Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

Introduction

Plants are placed into 2 groups based on structural and

functional similarities, but all plants share the following

characteristics.A. EukaryoticB. MulticellularC. Have organs and organ systemsE. Have cell walls composed of celluloseF. Are autotrophicG. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast of plant cells

CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2

H. All are non-motile Special adaptations are therefore required for reproduction

Plant Structure and Growth

A. Roots – Functions: Anchor the plant Absorb water and minerals Transport these materials to the

stem Some plants store food in roots Each root has root hairs, increase

surface area for water absorption

Plant Structure and Plant Structure and GrowthGrowth

B. Stems – Functions: SupportSupport for the plant Transport waterwater and mineralsminerals ModifiedModified stem for storage of foodfood

Example: PotatoPotato

Plant Structure and Growth

C. Leaves – Functions: Main organ for photosynthesis Large surface area for maximum light absorption

Plant Structure and Growth

Structure of Leafa.) Cuticle: waxy covering to prevent water lossb.) Epidermis: Outermost layer of cells; prevents injury, infectionc.) Mesophyll: Photosynthetic layer of leaf

1. Palisade layer: upper portion of mesophyll with closely packed cells; site

of most photosynthesis2. Spongy layer: Underside of leaf; loosely – packed cells allow for gas

exchange of CO2 and O2

d.) Vein: xylem and phloeme.) Stomata: Opening in underside of leaf that allows CO2

(carbon dioxide) to enter and O2 (oxygen) to exitf.) Guard cells: Control the size of stomata. Work to preserve

balance between allowing for gas exchange without losing too much water. “Plant sweat” is known as transpiration.

Plant Structure and Growth

D. Plant TransportThe 2 types of vascular tissue:

1. Xylem: transports water and minerals from the root to

the rest of the plant2. Phloem: transports “food” (glucose) from the leaves to

the rest of the plant

Plant Structure and Growth

E. Plant growth1. Primary growth: Life long

growth occurs at the tip of the stem and the end of

the roots

2. Secondary Growth: Trees and some other plants

have a second type that allows

them to grow in width or girth.

Plant Structure and Growth

F. SeedsA seed consist of an embryo

surrounded by a tough protective coat.

Dicot Seed

Plant ClassificationPlants are classified into 2 basic groups

based on whether they contain vascular tissue.

Plant Classification

A. Bryophytes – No vascular tissue present

Depends on water for reproduction

No vascular system, therefore no tallerthan 20 cm

Examples: mosses, hornworts, liverworts

mosses

hornworts,

liverworts

Plant Classification

B. Tracheophytes – contain vascular tissue Grow taller Live in drier climates

The tracheophytes are further subdivided based on the presence

or absence of pollen, seeds and fruit.1. Pterophytes2. Gymnosperms3. Angiosperms

Pterophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Plant ClassificationPlant Classification

1. Pterophytes – commonly called fernsferns No pollen No seeds No fruits Found predominantly in moist climates

because the sperm must swim to the egg cell

Plant ClassificationPlant Classification

2. Gymnosperms – 2. Gymnosperms – “naked seed”“naked seed” Have pollenHave pollen Have seeds not protected by fruitHave seeds not protected by fruit No fruitNo fruit ConesCones present present Example: Largest group is the Example: Largest group is the conifersconifers

which includes which includes pines, spruce, cedarpines, spruce, cedar Have common characteristic leaves called Have common characteristic leaves called

needlesneedles, which are modified to , which are modified to prevent water prevent water lossloss and and minimize ice build – up minimize ice build – up

Have “flying sperm” or Have “flying sperm” or pollenpollen, so they are no , so they are no longer tied to longer tied to waterwater for reproduction for reproduction

Plant Classification

3. Angiosperms Most complex and adaptable Most successful Have pollen Have seeds Have fruit

Mature ovary Contains one or more seeds Provides embryo with

protection Increases seed dispersal

Plant Classification

Angiosperms cont. Have flowers It enhances pollination Parts of the flower

Stamen – male reproductive organ Anther – where pollen is produced, which

contain the sperm cells Filament – holds up the anther

Pistil – female reproductive organ Stigma – sticky to hold pollen Style – holds up the sigma Ovary – where the egg is produced and fertilized

Petal – colorful and / or scented to attract pollenators

petal

filament

anther

stigma

style

ovary

ovule

Carpel

{Stamen

Class Monocots One cotyledon – seed leaf Parallel veins on leaves Fibrous roots Flower parts in multiples of 3 Ex.: grasses, corn, lilies

Class Dicot Two cotyledon Branching veins on leaves Tap roots Flowering parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Ex.: roses, oak trees, etc.

Monocots and Dicots