Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

ProtozoaProtozoa

The Animal-Like ProtistsThe Animal-Like Protists

Sec 26.1Sec 26.1Overview of ProtozoaOverview of Protozoa

Dinoflagellates

Euglenoids

CellularSlime Mold

WaterMold

PlasmodialSlime Mold

Sporozoans

Ciliophorans

Sarcodinians

Zooflagellates

Protist Ancestor

Brown Algae

GreenAlgae

RedAlgaeDiatoms

Plant like

Animal like

GoldenAlgae

Dinoflagellates

Sarcodinians

ZooflagellatesCiliophorans

Sporozoans

PlasmodialSlime Mold

CellularSlime Mold

WaterMold

Protist Ancestor

Brown Algae

GreenAlgae

RedAlgae

Euglenoids

Diatoms

Plant like

Animal like

GoldenAlgae

Characteristics of ProtozoaCharacteristics of Protozoa Single-celled microscopic Single-celled microscopic

eukaryoticeukaryotic organisms that organisms that are noted for their ability are noted for their ability to moveto move

Sometimes referred to as Sometimes referred to as animal-likeanimal-like protists protists

Live in many environmentsLive in many environments Most are Most are heterotrophicheterotrophic, ,

obtaining their nutrients obtaining their nutrients by ingesting small by ingesting small molecules into molecules into food food vacuolesvacuoles

Characteristics - continuedCharacteristics - continued

Most live in Most live in aquaticaquatic environments environments Many species make up Many species make up zooplanktonzooplankton Parasitic protists have complex life cycles that are Parasitic protists have complex life cycles that are

very harmful to their host.very harmful to their host.

ReproductionReproduction

All protozoa can All protozoa can reproduce reproduce asexuallyasexually, , usually by usually by binary fissionbinary fission

Some species reproduce Some species reproduce by by multiple fissionmultiple fission

Some species are able Some species are able to reproduce to reproduce sexuallysexually through through conjugationconjugation

ClassificationClassification

Protozoa are Protozoa are classified based classified based on the way they on the way they movemove

There are four There are four phyla of phyla of protozoansprotozoans

PhylumPhylum Common Name Common Name LocomotionLocomotion

SarcodinaSarcodina SarcodinesSarcodines PseudopodiaPseudopodia

CiliophoraCiliophora CiliatesCiliates CiliaCilia

ZoomastiginaZoomastigina ZooflagellatesZooflagellates FlagellaFlagella

SporozoaSporozoa SporozoansSporozoans None in adultsNone in adults

AdaptationsAdaptations

Many free-living species Many free-living species have a localized region have a localized region of of pigmentpigment, a substance , a substance that produces a that produces a characteristic color in characteristic color in an organism, called an an organism, called an eyespoteyespot or or stigmastigma..

EyespotsEyespots detect changes detect changes in the quantity and in the quantity and quality of light.quality of light.

Adaptations - continuedAdaptations - continued

Certain species also Certain species also sense physical and sense physical and chemical changes or chemical changes or obstacles in their obstacles in their environmentenvironment

Most are separated Most are separated from their environment from their environment by their by their cell membranecell membrane..

Adaptations - continuedAdaptations - continued Some species have the Some species have the

ability to survive in extreme ability to survive in extreme conditions due to their conditions due to their ability to form ability to form cystscysts

A A cystcyst is a dormant form is a dormant form characterized by a hardened characterized by a hardened external covering in which external covering in which metabolic activity has metabolic activity has ceased.ceased.

Many form cysts in response Many form cysts in response to changes in the to changes in the environment such a drought, environment such a drought, decrease in oxygen supplies, decrease in oxygen supplies, etc.etc.

Evolution of EukaryotesEvolution of Eukaryotes

Complete Complete RG & Rev 26.1RG & Rev 26.1

Sec 26.2 – Protozoan Sec 26.2 – Protozoan DiversityDiversity

Phylum SarcodinaPhylum Sarcodina

Sarcodines Sarcodines include include hundreds of species of hundreds of species of AmoebasAmoebas, which inhabit , which inhabit freshwater, salt water freshwater, salt water and soil.and soil.

