 50% of households in Rakahanga atoll, Cook Islands used three types of cooking fuels and 13% use as many as four different cooking fuels (2011); in Mitiaro island, Cook Islands around 87% of households used a second cooking fuel and one household used as many as five (5) different cooking fuels (2011); in the village of Port Olry (Espiritu Santo), Vanuatu 44% of households used two types of cooking fuels and 10% three different cooking fuels (2010); in the urban areas of Tuvalu (the capital Funafuti) 50% of surveyed households cook with two (2) cooking fuels, 28% with three (3) fuels and 2% of surveyed households cook with four (4) fuels (2014); and in Nauru 44.8% of surveyed households cook with two (2) fuels, 19.4% with three (3) fuels, 3.6% with four (4), and 0.4% with five (5) fuels (2015). 15 Rural areas in Pacific Island Countries still are very much biomass (wood or coconut fronds, shells and husks) dependent areas

though rural areas with good transport connections are starting to use kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in homes where there is sufficient cash income.

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2. Kiribati 2016 Urban Household Electrical Appliances, Lights and End-

use Survey

2.1 Expected Outcomes The expected outcomes of the urban household energy survey are:16

a) Which electrical appliances and lights are the major users of energy and have the most potential for efficiency improvements;17

b) A baseline for the urban residential sector concerning electrical appliances and lights established; and,

c) Potential residential sector energy savings and energy efficiency target(s) for urban areas in Kiribati recommended.18

2.2 Survey Objective The objective for the Kiribati energy survey was:

a) To fill-in key energy data gaps for the urban residential sector in an accurate and statistically relevant manner.

The residential energy survey focused on determining the size, age, configuration, source, use patterns, conditions and other information about the home and its electricity-using equipment. In addition the survey provides data on other key energy aspects at household level (such as cooking).

2.3 Household Definition What is a household? The following definition is provided in the 2009 Kiribati Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) report (p. 8): ‘…a person or a group of people, related or unrelated, who live together and share a common source of food’. For this definition, members of the household should normally eat together, food prepared for them in the same kitchen and that they have shared cost, collection, and preparation. Thus, if “everyone” in two or more family groups share the kitchens and the house and eat together, they all are to be treated as members of one household.19

2.4 Survey Preparation and Implementation The main components and associated key steps undertaken as part of survey preparation and implementation are described below.

2.4.1 Project Development and Design

During the period 9-12 November 2015, a trip by the UNDP Pacific Centre was undertaken to South Tarawa with the objective to undertake consultations and initial planning for the household energy survey. This

16 Another potential outcome is improved residences for human comfort even though there is no air condition and little or no

usage of fans, i.e. actual energy savings are not the issue in this case. Refer to section 1.2. 17 Likewise which electrical appliances use so little energy that the cost of doing projects to improve their energy efficiency would

not be very cost effective determined. 18 Such target(s) could then be monitored and assessed against the baseline. 19 Not surprisingly, household definitions vary, but usually include some intersection of keywords relating to residency

requirements, common food consumption, and/or intermingling of income or production decisions. The issue of correctly classifying individuals into household units is a problem that may be particular acute in societies where extended families cohabitate together in shared family compounds (refer to Beaman, Lori & Andrew Dillon, June 2011) – this situation is often the case in Pacific Island Countries.

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visit resulted in a concept note (February 2016) that included a situation analysis, expected outcomes, objective, outputs, activities, management arrangements and a tentative budget.20

2.4.2 Stocktaking and Reviewing available Information and Data

The survey was to build on/complement existing information. Thus, one of the first activities was locate, access, and review such information. Some data has been collected on energy matters at the household level as well as the appliance market in Kiribati and it was reviewed. In 2006 a Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) was carried with several objectives including to provide ‘…information on income and expenditure distribution within the population’. While the main report21 does not mentioned findings related to energy, according to the HIES Expenditure Questionnaire some aspects were covered. Specifically under dwelling characteristics questions on main fuel for cooking, main type of lighting and main type of cooking appliance (‘how do you usually do your cooking?’) were included. In addition with regard to expenditure several categories deal with household energy related expenses including: 1) under household operation expenditures to buy ‘household furniture and fittings’ (such as ‘Light fittings’ and ‘Standard lamp’) and ‘household appliances’, ‘Payments for repairs to household effects’ , ‘Payments for Hiring of Household Operation Equipments’, ‘repairs to any household appliances’ ‘household accounts’ (‘electricity’ and ‘cooking gas’) and ‘hire/rent of home-operation items’; and 2) under transport. In 2010 UNDP published the report Kiribati - Analysis of the 2006 Household Income and Expenditure Survey. This includes information on the main fuel used for cooking and the main type of lighting. Both were broken down by income group as well as geographic area. The first Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) in Kiribat was undertaken in 2009 i. The main objective was to provide ‘…current and reliable data on fertility and family planning behaviour, child mortality, adult and maternal mortality, children’s nutritional status, the use of maternal and child healthcare services, and knowledge of HIV and AIDS’. Concerning energy, it contains information about access to electricity, place for cooking, main cooking fuel and type of fire/stove among households using solid fuels. In addition, in the section on household durable goods, ownership of a limited number of appliances, including three (3) electrical, were reported.22 A census was undertaken in 2010. It provided some information about the main source of lighting, main fuel for cooking and ownership of a limited number of household appliances including eight (8) types of electrical appliances.23 The most recent census was undertaken at the end of 2015. The results were available in September 201624 and include information on the main type of fuel for cooking, main source of lighting and ownership of some household appliances including eight (8) types of electrical appliances.25 The above mentioned censuses and surveys only cover a limited number of types of electrical appliances and restricts the information to ownership. For instance it does not cover whether refrigerators and freezers are single or separated units; the age of the major appliances and their size and condition; their

20 Available here: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bw-_5ajzuswuYjEzS1JHZW0ydGc 21 Analytical Report of the 2006 Kiribati HIES, 2008. 22 Specifically the following electrical appliances were surveyed: radio, television and refrigerator. 23 Specifically the following electrical appliances were surveyed: fridge/freezer, radio, computer, ‘CB radio’, TV, water pump, DVD and cassette player. 24 2015 Population and Housing Census – Volume 1: Management Report and Basic Tables, 1 September 2016. 25 Specifically the following electrical appliances were surveyed: radio, video, refrigerator, freezer, computer, washing machine, and sewing machine.

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bw-_5ajzuswuYjEzS1JHZW0ydGc

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country of manufacture and whether they are labelled according to their energy efficiency. In addition there is no indication of the types of electric lighting, their efficiency or numbers of light bulbs/tubes. In 2012 the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) funded an analysis of appliance markets in PICs including Kiribati. The objective of the analysis was to analyse the characteristics of major appliance and lighting products and markets and provide input to decision making for a possible standards and labelling (S&L) strategy for Kiribati. However it provides total imports by value, not imports for private households,26 so it is not directly useful as supplementary information for this household survey. In addition the report only looked at six (6) types of electrical appliances27 and the very broad category ‘other lighting appliances’.28 However, just as with the censuses and other socio-economic surveys mentioned above, it does provide a useful checklist of electrical appliances to be included in the survey. In 2013 a household energy survey was undertaken in South Tarawa. Apparently this was done as part of preparing for the introduction of minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) and energy rating labels in Kiribati. Based on the questionnaire and the Excel document Households Energy Survey Data the following tentative observations can be made:

While the survey methodology including sampling framework is unclear,29 many villages were not included. Thus the results do not appear to be statically representative for South Tarawa;30

The survey covered a limited number of types of electrical appliances31 and for these 15 appliances listed information is limited to quantity (number of appliances), brand, model number, ‘Energy Affixed’, energy label (presumably Yes/No), hours of use per day and watts (nameplate). E.g. for refrigerators/freezers no information is available on the type (door arrangement), size (volume), age, condition, and whether self-and defrosting or not;

With regard to lighting no information is available on the type of light bulb/tube32 and their location. In addition it is unclear if what was recorded were watts per fixture or watts per light bulb/tube (it is critical to get data for each individual light bulb/tube); and,

A tabulated dataset and a survey report are not available.

26 The data presented in the Kiribati REEEP report was based on one on-site survey of major wholesaler and retailer shops as well

as available customs data in Kiribati. Thus the report does not cover electrical appliances imported privately. 27 Specifically the following electrical appliances: refrigerator, freezer, air conditioner, domestic washing machine, electric fan and television. 28 In the Kiribati REEEP report it is written that there are indications …that all lighting appliances are classified by customs officers

under the other lighting code.’ (p. 12, Country Report for Kiribati - Technical Analysis of Appliance Markets to Support the Pacific Appliance and Standards (PALS) Programme, November 2012). 29 Apparently the National Statistics Office was not involved in the survey. 30 In the Excel document Households Energy Survey Data no results are reported for the following villages: Bikenibeu, Abarao,

Etia, Tangintebu, Taborio, Ambo, Banraeaba, Antebuka and Teaoreaereke. 31 Specially the following electrical appliances were recorded: 1) rice cooker; 2) electric kettle; 3) electric frying pan; 4) blender; 5) toaster; 6) microwave; 7) lights; 8) washing machine; 9) television; 10) DVD player; 11) stereo; 12) electric iron; 13) laptop; 14) refrigerator; and 15) freezer. In addition no opportunity were given to provide information on other electrical appliances. Thus for example the following electrical appliances were not recorded: desktop computer, table top electric oven, electric water cooler, electric sewing machine, sandwich maker, radio, musical keyboard, water heater and air conditioner. 32 Main type of light bulbs/tubes include: standard old style fluorescent tube (T12) with iron ballast, standard fluorescent (T8) with electronic ballast, small tube fluorescent (T5) with electronic ballast, compact fluorescent lamp (CLF) bulb with integrated electronic ballast, CLF plug-in bulb with separate electronic ballast, light-emitting diode (LED) bulb, incandescent with screw base, incandescent with pin type (bayonet) and halogen bulb.

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To summarize: the results from the household 2013 energy survey in South Tarawa did not appear to be statically representative, only a few number of electrical appliances were covered and information on these are limited, and the survey did not did not include information on the type of light bulb/tube. All in all until this survey, limited data had been collected on energy matters at the household level as well as the appliance market in Kiribati.

2.4.3 Questionnaire Design

A survey is no better than the questions asked. The questions should be prepared by someone (preferably a team) with extensive knowledge of the group being surveyed, the processes needed for analysis of the survey, and the effect the questions have on that analysis. Frequently, it takes many questions to get one answer; i.e. several related questions have to be asked so the result from the combination of answers can be determined. The following are recommended for wording survey questions: i) keep it simple; ii) avoid acronyms and abbreviations; iii) ask only relevant questions; iv) be specific; v) avoid ‘double-barrelled questions’;33

and vi) avoid leading questions.34 Questions should be brief and not require elaborate

directions or long written responses. In this context instead of blanks to be filled in from memory checklists/multiple choice or yes/no responses are recommended. Furthermore though general impressions are an important part of a survey, the actual data must be in a form that is either numerical or represents a very limited, clear choice of responses. With regard to survey questions it is recommended practice to use survey questions that have worked elsewhere as this increases the likelihood that they will work (in addition survey results can be directly compared with those of other surveys). Concerning what electrical appliances and lights are in place in a household, the use pattern of appliances and lights and their characteristics are important data. As mentioned it was decided that the basic questionnaire developed as part of recent household energy surveys in Tonga, Vanuatu, Tuvalu and Nauru be used. These surveys were undertaken during the period 2013-2015 supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), Global Environment Facility (GEF), Government of Australia, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and UNDP. The most recent questionnaire used in Nauru in mid-2015 has a total of 28 questions. Specifically these questions were designed to assist in determining the following aspects:35

Household o Size, age composition, main source of income, etc.

Residence o Type, number of buildings, main building materials and color.

Electricity o Power meter number and whether more than one household share the same meter, how

many buildings in the compound have electricity, average bill per month & method of payment.

Washing machine o Estimated loads per week.

33 A question that touches upon more than one issue, yet allows only for one answer. 34 EC, pp. 51-52, 2013. 35 At the household level, an EuroStat Task Force recommends the following topics as ‘Highest priority or ‘Must Have’: housing stock characteristics; household characteristics; consumption/expenditure on energy commodities; unit/specific consumption; energy consumption by end use; space heating; hot water; penetration of energy efficiency technologies; cooking; and air conditioning (refer to EC, p. 18, 2013).

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Lighting o Types, number, wattage, location and time of use.

Refrigeration and freezers o Location, type (door arrangement), size, age, new or used when obtained, obtained

locally or overseas, manufacturer, model, condition (door seal), skin or open condenser (freezer), self-defrosting, energy label including country and plans to replace.

Air conditioners o Location, type (window or split), origin, age, new or used when obtained, obtained locally

or overseas, manufacturer, model, condenser shaded most of the day, condition (insulation intact (split system), status of evaporator filter), remote control unit, wattage, BTU rating, time of use (hot season and cool season), if noise is considered a problem and plans to replace.

