KINGDOMS(bacteria plants)

& Viruses

VIRUSES

ALL viruses have– A protein coat (also called shell or capsid)– A nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA)

Some virus have– A lipid envelope– Tail fibers and sheath– Special enzymes (reverse transcriptase in HIV

changes its RNA to DNA in host cell)

What Viruses Do• ALL REQUIRE A HOST CELL• LYTIC CYCLE

1. Attaches to cell and injects nucleic acid into cell2. Viral DNA transcribed and viral proteins are made 3. Viral DNA copied (replicated)4. Many new viruses are built with new copies of DNA

and protein coats5. Lysozyme dissolves host cell membrane and virus

burst out of exploded host cell

What Viruses Do

What Viruses Do-2• LYSOGENIC CYCLE

1. Attaches to cell and injects nucleic acid into cell2. Viral DNA is inserted into host DNA 3. Viral DNA copied every time host DNA is

replicated4. May stay in host and never cause a problem OR5. A trigger like radiation (herpes virus) can make

it go into the lytic cycle which destroys host cells and spreads/sheds virus particles

What Viruses Do-2

BACTERIA• 2 KINDOMS-• ARCHAEBACTERIA ( ancient extremophiles)• EUBACTERIA (normal bacteria)

• ALL BACTERIA ARE PROKAYOTES-they DO NOT have a nucleus

BACTERIA• EUBACTERIA are

either• Gram positive, stain

purple with thicker cell walls more (peptidoglycan)

• Gram negative, stain pink with thinner cell walls less (peptidoglycan)

BACTERIA• Archaebacteria are ancient and considered

the original life forms on earth• They are found in extreme environments like

hydrothermal vents on the bottom of the ocean, in volcanoes, very salty places and deep in the earth

• Eubacteria are what we consider bacteria • They cause disease, are decomposers, live in

and on us and make delicious foods

BACTERIA• Bacteria generally reproduce asexually

through binary fission• Although they do not reproduce sexually, they

do share DNA plasmids (like a small bacterial chromosome) by a process called conjugation

• Conjugation uses structures called pilli• This increases variety instead of depending

solely on mutation

CONJUGATION

PLASMIDS small pieces of DNA

BACTERIA ARE GOOD• Bacteria –• Make a variety of food, like sour cream, yogurt,

pickles and kimchi• Make vitamin K in our large intestine that helps

blood clot and break down some foods. They live on our skin and other surfaces and protect us from bad bacteria

• Are vital decomposers including helping clean up oil spills

• Soil bacteria fix atmospheric N for plants• Can be manipulated to help create genetically

modify other organisms

BACTERIA ARE BAD• Bacteria –• Destroy and contaminate food and water

supplies• Cause many diseases like strep throat, flesh

eating disease, leprosy, tetanus, staph (MRSA) and many pneumonias and other infections

• Can share antibiotic resistance with disease causing bacteria

Antibiotics

• Antibiotics means against life• BUT Antibiotics ONLY treat bacterial infections• Usually work by destroying the cell walls of

bacteria• Using antibiotics for non bacterial infections

tends to encourage growth of “resistant” populations that CANNOT be killed by antibiotics

• Other medications treat viral, fungal and protozoan infections

BACTERIA SHAPES• Bacteria –• ROD SHAPED bacillus• ROUND SHAPED-coccus• SPIRAL SHAPED-spirella or spirochetes

BACTERIA SHAPES

BACTERIA MOVEMENT• Bacteria CAN MOVE BY–• Whipping flagella• Slipping on a slime layer• Not moving at all

BACTERIA ENERGY• Bacteria GET THEIR ENERGY BY–• Being a heterotroph (they can eat us )• Using light to make food, photoautotroph• Using chemicals (like hydrogen sulfide) to

make food, chemoautotroph

BACTERIA PARTS

PR0TISTS

• The Protista Kingdom is unique to all the other eukaryotic kingdoms in that – Mostly unicellular with a few exceptions– Has 3 distinct groups each one like another

kingdom– Only in the kingdom because they do not fit

anywhere else

PR0TISTS

• The Protista Kingdom ALL ARE– Eukaryotic cells (in DOMAIN Eukarya)

meaning they are composed of cells that have a nucleus

PR0TISTS

• The Protista Kingdom has three main groups:– Animal-like (protozoa= 1st animals)– Plant-like (algae= ancestors of modern

plants)– Fungi-like (DO NOT HAVE CELL WALLS OF

CHITIN)

PR0TISTS

• The Protista Kingdom is unique to all the other eukaryotic kingdoms in that – Mostly unicellullar with a few exceptions– Has 3 distinct groups each one like another

kingdom– Only in the kingdom because they do not fit

anywhere else

PROTISTS• COMPLETE CHART P. 21 AND 22 using your

book or online sources about these 10 protistsAmoeba RhodophytaParamecium PhaeophytaPlasmodium DiatomsChlamydomonasVolvoxEuglenaPhytophthora infestans

Fungi (Mycota)

• ALMOST ALL multicellular EXCEPTunicellular yeast

• All eukaryotic in the Domain Eukarya

DRAW A MUSHROOM

Made of tiny stands called hyphae

Fungi (Mycota)

• All fungi have cell walls made of chitin

Fungi (Mycota)• Fungi are important because • Personal importance: source of food,

fermentation and common parasite (athletes foot) and contaminant (mold on bread and in the shower)

• Economic importance: are food and destroy many crops and food stores, fermentation (wine and beer), bread and pizza dough, and are easily genetically modified

Fungi (Mycota)