Sarcodines move by Sarcodines move by pseudopodspseudopods, lobe , lobe extensions of cytoplasm, extensions of cytoplasm, known as known as amoeboid amoeboid movementmovement..

Phylum Sarcodina - MovementPhylum Sarcodina - Movement

PseudopodiaPseudopodia forms forms when when endoplasmendoplasm pushes pushes the the ectoplasmectoplasm forward forward to create an arm like to create an arm like extensionextension

Then the Then the cytoplasm cytoplasm streamsstreams into the into the pseudopodia and pulls pseudopodia and pulls the organism the organism

Amoeba proteusAmoeba proteusPseudopodium: part of the Amoeba used for locomotion.Ectoplasm: vitreous superficial layer of an Amoeba.Endoplasm: central part of an Amoeba.Cell membrane: membrane covering an Amoeba.Contractile vacuole: cavity of the amoeba that is able to contract.Food vacuole: cavity of the Amoeba responsible for digestion.Nucleus: central organelle for an Amoeba.Digestive vacuole: cavity of the Amoeba responsible for digestion.

Phylum Sarcodina - FeedingPhylum Sarcodina - Feeding Sarcodines also use Sarcodines also use

pseudopodia for feeding.pseudopodia for feeding. When a sarcodine feeds, it When a sarcodine feeds, it

surrounds the food with its surrounds the food with its pseudopodia.pseudopodia.

A portion of the cell A portion of the cell membrane then pinches membrane then pinches together and surround the together and surround the food to form a food to form a food vacuolefood vacuole, , in a process called in a process called endocytosisendocytosis..

Undigested food leaves the Undigested food leaves the cell in a reverse process cell in a reverse process called called exocytosisexocytosis..

Phylum Sarcodina - FeaturesPhylum Sarcodina - Features

Most fresh water sarcodines Most fresh water sarcodines have have contractile vacuolescontractile vacuoles

When conditions are When conditions are unfavorable ameobas unfavorable ameobas survive by becoming survive by becoming cystscysts

Some sarcodinians have Some sarcodinians have hard shell or hard shell or teststests of of calcium carbonate or silica calcium carbonate or silica which has accumulated over which has accumulated over the years to form Earth’s the years to form Earth’s limestone beds.limestone beds.

Sarcodinians and HumansSarcodinians and Humans

AmoebasAmoebas as cysts can as cysts can spread by water, in food spread by water, in food or on dirty dishes to or on dirty dishes to spread spread Amoebic Amoebic dysentrydysentry, which secretes , which secretes enzymes that attack our enzymes that attack our intestinal liningintestinal lining

This disease can cause This disease can cause deep ulcers and other deep ulcers and other organ complications.organ complications.

Phylum CiliophoraPhylum Ciliophora

Members of this phylum Members of this phylum swim by means of swim by means of ciliacilia

The cilia is used for The cilia is used for movement by beating movement by beating like oars to propel the like oars to propel the protistprotist

Most ciliates live in Most ciliates live in freshwater.freshwater.

Paramecium caudataParamecium caudata PelliclePellicle – protective covering – protective covering

over the cell that regulates over the cell that regulates material in and out of the cellmaterial in and out of the cell

Oral Groove, mouth pore, gulletOral Groove, mouth pore, gullet and and food vacuolesfood vacuoles are where food are where food travels to be digestedtravels to be digested

Anal poreAnal pore – where undigested – where undigested material is removed from the cellmaterial is removed from the cell

Contractile vacuolesContractile vacuoles – remove – remove excess waterexcess water

MacronucleusMacronucleus – controls cell – controls cell activitiesactivities

MicronucleusMicronucleus – used in – used in conjugationconjugation

Phylum Ciliophora - ConjugationPhylum Ciliophora - Conjugation In In conjugationconjugation, two opposite mating strains exchange genetic , two opposite mating strains exchange genetic

materialmaterial Although genetic material is exchanged during conjugation, Although genetic material is exchanged during conjugation,

no new cells are produced.no new cells are produced. Following conjugation, each paramecium divides producing Following conjugation, each paramecium divides producing

four genetically identical parameciafour genetically identical paramecia

Phylum ZoomastiginaPhylum Zoomastigina

The members of this The members of this phylum are phylum are characterized by the characterized by the presence of one or more presence of one or more flagellaflagella