Computers including printers o Location, age, new or used when obtained, obtained locally or overseas, type (flat screen

or CRT, desk/laptop), printer (laser or ink), purpose, time of use (school days, school holidays, Saturdays & Sundays), connected to power all the time, internet access and plans to replace.

Video/TV o Location, age, new or used when obtained, obtained locally or overseas, type (flat screen

or CRT), satellite or cable box, wattage, remote control unit, time of use (school days, school holidays, Saturdays & Sundays), DVD player including frequency DVDs played and plans to replace.

Fans o Type, location, number, wattage, location and time of use.

Microwave Ovens o Type of controls, time of use, wattage and if plugged in all the time.

Mobile phones o Number and if charger is plugged in all the time.

Small electrical appliances o Types, number, wattage, and time of use.

Cooking o Type of fuel and time of use.

Solar water heaters o Type, electrical back-up heater & tank type.

Based on key lessons and findings from the 2015 Nauru survey, a few changes were made to the questionnaire. The full questionnaire for the Kiritimati Island component is available in Annex B.36

2.4.4 Survey Scope and Sample Size

It was the intention for the survey to be statistically representative for households in South Tarawa as well as Kiritimati Island. In the SPC and Kiribati NSO document Preliminary Survey Design Investigations for the 2006 Kiribati HIES it is mentioned that in determining an appropriate sample size, numerous factors come into the equation including:

a) The degree of accuracy required for key estimates;

36 For the survey in Vanuatu concerning air conditioners and fans, respondents were asked about hours of use per day for the

hot as well as the cold season. However, this is not required for Kiribati, which has consistent monthly average temperatures throughout the year.

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b) The population size of the country; c) The manner in which the sample is selected; d) Cost or staffing constraints which may exist; e) Whether or not estimates are required for sub-populations; and, f) The level of variability in the data being collected.37

It is also stated that without ‘…this sort of information, determining the appropriate sample size for a survey can often involve a bit of guess work.’ In a UNESCO publication related to this issue the following is written: 38

‘…the higher the percentage of the total population surveyed, the better the accuracy of the results, but the accuracy improves most between 0% and 15%. Above 15% the accuracy still improves, but more slowly. Also, the greater the number of units surveyed, the better the accuracy, but the accuracy improves most dramatically up to about 20 units. Above about 20 surveyed units, the accuracy still improves, but more slowly. Thus as a general rule of thumb for these types of small survey, no less than 15% of the total group should be surveyed and no less than 20 surveys should be taken when using this random selection method.’

For the Vanuatu electrical appliances and lights survey an estimated 12.9% of all electrified households in Port Vila completed the questionnaire (a total of 1,009 households)39 and 16.5% of all electrified households in Luganville completed the questionnaire (a total of 329 households),40 for the Tuvalu survey an estimated 51.4% of all households in Funafuti completed the questionnaire (a total of 434 households) and for the Nauru survey an estimated 17% of all households completed the questionnaire (a total of 286 households). Thus the percentage of household’s actually survey ranged from 12.9% to 51.4%. As part of the Kiribati HIES from 2006 and DHS from 2009 a total of 1161 and 1422 households respectively completed a questionnaire, which is around 8.9% and 7.2% of all households.41 For the sample survey undertaken in 2008 as part of the Kiribati Family Health and Support Study: A Study on Violence against Women and Children a total of 1941 households completed the questionnaire, which is around 12.1% of all households in Kiribati.42 43 If the above mentioned ‘15% general rule of thumb’ was to be followed for the Kiribati electrical appliances and lights survey, based on the 2010 census results this would mean that in the order of 710 households in South Tarawa and 129 households in Kiritimati Island should actually be surveyed.44

37 P. 4, Preliminary Survey Design Investigations for the 2006 Kiribati HIES. 38 Refer to p. 37, Solar Photovoltaic Project Development, 2003. 39 Based on an estimate that about 7810 households in Port Vila were electrified in late 2010. Refer to p. 15, Urban Household

Appliance & Energy Use Survey: Port Vila & Luganville, Vanuatu (2013) - Volume 1: Main Report, 19 March 2014. 40 At the end of 2012 a total of 1991 Luganville households were metered for electricity. Refer to p. 16, Urban Household Appliance & Energy Use Survey: Port Vila & Luganville, Vanuatu (2013) - Volume 1: Main Report, 19 March 2014. 41 According to the 2010 census results the total number of households in Kiribati is 16043. 42 P.72, Kiribati Family Health and Support Study: A Study on Violence against Women and Children, 2010. 43 Apparently the relatively low percentage of households surveyed for the 2006 HIES and 2009 DHS were due to cost

considerations. However in the document Preliminary Survey Design Investigations for the 2006 Kiribati HIES it is written that ‘Each option…is based on a 10 per cent sample being selected for the survey as a whole. Although no sound theoretical justification has been provided to support this, it is believed a sample size of this nature for Kiribati should be sufficient to produce good national level estimates, as well as suitable estimates for relevant sub-populations’ (p. 3) and that the ‘…10 percent figure is based solely on previous survey experience, for a population of around 14,000 households, in order to obtain suitable accuracy requirements for key estimates ‘(p. 5). 44 According to the 2010 census there was 4728 households in South Tarawa and 857 in Kiritimati Island.

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It was agreed that the sample method used by the NSO to select households for prior sample surveys (such as DHS, HIES, violence against women and children, etc.) would be followed. As part of the 2015 census the household listing with the NSO was updated and this database was used to select households for the sample.

2.4.5 Selection and Training of Surveyors and Supervisors

The quality of a survey is greatly affected by the quality of the surveyors. Thus getting good, reliable and honest surveyors is critical. Basic skills required in surveyors include language proficiency, decent ability to communicate, patience and attention to detail - little is required in the way of special technical skills. Experience with rural energy surveys in many developing countries indicate that the least-biased survey interviews are usually obtained be sending a young male/female team to each household. For the South Tarawa component of the energy survey there were a total of 10 survey teams consisting of two persons (male/female as much as possible), i.e. 20 surveyors in total. Concerning the Kiritimati Island component of the survey there were a total of five survey teams consisting of two persons (male/female as much as possible), i.e. 10 surveyors in total. Nearly all of the surveyors and supervisors in South Tarawa as well as Kiritimati Island had prior survey experience - either as enumerator, field supervisor, doing data entry, etc. NSO provided names of suitable surveyors, many of whom had been involved in the 2015 census. There were separate training workshops for the surveyors and supervisors in South Tarawa and in Kiritimati Island. The surveyors and supervisors underwent an intensive two (2) day training program. The training covered background, the survey cycle, general survey pointers, questionnaire familiarisation, detailed walk-through of the questionnaire, a survey field test in their own home and feed-back from surveyors the next day, and planning including logistics for main survey. In addition, most morning’s during the actual survey, feedback was provided to the surveyors on specific issues identified with the filled-in questionnaires. These debriefings were provided collectively (i.e. to all surveyors and supervisors in one room) as well to individual survey teams before commencing survey work.45 De facto, this mechanism served as continuous daily surveyor training. The programme for the training workshop held in South Tarawa is available in Annex C. A key training material - as well as a key tool during field-work - is a Survey Manual/Interview Protocol. For the “Promoting Energy Efficiency in the Pacific Phase 2” (PEEP-2) supported household energy survey in Tonga a comprehensive (44 pages) Survey Questionnaire Manual was prepared for the supervisors. For the Vanuatu, Tuvalu, Nauru and Kiribati surveys (all were mostly based on the Tonga Survey Questionnaire Manual) a Detailed Walk-through of the Survey Questionnaire PowerPoint presentation was prepared. It was decided to provide each of the surveyors with a hardcopy of this comprehensive PowerPoint presentation and use this as the Survey Questionnaire Manual.

2.4.6 Households Actually Surveyed and Survey Supervision

Immediately before and during surveying, information about the survey was provided to the population in via radio broadcasts. In addition, for South Tarawa, information about the survey was provided in a newspaper.

45 This daily feedback proved to be effective, as the number of errors dropped over the survey period.

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South Tarawa surveying began Tuesday 19 July and ended Saturday 30 July 2016 and Kiritimati Island surveying began Thursday 8 September and ended Monday 19 September. Below in Table 3 is a breakdown of the households visited and actually surveyed. Table 3: Households Visited and Actually Surveyed

Households South Tarawa Kiritimati Island

Number Percentage Number Percentage

Un-electrified 71 8 4 2

Vacant 15 2 6 3

Refused to Participate 6 1 0 0

No data entries 32 3 5 3

Actually Surveyed 819 87 164 92

Total 943 100 179 100

As can be seen only 1% of the households in South Tarawa and none in Kiritimati Island refused to participate, which is low compared to similar energy surveys in other PICs. In South Tarawa a total of 819 households were actually surveyed, which is 10.4% of all households in South Tarawa.46 In Kiritimati Island a total of 164 households were surveyed, which is 16.1% of all households in Kiritimati Island.47 As mentioned above, it was the intention surveying 15% of all households, which based on 2010 census results equated to around 710 households in South Tarawa and 129 households in Kiritimati Island. However, the subsequent 2015 census results showed a significant increase in the number of households in both urban areas (from 4728 to 7887 households in South Tarawa and from 857 to 1017 households in Kiritimati Island), which resulted in a lower survey percentage for South Tarawa. In South Tarawa some of the households in the following 15 villages/settlements were surveyed: Abarao, Ambo, Antebuka, Antenon, Bairiki, Banraeaba, Betio, Bikenibeu, Bonriki, Eita, Nanikaai, Nawerewere (Causeway), Taborio, Teaoraereke, and Temwaiku. In Kiritimati Island some of the households in the following four villages were surveyed: Banana, London, Tabwakea, and Tennessee. Information on time used to complete interviews is provided in Table 4 below. Table 4: Time used on Interviewing

Time used on Interviewing (Minutes)

South Tarawa

Kiritimati Island

Minimum 2 10

Maximum 105 100

Average 26 32

Median 23 29

46 As per 2015 census results there is a total of 7887 households in South Tarawa. 47 As per 2015 census results there is a total of 1017 households in Kiritimati Island.

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The value of a survey is greatly affected by the quality of the supervision of the surveyors. Survey supervision - overall as well as onsite - will make or break a survey and supervisors should be chosen carefully. Preferably supervisors should have already worked on a survey team, understand survey methodology and especially be reliable and meticulous. On site survey supervisors will be in charge of the survey teams in the field. Main tasks include:

1) Tour the survey area to ensure the surveyors are in fact working in the right area and that there are no particular problems to be solved;

2) Check every questionnaire for: i) wildly varying responses between respondents who are obviously similar; ii) notable differences in the number of people questioned by the different surveyors; iii) very consistent responses to questions asked by particular surveyors compared to the consistency of responses found by other surveyors; and iv) questions that are consistently left unanswered or answered by the equivalent of “I don’t know’ indicate a problem with those questions; and,

3) Check that the surveyors correct any obvious errors and omissions, clear/sign-off on all questionnaires and collect and storage completed questionnaires at an appropriate (including secure/locked) venue until data entry.

There were a total of eight (8) field supervisors in South Tarawa and one field supervisor in Kiritimati Island.

2.5 Data Entry, Validation and Tabulation

2.5.1 Data Entry

Ideally, data entry of paper questionnaire results are entered as the survey is underway in order for this task to be almost complete once the field work is over and to allow correction of questionnaire errors that adversely affect data entry. However, many times this is not possible (manpower, logistics, etc.). Data entry is a somewhat specialised area, and the best results with the highest accuracy are attained when completed by people familiar with the process (usually people from the statistics office or who have worked on data entry in other surveys). For the survey, the data entry form (and questionnaire) was designed for ease of data entry and accuracy of entry. Data entry was done in Excel48 as this facilitates using people not familiar with dedicated statistical survey software such as Census and Survey Processing System (CSPro) (just about everyone outside the Statistics field). EPU staff performed the data entry for this survey.

2.5.2 Data Checking and Tabulation

The raw data set for both South Tarawa and Kiritimati Island were quality checked by the author.49 For both data sets the number of corrections required were relatively few. The quality-checked data was subsequently tabulated by the author. Concerning tabulation it should be noted that while energy use for lights was estimated - for various types of lights as well as in total – this is not the case for electrical appliances.50 For lights, Watts (W) times hours of use will result in a reasonable estimate of energy use -

48 The same was the case with PEEP-2 surveys in Tonga and Vanuatu, the IUCN and UNDP supported survey in Nauru, the SPC and UNDP supported survey in Funafuti, Tuvalu, and other past UNDP-supported household energy surveys in Fiji, Samoa, RMI, Vanuatu and Cook Islands. 49 For the raw data from Kiritimati Island, checking and tabulation began 17 October 2016 and a draft version was available 24

October 2016. For the South Tarawa raw data, checking and tabulation began 5 January 2017 and a draft version was available 13 January 2017. However, it should be noted that work for both data sets was done part-time during (i.e. on-and-off). 50 This section is based on personal communication with Dr. Herbert A. Wade.

