Kingdom Plantae

Cellular Characters,Tissues Phylogeny and Life Cycles

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Figure 17.1c-0

SporesSpores

KeyVasculartissue

Leaf

Stem

Roots

Flagellatedsperm

Holdfast(anchors alga)

Pollen

Seed

Leaf

Flagellatedsperm

Flagellatedsperm

Roots

Roots

Stem

Stem

Leaf

AlgaSurroundingwater supportsalga. Wholealga performsphotosynthesis;absorbs water,CO2, andminerals fromthe water.

MossStomata only onsporophytes; primitiveroots anchor plants;no lignin; no vasculartissue; fertilizationrequires moisture

FernStomata; roots anchorplants, absorb water;lignified cell walls;vascular tissue;fertilization requiresmoisture

Pine treeStomata; roots anchor plants,absorb water; lignified cell walls;vascular tissue; fertilizationdoes not require moisture

What is a plant?

Plantae

• Photoautotrophs by chloroplasts(a few are absorptive heterotrophs)

• Cellulose cell walls• Locomotion rare

– Some green algae are flagellated– Male gamete is flagellated in many

plants– multicellular

A Composite Plant CellCampbell Fig. 31.6

Plant tissues and organs

• Leaf • Stem • Root

Campbell31.5

Plant tissues and organs

• Leaf tissue• Upper epidermis• Lower epidermis• Mesophyll• Functions

– Photosynthesis– Gas exchange

Campbell 31.5

Plant tissues and organs

• Guard cells– Prevent water loss– Control gas exchange

Campbell32.4

Plant tissues and organs

• Stem tissue• Function

– Conducts water and nutrients between roots and leaves

• Vascular bundles- xylem (water) and phloem (sugars)

• Ground tissue• epidermis

Campbell31.6

Plant tissues and organs

• Root tissue– Conducts water and

nutrients to/from stems and leaves

– Vascular tissue- xylem (water) and phloem (sugars)

– Meristem = growth

Campbell31.7B

Figure 17.2a-0

Liverworts

Mosses

Hornworts

Lycophytes (club mosses,spike mosses, quillworts)

Monilophytes (ferns,horsetails, whisk ferns)

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

La

nd

pla

nts

Va

sc

ula

r pla

nts

No

nv

as

cu

lar

pla

nts

(bry

op

hy

tes

)

Se

ed

les

sv

as

cu

lar

pla

nts

Se

ed

pla

nts

Millions of years ago (mya)

500

Ancestralgreenalga

Origin of land plants(about 470 mya)

Origin of vascular plants(about 425 mya)

Origin of seed plants(about 360 mya)

1

450 400 350 300 0

2

3

Evolutionary History of Plants

17.2 Plant diversity reflects the evolutionary history of

the plant kingdom• Early diversification of plants gave rise to seedless,

nonvascular plants called bryophytes mosses, liverworts, and, hornworts.

• The seedless vascular plants include ,lycophytes and monilophytes (ferns and their relatives).

17.2 Plant diversity reflects the evolutionary history of

the plant kingdom• Gymnosperms– have naked seeds that are not produced in special chambers and– include ginkgo, cycad, and conifer species.

• Angiosperms– evolved at least 140 million years ago,– are flowering plants, and– include flowering trees and grasses.

Alternation of Generations

• sporophyte– Diploid (two of each chromosome)– Produces haploid spores or gametes by

meiosis– Sporangium- produces spores– Spores- haploid cells that develop into

haploid multicellular adults

• gametophyte– Haploid (one of each chromosome)– Produces gametes by mitosis

Figure 17.3-1-5

Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

Sperm (n)

Egg (n)

Zygote (2n)

Spores (n)

Gametophyteplant (n)

FertilizationMeiosis

Sporophyteplant (2n)

THE PLANT LIFE CYCLE

Green Algae

Campbell Fig. 16.25Cunicellular, colonial algae

multicellular seaweed

Volvox

Spirogyra

Caulerpa

Gametophyte usually dominant

Mosses

Campbell 17.5

Figure 17.3-2-5

Key Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

Malegametangium

Sperm

Femalegametangium

Egg

Fertilization

ZygoteGametophyte

Sporophyte

Sporangium

Meiosis

Spores (n)Gametophyte plants (n)

A Moss Life Cycle

Ferncompare Campbell Fig. 17.6

Figure 17.3-6-5

Sperm

Key Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

Gametophyteplant (n)

Spores

MeiosisMaturesporophyte

New sporophytegrowing from thegametophyte

Fertilization

Egg

Femalegametangium

Malegametangium

A Fern Life Cycle

Zygote

Gymnosperms

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Figure 17.5a-0

Sporangia

Longitudinalsection ofovulate cone

Longitudinalsection ofpollen cone

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Animation: Pine Life Cycle

Angiosperms

• Figure 17.10

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 17.7-5

Anther1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Meiosis

Pollen grains (n)(male gametophytes)

Meiosis

Stigma

Pollen grain

Pollen tube

OvuleOvary

Sperm

Fertilization

Zygote(2n)

SeedEmbryo (2n)

Seed coat

Foodsupply

Fruit(mature ovary)

Seeds

Germination

Sporophyte (2n)

Egg withina femalegametophyte (n)

Ovulecontainingfemale sporangium(2n)

KeyHaploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

Kingdom Fungi

Cellular Characters, Diversity and Ecological Roles

Fungi

• Hyphae• Mycelium• Dikaryotic• Fruiting body• Life cycle• Lichens• Athlete’s foot• Candida albicans• Ringworm

Fungi

• entirely absorptive heterotrophs– haploid or dikaryotic nuclei in coenocytic

hyphae– thin, numerous hyphae give large surface

area

• lack flagella – except gametes of some chytrid fungi

• chitinous cell walls

Fungal HyphaCampbell Fig. 17.15B

Types of Fungi

• Growth forms of Fungi:– molds, or mycelia - yeasts– mushrooms - rusts,mildews– lichens (with algae)

• Absorptive heterotrophs– decomposers, parasites, mutualists

Fungi life cycleFigure 17.18B

Yeast - Fungi

unicellular growth form of fungi

Bread Mold Life CycleCampbell Fig.

17.17B

A Mutualism: Mycorrhizae Campbell Fig. 17.17C

MushroomCampbell Fig. 17.17E

many mushrooms are fruiting bodies of mycorrhizae

Lichen MutualismCampbell Fig. 17.20B

cyanobacteria OR green algae, with fungi

fungal mycelium

algal cells

More LichensNational Geographic

(blueberries, too)

Fungi you don’t want!

• Corn Smut• Athletes foot

Campbell 17.19C

• Ringworm

Fungi you don’t want!

• Candida albicans• Grows normally in

digestive tract• Normally controlled by

intestinal bacterial • Bacterial imbalance lets it

grow• Symptoms-lethargy,

diarrhea, constipation, depression

• Treatment -diet change and medication monitoring

Candida growing in theesophagus

Fungi you do want!

• Cheeses-Roqufort bleu cheese

• Truffles- fruiting bodies of mycorrhizal fungi

• Mushrooms• Brewers yeast• Antibiotics-Penicillin

(Penicillium)