• Fungi are important because • Ecological importance: primary decomposers

(saprophytes=eat dead stuff) and help return nutrients to the soil (biogeochemical cycles like nitrogen and carbon)

• Mycorrhizae are fungi that form mutualist relationships with plant roots to help plants absorb more water and nutrients by increasing surface area and freeing minerals and sharing glucose that the plant makes

Fungi (Mycota)

• More Ecological importance:• Lichen are fungi that form a mutualist

relationships with algae and are excellent indicators of air quality and are a pioneer species for primary succession since they grow on and break down rock

Fungi (Mycota)

• Fungi are important because • Medically importance: are often used for

genetic manipulation (GMOs) and produce insulin for humans, they can cause diseases like athletes foot and yeast infections and cure diseases (antibiotics like penicillin)

FUNGAL DISEASES

Fungi (Mycota)

• ALL FUNGI ARE HETEROTROPHS• They use exoenzymes (released to the outside

of their cells) to digest their food first • Second, they absorb the predigested food• So they digest THEN ingest!• This is why they are such good decomposers

and pathogens (disease causing organisms)

Fungi (Mycota)

• Fungi reproduce using alternation of generations; meaning they have a sexual stage and an asexual stage

• Budding: is method of asexual reproduction, occurs in most yeasts and in some filamentous fungi. A bud develops on the surface of either the yeast cell or the hyphae and the nucleus of the parent cell then divides (mitosis) and one of the daughter nuclei migrates into the bud

Fungi (Mycota)

• Budding

Fungi (Mycota)

• Spore formation: spores are reproductive structure created by mitosis usually produced in sporangia

• Advantages of spores:– very small– Just takes one to grow a new organism– Travel a long distance by wind or on other

organisms– Do not germinate (grow) until they reach a good

environment

Fungi (Mycota)

• Divisions or phyla of fungi:• Ascomycota (sac fungi) spores stored in ascus• Basidiomycota (club fungi) spores stored in

bat like structure called a basidium-mushrooms in this group

• Deuteromycota (imperfect fungi) no identified sexual stage (old term)

• Zygomycota (common molds) bread molds and have special hyphae called stolons

Fungi (Mycota)Gills and one gill with basidium

Fungi (Mycota)Who am I?

PLANTS• A plant is a multicellular photoautotrophic

eukaryotic organism that used chlorophyll a and b with cell walls of cellulose in Domain Eukarya

• All plants require:– Water– Light– Gas exchange carbon dioxide (CO2) and

oxygen (O2)– Nutrients (Nitrogen and Phosphorus)CO2 + H2O + LIGHT GLUCOSE (C6H12O6) + O2

PLANTS• Plant Adaptations:• Most moved from water (algae) to land:

– Roots with root hairs that increase surface are to pick up water

– Leaves photosynthetic organ of plants– Stems allow plants to grow tall – Cell walls made of cellulose strong and rigid– Phototropism- move grow toward light– Geotropism- move grow toward gravity (water)– Thigmotropism- move away from touch

PLANTS• Vascular vs Nonvascular:• Nonvascular plants are very limited by size

– Examples: Bryophytes= mosses, liverworts and hornworts

• Vascular plants are all of the rest and can be very large, including the tallest organisms on the planet (sequoias)– Examples: pteraphyta, gymnosperm and

angiosperm

PLANTSVascular Tissues• Phloem- carries nutrients and sugars• Xylem- carries water• Both move against gravity using capillary

action• A Stomata is a structure that allows gas

exchange (usually on leaves)– Guard cells prevent or allow water to leave

cells via transpiration

PLANTSMore on Vascular Tissuesvascular tissue at work!

PLANTS

PLANTSBryophytes (moss leaf)•Small•Non-vascular•Seedless•Must live near water because they need it to reproduce•Produce spores•Examples: mosses, •liverworts and hornworts

PLANTSPteraphytes (wing leaf)•Small to medium sizes•Vascular•Seedless•Must live near water because they need it to reproduce•Produce spores•Examples: ferns

PLANTSGymnosperm(naked seed)•Small to giant in size•Vascular•Seeds in cones•Often needle-like leaves •can live in many different climates•Examples: pines, conifers, •ancient cycads and ginkgoes

PLANTSAngiosperm(covered seed)•Small to giant in size•Vascular•FLOWERING PLANTS= most plants >90%•Covered seeds in ovaries (fruit)•Very diverse group•Two main types monocots and dicots•Examples: lettuce, tomatoes, grass and oak trees

Monocots Dicots

Seeds

Leaves

Flowers

Stems

Roots

Single cotyledon

Parallel veins

Floral parts often in multiples of 3

Vascularbundlesscattered throughout stem

Fibrous roots

Two cotyledons

Branched veins

Floral parts often in multiplesof 4 or 5

Vascularbundlesarranged ina ring

Taproot

Comparison of Monocots and Dicots - Angiosperms

Comparison of Monocots and Dicots - Angiosperms

FLOWER PARTS

HaploidDiploid MEIOSIS

Spores(N)

Sporophyte Plant (2N)

Gametophyte Plant (N)

FERTILIZATION

Sperm(N)

Eggs(N)

Generalized Plant Life Cyclealternation of generations

PLANTSPerfect flowers have both the female and male reproductive structures while imperfect do not have both (also called complete and incomplete)

•Fruit are ripened ovaries and mature after pollination of a flower ALL angiosperm have flowers and form fruit•All fruit are not edible to us but protect seeds until they can germinate

TROPHIC PYRAMID

Look what is on the bottom!

PLANTS

Are primary producers and vitally important to our planet!

Can you imagine a planet without plants?

How long could we last without their ecological services?