Some are free-living Some are free-living freshwater or marine freshwater or marine organismorganism

Phylum ZoomastiginaPhylum Zoomastigina

Many live inside other Many live inside other organisms in organisms in symbioticsymbiotic relationshipsrelationships

The symbiotic The symbiotic relationships can berelationships can be– MutualisticMutualistic – both – both

organisms benefitorganisms benefit

– ParasiticParasitic – causes harm – causes harm to the hostto the host

Phylum SporozoaPhylum Sporozoa

Members of this phylum Members of this phylum have adult forms with NO have adult forms with NO means of movementmeans of movement

Most sporozoans are spore-Most sporozoans are spore-forming parasitic forming parasitic protozoansprotozoans

The name The name sporozoansporozoan comes comes from the fact that when they from the fact that when they are immature, they are are immature, they are surrounded by thick, surrounded by thick, sporelike wallssporelike walls

Phylum SporozoaPhylum Sporozoa

Adult sporozoans have Adult sporozoans have no structures for no structures for movement.movement.

Immature sporozoans Immature sporozoans called called sporozoitessporozoites, can , can be transmitted through be transmitted through fluids from one host to fluids from one host to another.another.

Life Cycle of Life Cycle of PlasmodiumPlasmodium

Complete Complete RG & Rev 26.2RG & Rev 26.2

Due tomorrowDue tomorrow

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom ProtistaAlgaeAlgae

The Plant-like ProtistsThe Plant-like Protists

Sec 27-1Sec 27-1Overview of AlgaeOverview of Algae

Algae CharacteristicsAlgae Characteristics

Algae are a diverse Algae are a diverse group of protists, they group of protists, they range in size from range in size from microscopic microscopic unicellularunicellular to large to large multicellularmulticellular seaweeds.seaweeds.

Algae are Algae are autotrophicautotrophic and perform plant-like and perform plant-like photosynthesisphotosynthesis because because they have they have chlorophyllchlorophyll

Algae Characteristics continuedAlgae Characteristics continued

Algae are different from Algae are different from plants because the lack plants because the lack tissue differentiationtissue differentiation and and have no true roots, stems or have no true roots, stems or leavesleaves

The reproductive structures The reproductive structures form gametes in single-form gametes in single-celled celled gametangiagametangia, gamete , gamete chambers where as plants chambers where as plants have a multicellular have a multicellular chamber.chamber.

All algaeAll algae– AreAre aquaticaquatic, live in , live in

freshwater or marine freshwater or marine environmentsenvironments

– Have Have flagellaflagella at some at some point in their life cyclepoint in their life cycle

– Have Have pyrenoidspyrenoids, which , which are special organelles are special organelles that synthesize and store that synthesize and store starchstarch

Algae Characteristics continuedAlgae Characteristics continued

Algae StructureAlgae Structure

The body portion of an The body portion of an alga is called a alga is called a thallusthallus

The thallus comes in The thallus comes in four different body four different body typestypes

a)a) UnicellularUnicellular

b)b) ColonialColonial

c)c) FilamentousFilamentous

d)d) MulticellularMulticellular

Unicellular AlgaeUnicellular Algae

Consists of a single cellConsists of a single cell Most are aquatic Most are aquatic

organisms, form the organisms, form the phytoplanktonphytoplankton

Produces half of the Produces half of the world’s world’s carbohydratescarbohydrates and are among the and are among the major producers of major producers of oxygenoxygen

Colonial AlgaeColonial Algae

Have a structure that Have a structure that consists of groups of consists of groups of cells acting in a cells acting in a coordinated mannercoordinated manner

Some cells become Some cells become specialized for feeding specialized for feeding and reproduction.and reproduction.

Filamentous AlgaeFilamentous Algae

Have a slender, rod-Have a slender, rod-shaped shaped thallusthallus composed of rows of composed of rows of cells joined end to end.cells joined end to end.