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Watt-hour (Wh) - because they are always drawing the same Watts as their nameplate value. With regard to electrical appliances, the Watts value on appliance labels is useful in comparing equipment and noting what the relative households have in terms of energy-using equipment, but are not an accurate way to determine kWh used. The Watts rating given on appliance labels is the maximum that may occur and is listed mainly to assure that the customer plugs the appliance in an outlet that can handle that maximum level of power demand. The actual usage often is a fraction of that maximum power demand. Thus, for electrical appliances high Wattage does indicate high watt-hours, but the actual number depends on usage.51 Because usage patterns of many electrical appliances have such an effect on kWh, it is practically impossible to develop a reliable energy use profile for a particular appliance without actually measuring it. Instead what is looked for in this survey is: 1) the mix of electrical appliances that people actually use; and 2) their relative power requirements. So in identifying and designing programmes through 1) it can be known what appliances to address and through 2) it can be assessed which appliances are probably the most inefficient. An example: If TVs are found in most houses and some show 50W on their nameplates but many others show 250 Watts, it can reasonably be assumed that the 250W units can be replaced by more efficient TVs. The survey might further show that most homes have the TVs running 4 hours or more a day, so there is good reason to prepare a programme to replace inefficient TVs.

2.6 Survey Deliverables, Costs and Funding

2.6.1 Survey Deliverables

Various deliverables were produced with the key ones being: i. Survey questionnaire for South Tarawa and Kiritimati Island respectively;

ii. Training workshop agendas and materials; iii. De facto survey manual/interview protocol; iv. Data entry template; v. List of selected households for the sample;

vi. Filled-in and signed off questionnaires; vii. Raw data sets;

viii. Tabulated data sets; and, ix. Survey report (this one).

51 A few examples: A radio has nameplate wattage at 42W. If it is plugged into a wattmeter it reads 4W with the volume at a low

value, one that is good for personal listening with the radio nearby. If volume is turned up, the watts go up in step with the volume, so both the hours of use and the manner of use have a major effect on kWh for that device. Computer energy usage is also very dependent on how the device is used. Somebody who watches a lot of videos will have more kWh used by their computer than someone who just reads e-mails and uses MS Office. Nonetheless, if a radio has a listed wattage of 100W, then it is highly likely to be using over 2X the kWh relative to a radio with a listing of 42W. The same applies to TVs, computers, video games, etc. Refrigerators, Freezers and AC units will also have considerable variation in kWh used, but again the unit with the higher watts on the label can be expected to use more kWh under the same conditions of use as one with lower Watts. Another example would be an electric iron. The wattage may be 2000W, but using the iron for an hour will not use 2 kWh of energy because the iron thermostat switches the power on and off to keep the iron at a fairly constant temperature. When the iron is sitting still in its rack while the person using it is folding clothes, the energy use is much lower than when it is actually ironing on the cloth. If the cloth is still damp, the energy use will be even higher because the evaporation of the moisture will cool the iron, causing the thermostat to come on more quickly and stay on longer. But a 4000W iron will invariably use more kWh than a 2000W iron.

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2.6.2 Costs and Funding

The estimated direct local survey costs totalled around United States Dollars (USD) 24,859 52 53 (refer to Annex E for a comparison of the estimated direct survey costs associated with energy household surveys undertaken in various Pacific Island Countries). Financial support from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Government of Australia via UNDP covered survey costs. It should be noted that significant in-kind contributions were provided by local stakeholders, in particular EPU and NSO.

2.7 Survey Quality Overall survey quality depends on many factors including sampling design, questionnaire design, field work, and data management.54 Various aspects of the Kiribati survey process incurred issues that possibly could have influenced the quality of the survey negatively, as summarised below.

2.7.1 Questionnaire

There were only minor issues related to the questionnaire. For instance, in the questionnaire for South Tarawa there were issues with the translation from English to local language for two electrical appliances (electric hair clippers and electric mixer), however this was addressed in the questionnaire used in Kiritimati Island. As part of the training process preferably small scale trial surveys should be undertaken. The purpose of such is to double check that: i) the questionnaire is understandable by the respondents and the surveyors; and ii) that the surveyors understand exactly what they are to do. Trial surveys are important as they will form the basis for any modification of the questionnaires and will help the surveyors more clearly understand the requirements of the survey. While the surveyors did a test survey of their own household, it was not possible to modify the questionnaire as: a) for South Tarawa all questionnaires were printed before the training workshop; and b) due to limited printing capacity in Kiritimati Island, all questionnaires were printed in Fiji and transported to the survey site. Nevertheless, in this is not considered a problem in this case since the questionnaire had been trialled and improved during recent use in four other countries (Tonga, Vanuatu, Tuvalu and Nauru).

2.7.2 Surveyors and Supervisors

As mentioned above nearly all of the surveyors and supervisors in South Tarawa as well as Kiritimati Island had prior survey experience, many of whom had been involved in the 2015 census. Obviously prior survey experience is beneficial as the survey process and many operational issues are identical no matter the specific focus of a survey. There were a few minor issues with the recording of responses by surveyors in the beginning of the two surveys. However, such issues are to be expected, particularly during the first days of surveying. The gist is that these are identified and addressed via clarification collectively (i.e. all surveyors) as soon as

52 Converted from AUD32,696.48 the 8 March 2017. 53 To specify, local direct survey costs covered the following main items: 1) salary and allowances (food, transport and telephone)

for surveyors and field supervisors; 2) various stationery; 3) printing of questionnaires and binding of survey manual; 4) catering for training workshops; 4) advertisements in newspaper and radios; 5) transportation during field work; and 6) airfare and per diem for one EPU staff traveling from South Tarawa to Kiritimati Island (via Fiji) and back. 54 According to a recent EU publication the ‘…5 main elements to achieve good results are careful planning, a clear understanding

of the needs for the survey, a clear and simple questionnaire, well trained interviewers and comprehensive data validation’ (EU, p. 52, 2013).

35

possible. On a positive note, such lessons learned can be used to improve the training associated with future similar surveys. In addition, during data validation the author noted only minor issues including: incorrect entries and unlikely responses/entries. Concerning unlikely responses/entries as part of validation, the limited number of data outliers were identified (by identifying maximum and minimum values) and corrected (i.e. disregarded) where needed by the author.

2.7.3 Data Entry

No issues were identified with regard to data entry.

2.7.4 Overall Survey Quality

As mentioned above, only minor issues that may have impacted the validity of results negatively have been identified. Thus overall the survey is deemed to be of high quality55 - as such the results can be considered to be indicative of the electrical appliances and lights currently in place in households in urban households in Kiribati, as well as the use patterns of appliances and lights and their characteristics.56

2.8 Recommendations for future Similar Household Electrical Appliances and

Lights Surveys Based on experiences including lessons learned, provided below are recommendations for certain aspects of future similar household energy surveys in Pacific Island Countries:

Questionnaire o If the aim is to assess what electrical appliances and lights are in place in a household and

their use patterns and characteristics, using the questionnaire from the Kiribati 2016 Urban Household Electrical Appliances, Lights, and End-use Survey is recommended.

Among others, this will enable direct comparison with other Pacific Island Countries including Tonga, Vanuatu, Tuvalu, Nauru and Kiribati.

o However, the following changes are recommended: For question ‘Construction Materials of Walls in Main Building’

Add ‘Thatch’ For question ‘Materials of Roofs in Main Building’

Add ‘Thatch’ For question ‘Roof Insulation’

Add ‘Ceiling’ For question ‘Sources of household income’

Add ‘Cutting Copra’ For question ‘Location of Lights’

Delete ‘Exterior’

Add ‘Veranda’

55 The author has been involved in several household energy surveys in the Pacific Island region and overall this survey appears

to be the best planned and executed. 56 It should be noted that even when flawlessly executed, household surveys are approximations at best. Some of the weakness associated with such surveys include: ‘Misses what is not easily quantifiable; sampling frame may miss significant members of the population; may fail to capture intra-household allocation; assumes that numbers are objective and conclusive; assumes that the same question means the same thing in different cultural contexts’ (Sumner and Tribe, 2008, p. 111).

36

Add ‘Other Places Outside’ For question ‘Location of Freezers’

Add ‘Sleeping Room’

Add ‘Veranda’ For question ‘Type of Small Electrical Appliance in all Surveyed Households’

Add the following appliances: ‘Torch’, ‘Impulse sealer’, ‘Electric saw’, ‘Grinder’, ‘Battery charger’, ‘Router’, ‘Sanding machine’, and Home theatre system’

For question ‘What is the computer mostly used for?’

Add ‘Movie’ For question ‘Fan Type’

Add ‘Home made’

Add ‘Floor Fan’

Supervision o Undertake detailed daily check of all filled-in questionnaires. o Provide daily feedback to surveyors on specific issues identified with filled-in

questionnaires. Undertake such debriefings: In the mornings before commencing survey work. Collectively (i.e. to all surveyors and supervisors in one room) as well to individual

survey teams. o After possible issues have been addressed, require supervisor sign-off that the

questionnaire has been satisfactorily completed.

Data Quality Check & Tabulation o For Excel-based raw data sets, the person doing tabulation must be familiar with more

advanced Excel formulas including COUNTIF, COUNTIFS, SUMIF, AVERAGEIFS, etc. before beginning tabulation.

o The first step in data quality checks must be a calculation of maximum and minimum values – this will greatly assist localising and fixing (including disregarding) data outliers where necessary.

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Annex A: References Beaman, Lori & Andrew Dillon, Do Household Definitions Matter in Survey Design? Results from a Randomized Survey Experiment in Mali, June 2011 BMZ, Multiple-Household Fuel Use – a balanced choice between firewood, charcoal and LPG, February 2014 Department for International Development (DFID), Government of the United Kingdom, Energy for the Poor – Underpinning the Millennium Development Goals, August 2002 EU, Manual for Statistics on Energy Consumption in Households, 2013 Government of Tonga, IIEC & ADB, Analysis of the Tonga National Survey of Household Lightning and Electrical Appliances, Draft, April 2014 Government of Kiribati

2005 Census Volume 2: Analytical Report, January 2007

Analytical Report on the 2006 Kiribati HIES, 2008

Kiribati National Energy Policy, 2009

Kiribati Demographic and Health Survey 2009, 2010

Kiribati Development Plan 2012-2015, 2012

Report on the Kiribati 2010 Census of Population and Housing – Vol. 1: Basic Information and Tables, August 2012

Kiribati 2010 Census Volume 2: Analytical Report, 2012

Households Energy Survey Form

Households Energy Survey Data, 26 March 2013

A Least Cost Analysis of Electricity Generation Options for Kiritimati Island, April 2013

Republic of Kiribati Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, 2015

Population Census 2015 Questionnaire, 28 September 2015

HIES [Budget] Submitted, 29 September 2015

2015 Population and Housing Census – Volume 1: Management Report and Basic Tables, 1 September 2016

International Institute for Energy Conservation (IIEC), Urban Household Appliance & Energy Use Survey: Port Vila & Luganville, Vanuatu (2013) - Volume 1: Main Report, 19 March 2014 Jensen, Thomas Lynge

Energy User Needs Assessment through Energy Site Surveys, Energy Survey Training Workshop, Majuro, Marshall Islands, 24-25 June 2008

The Port Olry Biofuel Project in Vanuatu - Household Survey Report, September 2010

Selected Findings including Socio-Economic from recent UNDP supported Household Energy Surveys in Pacific Island Countries, Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Renewable Energy Projects Training Workshop, IUCN, Novotel Hotel, Nadi, Fiji, 11–15 April 2011

Household Surveys and the Benefits of Improved Data for S&L Programs, Planning Workshop for Pacific Appliance Labelling and Standards (PALS) Program, SPC Headquarters, Noumea, New Caledonia, 5-6 December 2011

38

Mitiaro Island, Cook Islands - Energy Survey Report, Final Version, 28 March 2012

Planned Household Electrical Appliances and Lights Surveys in Tuvalu and Nauru, PALS Project Workshop & Steering Committee Meeting, Lotus Building, SPC Nabua, Suva, 26 August 2013

Nauru Household Energy Survey – Concept Paper, Final Version, 28 October 2013

Funafuti, Tuvalu 2014 Household Electrical Appliances, Lights and End-use Survey – Background, Process and Findings, Final Version, 19 February 2015

Introduction to Main Components in the Survey Cycle, Nauru Household Energy Survey Training Workshop, 17-18 June 2015

The Nauru Questionnaire Design and General Survey Pointers, Nauru Household Energy Survey Training Workshop, 17-18 June 2015

Detailed Walk-through of the Nauru Survey Questionnaire, Nauru Household Energy Survey Training Workshop, 17-18 June 2015

Nauru 2015 Household Electrical Appliances, Lights, and End-use Survey – Background, Process, and Findings, Final Version, 9 December 2015

Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP), Country Report for Kiribati - Technical Analysis of Appliance Markets to Support the Pacific Appliance and Standards (PALS) Programme, prepared by IIEC, November 2012 SPC

Kiribati Family Health and Support Study: A Study on Violence against Women and Children, 2010

