The Christian Kingdoms EXPANSION OF THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS EXPANSION OF CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS Book page 60 The Reconquista involved the occupation of territory from one river valley to another In 9th and 10th centuries christian kingdoms advanced south of the Duero valley. It wasnt a conquest. This territory was abandoned by the muslims In 11th and 12th centuries, christian kingdoms extended beyond the Tajo valley and the Ebro valley (Conquest of Toledo by Alfonso VI in 1085 and conquest of Zaragoza by Alfonso I the Battler in 1118) After the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), christian kingdoms advanced quickly and extended beyond the Guadiana and Guadalquivir valleys At the end of 13th century only the Nasrid kingdom of Granada resisted the christian forces. EXPANSION OF CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS After the occupation of the new territories, the christian kings colonised them with groups of peasants. This is called Repopulation In order to encourage emigration, the kings gave privileges called fueros to the towns Sometimes the territory was underpopulated, so the kings gave it to the military orders FUERO (CARTA PUEBLA) OF CIUDAD REAL GIVEN BY ALFONSO X quis que oviera hy una grand villa bona que corrieresn todos por fuero que fuese cabesza de toda aquella tierra mandela poblar en aquel lugar que dicen el Pozuelo de D. Gil, psele nombre Real. Et Yo sobre dicho Rey D. Alfonso otrgoles doles para siempre jams todos los moradores que fuesen en esta Villa-Real la sobre dicha en todo su trmino que hayan el fuero de Cuenca en todas cosas THREE CULTURES DURING THE RECONQUISTA THREE DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS CULTURES LIVED TOGETHER IN THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS: CHRISTIANS, JEWS, SOMETIMES PERSECUTED AND MUSLIMS, CALLED MUDJARES Kingdom of Asturias and Len 722. Battle of Covadonga. Don Pelayo defeated the Muslims At the End of VIII century, Alfonso II established the court in Oviedo Alfonso III the Great expanded the Kingdom and moved the capital to Len in the 10th century. The territory became the Kingdom of Len Kingdom of Castile Castile started as a union of some counties from Len under Fernan Gonzlez that became Count of Castile in 930 and could achieve a relative independence from Len in 960 After being annexed to Navarra, it became an independent Kingdom after the death of Sancho III de Navarra in The first King of Castile was Fernando I Tomb of Fernn Gonzlez en Covarrubias The Kingdom of Navarra During IX century, the Jimena dinasty could achieve independence from the carolingian Empire Under Sancho III the Great ( ) the Kingdom of Navarra became the most powerful kingdom in the Peninsula After his death, his kingdom was divided between his sons: Fernado became king of Castile, Garca became king of Navarra and Ramiro became king of Aragn The Kingdom of Aragn During IX century the Galindo family achieved independence from the Carolingian Empire with the count Aznar Galindo. In 922 the county of Aragn was annexed to Navarra After the death of Sancho III the Great of Navarra (1035), his son Ramiro I became the firs King of Aragn The Catalan Counties In 874, Wilfred the Hairy united the catalan counties and became independent from the carolingians The Kingdom of Portugal In 1143, Alfonso Enrquez became independent from the Kingdom of Len and was the first King of Portugal The Crown of Castile After Fernando I became the first King of Castile, Castile gradually became the most powerful Kingdom. Alfonso VI conquered Toledo in 1085 and passed the Tajo valley. Alfonso VIII defeated the almohads in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 In 1230 Fernando III the Saint united Len and Castile and founded the Crown of Castile The Crown of Castile (II) Government Castile and Len became a unified State, with same institutions and same law The King had great power and the castilian Parliament, called Cortes, could not legislate, but just approve or reject new taxes Economy Based on agriculture, but mainly stockbreeding of merino sheep. The wool of the merino sheep was exported to Europe and was economically so important that the kings protected its trade and granted privileges to the Mesta (assembly of noble sheep breeders) as the right to graze on peasants land. The Crown of Aragn In 1134 died Alfonso I the Battler without issue His brother, Ramiro II, who was a monk, was forced to become King and to have a child Ramiro II, had a daughter, Petronila, who was betrothed to Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona, at the age of one. After the marriage, they had a son, called Alfonso Ramon, who became King of Aragn and Count of Barcelona as Alfonso II the Chaste. This union is called the Crown of Aragn In 13th century, James I the Conqueror expanded the Crown of Aragn to the south conquering Valencia, Alicante, Murcia and the Balearic islands. His son, Peter the Great conquered Sicily and started the expansion through the Mediterranean Sea The almogavars The almogavars were professionals soldiers, who served the kings of Aragn with their Mediterranean expansion. After conquering Sicily, Sardinia and Naples, the Kings of Aragn wanted to get rid of such violent troops and let them travel to help the Byzantinian Emperor against the muslims. After fighting the turks, they were betrayed by the byzantinians and their leader, Roger de Flor, was assassinated. The almogavars, in revenge, conquered Athens and its territory and established there the duchies of Athens and Neopatria. Although the duchy eventually fell to the Ottoman Empire, even today the King of Spain still holds the title of 'Duke of Athens and Neopatria'. The almogavars Entry of Roger de Flor in Constantinople Painting of Jos Moreno (1888) The Crown of Aragn (II) Government The Crown of Aragn was a union of different kingdoms (Aragn, Valencia, Mallorca) and counties (catalan counties). Each territory kept its own institutions and customs: Justicia in Aragn, Generalitat in Catalonia and Valencia. The Kings of Aragn had always to seek their approval for starting new enterprises Economy Agriculture was the main economic activity in Aragn Trade was very important too. After the mediterranean expansion of the Crown of Aragn, the catalan merchants travelled all around de Mediterranean Sea and founded commercial offices called Consulates Compare the Crowns of Castile and Aragn GOVERNMENTECONOMY CROWN OF CASTILE CROWN OF ARAGN UNIFIED STATES SAME INSTITUTIONS, SAME LAW FOR ALL THE KINGDOM CORTES HAD NO POWER UNION OF DIFFERENT KINGDOMS WITH THEIR OWN LAWS AND CUSTOMS THE KINGS HAD TO SEEK THE CORTESAPPROVAL AGRICULTURE BUT MAINLY STOCK BREEDING OF MERINO SHEEP MAINLY AGRICULTURE AND TRADE VIIIIXXXIXIIXIII ASTURIAS DON PELAYO 722: COVADONGA ALFONSO III ESTABLISH THE COURT IN LEN 1230: FERNANDO III THE SAINT, CROWN OF CASTILE LEN CASTILE 929: COUNT FERNN GONZLEZ SANCHO III THE GREAT ( ) FERNANDO I ALFONSO VI NAVARRE JIMENA DINASTY SANCHO II KING OF NAVARRE AND ARAGN GARCA ARAGN GALINDO DINASTY AZNAR GALINDO RAMIRO I ALFONSO II THE CHASTE CROWN OF ARAGN JAMES I CATALONIA WILFRED THE HAIRY 1143: ALFONSO ENRIQUEZ, KINGDOM OF PORTUGAL PORTUGAL AL- ANDALUS DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT EMIRATE 929: ABD AL RAMAN III CALIPHATE OF CORDOBA 1032:TAIFAS 1086: ALMORAVIDS ALMOHADS