Some have specialized Some have specialized holdfastholdfast cells that cells that anchor them to the anchor them to the ocean bottomocean bottom

Multicellular AlgaeMulticellular Algae

Have a large complex Have a large complex thallusthallus

The leaf-like thallus The leaf-like thallus may be several may be several centimeters wide but centimeters wide but only two cells thickonly two cells thick

Some have rubber leaf-Some have rubber leaf-like portions, stem-like like portions, stem-like regions and enlarged regions and enlarged air-bladdersair-bladders

Algae ClassificationAlgae Classification

Algae are classified into Algae are classified into seven phyla based onseven phyla based on– colorcolor

– type of chlorophylltype of chlorophyll

– the way they store their the way they store their foodfood

– the composition of the the composition of the cell wallcell wall

ChlorophytaChlorophytaPhaeophytaPhaeophytaRhodophytaRhodophytaBacillariophytaBacillariophytaDinoflagellataDinoflagellataChrysophytaChrysophytaEuglenophytaEuglenophyta

Algae ReproductionAlgae Reproduction

Many species of algae Many species of algae reproduce both reproduce both asexuallyasexually and and sexuallysexually

Some species reproduce Some species reproduce only asexuallyonly asexually

Sexual reproduction is Sexual reproduction is often triggered by often triggered by environmental stressenvironmental stress

Unicellular ReproductionUnicellular Reproduction

Life Cycle of the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas

Filamentous ReproductionFilamentous Reproduction

Life Cycle of filamentous green algae Oedogonium

Multicellular ReproductionMulticellular Reproduction

CompleteCompleteRG & Rev 27.1RG & Rev 27.1

Due tomorrowDue tomorrow

Sec 27-2Sec 27-2Algal DiversityAlgal Diversity

Phylum Chlorophyta – Green AlgaePhylum Chlorophyta – Green Algae

Contains more than 7,000 Contains more than 7,000 species of algaespecies of algae

Body structures range from Body structures range from single cells all the way to single cells all the way to multicellularmulticellular

Most species are Most species are aquaticaquatic Green algae are green in Green algae are green in

color and live where there is color and live where there is lots of light for lots of light for photosynthesisphotosynthesis

Some live in Some live in symbioticsymbiotic relationships with fungi relationships with fungi called called lichenslichens

Phylum Phaeophyta – Brown AlgaePhylum Phaeophyta – Brown Algae Have a brown color due to the Have a brown color due to the

pigment pigment fucoxanthinfucoxanthin, are , are multicellular and most grow in multicellular and most grow in cool saltwater habitatscool saltwater habitats

Include giant kelps and seaweedsInclude giant kelps and seaweeds They have specialized structuresThey have specialized structures

– HoldfastHoldfast that anchors the that anchors the thallusthallus to the rocksto the rocks

– StipeStipe is the stem-like portion of is the stem-like portion of the alga and leaf-like region that the alga and leaf-like region that photosynthesizes is called the photosynthesizes is called the bladeblade

– Air bladdersAir bladders cause the blade, cause the blade, leaf-like portion, to float near the leaf-like portion, to float near the surface to capture sunlightsurface to capture sunlight

Phylum Rhodophyta – Red AlgaePhylum Rhodophyta – Red Algae

Are multicellular and Are multicellular and grow in warm saltwater grow in warm saltwater habitatshabitats

Have Have thallithalli with with branched filamentsbranched filaments

Have the pigments Have the pigments called called phycobilinsphycobilins that that give them the red color give them the red color which allows them to which allows them to trap light at deep levels trap light at deep levels of the oceanof the ocean

Phylum Bacillarriophyta - diatomsPhylum Bacillarriophyta - diatoms Diatoms are algae that lack Diatoms are algae that lack

both cilia and flagella and both cilia and flagella and have glass-like cell walls have glass-like cell walls containing silica commonly containing silica commonly called called shellsshells

Their shells consist of two Their shells consist of two pieces that fit together like a pieces that fit together like a box with a lid, each half is box with a lid, each half is called a called a valvevalve..