The Costs and Benefits of Introducing Standards and Labels for Electrical Appliances in Pacific Island Countries, September 2011

SPC and the Government of Kiribati, Preliminary Survey Design Investigations for the 2006 Kiribati HIES, 2006 State of Hawaii, Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism, Field Guide for Energy Performance, Comfort, and Value in Hawaii Homes, Edition 1.0, July 2001 Sumner, Andy and Michael Tribe, International Development Studies - Theories and Methods in Research and Practice, SAGE Publications, 2008 UNDP, Preparatory Phase for the Samoa Photovoltaic (PV) Electrification Programme – Survey Report, Prepared by Herbert Wade et al., Final Draft, 11 November 2008 UNESCO, Solar Photovoltaic Project Development, 2003 U.S. Department of Energy, Guidelines for Selecting Cook Roofs, V. 1.2, July 2010 Wade, Herbert

PEEP 2 Tonga Survey Questionnaire Manual, March 2013

Personal communication World Bank

Household Energy Use in Developing Countries – A Multicountry Study, October 2003

Tuvalu Electricity Efficiency Opportunities: Study A – Houses, prepared by IT Power, October 2014

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World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future, 1987

40

Annex B: Questionnaire used in Kiritimati Island

54

Annex C: Programme for the South Tarawa Survey Training Workshop, 19-20 July 2016

TIME TOPICS PRESENTER / FACILITATOR

Tu

esd

ay 1

9 Ju

ly

DAY 1: Background, Survey Cycle, General Survey Pointers, Questionnaire Familiarization and Detailed Walk-through of Questionnaire 0900 – 0910 Introductory remarks Kireua Kaiea, Energy Planner, Energy Planning Unit (EPU), Ministry

of Public Work and Utilities (MPWU)

0910 – 0930 The Kiribati Urban Household Electrical Appliances and Lights Survey – background, survey objectives & key deliverables

Thomas L. Jensen, Energy Programme Specialist, UNDP

0930 – 0935 Presentation of workshop program Ueaniti K.Betero, Assistant Energy Economist, EPU

0935 – 0940 Introduction to participants All

0940 – 1010 Introduction to main components in the survey cycle Thomas L. Jensen

1010 – 1040 The Kiribati survey questionnaire design and survey pointers Thomas L. Jensen

1040 – 1100 Familiarization with the survey questionnaire Surveyors (individual work)

1100 – 1115 TEA BREAK

1115 – 1300 Detailed walk-through of Kiribati survey questionnaire including Q&A Thomas L. Jensen

1300 – 1400 LUNCH BREAK

1400 – 1600 Detailed walk-through of Kiribati survey questionnaire including Q&A (continued) Thomas L. Jensen

1600 – 1615 TEA BREAK

1615 – 1630 Briefing surveyors on test of questionnaire in their own home overnight Ueaniti K.Betero & Thomas L. Jensen

1630 – 1645 Summary of Day 1 and program for Day 2 Ueaniti K.Betero & Thomas L. Jensen

END OF DAY 1

55


Wed

nes

day

20

July

DAY 2: Feed-back from Surveyors, Survey Field Test, Recap of Walk-through of Questionnaire and Planning including Logistics for

Actual Survey 0900 – 0930 Surveyors feed-back from test of the questionnaire in their own home Surveyors

0930 – 1000 Survey sampling framework, confidentiality and survey pointers National Statistics Office (NSO), Ministry of Finance and Economic Development

1000 – 1030 Planning including logistics for field test in Betio NSO & Ueaniti K.Betero

1030 – 1045 TEA BREAK

1045 – 1300 Survey testing in the field (Betio) 10 teams of 2 persons each

1300 – 1400 LUNCH BREAK

1400 – 1500 Feed-back from surveyors including on questionnaire and field issues Surveyors

1500 – 1600 Recap of Walk-through of Questionnaire Thomas L. Jensen

1600 – 1615 TEA BREAK

1615 – 1700 Planning including logistics for main survey NSO & Ueaniti K.Betero

END OF DAY 2


Th

urs

day

21

July

DAY 3: Daily Feed-back from Supervisors on Questionnaires & Surveying 0900 – Surveying begins 10 teams of 2 persons each


Fri

day

22 J

uly

DAY 4 and Onwards: Daily Feed-back from Supervisors on Questionnaires & Surveying 0900 – 1030 Daily feed-back from supervisors on questionnaires – collectively as well as individual

survey teams Ueaniti K.Betero and Thomas L. Jensen

1030 – Surveying continues 10 teams of 2 persons each

56

Annex D: Detailed Survey Results

Below are the tabulated data from the response to the questions included in the survey for South Tarawa and Kiritimati Island respectively. Comments are provided on important methodological aspects for some questions.

Power Meter Table 5: If Households share the same Power Meter

More than one Household shares the same Power Meter?

South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


No 691 84 159 97

Yes 127 16 5 3

Total 818 100 164 100

Table 6: Number of Households sharing the same Power Meter

Number of Households sharing the same

Power Meter



2 Households 89 71 2 40



5 households 3 2 1 20

8 households 0 0 1 20

Total 125 100 5 100

Gender & Age of People Interviewed Table 7: Gender of People Interviewed

Gender South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Female 438 54 74 45

Male 379 46 90 55

Total 817 100 164 100

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Table 8: Age of People Interviewed

Age of People Interviewed

(years)

South Tarawa

Kiritimati Island

Minimum 10 18

Maximum 78 82

Average57 43 42

Median58 43 43

General weather of the Day of the Visit Table 9: General weather of the day of the visit

General weather of the day of the visit South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Dry weather 805 99 163 100

Raining the day before but not raining the day of the survey 11 1 0 0

Raining the day of the survey 0 0 0 0

Total 816 100 163 100

Number of Buildings in the Household that have Electricity Table 10: Number of Buildings in the Household that have Electricity

Number of Buildings with Electricity



1 583 71 139 85

2 162 20 16 10

3 49 6 2 1

4 16 2 1 1

5 4 0.5 1 1

6 2 0.2 4 2

7 0 0 1 1

Total 816 100 164 100

57 Average is calculated by dividing the sum of the values in the set by their number. 58 Median is the value in an ordered set of values below and above which there is an equal number of values.

58

Main Building Construction Table 11: Construction Materials of Walls in Main Building in South Tarawa

Construction Materials of Walls in Main Building Number Percentage

Wooden frame 326 40

Brick/Stone 276 34

Concrete Blocks 3 0

Fale/Coconut 14 2

Steel frame 19 2

Galvanised steel 123 15

Masonite 26 3

Thatch 2 0.2

Plywood 3 0.4

Other 59 6 1

None 15 2

Total 813 100

Table 12: Construction Materials of Walls in Main Building in Kiritimati Island

Construction Materials of Walls in Main Building Number Percentage

Wooden frame 74 45

Brick/Stone 22 13

Concrete Blocks 11 7

Fale/Coconut 6 4

Steel frame 7 4


Plywood 10 6

Other 60 7 4

Total 164 100

59 ‘Other’ include fishing net. 60 ‘Other’ includes: Masonite and security wire.

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Table 13: Materials of Roofs in Main Building in South Tarawa

Materials of Roofs in Main Building Number Percentage

Wooden frame 11 1.3

Brick/Stone 0 0

Concrete Blocks 0 0

Fale/Coconut 7 0.9

Steel frame 48 6


Aluminium 3 0

Thatch 108 13

Other 11 1.3

Total 817 100

Table 14: Materials of Roofs in Main Building in Kiritimati Island

Materials of Roofs in Main Building Number Percentage

Wooden frame 0 0

Brick/Stone 0 0

Concrete Blocks 0 0

Fale/Coconut 5 3

Steel frame 0 0


Other 0 0

Total 163 100

Main Building Colours Table 15: Colour of the Walls in Main Building

Colour of the Walls in Main Building South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Unpainted 629 77 106 65

White 78 10 20 12

Light colour 86 11 31 19

Medium colour 15 1.8 4 2

Dark colour 10 1.2 3 2

Total 818 100 164 100

60

Table 16: Colour of the Roof in Main Building

Colour of the Roof in Main Building South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Unpainted 689 84 153 93

White 95 12 9 5

Light colour 23 2.8 1 1

Medium colour 5 0.6 1 1

Dark colour 6 0.7 0 0

Total 818 100 164 100

Type of Residence Table 17: Type of Residence

Type of Residence South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Single story house 790 96.6 161 98.2

Double story house 9 1.1 2 1.2

Apartment in an apartment building

14 1.7 1 0.6

Three story house 1 0.1 0 0

Residence over shop 4 0.5 0 0

Other 0 0.0 0 0

Total 818 100 164 100

Table 18: If the residence is in an apartment building, is the residence on the top floor of the building?


Total Percentage Total Percentage

Yes 14 100 0 0

No 0 0 1 100

Total 14 100 1 100

61

Household Age Group Composition Table 19: Total Number of People Surveyed in Various Age Groups

Total Number of People Surveyed in Various Age Groups South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Under 5 years 1060 16 206 16

5-10 years 881 13 177 14

11-17 years 829 13 161 13

18-35 years 1959 30 374 30

36-50 years 1174 18 209 17

51-65 years 538 8 102 8

Older than 65 years 188 3 28 2

Total 6629 100 1257 100

Number of people in surveyed households

South Tarawa

Kiritimati Island

Average 8 8

Median 7 7

Maximum 35 26

Minimum 1 2

Average Amount the Household estimates it pays per Month for Electricity Table 20: Amount the Household estimates it pays per Month for Electricity

Amount the Household estimates it pays per

Month for Electricity (AUD)

South Tarawa

Kiritimati Island

Average 49 43

Median 40 30

Maximum 550 250

Minimum 0 0

62

Method of Payment of Electricity Bill Table 21: Method of Payment of Electricity Bill

Method of Payment South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Cash payment of bill 813 99.63 161 99

Electronic payment 2 0.25 0 0

Pre-paid meter 0 0 0 0

Other 1 0.12 1 1

Total 816 100 162 100

Roof Insulation Table 22: Roof Insulation

Roof Insulation South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Radiant barrier right under the roofing materials (typically aluminium)

28 3.4 1 0.6

Batts (fiberglass or cotton) 3 0.4 0 0

Blown (fiberglass or cellulose) 1 0.1 0 0

Spray foam 1 0.1 0 0

Ceiling 108 13.2 35 21.5

Other 8 1 3 1.8

None 669 81.8 124 76.1

Total 818 100 163 100

Motor Vehicles Table 23: Any Residents of the Household own and have registered a Motor Vehicle?

Any Residents of the Household own and have

registered a Motor Vehicle?



Yes 375 46 122 74

No 443 54 42 26

Total 818 100 164 100

63

Table 24: Automobiles

Number of Automobiles



Don’t own a car 708 86.4 111 91

1 car 100 12.2 11 9

2 cars 9 1.1 0 0

3 cars 2 0.2 0 0

Total 819 100 122 100

Table 25: Motorcycles

Number of Motorcycles South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Don't own a motorcycle 673 82.2 77 63.1

1 motorcycle 139 17 40 32.8

2 motorcycles 7 0.9 5 4.1

Total 819 100 122 100

Table 26: Trucks

Number of Trucks South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Don’t own a truck 790 96.5 111 91

1 truck 28 3.4 8 6.6

2 trucks 1 0.1 3 2.5

Total 819 100 122 100

Table 27: Vans

Number of Vans South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Don’t own a van 789 96.3 117 96.7

1 van 27 3.3 4 3.3

2 vans 3 0.4 0 0

Total 819 100 121 100

Table 28: Buses

Number of Buses South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Don’t own a bus 816 99.6 122 100

1 bus 2 0.2 0 0

2 buses 1 0.1 0 0

Total 819 100 122 100

64

Table 29: Bicycles

Number of Bicycles South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Don’t own a bicycle 660 80.6 31 25

1 bicycle 129 15.8 67 55

2 bicycles 24 2.9 18 15

3 bicycles 4 0.5 5 4



Total 819 100 122 100

Table 30: Other Vehicles

Number of other Vehicles



No other vehicles 819 100 119 97.5

1 other vehicle 0 0 3 2.5

Total 819 100 122 100

Sources of Household Income

Table 31: Sources of Household Income in South Tarawa

Salaried Government

Salaried Private

Farming Skilled Work

Own Business at Home

Own Business Outside

Fishing Pension Remittances Other

Main income source

417 194 11 17 93 19 20 2 37 5

Second most important source

1 98 17 48 128 49 29 1 33 4

Third most important source

2 2 3 9 35 8 15 0 18 0

Fourth most important source

0 0 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 0

Fifth most important source

0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0

65

Table 32: Sources of Household Income in Kiritimati Island

Salaried Government

Salaried Private

Farming Skilled Work

Own Business at Home

Own Business Outside

Fishing Pension Remittances Other

Main income source

103 25 1 3 14 4 9 0 1 4

Second most important source

2 7 2 8 34 8 11 0 2 4

Third most important source

1 0 1 1 6 3 7 0 1 0

Fourth most important source

0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

Sanitation Table 33: Sanitary Facilities

Type of Sanitary Facilities South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Flush toilet 215 26.3 139 84.8

Water sealed squat toilet 282 34.5 2 1.2

Outside pit latrine 125 15.3 1 0.6

Compost toilet 1 0.1 7 4.3

Other 7 0.9 0 0

None 188 23 15 9.1

Total 818 100 164 100

66

Does the person being interviewed do the family washing with a washing

Machine Table 34: Does the person being interviewed do the family washing with a washing Machine

Does the person being interviewed do the family washing with a

washing Machine?



Yes 134 16 35 21

No 682 84 129 79

Total 816 100 164 100

Table 35: Estimated number of washing machine loads the person being interviewed does per week in South Tarawa

Number Percentage

1-10 117 97.5

11-43 3 2.5

Total 120 100

Average 6 loads per week

Median 4 loads per week

Minimum 1 load per week

Maximum 43 loads per week

Table 36: Estimated number of washing machine loads the person being interviewed does per week in Kiritimati Island

Number Percentage

1-10 33 97.1

11-12 1 2.9

Total 34 100

Average 4 loads per week

Median 3 loads per week

Minimum 2 load per week

Maximum 12 loads per week

67

Lighting With regard to lighting, it should be noted that what was recorded was Watts per light bulb/tube, not Watts per fixture. An example: a fixture has four (4) fluorescent tubes of the old style with iron ballast. The number of lines needed to be filled in the questionnaire for a fixture will be equal to the number of tubes in the fixture - in this case, four (4). The data recorded in the four lines for this fixture - i.e. location, Watts & hours of use - are the same since all the tubes in a fixture go on and off at the same time. Concerning the acronyms ‘T12’, ‘T8’ and ‘T5’ for fluorescent tubes, then ‘T’ indicates that the shape of the bulb is tubular and the number after is the diameter in eighths of an inch (T12= 38 mm in diameter, T8 = 25 mm in diameter and T5 =15.875 mm in diameter). The total number of light bulbs/tubes in surveyed households in South Tarawa are 2237 and the total number of light bulbs/tubes in surveyed households in Kiritimati Island are 628. Table 37: Number of Light Bulbs/Tubes in Surveyed Households

Number of Light Bulbs/Tubes in Surveyed Households



0 17 2.1 0 0

1 170 20.8 20 12.2

2 256 31.3 30 18.3

3 174 21.3 32 19.5

4 87 10.6 32 19.5

5 57 7.0 22 13.4

6 25 3.1 11 6.7

7 17 2.1 5 3

8 9 1.1 4 2.4

9 3 0.4 5 3

10 2 0.2 1 0.6

11 0 0 0 0

12 1 0.1 1 0.6

13 0 0 0 0

14 0 0 1 0.6

Total 818 100 164 100

Number of Light

Bulbs/Tubes in Surveyed Households

South Tarawa

Kiritimati Island

Average 3 4

Median 2 4

Maximum 12 14

Minimum 0 1

68

Table 38: Number of Each Type of Light in all Surveyed Households

Type of Light Bulbs/Tubes South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Standard old style fluorescent tube with iron ballast 1135 50.6 460 73.5

Standard fluorescent (T8) tube with electronic ballast 317 14.1 4 0.6

Small tube fluorescent (T5) tube with electronic ballast 162 7.2 18 2.9

CFL bulb with integrated electronic ballast 410 18.3 22 3.5

CFL plug-in bulb with separate electronic ballast 116 5.2 40 6.4

LED bulb 30 1.3 9 1.4

Incandescent with screw base 61 2.7 33 5.3

Incandescent with pin type (bayonet) 3 0.1 40 6.4

Halogen bulb 2 0.1 0 0

Other 8 0.4 0 0

Total 2244 100 626 100

Table 39: Hours of use per Day

Hours of use per Day



0 4 0.2 3 0.5

1-6 1581 70.8 479 78.9

7-12 599 26.8 112 18.5

13-18 11 0.5 0 0

19-24 39 1.7 13 2.1

Total 2234 100 607 100

Hours of

use per Day South

Tarawa Kiritimati

Island

Average 6.1 5.5

Median 5 5

Maximum 24 24

Minimum 0 0

69

Table 40: Location of Light Bulbs/Tubes

Location of Light Bulbs/Tubes South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Sleeping room 615 27.5 184 29.4

Eating room (if there is a separate room for eating) 207 9.3 37 5.9

Main living room 754 33.8 143 22.8

Cooking areas (kitchen) 198 8.9 68 10.9

Workroom/shop/office for personal use 20 0.9 2 0.3

Bathroom/toilet 88 3.9 56 8.9

Hallway 51 2.3 25 4

Storage room or closet 24 1.1 7 1.1

Exterior (yard lights, security lights, etc) 195 8.7 85 13.6

Garage 3 0.1 0 0

Room used for business purposes) 35 1.6 10 1.6

Other 43 1.9 9 1.4

Total 2233 100 626 100

Table 41: Watts per Light Bulb/Tube

Watts per Light

Bulb/Tube



1-10 35 1.6 20 3.3

11-20 613 27.4 78 12.7

21-30 706 31.5 235 38.3

31-40 259 11.6 52 8.5

41-50 615 27.5 213 34.7

51-60 8 0.4 9 1.5

61-70 0 0 4 0.7

71-80 2 0.1 2 0.3

81-90 0 0 0 0

91-100 2 0.1 0 0

Total 2238 100 613 100

Watts per

Light Bulb/Tube

South Tarawa

Kiritimati Island

Average 30 35

Median 30 30

Maximum 100 75

Minimum 7 3

70

Table 42: Daily Estimated Energy Use for Lighting in all Surveyed Households

Daily Estimated Energy Use for Lighting in all Surveyed Households


Wh/day Percentage Wh/day Percentage

Standard old style fluorescent tube with iron ballast 257322 64.2 91892 82.6

Standard fluorescent (T8) tube with electronic ballast 59679 14.9 720 0.6

Small tube fluorescent (T5) tube with electronic ballast 22141 5.5 4031 3.6

CFL bulb with integrated electronic ballast 34015 8.5 1435 1.3

CFL plug-in bulb with separate electronic ballast 8584 2.1 3388 3

LED bulb 1511 0.4 356 0.3

Incandescent with screw base 15508 3.9 5211 4.7

Incandescent with pin type (bayonet) 1460 0.4 4277 3.8

Halogen bulb 200 0.05 0 0

Other 432 0.11 0 0

Total 400852 100 111310 100

The estimated total daily energy used for lighting in all surveyed households in South Tarawa are 401 kWh/day. Estimated average daily energy used for lighting per surveyed household in South Tarawa is 0.5 kWh/day. The estimated total daily energy used for lighting in all surveyed households in Kiritimati Island are 112 kWh/day. Estimated average daily energy used for lighting per surveyed household in Kiritimati Island is 0.7 kWh/day. As a comparison, it has been estimated that total energy use for lighting in Funafuti, Tuvalu is 0.66 kWh per house per day and that total energy use for lighting in Nauru is 2.2 kWh per house per day.

Refrigerators Table 43: Number of Refrigerators in Surveyed Households

Number in Surveyed

Households



No refrigerator 749 92 155 95

1 refrigerator 68 8 9 5

2 refrigerators 1 0.1 0 0

Total 817 100 164 100

Refrigerators in

Surveyed Households


Total 70 9

Average 0.1 0.1

Median 0 0

Maximum 2 1

Minimum 0 0

71

There is a total of nine (9) refrigerators in the surveyed households in Kiritimati Islands - due to this low number the data from Kiritimati Islands has not been further tabulated. Table 44: Location of Refrigerators

Location South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Eating room 15 22

Main living room with TV/video 32 46

Cooking area 15 22

Workroom/shop/office 3 4

Storage room or closet 2 3

Garage 0 0

Business area 1 1

Exterior (porch, veranda, covered walk) 1 1

Other 0 0

Total 69 100

Table 45: Approximate Year Refrigerator Obtained in South Tarawa

Period Obtained Number Percentage

1995-2000 3 4

2001-2005 4 6

2006-2010 14 21

2011-2012 11 16

2013-2014 19 28

2015-2016 17 25

Total 68 100

Oldest from 1995

Newest from 2016

Average age 5 years

Median age 3 years

72

Table 46: Refrigerator obtained new or used

Obtained New or Used

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

New 60 86

Used 10 14

Total 70 100

Table 47: Refrigerator obtained locally or overseas

Obtained locally or overseas

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Locally 62 89

Overseas 8 11

Total 70 100

Table 48: Refrigerator Self-defrosting

Self-defrosting South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Yes 30 43

No 40 57

Total 70 100

Table 49: Refrigerator Door Arrangement

Door Arrangement South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Single door 26 43

Freezer above, refrigerator below 30 49

Freezer door beside the refrigerator door 1 2

Freezer door under the refrigerator door 2 3

Freezer in a drawer under the refrigerator door 2 3

Total 61 100

73

Table 50: Indicative Refrigerator Capacity

Indicative Volume in Litres

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

>0-200 3 5

201-300 6 9

301-400 15 23

401-500 17 26

501-600 8 12

601-700 13 20

701-800 2 3

801-900 1 2

901-1000 2 3

Total 65 103

Indicative Volume in

Litres

South Tarawa

Average 474

Median 449

Maximum 990

Minimum 61

With regard to the above estimates of refrigerator volume, it should be noted that only width and height were measured. However, the depth of major appliances is consistent with the depth of built-in cabinets for kitchens since they are designed to fit into a kitchen using standard cabinet components – thus to calculate volume it is reasonable to use 600-620 mm as a depth.61 For this particular survey a 600 mm depth was assumed. In addition, it should be noted that the exterior was measured. A significant part of the interior consists of various compartments, shelves, trays, drawers, etc. that take up space - thus the actual refrigerator capacity would be smaller than indicated. Table 51: Quality of Refrigerator Door Seal

Quality of Door Seal South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Good 55 80

Bad 14 20

Total 69 100

The method used to assess the quality of door seal was a visual check. The surveyors were to look at the edge of the door and see if there were are any gaps between the seal and the surface of the refrigerator chamber. In addition, the door was to be opened and checked if the seal appeared clean and there was

61 Personal communication with Dr. Herbert A. Wade.

74

no black mould or obvious areas where the seal was damaged and would allow warm air to enter the cold space. Furthermore, the surveyors were to look just inside the area where the door seal fits against the refrigerator/freezer body and see if there is any condensation (drops of water) in areas that indicate that warm air carrying moisture is entering the cold space near those areas.62 Table 52: If Refrigerator is powered on and operating all the time

If Refrigerator is powered on and

operating all the time

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Yes 62 89

No 8 11

Total 70 100

Table 53: Average amount the household estimates it pays per month for electricity to run the refrigerator(s)

Average amount (in AUD)

South Tarawa

Average 33

Median 30

Maximum 85

Minimum 15

Table 54: Name of Refrigerator Manufacturer in South Tarawa

Manufacturer Number Percentage

SIMMONS 6 27.3

SGM 1 4.5

KELVINATOR 3 13.6

MODYL 3 13.6

AKITA 3 13.6

EBERIAYA 1 4.5

SHARP 2 9.1

FISHER 1 4.5

RONSHEN 1 4.5

NEC 1 4.5

Total 22 100

In the surveyed households in South Tarawa a total of 10 different refrigerator manufacturers were identified.

62 Another method involves using a piece of thin cardboard. Specifically, open the door and close the door so the piece of cardboard is between the seal and the refrigerator body. Slide the card up and down the seal area. If it is very easy to slide at some places and noticeably more difficult at others, then the seal is bad. If the seal is okay, the card will stay by itself in any spot on the seal when the door is closed and sliding it will feel about the same, with a little friction, all around the seal.