When they die, their shells When they die, their shells sink to the bottom of the sea sink to the bottom of the sea and accumulate forming a and accumulate forming a layer called layer called diatomaceous diatomaceous earthearth

Phylum Dinoflagellates - Phylum Dinoflagellates - dinoflagellatesdinoflagellates

Small, usually Small, usually unicellularunicellular organisms organisms

Most are photosyntheticMost are photosynthetic They have twoThey have two flagella flagella

of unequal length that of unequal length that spin the cells like a top spin the cells like a top through the waterthrough the water

They are covered by a They are covered by a cellulose platecellulose plate that that looks like armorlooks like armor

Phylum Chrysophyta – Golden AlgaePhylum Chrysophyta – Golden Algae

Most live in fresh waterMost live in fresh water Cells form highly resistant Cells form highly resistant

cystscysts that enable them to that enable them to survive beneath frozen survive beneath frozen surfaces of lakes in winter surfaces of lakes in winter and dry lake beds during the and dry lake beds during the summersummer

Two Two flagellaflagella of unequal of unequal length are located at one length are located at one end of each cellend of each cell

Most are some shade of Most are some shade of yellow or brown due to the yellow or brown due to the presence of large amounts presence of large amounts of of carotenoidscarotenoids

Phylum Euglenophyta - EuglenoidsPhylum Euglenophyta - Euglenoids Euglenoids are organisms that Euglenoids are organisms that

have no rigid cell wall but have a have no rigid cell wall but have a flexible flexible pelliclepellicle and they have two and they have two flagellaflagella

They show characteristics of They show characteristics of plants because they have plants because they have chlorophyllchlorophyll but also show animal but also show animal like characteristics because they like characteristics because they lack a cell wall and are able to lack a cell wall and are able to movemove

Most species are freshwaterMost species are freshwater Most are photosynthetic but if Most are photosynthetic but if

raised in the dark they will not raised in the dark they will not form chloroplasts and will be form chloroplasts and will be heterotrophicheterotrophic

CompleteCompleteRG & Rev 27.2RG & Rev 27.2

Due tomorrowDue tomorrow

Sec 27-3Sec 27-3Funguslike ProtistsFunguslike Protists

Funguslike Protist CharacteristicsFunguslike Protist Characteristics These include the slime These include the slime

molds and water moldsmolds and water molds These organisms have These organisms have

unique life cycles that set unique life cycles that set them apart from the them apart from the protozoa, algae or members protozoa, algae or members of the kingdom Fungiof the kingdom Fungi

They are eukaryotic, They are eukaryotic, mutlicellular or large mutlicellular or large multinucleate heterotrophic multinucleate heterotrophic organisms with very little organisms with very little tissue specializationtissue specialization

Slime MoldsSlime Molds Funguslike protists are Funguslike protists are

called slime mold because called slime mold because they have a shiny, wet they have a shiny, wet appearance and look more appearance and look more like a mold or fungus than like a mold or fungus than anything elseanything else

They spend part of their lives They spend part of their lives in a in a mobilemobile, amoeba-like , amoeba-like feeding form, engulfing feeding form, engulfing organic matter and bacteriaorganic matter and bacteria

They also produce funguslike They also produce funguslike reproductive structures reproductive structures called a called a fruiting bodyfruiting body

Slime Molds - continuedSlime Molds - continued

Most slime molds and Most slime molds and water molds are water molds are decomposersdecomposers

Typically found growing Typically found growing on damp soil, rotting on damp soil, rotting logs, decaying leaves or logs, decaying leaves or other decomposing other decomposing organic matter in moist organic matter in moist placesplaces

Phylum Acrasiomycota – Phylum Acrasiomycota – Cellular Slime MoldsCellular Slime Molds

Phylum Myxomycota – Phylum Myxomycota – Plasmodial Slime MoldsPlasmodial Slime Molds

Phylum Oomycota – Phylum Oomycota – Water MoldWater Mold

Phylum Chytridiomycota – Phylum Chytridiomycota – ChytridsChytrids

Chytrids are primarily Chytrids are primarily aquatic protists aquatic protists characterized by gametes a characterized by gametes a zoospores zoospores with a single, with a single, posterior flagellumposterior flagellum

Most are unicellular, some Most are unicellular, some have long filamentous have long filamentous bodies that anchor the bodies that anchor the organismorganism

Many are parasites on Many are parasites on algae, plants, and insects, algae, plants, and insects, while other are saprophyteswhile other are saprophytes

Complete Complete RG & Rev 27.3RG & Rev 27.3

Due tomorrowDue tomorrow