75

Table 55: Energy Label on Refrigerator

Energy Label South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Yes 18 26

No 51 74

Total 69 100

Table 56: Number of Stars on Refrigerators with Australia/NZ Energy Label 63

Number of Stars

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

1 0 0

1.5 1 7

2 4 29

2.5 4 29

3 1 7

3.5 1 7

4 1 7

4.5 0 0

5 1 7

5.5 0 0

6 1 7

Total 14 100

Table 57: Energy Label - Country of Origin

Energy Label - Country of

Origin

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Australia/NZ 15 88

China 2 12

Total 17 100

63 Note that this table do not include information from Chinese energy tables.

76

Table 58: Estimated kWh/year Energy Use Shown on Label

kWh/year South Tarawa

Number Percentage

>0-100 0 0

101-200 2 15

201-300 3 23

301-400 2 15

401-500 5 38

501-600 0 0

601-700 1 8

Total 13 100

Estimated kWh/year Energy Use Shown on

Label

South Tarawa

Average 357

Median 342

Maximum 628

Minimum 110

Table 59: Plans to Replace Refrigerator(s)

Plans to Replace Refrigerator(s)

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Yes 7 10

No 63 90

Total 70 100

Freezers Table 60: Number of Freezers in Surveyed Households

Number of Freezers in Surveyed Households



No freezer 470 57 65 40

1 freezer 343 42 94 57

2 freezers 4 0.5 5 3

3 freezers 1 0.1 0 0

Total 818 100 164 100

77

Number of Freezers in Surveyed households

South Tarawa

Kiritimati Island

Total 354 104

Average 0.4 0.6

Median 0 1

Maximum 3 2

Minimum 0 0

Table 61: Location of Freezers

Location South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Eating room 71 20.5 28 27.7

Main living room with TV/video 180 51.9 31 30.7

Cooking area 52 15 33 32.7

Workroom/shop/office 8 2.3 0 0

Storage room or closet 10 2.9 2 2

Garage 0 0 0 0

Business area 5 1.4 4 4

Exterior (porch, veranda, covered walk) 12 3.5 3 3

Other 9 2.6 0 0

Total 347 100 101 100

Table 62: Approximate Year Freezer Obtained in South Tarawa

Period Number Percentage

1995-2000 19 5.4

2001-2005 24 6.9

2006-2010 70 20.1

2011-2012 51 14.6

2013-2014 89 25.5

2015-2016 96 27.5

Total 349 100

Oldest from 1995

Newest from 2016

Average age 5 years

Median age 4 years

78

Table 63: Approximate Year Freezer Obtained in Kiritimati Island

Period Number Percentage

1991-2000 6 5.9

2001-2005 7 6.9

2006-2010 15 14.9

2011-2012 16 15.8

2013-2014 32 31.7

2015-2016 25 24.8

Total 101 100

Oldest from 1998

Newest from 2016

Average age 5

Median age 3

Table 64: Freezer obtained new or used




New 300 85 95 91

Used 51 15 9 9

Total 351 100 95 91

Table 65: Freezer obtained locally or overseas

Obtained Locally or Overseas



Locally 332 95 87 84

Overseas 19 5 17 16

Total 351 100 104 100

Table 66: Freezer Self-defrosting

Self-defrosting



Yes 192 55 46 44

No 160 45 58 56

Total 352 100 104 100

79

Table 67: Freezer Door Arrangement

Door Arrangement South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Single top opening door 327 94.8 100 97.1

Two top opening doors 12 3.5 3 2.9

Front opening door 6 1.7 0 0

Total 345 100 103 100

Table 68: Indicative Freezer Volume


Litres



>0-200 3 1 0 0

201-300 39 11 1 1

301-400 117 34 19 19

401-500 99 29 30 31

501-600 50 14 23 23

601-700 18 5 15 15

701-800 4 1 3 3

801-900 9 3 0 0

901-1000 6 2 5 5

1001-1100 2 1 2 2

Total 347 100 98 100


Litres

South Tarawa

Kiritimati Island

Average 445 531

Median 423 491

Maximum 1073 1084

Minimum 48 250

With regard to the above estimates of freezer volume, it should be noted that only width and height were measured. However, the depth of major appliances is consistent with the depth of built-in cabinets for kitchens. Since they are designed to fit into a kitchen using standard cabinet components – thus to calculate volume, it is reasonable to use 600-620 mm as a depth.64 For this particular survey, a 600 mm depth was assumed. In addition, it should be noted the exterior was measured. A significant part of the interior consists of various compartments, shelves, trays, drawers, etc. that take up space – thus the actual freezer capacity is smaller than indicated.

64 Personal communication with Dr. Herbert A. Wade.

80

Table 69: Quality of Freezer Door Seal

Quality of Door Seal



Good 255 73 85 82

Bad 96 27 19 18

Total 351 100 104 100

The method used to assess the quality of door seal was a visual check. Among others, the surveyors were to look at the edge of the door and see if there were are any gaps between the seal and the surface of the freezer chamber. In addition, the door should be opened and checked if the seal appeared clean and there was no black mould or obvious areas where the seal was damaged and may allow warm air to enter the cold space. Furthermore, the surveyors were to look just inside the area where the door seal fits against the freezer body and see if there was any condensate (drops of water) in some areas that indicate that warm air carrying moisture is entering the cold space near those areas. 65 Table 70: If Freezer is powered on and operating all the time

Powered on and

operating all the time



Yes 326 92 99 95

No 27 8 5 5

Total 353 100 104 100

Table 71: Hours per day is it powered on and operating (24-hours period)

Hours South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


1-6 2 13 2 100

7-12 12 80 0 0

13-18 1 7 0 0

19-23 0 0 0 0

Total 15 100 2 100

65 Another method involves using a piece of thin cardboard. Specifically open the door and close the door so the piece of cardboard is between the seal and the freezer body. Slide the card up and down the seal area. If it is very easy to slide at some places and noticeably more difficult at others, then the seal is bad. If the seal is ok, the card will stay by itself in any spot on the seal when the door is closed and sliding it will feel about the same, with a little friction, all around the seal.

81

Table 72: Average amount the household estimates it pays per month for electricity to run the freezer(s)

Average amount (in AUD)

South Tarawa

Kiritimati Island

Average 33 22

Median 30 20

Maximum 190 75

Minimum 10 2

Table 73: Name of Freezer Manufacturer in South Tarawa


Solstar 3 3.2

Simmons 39 41.5

KELVINATOR 20 21.3

Berjaya 1 1.1

ZAIKO 1 1.1

KELON 1 1.1

MODYL 20 21.3

TCL 4 4.3

DENPO 1 1.1

Fisher & Paykel 1 1.1

AKIRA 1 1.1

Hengyun 1 1.1

SIMPSON 1 1.1

Total 94 100

In the surveyed households in South Tarawa, a total of 13 different freezer manufacturers were identified.66

66 It should be noted that the following names had only one entry: RUKERS and CHEST. Using Google this name has not been identified.

82

Table 74: Name of Freezer Manufacturer in Kiritimati Island


WESTINGHOUSE 4 8.3

MODYL 30 62.5

KENMORE 4 8.3

HAIER 2 4.2

KELVINATOR 3 6.3

SIMMONS 4 8.3

FISHER & PAYKEL 1 2.1

Maxton 0 0.0

Total 48 100

In the surveyed households in Kiritimati Island, a total of eight different freezer manufacturers were identified. Table 75: Energy Label on Freezer

Energy Label



Yes 69 20 17 16

No 281 80 87 84

Total 350 100 104 100

Table 76: Number of Stars on Freezers with Australia/NZ Label 67

Number of Stars



1 0 0 0 0

1.5 0 0 0 0

2 31 49 3 19

2.5 4 6 7 44

3 20 32 5 31

3.5 1 2 1 6

4 0 0 0 0

4.5 0 0 0 0

5 1 2 0 0

5.5 0 0 0 0

6 6 10 0 0

Total 63 100 16 100

67 Note that this table do not include information from Chinese energy tables.

83

Table 77: Energy Label - Country of Origin

Country of origin



Australia/NZ 62 94 17 100

China 4 6 0 0

Total 66 100 17 100

Table 78: Estimated kWh/year Energy Use Shown on Label in South Tarawa

kWh/year Shown on

Label

Number Percentage

101-200 1 2

201-300 6 11

301-400 43 80

401-500 1 2

501-600 3 6

Total 54 100


Label

South Tarawa

Average 343

Median 358

Maximum 529

Minimum 135

Table 79: Estimated kWh/year Energy Use Shown on Label in Kiritimati Island

kWh/year Shown on

Label

Number Percentage

>0-100 0 0

101-200 0 0

201-300 8 53

301-400 5 33

401-500 2 13

Total 15 100

84


Label

Kiritimati Island

Average 316

Median 276

Maximum 495

Minimum 230

Table 80: Plans to Replace Freezer(s)

Plans to Replace



Yes 41 12 6 6

No 310 88 98 94

Total 351 100 104 100

Table 81: If Yes Planning to Replace, the Estimated Number of Months from now

Months from Now



1 0 0 0 0

2-3 4 10 0 0

4-5 0 0 4 80

6-7 4 10 0 0

8-9 0 0 0 0

10-11 0 0 0 0

12 33 80 1 20

Total 41 100 5 100

Air Conditioners There were zero (0) air conditioners in the surveyed households in Kiritimati Island.

85

Table 82: Number of Air Conditioners in Surveyed Households in South Tarawa

Number Percentage

No air conditioner 816 99.6

1 air conditioner 0 0

2 air conditioners 2 0.2

3 air conditioners 0 0

4 air conditioners 1 0.1

Total 819 100

There were a total of eight (8) air conditioners in three (3) households in South Tarawa - due to this low number the data has not been further tabulated.

Small Electrical Appliances It should be noted, though a washing machine is not usually considered a small appliance, it is listed here since its use did not justify a separate sheet (however, there are several types of washing machines so each type had a separate code). Also, a dishwasher is not usually considered a small appliance, but as available information indicated they are rare in Kiribati households, a separate sheet was not needed. Table 83: Total Number of Small Electrical Appliances in Surveyed Households

Total Number



0 394 48.2 58 35.4

1 243 29.7 48 29.3

2 101 12.4 31 18.9

3 46 5.6 17 10.4

4 21 2.6 4 2.4

5 3 0.4 4 2.4

6 7 0.9 0 0

7 1 0.1 0 0

8 0 0 1 0.6

9 1 0.1 1 0.6

Total 817 100 164 100

86

Number of Small Electrical Appliances

in Surveyed Households

South Tarawa

Kiritimati Island

Total 740 214

Average 0.9 1.3

Median 1 1

Max 9 9

Min 0 0

87

Table 84: Total Number of Each Type of Small Electrical Appliance in Surveyed Households

Type of Small Electrical Appliance South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Rice cooker 54 7.3 30 14

Electric kettle 98 13.2 39 18.2

Electric fry pan 4 0.5 5 2.3

Electric griddle 0 0 0 0

Table top electric oven 1 0.1 0 0

Hot water dispenser (always hot) 2 0.3 1 0.5

Electric drill 14 1.9 0 0

Electric iron 138 18.6 22 10.3

Washing machine - top loading single tub 24 3.2 17 7.9

Washing machine - top loading dual tub 24 3.2 5 2.3

Washing machine - front loading 1 0.1 0 0

Washing machine - winger 5 0.7 0 0

Clothes dryer 0 0 0 0

Electric water cooler 0 0 0 0

Blender 11 1.5 1 0.5

Hair dryer 0 0 0 0

Hair straightener 0 0 0 0

Electric hair clipper 17 2.3 13 6.1

Electric sewing machine 19 2.6 12 5.6

Stereo 97 13.1 15 7

Electric dishwasher 0 0.0 0 0

Toaster 5 0.7 1 0.5

Radio 149 20.1 40 18.7

Vacuum cleaner 2 0.3 1 0.5

Electric glue gun 0 0 0 0

Electric welder 2 0.3 0 0

Electric mixer 0 0 0 0

Musical keyboard 3 0.4 0 0

Water pump 21 2.8 3 1.4

Other 49 6.6 9 4.2

Total 740 100 214 100

In South Tarawa ‘Other’ include: Torch, impulse sealer, circular saw, grinder, battery charger, mitre saw, router, sanding machine, electric stove and home theatre system.

88

Table 85: Hours of use per Week for all Small Electrical Appliances

Hours of Use



0.1-3.9 362 48.8 120 56.6

4.0-5.9 63 8.5 22 10.4

6.0-10.9 89 12 35 16.5

11-20.9 76 10.2 14 6.6

21-50.9 135 18.2 20 9.4

51-80.9 8 1.1 0 0

81-110.9 2 0.3 0 0

111-140.9 1 0.1 1 0.5

141-168 6 0.8 0 0

Total 742 100 212 100

Hours of use per

Week for all Small Electrical

Appliances

South Tarawa

Kiritimati Island

Average 12.6 6.6

Median 4 3

Max 168 128

Min 0 0.5

Table 86: Hours of use per Week for Rice Cookers

Hours of Use



0.1-3.9 37 68.5 18 60

4.0-5.9 1 2 1 3

6.0-10.9 8 14.8 8 26.7

11-20.9 4 7.4 2 6.7

21-50.9 4 7.4 1 3.3

51-80.9 0 0 0 0

81-110.9 0 0 0 0

111-140.9 0 0 0 0

141-168 0 0 0 0

Total 54 100 30 100

89

Table 87: Hours of use per Week for Electric Kettles

Hours of Use



0.1-3.9 60 61 31 82

4.0-5.9 4 4.1 1 2.6

6.0-10.9 14 14.3 5 13.2

11-20.9 9 9.2 1 2.6

21-50.9 11 11.2 0 0

51-80.9 0 0 0 0

81-110.9 0 0 0 0

111-140.9 0 0 0 0

141-168 0 0 0 0

Total 98 100 38 100

Table 88: Hours of use per Week for Electric Irons

Hours of Use



0.1-3.9 106 76.8 19 86.4

4.0-5.9 9 6.5 2 9.1

6.0-10.9 14 10.1 1 4.5

11-20.9 4 2.9 0 0

21-50.9 5 3.6 0 0

51-80.9 0 0 0 0

81-110.9 0 0 0 0

111-140.9 0 0 0 0

141-168 0 0 0 0

Total 138 100 22 100

90

Table 89: Hours of use per Week for Top Loading Single Top Washing Machines

Hours of Use



0.1-3.9 10 41.7 10 58.8

4.0-5.9 6 25.0 4 23.5

6.0-10.9 3 12.5 3 17.6

11-20.9 3 12.5 0 0

21-50.9 2 8.3 0 0

51-80.9 0 0 0 0

81-110.9 0 0 0 0

111-140.9 0 0 0 0

141-168 0 0 0 0

Total 10 41.7 17 100

Table 90: Hours of use per Week for Top Loading Dual Top Washing Machines in South Tarawa

Hours of Use

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

0.1-3.9 14 58.3

4.0-5.9 2 8.3

6.0-10.9 3 12.5

11-20.9 2 8.3

21-50.9 3 12.5

51-80.9 0 0

81-110.9 0 0

111-140.9 0 0

141-168 0 0

Total 24 100

91

Table 91: Hours of use per Week for Electric Hair Clippers in Kiritimati Island

Hours of Use

Kiritimati Island

Number Percentage

0.1-3.9 12 100

4.0-5.9 0 0

6.0-10.9 0 0

11-20.9 0 0

21-50.9 0 0

51-80.9 0 0

81-110.9 0 0

111-140.9 0 0

141-168 0 0

Total 12 100

Table 92: Hours of use per Week for Electric Sewing Machines in Kiritimati Island

Hours of Use

Kiritimati Island

Number Percentage

0.1-3.9 6 54.5

4.0-5.9 4 36.4

6.0-10.9 0 0

11-20.9 1 9.1

21-50.9 0 0

51-80.9 0 0

81-110.9 0 0

111-140.9 0 0

141-168 0 0

Total 11 100

92

Table 93: Hours of use per Week for Stereos

Hours of Use



0.1-3.9 36 37.1 7 46.7

4.0-5.9 13 13.4 4 26.7

6.0-10.9 15 15.5 3 20

11-20.9 17 17.5 0 0

21-50.9 12 12.4 1 6.7

51-80.9 3 3.1 0 0

81-110.9 1 1.0 0 0

111-140.9 0 0 0 0

141-168 0 0 0 0

Total 97 100 15 100

Table 94: Hours of use per Week for Water Pumps

Hours of Use



0.1-3.9 3 14.3 1 33.3

4.0-5.9 2 9.5 0 0

6.0-10.9 2 9.5 0 0

11-20.9 2 9.5 0 0

21-50.9 4 19 2 66.7

51-80.9 1 4.8 0 0

81-110.9 1 4.8 0 0

111-140.9 1 4.8 0 0

141-168 5 23.8 0 0

Total 21 100 3 100

93

Table 95: Watts for all Small Electric Appliances

Watts South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


>0-10 29 5.6 33 18.6

11-100 128 24.8 23 13

101-500 81 15.7 31 17.5

501-1000 92 17.8 31 17.5

1001-2000 147 28.4 36 20.3

2001-3000 37 7.2 20 11.3

3001-4000 2 0.4 1 0.6

4001-5000 1 0.2 2 1.1

Total 517 100 177 100

Watts South

Tarawa Kiritimati

Island

Average 808 834

Median 700 530

Max 427268 500069

Min 370 371

Note that the values listed in tables 95-103 are label Watts. The Watts rating given on appliance labels is the maximum that may occur and is listed mainly to assure that the customer plugs the appliance in an outlet that can handle that maximum level of power demand. The actual usage often is a fraction of that maximum power demand. Thus, for electrical appliances high Wattage does indicate high watt-hours, but the actual number depends on usage. Because usage patterns of many electrical appliances have such an effect on kWh, it is practically impossible to develop a reliable energy use profile for a particular appliance without actually measuring it. Instead what is looked for in this survey is: 1) the mix of electrical appliances that people actually use; and 2) their relative power requirements. So in identifying and designing programmes through 1) it can be known what appliances to address and through 2) it can be assessed which appliances are probably the most inefficient.

68 A welder. 69 A stereo. 70 A radio. 71 A radio.

94

Table 96: Watts for Rice Cookers



>0-500 13 34.2 2 9.5

501-1000 20 52.6 10 47.6

1001-1500 2 5.3 4 19

1501-2000 3 7.9 5 23.8

2001-3000 1 2.6 0 0

Total 38 100 21 100

Table 97: Watts for Electric Kettles



>0-500 0 0 1 3.2

501-1000 9 11 2 6.5

1001-1500 36 43.9 6 19.4

1501-2000 18 22 4 12.9

2001-2500 19 23.2 18 58.1

Total 82 100 31 100

Table 98: Watts for Electric Irons



>0-500 0 0 1 5

501-1000 29 25.7 10 50

1001-1500 56 49.6 6 30

1501-2000 16 14.2 2 10

2001-2500 12 10.6 1 5

Total 113 100 20 100

Table 99: Watts for Top Loading Single Top Washing Machines



>0-500 5 83 11 73

501-1000 1 17 4 27

Total 6 100 15 100

95

Table 100: Watts for Top Loading Dual Top Washing Machines in South Tarawa

Watts South Tarawa

Number Percentage

>0-500 8 62

501-1000 5 38

Total 13 100

Table 101: Watts for Electric Hair Clippers in Kiritimati Island

Watts Kiritimati Island

Number Percentage

>0-20 10 91

21-50 1 9

Total 11 100

Table 102: Watts for Electric Sewing Machine in Kiritimati Island

Watts Kiritimati Island

Number Percentage

11-100 9 100

101-500 0 0

Total 9 100

Table 103: Watts for Stereos



>0-200 45 64.3 5 41.7

201-400 9 12.9 3 25

401-600 6 8.6 1 8.3

601-800 1 1.4 0 0

801-1000 3 4.3 0 0

1001-1500 1 1.4 1 8.3

1501-2000 2 2.9 0 0

2001-5000 3 4.3 2 16.7

Total 70 100 12 100

96

Desktop and Laptop Computers In this section results are reported for desktop and laptop computers. Later there is a section dealing with tablet computers. Table 104: Total Number of Desktop and Laptop Computers in Surveyed Households

Total Number



0 479 58.6 76 46.3

1 265 32.4 70 42.7

2 54 6.6 16 9.8

3 20 2.4 2 1.2

Total 818 100 164 100

Number of Desktop

and Laptop Computers in

Surveyed Households

South Tarawa

Kiritimati Island

Total 433 108

Average 0.5 0.7

Median 0 1

Max 3 3

Min 0 0

Table 105: Location of Desktop and Laptop Computers

Location South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Sleeping room 205 47.5 51 48.1

Eating room 5 1.2 1 0.9

Main living room with TV/Video 209 48.4 50 47.2

Cooking area 0 0 0 0

Workroom/shop/office 10 2.3 4 3.8

Business area 0 0 0 0

Other 3 0.7 0 0

Total 432 100 106 100

97

Table 106: Approximate Year Obtained

Period Obtained



2000-2004 3 0.7 0 0

2005-2009 19 4.4 2 2.6

2010-2014 197 45.6 48 61.5

2015-2016 213 49.3 28 35.9

Total 432 100 78 100

South

Tarawa Kiritimati

Island

Oldest from 2000 2005

Newest from 2016 2016

Average age 2 years 2 years

Median 2 years 1 years

Table 107: Obtained new or used




New 401 93 97 93

Used 31 7 7 7

Total 432 100 104 100

Table 108: Obtained Locally or Overseas




Locally 117 27 69 65

Overseas 316 73 37 35

Total 433 100 106 100

Table 109: Type of Monitor

Type of Monitor



Flat screen 428 99 103 98

CRT 5 1 2 2

Total 433 100 105 100

98

Table 110: Screen Size

Screen Size - Diagonal in

mm



101-200 2 0.5 0 0

201-300 35 8.2 2 2

301-400 339 79.2 93 89

401-500 44 10.3 6 6

501-600 3 0.7 2 2

601-700 1 0.2 0 0

701-800 2 0.5 2 2

801-900 1 0.2 0 0

901-1000 0 0.0 1 1

1001-1100 1 0.2 0 0

Total 428 100 105 100


mm

South Tarawa

Kiritimati Island

Average 385 407

Median 390 396

Maximum 1041 980

Minimum 200 250

Table 111: Type of Computer

Type South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Laptop 424 97.9 97 92

Desktop 9 2.1 9 8

Total 433 100 106 100

Table 112: Laser Printer in Household

Laser Printer



Yes 3 0.7 2 2

No 430 99.3 104 98

Total 433 100 106 100

99

Table 113: Inkjet Printer in Household

Inkjet Printer



Yes 13 3 6 6

No 420 97 100 94

Total 433 100 106 100

Table 114: Hours of use per day during the week on Schooldays




1-6 386 89.4 95 90

7-12 41 9.5 6 6

13-18 4 0.9 2 2

19-24 1 0.2 3 3

Total 432 100 106 100

Table 115: Hours of use per day during the week on School Holidays




1-6 368 85 85 81

7-12 57 13.2 17 16

13-18 6 1.4 1 1

19-24 2 0.5 2 2

Total 433 100 105 100

Table 116: Hours of use on Saturdays




1-6 335 77.4 81 76

7-12 83 19.2 23 22

13-18 8 1.8 1 1

19-24 7 1.6 1 1

Total 433 100 106 100

100

Table 117: Hours of use on Sundays




1-6 299 69.1 75 71

7-12 119 27.5 28 26

13-18 10 2.3 1 1

19-24 5 1.2 2 2

Total 433 100 106 100

Table 118: Plans to Replace

Plans to Replace



Yes 20 5 3 3

No 413 95 103 97

Total 433 100 106 100

Table 119: If Yes Planning to Replace the Estimated Number of Months from Now

Months from Now



1 0 0 0 0

2-3 2 22 0 0

3-4 1 11 0 0

5-6 3 33 0 0

7-8 0 0 0 0

9-10 0 0 0 0

11-12 3 33 3 100

Total 9 100 3 100

101

Table 120: Type of Work the Computer is mostly used for

Type of Work South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Facebook, You Tube and other Internet sites

9 2.1 12 10

Research, looking up information

12 2.7 1 1

School work 154 35.1 8 7

Writing documents

78 17.8 5 4

Finance and accounts

9 2.1 12 10

E-mail 5 1.1 3 3

Games 40 9.1 3 3

Movies 129 29 71 60

Other 3 0.7 3 3

Total 439 100 118 100

Table 121: If the Equipment above is left Connected to the Power all the time

If the Equipment above is left

Connected to the Power all the

time



Yes 238 55 52 49

No 193 45 54 51

Total 431 100 106 100

Table 122: If there Internet access at the home

Internet Access at Home



Yes 19 4 16 15

No 410 96 90 85

Total 429 100 106 100

Table 123: If there is Wi-Fi at Home

Wi-Fi at Home South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Yes 18 4 3 3

No 415 96 103 97

Total 18 4 106 100

102

Microwave Ovens There is a total of one (1) microwave oven in the surveyed households in Kiritimati Island - due to this low number the data from Kiritimati Island has not been further tabulated. Table 124: Microwave Oven in Household

If Microwave Oven in

Household

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Yes 6 0.7

No 810 99.3

Total 816 100

Table 125: Mode for Setting Operating Time

Mode for Setting Operating Time

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Knob 5 83

Buttons 1 17

Total 6 100

Table 126: Average Use per Day in Minutes

Use per Day in Minutes

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

1-10 2 40

11-20 2 40

21-30 1 20

31-100 0 0

101-180 0 0

Total 5 100

Use per Day in

Minutes

South Tarawa

Average 14

Median 15

Maximum 30

Minimum 1

103

Table 127: Watts for Microwave Oven

Watts (Nameplate)

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

200-500 0 0

501-1000 1 17

1001-2000 2 33

2001-2500 3 50

Total 6 100

Watts

(Nameplate) South

Tarawa Kiritimati

Island

Average 1667 700

Median 1600 700

Maximum 2500 700

Minimum 900 700

Table 128: If the Microwave Oven is plugged in and power on to the charger all the time

Plugged in and Power on to the Charger all the

Time

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Yes 2 33

No 4 67

Total 6 100

104

Mobile Phones Table 129: Number of Mobile Phones in use by Household Members

Number of Mobiles Phones



0 136 16.7 58 36

1 216 26.5 49 30

2 268 32.9 43 26

3 102 12.5 8 5

4 60 7.4 5 3

5 22 2.7 0 0

6 3 0.4 0 0

7 6 0.7 0 0

8 2 0.2 0 0

9 1 0.1 0 0

10 0 0 0 0

11 0 0 0 0

12 1 0.1 0 0

Total 815 100 163 100

Table 130: If chargers are left plugged in and powered all the time

If Chargers are left Plugged in

and Powered all the Time



Yes 420 62 28 27

No 261 38 77 73

Total 681 100 105 100

105

Tablet Computers Table 131: Number of Tablet Computers in Households

Number of Tablet

Computers



No tablet computer

606 74.7 149 92

1 172 21.2 11 7

2 31 3.8 1 1

3 2 0.2 1 1

4 2 0.2 0 0

Total 811 100 162 100

Number of Tablet

Computers in Surveyed Households

South Tarawa

Kiritimati Island

Total 248 16

Average 0.3 0.1

Median 0 0

Max 4 3

Min 0 0

Table 132: If chargers are left plugged in and powered all the time

If Chargers are left Plugged in

and Powered all the Time



Yes 106 51 2 15

No 102 49 11 85

Total 208 100 13 100

Water Heaters There were zero (0) water heaters - solar water heaters, tank type water Heaters or 'instant on' water heaters - in the surveyed households in South Tarawa and Kiritimati Island.

106

Fans Table 133: Number of Fans in Households

Number of Fans



No fans 239 29.2 89 54.6

1 338 41.3 58 35.6

2 164 20 9 5.5

3 59 7.2 4 2.5

4 14 1.7 2 1.2

5 2 0.2 0 0

6 2 0.2 1 0.6

Total 818 100 163 100

Number of Fans in

Surveyed Households South

Tarawa Kiritimati

Island

Total 921 102

Average 1.1 0.6

Median 1 0

Max 6 6

Min 0 0

Table 134: Number of Different Types of Fans

Type of Fan South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Celling fan 162 17.6 12 11.8

Table fan 509 55.3 50 49

Standing fan 85 9.2 32 31.4

Window or large floor fan 8 0.9 0 0

Wall mounted fan 23 2.5 2 2

Homemade fan 130 14.1 1 1

Other 3 0.3 5 4.9

Total 920 100 102 100

107

Table 135: Hours of Use per Day

Use per Day in Hours



0.5-6 198 22 42 41

7-12 494 54 49 48

13-18 76 8 3 3

19-24 151 16 8 8

Total 919 100 102 100

Use per Day

in Hours South

Tarawa Kiritimati

Island

Average 12 8

Median 12 8

Maximum 24 24

Minimum 0 0

Table 136: Watts

Watts (Nameplate)



12-20 4 1 0 0

21-30 0 0 2 3

31-40 28 4 10 13

40-50 160 25 39 49

51-60 354 55 25 31

61-70 42 7 1 1

71-80 32 5 1 1

81-90 0 0 1 1

91-100 15 2 0 0

101-200 6 1 0 0

201-300 0 0 1 1

Total 641 100 80 100

Watts (Nameplate)

South Tarawa

Kiritimati Island

Average 59 55

Median 60 50

Maximum 199 300

Minimum 12 30

It should be noted that in the tabulation above, Wattage reported below 12 Watts has been disregarded.

108

Table 137: Location of Fans

Location of Fans South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Sleeping room 444 48.4 67 66

Eating room 18 2 1 1

Main living room with TV 429 46.8 32 31

Cooking area 8 0.9 0 0

Workshop/shop/office 3 0.3 1 1

Business area 4 0.4 1 1

Other 11 1.2 0 0

Total 917 100 102 100

Cooking It should be noted that the following categories were used for estimated usage:

Small o Usage of around ¼ of the time or less/used only once in a while.

Medium o Used for cooking from ¼ to half the time.

Large o More than half the time, thus the main means for cooking.

Electricity Table 138: Electric Cooking Unit in Households

Electric Cooking Unit



Yes 24 3 26 16

No 793 97 137 84

Total 817 100 163 100

Table 139: Estimated usage of Electric Cooking Unit

Estimated usage



Small 10 42 17 65

Medium 7 29 4 15

Large 7 29 5 19

Total 24 100 26 100

109

Gas Table 140: Gas Cooking Unit in Households

Gas Cooking Unit South Tarawa Kiritimati Island


Yes 165 20 5 3

No 651 80 158 97

Total 816 100 163 100

Table 141: Estimated usage of Gas Cooking Unit

Estimated usage



Small 46 28 3 60

Medium 52 32 0 0

Large 67 41 2 40

Total 165 100 5 100

Kerosene Table 142: Kerosene Cooking Unit in Households

Kerosene Cooking Unit



Yes 762 93 130 80

No 55 7 33 20

Total 817 100 163 100

Table 143: Estimated usage of Kerosene Cooking Unit

Estimated usage



Small 37 5 43 33

Medium 98 13 51 39

Large 627 82 36 28

Total 762 100 130 100

110

Wood Table 144: Cooking with Wood in Households

Cooking with Wood



Yes 598 73 159 98

No 218 27 4 2

Total 816 100 163 100

Table 145: Estimated usage of Wood

Estimated usage



Small 123 21 13 8

Medium 273 46 18 11

Large 202 34 126 80

Total 598 100 157 100

Other Cooking Fuels Table 146: Cooking with Other Fuels in Households

Cooking with other Fuels



Yes 110 14 26 16

No 704 86 137 84

Total 814 100 163 100

Table 147: Other Fuels in Households in South Tarawa

Other Fuels South Tarawa

Number Percentage

‘Copra mill’ 95 95

Coconut husk 4 4

Empty bag of rice 1 1

Total 100 100

Note that in Kiribati ‘copra mill’ refers to waste associated with drying coconut meat.

111

Table 148: Other Fuels in Households in Kiritimati Island

Other Fuels South Tarawa

Number Percentage

‘Copra mill’ 26 100

Total 26 100

Multiple Cooking Fuels

Table 149: Total Number of Cooking Fuels Used in Households

Total Number of Cooking Fuels Used

in Households



Zero cooking fuels 1 0.1 1 0.6

One cooking Fuel 166 20.3 29 17.7

Two cooking Fuels 479 58.6 90 54.9

Three cooking Fuels 154 18.8 39 23.8

Four cooking Fuels 17 2.1 5 3

Five cooking Fuels 1 0.1 0 0

Total 818 100 164 100

Number of

Cooking Fuels

South Tarawa

Kiritimati Island

Average 2 2

Median 2 2

Maximum 5 4

Minimum 0 0

Television There is a total of two (2) TVs in the surveyed households in Kiritimati Island - due to this low number the data from Kiritimati Island has not been further tabulated. Table 150: Total Number of TVs in Households

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

No TV 580 71.4

1 232 28.6

2 6 0.7

Total 812 100

112

Number of TVs in Surveyed Households

South Tarawa

Total 244

Average 0.30

Median 0

Max 2

Min 0

Table 151: Location of TVs

Location of TVs South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Sleeping room 35 14.4

Eating room 0 0

Main living room with TV 172 70.8

Cooking area 0 0

Workshop/shop/office 0 0

Business area 35 14.4

Other 1 0.4

Total 243 100

Table 152: Approximate Year Obtained in South Tarawa

Period Obtained

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

2008-2009 10 4

2010-2011 26 11

2012-2013 45 19

2014-2015 108 45

2016 51 21

Total 240 100

South

Tarawa

Oldest from 2008

Newest from 2016

Average age 2 years

Median 2 years

113

Table 153: Obtained new or used


South Tarawa

Number Percentage

New 217 89

Used 27 11

Total 244 100

Table 154: Obtained Locally or Overseas


South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Locally 179 73

Overseas 65 27

Total 244 100

Table 155: Type of Monitor

Type of Monitor

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Flat screen 127 52

CRT 117 48

Total 244 100

Table 156: Screen Size - Diagonal in mm


mm

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

200-400 40 16.7

401-600 134 55.8

601-800 39 16.3

801-1000 20 8.3

1001-1200 3 1.3

1201-1400 3 1.3

1401-1600 1 0.4

Total 240 100

114


mm

South Tarawa

Average 582

Median 533

Maximum 1530

Minimum 230

Table 157: If there is a Satellite or Cable Box

Satellite or Cable Box

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Yes 17 7

No 227 93

Total 244 100

Table 158: TV Remote Control Unit

TV Remote Control Unit

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Yes 158 65

No 85 35

Total 243 100

Table 159: Watts

Watts (Nameplate)

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

20-50 37 24

51-100 101 66

101-200 15 10

201-300 0 0

Total 153 100

Watts

(Nameplate) South

Tarawa

Average 78

Median 75

Maximum 180

Minimum 25

115

Table 160: Hours of use per day during the week on Schooldays


South Tarawa

Number Percentage

1-6 228 93

7-12 11 5

13-18 4 2

19-24 1 0

Total 244 100

Table 161: Hours of use per day during the week on School Holidays


South Tarawa

Number Percentage

1-6 223 91

7-12 15 6

13-18 4 2

19-24 2 1

Total 244 100

Table 162: Hours of use on Saturdays


South Tarawa

Number Percentage

1-6 205 84

7-12 36 14.8

13-18 2 0.8

19-24 1 0.4

Total 244 100

Table 163: Hours of use on Sundays


South Tarawa

Number Percentage

1-6 200 82

7-12 41 16.8

13-18 2 0.8

19-24 1 0.4

Total 244 100

116

Table 164: Satisfied with Unit

Satisfied with Unit

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Yes 215 88

No 29 12

Total 244 100

Table 165: Plans to Replace

Plans to Replace

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Yes 8 3

No 236 97

Total 244 100

Table 166: DVD Player

DVD Player in

Household

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Yes 197 81

No 46 19

Total 243 100

Table 167: Number of DVDs played each Week

Number of DVDs

played each Week

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

1-10 146 74

11-20 35 18

21-30 12 6

31-40 4 2

Total 197 100

Table 168: Game Console in Household

Game Console

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Yes 17 7

No 227 93

Total 244 100

117

Table 169: Hours a Week Game Console is used

Hours a Week is it

used

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

1-10 15 88

11-20 1 6

21-30 0 0

31-35 1 6

Total 17 100

Table 170: If the Equipment above is Left Connected to the Power all the time

If the Equipment above is Left

Connected to the Power all the

time

South Tarawa

Number Percentage

Yes 148 61

No 93 39

Total 241 100

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Annex E: Comparison of Direct Survey Costs associated with selected Energy Household Surveys in

Pacific Island Countries

Country Year Focus Total Number of Households

Surveyed

Key Partners Estimated Direct Costs

per Household (US$)

Notes

Fiji 2005 Rural areas 2387

Department of Energy & ESCAP

US$26 Cost estimate reflects technical assistance provided pro bono by lead consultant (100 days in total).

Samoa 2007-2008

Rural and urban areas

324 Electric Power Corporation (EPC) &

UNDP

US$76 Cost estimate does not reflect significant in-kind contributions from the Samoa Electric Power Corporation (EPC).

RMI 2008 Urban areas (two main

atolls)

480 Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics

Office & UNDP

US$62 Cost estimate does not reflect significant technical assistance provided by UNDP (39 days in total) as well as travel costs associated with trip to Majuro (June/July 2008).

Cook Islands

2011 Outer island (small, very

remote atoll)

30 Energy Division & UNDP US$334 Cost estimate does not reflect significant technical assistance provided by UNDP (20 days in total). In addition it should be noted that: i) the survey was not the only purpose of the trip undertaken in February 2011; and ii) air travel to Rakahanga from main island Rarotonga is extremely expensive.

Vanuatu 2013 Urban areas (Port Vila & Luganville)

1438 Department of Meteorology,

Department of Energy, Vanuatu National

Statistics Office, ADB, GEF, GIZ & UNDP

US$22 Cost estimate does not reflect technical assistance provided by UNDP (15 days in total).

Tuvalu 2014 Urban areas (Funafuti)

434 Department of Energy, Central Statistics

Division, Government of Australia, SPC and

UNDP

US$15 Cost estimate does not reflect: i) significant in-kind contributions from the Department of Energy and the Central Statistics Division; and ii) significant technical assistance provided by UNDP (estimated to be 40 days in total) as well as travel costs associated with two trips (in August 2013 and August 2014).

119

Nauru 2015 Urban areas (all of Nauru)

286 Department of Commerce, Industry &

Environment (CIE), Bureau of Statistics,

IUCN, UNEP, GEF and UNDP

US$99 Cost estimate does not reflect: i) significant in-kind contributions from IUCN; and ii) significant technical assistance provided by UNDP (estimated to be 40 days in total) as well as travel costs associated with trip in September 2013.

Kiribati 2016 Urban areas (South Tarawa and Kiritimati

Island)

983 Energy Planning Unit (EPU), National

Statistics Office (NSO), Government of

Australia and UNDP

US$25 Cost estimate does not reflect: i) significant in-kind contributions from Government of Kiribati (EPU in particular); and ii) significant technical assistance provided by UNDP as well as travel costs associated with two trips to South Tarawa and one trip to Kiritimati Island.

As can be seen above, the costs per household vary significantly between surveys. Among other factors, it appears unit costs depend on:

Economy of scale (i.e. the total number of households surveyed);

‘Cost of doing business’ in a particular country; and,

Specific survey sites, including whether survey units are: i) concentrated (like in the RMI and Tuvalu surveys); ii) dispersed (like the Samoa survey); or iii) remote (like the Cook Islands and Kiribati survey (i.e. Kiritimati Island in particular).

Kiribati 2016 Urban Household Electrical Appliances, Lights

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